Code and Flag Tables Associated with BUFR/CREX Table B
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Contrail-Cirrus and Their Potential for Regional Climate Change
Contrail-Cirrus and Their Potential for Regional Climate Change Kenneth Sassen Department of Meteorology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah ABSTRACT After reviewing the indirect evidence for the regional climatic impact of contrail-generated cirrus clouds (contrail- cirrus), the author presents a variety of new measurements indicating the nature and scope of the problem. The assess- ment concentrates on polarization lidar and radiometric observations of persisting contrails from Salt Lake City, Utah, where an extended Project First ISCCP (International Satellite Cloud Climatology Program) Regional Experiment (FIRE) cirrus cloud dataset from the Facility for Atmospheric Remote Sensing has captured new information in a geographical area previously identified as being affected by relatively heavy air traffic. The following contrail properties are consid- ered: hourly and monthly frequency of occurrence; height, temperature, and relative humidity statistics; visible and in- frared radiative impacts; and microphysical content evaluated from in situ data and contrail optical phenomenon such as halos and coronas. Also presented are high-resolution lidar images of contrails from the recent SUCCESS experiment, and the results of an initial attempt to numerically simulate the radiative effects of an observed contrail. The evidence indicates that the direct radiative effects of contrails display the potential for regional climate change at many midlati- tude locations, even though the sign of the climatic impact may be uncertain. However, new information suggests that the unusually small particles typical of many persisting contrails may favor the albedo cooling over the greenhouse warming effect, depending on such factors as the geographic distribution and patterns in day versus night aircraft usage. -
Operating Instructions Present Weather Sensor Parsivel
Operating instructions Present Weather Sensor Parsivel English We reserve the right to make technical changes! Table of contents 1 Scope of delivery 5 2 Part numbers 5 3 Parsivel Factory Settings 6 4 Safety instructions 7 5 Introduction 8 5.1 Functional principle 8 5.2 Connection Options for the Parsivel 9 6 Installing the Parsivel 10 6.1 Cable Selection 10 6.2 Wiring the Parsivel 11 6.3 Grounding the Parsivel 13 6.4 Installing the Parsivel 14 7 Connecting the Parsivel to a data logger 15 7.1 Connecting the Parsivel to the LogoSens Station Manager via RS-485 interface 15 7.2 Connecting the Parsivel to a Data logger via the SDI-12 Interface 17 7.3 Connecting the Parsivel to a Data Logger with Impulse/Status Input 21 8 Connecting the Parsivel to a PC 23 8.1 Connecting the Parsivel to Interface Converter RS-485/RS-232 (Accessories) 23 8.2 Connecting the Parsivel to the ADAM-4520 Converter RS-485/RS-232 (Accessories) 25 8.3 Connecting the Parsivel to Interface Converter RS-485/USB (Accessories) 26 8.4 Connecting the Parsivel to any RS-485 Interface Converter 27 8.5 Connecting the Parsivel for configuration via the Service-Tool to a PC 27 9 Connecting the Parsivel to a Power Supply (Accessory) 29 10 Heating the Parsivel sensor heads 30 11 Operating Parsivel with a Terminal software 31 11.1 Set up communications between the Parsivel and the terminal program 31 11.2 Measured value numbers 32 11.3 Defining the formatting string 33 11.4 OTT telegram 33 11.5 Updating Parsivel Firmware 34 12 Maintenance 36 12.1 Cleaning the laser’s protective glass -
An Overview of Observational Data Processing at NCEP (With Information on BUFR Format Including “Prepbufr” Files)
An Overview of Observational Data Processing at NCEP (with information on BUFR Format including “PrepBUFR” files) Dennis Keyser NWS/NCEP/EMC GSI Tutorial August 6, 2013 1/34 TOPICS COVERED: • Obs processing/dataflow at NCEP • How BUFR fits into the “big picture” • Interacting with BUFR files via NCEP BUFRLIB software – BUFR Tables – Reading – Writing – Appending observations • Where to go for help WHAT’S NOT COVERED: • Details on how to read and write all types of BUFR data 2/34 Overview of observational processing and dataflow at NCEP • Managed jointly by NCEP Central Operations (NCO) and NCEP/EMC • Almost all observational data at NCEP eventually ends up in BUFR format (Binary Universal Form for the Representation of meteorological data) – Relies on NCEP BUFRLIB software (more about that later) • Four stages: – Data flow into NCEP – Continuous decoding of data and accumulation into BUFR database or “tank” files (large files holding 24 hrs of data) – Network-specific generation of dump files (1 to 6 hr time-windowed, duplicate-checked BUFR data read from tanks) – Generation of PrepBUFR files (QC’d “conventional” obs from dump files, read by GSI) 3/34 Outside NCEP Inside NCEP Code developed by NCO BUFR Gather Decode GTS Data Data tranjbtranjb Tanks dumpjb (PMB) (SIB) /dcom Code developed by NCO & EMC Satellite ingest tranjb (decode) tranjb NWSTG/TOC LDM Dump “Gateway” TNC Code developed by EMC Files /com LDM Conventional data GSD Post-GSI PrepBUFR File PrepBUFR Radar Processing (future) Parm cards ROC Modules: BUFR mnemonic table PREPRO -
How to Get Weather and Pest Data?
How to get weather and pest data? François Brun (ACTA) with contributions of the other lecturers IPM CC, October 2016 Which data ? • Weather and Climate – Weather : conditions of the atmosphere over a short period of time – climate : atmosphere behavior over relatively long periods of time. • Pest and Disease data – Effects of conditions : experiments – Epidemiology : observation / monitoring networks Weather and Climate data Past Weather Historical Climate Data – Ground weather station – Average and variability – Satellite,… – Real long time series – Reconstituted long series – Simulated long series (1961- 1990 : reference) Forecast Weather Climate projections – Prediction with model – Prediction with model – Short term : 1h, 3h, 12h, 24, – IPCC report 3 day, 15 day. – 2021-2050 : middle of – Seasonal prediction : 1 to 6 century period months (~ el nino ) – 2071-2100 : end of century period Past Weather data Standard weather station Standard : at 2 m height • Frequent Useful for us – Thermometer : temperature – Anemometer : wind speed – Wind vane : wind direction – Hygrometer : humidity – Barometer : atmospheric pressure • Less frequent – Ceilometer : cloud height – Present weather sensor – Visibility sensor – Rain gauge : liquid-equivalent precipitation – Ultrasonic snow depth sensor for measuring depth of snow © Choi – Pyranometer : solar radiation Past Weather data In field / micro weather observations Wetness duration Temperature and humidity in canopy Water in soil © Choi Past Weather data Where to retrieve them ? • Your own weather -
ICICLE Program Updates (Stephanie Divito, FAA)
In-Cloud ICing and Large-drop Experiment Stephanie DiVito, FAA October 13, 2020 New FAA Flight program: ICICLE In-Cloud ICing and Large-drop Experiment Other Participants: Desert Research Institute (DRI), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Association (NOAA) Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Langley Research Center, Meteo-France, UK Met Office, Deutscher Wetterdienst (German Meteorological Office), Northern Illinois University, Iowa State University, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, and Valparaiso University 10/13/2020 FPAW: ICICLE 2 Flight Program Overview • January 27 – March 8, 2019 • Operations Base: Rockford, Illinois – Domain: 200 nmi radius • NRC Convair-580 aircraft – Owned and operated by NRC Flight Research Laboratory – Jointly instrumented by NRC and ECCC – Extensively used in icing research for over 25 years • 120 flight hours (110 for research) • 26 research flights (30 total) 10/13/2020 FPAW: ICICLE 3 Scientific & Technical Objectives • Observe, document, and further characterize a variety of in-flight and surface-level icing conditions – Environmental parameters and particle size distribution for: . Small-drop icing, FZDZ and FZRA – Transitions between those environments & non-icing environments – Synoptic, mesoscale & local effects • Assess ability of operational data, icing tools and products to diagnose and forecast those features – Satellite – GOES-16 – Radar – Individual NEXRADs, MRMS – Surface based – ASOS, AWOS, etc. – Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) models – Microphysical parameterizations, TLE, etc. – Icing Products - CIP, FIP, other icing tools 10/13/2020 FPAW: ICICLE 4 Sampling Objectives (1/2) • Collect data in a wide variety of icing and non-icing conditions – Small-drop and large-drop . Including those with (& without) FZDZ and FZRA – Null icing environments . -
Direccion De Personal Aeronautico Dpto. De
DIRECCION DE PERSONAL AERONAUTICO 26/09/2021 MTC DPTO. DE INSTRUCCION OGMS/DINF PREGUNTAS Y OPCIONES POR TEMA 14:03 Pag: 1 TEMA: 0626 ATP-RTC - Meteorology and Weather Services - Chap.8 COD_PREG: PREGUNTA: RPTA: PREG20098166 What is indicated on the Weather Depiction Chart by a continuous smooth C (9299) line enclosing a hatched geographic area? OPCION A: The entire area has ceilings less than 1,000 feet and/or visibility less than 3 miles OPCION B: More than 50 percent of the area enclosed by the smooth line is predicted to have IFR conditions OPCION C: Reporting stations within the enclosed area are all showing IFR conditions at the time of the report OPCION D: PREG20098167 The horizontal wind shear, critical for turbulence (moderate or greater) per B (9701) 150 miles is OPCION A: 18 knots or less OPCION B: greater than 18 knots OPCION C: not a factor, only vertical shear is a factor OPCION D: PREG20098168 A severe thunderstorm is one in which he surface wind is A (9706) OPCION A: 50 knots or greater and/or surface hail is 3/4 inch or more in diameter. OPCION B: 55 knots or greater and/or surface hail is 1/2 inch or more in diameter. OPCION C: 45 knots or greater and/or surface hail is 1 inch or more in diameter. OPCION D: PREG20098169 A squall is a sudden increase of at least 16 knots in average wind speed to a B (9708) sustained speed of OPCION A: 24 knots or more for at least 1 minute OPCION B: 22 knots or more for at least 1 minute OPCION C: 20 knots or more for at least 1 minute OPCION D: PREG20098170 A calm wind that is forecast, in the international Terminal Aerodrome B (9709) Forecast (TAF) is encoded as OPCION A: VRB00KT OPCION B: 00000KT OPCION C: 00003KT OPCION D: PREG20098171 In the International Terminal Aerodrome Forecast (TAF), a variable wind C (9710) direction is noted by "VRB" where the three digit direction usually appears. -
Ott Parsivel - Enhanced Precipitation Identifier for Present Weather, Drop Size Distribution and Radar Reflectivity - Ott Messtechnik, Germany
® OTT PARSIVEL - ENHANCED PRECIPITATION IDENTIFIER FOR PRESENT WEATHER, DROP SIZE DISTRIBUTION AND RADAR REFLECTIVITY - OTT MESSTECHNIK, GERMANY Kurt Nemeth1, Martin Löffler-Mang2 1 OTT Messtechnik GmbH & Co. KG, Kempten (Germany) 2 HTW, Saarbrücken (Germany) as a laser-optic enhanced precipitation identifier and present weather sensor. The patented extinction method for simultaneous measurements of particle size and velocity of all liquid and solid precipitation employs a direct physical measurement principle and classification of hydrometeors. The instrument provides a full picture of precipitation events during any kind of weather phenomenon and provides accurate reporting of precipitation types, accumulation and intensities without degradation of per- formance in severe outdoor environments. Parsivel® operates in any climate regime and the built-in heating device minimizes the negative effect of freezing and frozen precipitation accreting critical surfaces on the instrument. Parsivel® can be integrated into an Automated Surface/ Weather Observing System (ASOS/AWOS) as part of the sensor suite. The derived data can be processed and 1. Introduction included into transmitted weather observation reports and messages (WMO, SYNOP, METAR and NWS codes). ® OTT Parsivel : Laser based optical Disdrometer for 1.2. Performance, accuracy and calibration procedure simultaneous measurement of PARticle SIze and VELocity of all liquid and solid precipitation. This state The new generation of Parsivel® disdrometer provides of the art instrument, designed to operate under all the latest state of the art optical laser technology. Each weather conditions, is capable of fulfilling multiple hydrometeor, which falls through the measuring area is meteorological applications: present weather sensing, measured simultaneously for size and velocity with an optical precipitation gauging, enhanced precipitation acquisition cycle of 50 kHz. -
Launching of New RS90-AG Radiosonde Valuable
40813_VaisalaNews_155 7.12.2000 18:29 Sivu 1 155/2001155/2001 After Extensive Field Testing: Launching of New RS90-AG Radiosonde Customer Satisfaction Survey for WOBS Customers: Valuable Customer Feedback Using Product Platforms: Next Generation of Surface Weather Software Products New ROSA Weather Station Generation: Evolution Rather Than Revolution 40813_VaisalaNews_155 7.12.2000 18:29 Sivu 2 Contents President’s Column 3 Serving Better Our Customers 4 Customer Satisfaction Survey for WOBS Customers: Valuable Customer Feedback 6 Next Generation of Surface Weather Software Products 8 Meteorological Data Management System: Aurora’s payload system was MetMan for Multi-purpose Data Collection 10 developed for high altitude dropsonde missions, for use on Compact MAWS301 Automatic Weather Station 12 low speed platforms such as Demanding Tactical Military Needs 14 Pathfinder, Altus and Perseus B. Due to funding cuts, the Vaisala Technology for the U.S. Air Force 17 dropsonde payload was not Military Exhibition EUROSATORY 2000 in France 18 permitted to be deployed and Climatological Conditions on the My Thuan Bridge 19 operated from Pathfinder. Nevertheless, Aurora tested and Major Contract from the U.S. qualified the payload for flight, National Weather Service 20 using its high altitude test Using L and S-Band Boundary Layer Radars and a chambers. Vaisala’s dropsondes were an integral part of this Millimeter-wave Doppler Radar with Vaisala MAWS: scientific experiment. Weather Observations 20 Researchers are using dropson- Royal Botanic Gardens Melbourne: des to get a more accurate pic- Fostering Plant Conservation 24 ture of hurricanes. Fire RAWS Unit on the Bircher Burned Over 26 Launching of RS90-AG Radiosonde 29 Vaisala’s MAWS301 Automatic Global Positioning System 31 Weather Station is a new gener- ation weather station especially Significant Radiosonde Order designed for applications where from Met Service Canada 32 no commercial power or com- Vaisala’s Next Generation munication networks are avail- 32 able or economically installed. -
Observation of Present and Past Weather; State of the Ground
CHAPTER CONTENTS Page CHAPTER 14. OBSERVATION OF PRESENT AND PAST WEATHER; STATE OF THE GROUND .. 450 14.1 General ................................................................... 450 14.1.1 Definitions ......................................................... 450 14.1.2 Units and scales ..................................................... 450 14.1.3 Meteorological requirements ......................................... 451 14.1.4 Observation methods. 451 14.2 Observation of present and past weather ...................................... 451 14.2.1 Precipitation. 452 14.2.1.1 Objects of observation ....................................... 452 14.2.1.2 Instruments and measuring devices: precipitation type ........... 452 14.2.1.3 Instruments and measuring devices: precipitation intensity and character ............................................... 454 14.2.1.4 Instruments and measuring devices: multi-sensor approach ....... 455 14.2.2 Atmospheric obscurity and suspensoids ................................ 455 14.2.2.1 Objects of observation ....................................... 455 14.2.2.2 Instruments and measuring devices for obscurity and suspensoid characteristics .................................... 455 14.2.3 Other weather events ................................................ 456 14.2.3.1 Objects of observation ....................................... 456 14.2.3.2 Instruments and measuring devices. 457 14.2.4 State of the sky ...................................................... 457 14.2.4.1 Objects of observation ...................................... -
Guide to Aircraft-Based Observations
Guide to Aircraft-based Observations 2017 edition WEATHER CLIMATE WATER CLIMATE WEATHER WMO-No. 1200 Guide to Aircraft-based Observations 2017 edition WMO-No. 1200 EDITORIAL NOTE METEOTERM, the WMO terminology database, may be consulted at http://public.wmo.int/en/ resources/meteoterm. Readers who copy hyperlinks by selecting them in the text should be aware that additional spaces may appear immediately following http://, https://, ftp://, mailto:, and after slashes (/), dashes (-), periods (.) and unbroken sequences of characters (letters and numbers). These spaces should be removed from the pasted URL. The correct URL is displayed when hovering over the link or when clicking on the link and then copying it from the browser. WMO-No. 1200 © World Meteorological Organization, 2017 The right of publication in print, electronic and any other form and in any language is reserved by WMO. Short extracts from WMO publications may be reproduced without authorization, provided that the complete source is clearly indicated. Editorial correspondence and requests to publish, reproduce or translate this publication in part or in whole should be addressed to: Chairperson, Publications Board World Meteorological Organization (WMO) 7 bis, avenue de la Paix Tel.: +41 (0) 22 730 84 03 P.O. Box 2300 Fax: +41 (0) 22 730 81 17 CH-1211 Geneva 2, Switzerland Email: [email protected] ISBN 978-92-63-11200-2 NOTE The designations employed in WMO publications and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of WMO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. -
Guide to FM-94 BUFR (Chapters 1-3)
Guide to WMO Table Driven Code Forms: FM 94 BUFR and FM 95 CREX Layer 3: Detailed Description of the Code Forms (for programmers of encoder/decoder software) Geneva, 1 January 2002 Preface This guide has been prepared to assist experts who wish to use the WMO Table Driven Data Representation Forms BUFR and CREX. This guide is designed in three layers to accommodate users who require different levels of understanding. Layer 1 is a general description designed for those who need to become familiar with the table driven code forms but do not need a detailed understanding. Layer 2 focuses on the functionality and application of BUFR and CREX, and is intended for those who must use software that encodes and/or decodes BUFR or CREX, but will not actually write the software. Layer 3 is intended for those who must actually write BUFR or CREX encoding and/or decoding software, although those wishing to study table driven codes in depth, will find it equally useful. The WMO gratefully acknowledges the contributions of the experts who developed this guidance material. The Guide was prepared by Dr. Clifford H. Dey of the U. S. A. National Centre for Environmental Prediction. Contributions were also received in particular from Charles Sanders - Australia, Eva Cervena - Czech Republic, Chris Long - U.K., Jeff Ator - USA and Milan Dragosavac, ECMWF. Layer 1: Basic Aspects of BUFR and CREX Layer 2: Functionality and Application of BUFR and CREX (see separate volume for Layers 1 and 2) Layer 3: Detailed Description of the Code Forms (for programmers of encoder/decoder software) Table of Contents Page 3.1 BUFR .................................................................................................................. -
International Atlas of Clouds and of States of the Sky
INTERNATIONAL METEOROLOGICAL COMMITTEE COMMISSION FOR THE STUDY OF CLOUDS International Atlas of Clouds and of States of the Sky ABRIDGED EDITION FOR THE USE OF OBSERVERS PARIS Office National Meteorologique, Rue de I'Universite, 176 193O International Atlas of Clouds and of States of the Sky THIS WORK FOR THE USE OF OBSERVERS CONSISTS OF : 1. This volume of text. 2. An album of 41 plates. It is an abreviation of the complete work : The International Atlas of Clouds and of States of the Sky. It is published thanks to the generosity of The Paxtot Institute of Catalonia. INTERNATIONAL METEOROLOGICAL COMMITTEE COMMISSION FOR THE STUDY OF CLOUDS International Atlas of Clouds and of States of the Sky ABRIDGED EDITION FOR THE USE OF OBSERVERS Kon. Nad. Metoor. Intl. De Bilt PARIS Office National Meteorologique. Rue de I'Universite. 176 193O In memory of our Friend A. DE QUERVAIN Member of the International Commluion for the Study of Cloudt INTRODUCTION Since 1922 the International Commission for the Study of Clouds has been engaged in studying the classification of clouds for a new International Atlas. The complete work will appear shortly, and in it will be found a history of the undertaking. This atlas is only a summary of the complete work, and is intended for the use of observers. The necessity for it was realised by the Inter- national Conference of Directors, in order to elucidate the new inter- national cloud code; this is based on the idea of the state of the sky, but observers should be able to use it without difficulty for the separate analysis of low, middle, and high clouds.