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Effects of Cuban Treefrog (Osteopilus Septentrionalis) Removal

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Effects of Cuban Treefrog (Osteopilus Septentrionalis) Removal EFFECTS OF CUBAN TREEFROG (OSTEOPILUS SEPTENTRIONALIS) REMOVAL ON NATIVE FLORIDA HYLA POPULATIONS by Miranda Cunningham A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of The Charles E. Schmidt College of Science In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science Florida Atlantic University Boca Raton, FL May 2015 Copyright 2015 by Miranda Cunningham ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author wishes to express sincere gratitude to her committee members for all of their guidance and support. The author is grateful to the Florida Park Service and Jonathan Dickinson State Park for allowing research to be conducted on state land. Last but not least, the author wishes to thank all of the park staff and volunteers that helped collect the field information, especially Ernie Cowan and Jeff Bach. iv ABSTRACT Author: Miranda Cunningham Title: Effects of Cuban Treefrog (Osteopilus Septentrionalis) Removal on Native Florida Hyla Populations Institution: Florida Atlantic University Thesis Advisor: Dr. Jon Moore Degree: Master of Science Year: 2015 Invasive species are one of the major threats to biodiversity and understanding the effects any one invasive species has on members of its new ecosystem can help land managers decide how to best use their limited resources. This study attempted to show the effect Cuban Treefrogs (Osteopilus Septentrionalis) were having on native Florida hylids. For a year, Cuban Treefrogs were removed from three cypress domes and monitored in three other cypress domes, a change in the native population in the experimental domes was the eventual desired effect. Due to weather issues and low native hylid numbers no effect was shown, however due to environmental constraints an effect could not be ruled out either. v DEDICATION This manuscript is dedicated to my family, especially my husband, Rob, who has encouraged and helped beyond what one could ever hope for, and to my daughter, Sophie, whose life has brought meaning to mine. I also dedicate this work to the late Hank Smith, whose belief in me both professionally and academically made much of this work possible. EFFECTS OF CUBAN TREEFROG (OSTEOPILUS SEPTENTRIONALIS) REMOVAL ON NATIVE FLORIDA HYLA POPULATIONS List of Tables ..................................................................................................................... ix List of Figures ..................................................................................................................... x Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 1 The Impacts of Invasive Species ..................................................................................... 2 Control of Invasive Species ............................................................................................. 3 Cuban Treefrog Life History ........................................................................................... 3 Florida Native Treefrogs Life Histories .......................................................................... 5 Background and Rationale .................................................................................................. 7 Study Site ............................................................................................................................ 8 Study Objectives ............................................................................................................... 10 Hypothesis ..................................................................................................................... 11 Methods............................................................................................................................. 12 The Cypress Domes ....................................................................................................... 12 PVC Pipe Refugia .......................................................................................................... 13 Statistical Analyses ........................................................................................................... 16 Results ............................................................................................................................... 17 Discussion ......................................................................................................................... 37 Appendix ........................................................................................................................... 46 vii References ......................................................................................................................... 51 viii LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Date of Surveys .................................................................................................. 15 Table 2. Average Number of Cuban Treefrogs and Native Hylids Caught by Dome. .... 19 Table 3. Average Number of Native Species Caught by Dome ...................................... 21 Table 4. Study P-values and F ratios. .............................................................................. 23 ix LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Locations in Jonathan Dickinson State Park of Six Cypress Domes. ................. 9 Figure 2. Initial Numbers of Native Hylids in All Six Domes ......................................... 18 Figure 3. Initial Numbers of Cuban Treefrogs (Os) in All Six Domes............................. 18 Figure 4. Average Number of Native Hylids and O. septentrionalis Caught Over All 17 Surveys ................................................................................................................... 19 Figure 5. Total Number of Hylids Caught Across All Domes and Surveys. .................... 20 Figure 6. Total Number of O. septentrionalis Versus Native Hylids Average by Dome.. ......................................................................................................................... 20 Figure 7. Average Number of Native Hylids Caught in Surveys by Dome. .................... 21 Figure 8. Total number of frogs by species in each dome for all surveys. ....................... 22 Figure 9. Osteopilus septentrionalis in Control Versus Removal Domes. ...................... 24 Figure 10. Number of Cuban Treefrogs (O. septentrionalis) Control Versus Removal Domes Prior to Removal. ............................................................................ 25 Figure 11. Total Number of O. septentrionalis Captured in Control and Removal Domes by Survey ........................................................................................................ 25 Figure 12. Combined Numbers of All Four Native Hylid Species in Control Versus Removal Domes .......................................................................................................... 26 Figure 13. Treatment by Survey for All Four Native Hylid Species Combined. ............ 26 Figure 14. Hyla femoralis in Control Versus Removal Domes ....................................... 27 x Figure 15. Treatment by Survey for H. femoralis ............................................................ 27 Figure 16. Hyla gratiosa in Control Versus Removal Domes ......................................... 28 Figure 17. Treatment by Survey for H. gratiosa. ............................................................ 28 Figure 18. Hyla squirella in Control Versus Removal Domes ........................................ 29 Figure 19. Treatment by Survey for H. squirella............................................................. 29 Figure 20. Hyla cinerea in Control Versus Removal Domes. ......................................... 30 Figure 21. Treatment by Survey for H. cinerea.. ............................................................. 30 Figure 22. Average SVL of O. septentrionalis Difference Between Control and Experimental Treatment.............................................................................................. 31 Figure 23. Average SVL of O. septentrionalis Treatment by Survey ............................. 31 Figure 24. Total number of O. septentrionalis in Control Versus Experimental Treatment .................................................................................................................... 32 Figure 25. Osteopilus septentrionalis Treatment by Survey Excluding Pre-and Post- Removal Data.............................................................................................................. 32 Figure 26. Ratio of O. septentrionalis in Control Domes Versus Removal Domes in Pre- and Post-Treatment Surveys................................................................................ 33 Figure 27. Number of O. septentrionalis for the 17 Surveys ........................................... 34 Figure 28. Average Number of Treefrogs Per Survey for Control Domes, Grouped by Months Since a Freeze Event ................................................................................. 35 Figure 29. Only Surveys Were Domes Differed in Moisture Levels, in All Other Surveys Domes Were Either All Wet or All Dry ....................................................... 36 Figure 30. Number of O. septentrionalis Caught in Control Domes Only, Wet Versus When They Were Dry ..................................................................................... 36 xi Figure 31. Average Annual Rain Fall by Month in West Palm Beach, Florida, From 1981-2010. .................................................................................................................. 39 xii
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