KING JOHN AND THE CISTERCIANS IN WALES By James Hadyn Jenkins BA 2008 MA 2009 A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of History, Archaeology and Religion Cardiff University 2012 SUMMARY Although the primary aim of this thesis was originally to explore the dynamic between King John and the Cistercians in Wales, it has been necessary to go beyond the bounds of this remit, namely to explore his relations with the Order in Ireland and England and also as a whole, to put his relations with the Cistercians in Wales into greater context. Primarily from an analysis of the charters John issued to individual abbeys, this thesis demonstrates that the interactions between John and individual Cistercian houses was not determined by where they were, rather their dynamic was more complex. John’s grants to individual houses were often an extension of his relationship with the abbey’s patron, when they were favoured their houses would prosper, when they fell from grace or defied John, their abbeys would suffer. Only however, by placing the charters John granted to individual houses into their wider political context can this correlation be appreciated, namely whether they were issued when John was trying to woo or punish the patron or at a time of hostility with the wider Order and as such clear demonstrations of royal favour. This was not the only dynamic that influenced the relationships between John and individual houses, those abbots who supported and opposed John were shown royal favour and anger respectively, and often this factor overrode all other concerns. II DECLARATION This work has not been submitted in substance for any other degree or award at this or any other university or place of learning, nor is being submitted concurrently in candidature for any degree or other award. Signed ………………………………………… (candidate) Date ……………………… STATEMENT 1 This thesis is being submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Signed ………………………………………… (candidate) Date ………………………… STATEMENT 2 This thesis is the result of my own independent work/investigation, except where otherwise stated. Other sources are acknowledged by explicit references. The views expressed are my own. Signed ………………………………………… (candidate) Date ………………………… III STATEMENT 3 I hereby give consent for my thesis, if accepted, to be available for photocopying and for inter-library loan, and for the title and summary to be made available to outside organisations. Signed ………………………………………… (candidate) Date ………………………… STATEMENT 4: PREVIOUSLY APPROVED BAR ON ACCESS I hereby give consent for my thesis, if accepted, to be available for photocopying and for inter-library loans after expiry of a bar on access previously approved by the Academic Standards & Quality Committee. Signed ………………………………………… (candidate) Date ………………………… IV CONTENTS page List of Maps VII List of Tables VIII Acknowledgments X Note on Translations XI Note on Monetary Values XI Abbreviations XII INTRODUCTION 1 1. KING JOHN AND THE CISTERCIAN ORDER 36 2. THE ‘WELSH’ AND ‘IRISH’ CISTERCIANS? 66 3. KING JOHN AND THE CISTERCIANS IN WALES 94 4. THE ‘USE’ OF THE CISTERCIANS IN WALES 122 5. KING JOHN AND THE CISTERCIANS IN IRELAND 174 6. KING JOHN AND THE CISTERCIANS IN ENGLAND 207 CONCLUSION 260 V Appendix I - Members of the Cistercian Order in Wales, 276 1150-1250 Appendix II - King John’s grants to the Cistercians 294 in Wales Appendix III - King John’s grants to the Cistercians 296 in Ireland Appendix IV - Grants to Royal Cistercian Houses in England, 300 1199-1216 Appendix V - The Relationship between Hospitality and Grants 301 to the Cistercian Houses in England Bibliography Primary 302 Manuscript Sources 302 Printed Primary Sources 305 Secondary 328 Websites 365 Unpublished 366 VI LIST OF MAPS page 1 - King John’s Journey Through Wales to Ireland, 138 17 May - 16 June 1210 2 - John’s Itinerary Through Ireland in 1185 and 180 Cistercian Houses he Patronised All maps drawn by James Jenkins VII LIST OF TABLES page 1 - Cistercian Houses Founded by the English in Wales 69 2 - Cistercian Houses Founded by the Welsh in Wales 69 3 - Cistercian Houses Descended from Whitland 72 4 - The Ethnic Composition of Cistercian Houses in Wales 85 5 - ‘Welsh’ and ‘English’ Cistercian Houses 87 6 - Cistercian Houses Founded by the English in Ireland 88 7 - Cistercian Houses Founded by the Irish in Ireland 89 8 - ‘Irish’ and ‘English’ Cistercian Houses 92 9 - Grants to the Cistercian Abbeys of Wales 98 10 - Grants to the Cistercian Abbeys of Ireland 176 11 - Grants to Royal Cistercian Houses in England, 1199-1216 210 VIII 12 - Writs Relating to Cistercian Houses in England pre-1199 216 13 - The Relationship Between Hospitality and Grants to Cistercian 224 Houses in England IX ACKNOWLEDGMENTS It will come as little surprise, that during the course of my PhD I have been assisted by numerous people. Not least David Williams, John Gillingham, David Crouch, Charles Insley, Daniel Power, Paul Webster and Janet Burton and all those whose questions and comments at various conferences helped guide and shape my ideas. I would also like to thank all the staff at the various libraries and archives I have visited in the course of researching this PhD, particularly those at The National Archives, The British Library, The National Library of Wales, Eton College Library, The National Library of Ireland and Trinity College Dublin. I would particularly like to thank and acknowledge my supervisor Dr. Helen Nicholson, who was helped me above and beyond what you could expect from a PhD supervisor - I genuinely could not have asked for a better supervisor. Any and all errors and omissions of course remain my own. I would also like to thank the History, Archaeology and Religion Department at Cardiff University for providing me with a studentship, the ‘125 for 125’ award and also the Ursula Henriques fund for helping to pay for my PhD. Finally and most importantly I would like to thank and acknowledge my Mum and Dad, without whose support, not only financially but emotionally, it is not an exaggeration to say this PhD would never have been started let alone completed. X NOTE ON TRANSLATIONS For direct quotations from Latin sources which I have translated, the Latin is included in the footnote. NOTE ON MONETARY VALUES I shall not standardise the monetary values into either pounds sterling or marks, but shall rather only give what the source records. However, when presenting total values pounds sterling shall be used. XI ABBREVIATIONS Ann. Marg. Annales de Margan (A.D. 1066-1232) in Annales Monastici, ed. Henry Richards Luard (London, 1864), vol. 1, pp. 3-40. Ann. Stan. ‘Continuatio Chronici Willelmi de Novoburgo ad annum 1298’, Chronicles of the Reigns of Stephen, Henry II and Richard I, ed. R. Howlett (London, 1885), vol. 2, part 2, pp. 503-89. Ann. Tewk. Annales de Theokesberia (A.D. 1066-1263), in Annales Monastici, ed. Henry Richards Luard (London, 1864), vol. 1, pp. 41-180. Ann. Wav. Annales de Monasterii de Waverleia (A.D. 1-1291) in Annales Monastici, ed. Henry Richards Luard (London, 1865), vol. 2, pp. 129-411. C.Ch.R. Calendar of the Charter Rolls: Henry III to 8 Henry VIII, 1226-1516, 6 vols. (London, 1903-1927). C.Pat.R. Calendar of the Patent Rolls [1232-1509], 52 vols. (1891- 1916). XII Cal. Docs. Irel. Calendar of Documents Relating to Ireland, 1175-1251, 5 vols., ed. H. S. Sweetman, (London, 1875). Chancellor’s Roll, The Chancellor’s Roll for the eighth year of the reign of King 8 Richard Richard the First, Michaelmas, 1196, ed. D. M. Stenton (Pipe Roll Society, 1930). Chartae Privilegia Chartae, Privilegia et Immunitates; Being Transcripts of et Immunitates Charters and Privileges to Cities, Towns, Abbeys, and Other bodies Corporate, 18 Henry II. to 18 Richard II., 1171 to 1395 (Dublin, 1889). Chart. St. Marys Chartularies of St. Mary's Abbey, Dublin: with the Register of Dublin its house at Dunbrody, and Annals of Ireland, ed. John T. Gilbert (London, 1884-86). Chron. Melsa. Chronica Monasterii de Melsa, A Fundatione Usque ad Annum 1396, ed. Edward Bond (London, 1866), vol. 1. Foedera Foedera, Conventiones, Literae, et Cujuscunque Generis Acta Publica, inter Reges Angliæ, et Alios Quosvis Imperatores, Reges, Pontifices, Principes, vel Communitates, 4 vols., ed. Thomas Rymer et al (London, 1816-69). XIII Itinerary Hardy, Thomas Duffus, ‘Itinerary of King John, &c.’ in Rotuli Litterarum Patentium in Turri Londinensi Asservati, ed. Thomas Duffus Hardy (London, 1835), pp. xlix-lxxiv. Memoranda Roll, The Memoranda Roll for the Michaelmas term of the first year 1 John of the reign of King John (1199-1200) together with fragments of the originalia roll of the seventh year of King Richard I (1195-6), the liberate roll of the second year of King John (1200-1) and the Norman roll of the fifth year of King John (1203), ed. H. G. Richardson (Pipe Roll Society, 1943). Pipe Roll Pipe Rolls: citations to Pipe Rolls are to the regnal years of the reigning kings and published by the Pipe Roll Society, London Rot. Chart. Rotuli Chartarum in Turri Londinensi Asservati ed. Thomas Duffus Hardy (London, 1837), vol. 1. Rot. de Lib. Rotuli de Liberate ac de Misis et Praestitis Regnate Johanne, ed. Thomas Duffus Hardy (London, 1844). Rot. de Obl. et Fin. Rotuli de Oblatis et Finibus in Turri Londinensi Asservati, Tempore Regis Johannis, ed. Thomas Duffus Hardy (London, 1835). XIV Rot. Lit. Claus. Rotuli Litterarum Clausarum, ed. Thomas Duffus Hardy (London, 1833-44), vol. 1. Rot. Lit. Pat. Rotuli Litterarum Patentium in Turri Londinensi Asservati, ed. Thomas Duffy Hardy (London, 1835). Rot. Misae, 14 John ‘Rotulus Misae – Anni Regni Regis Johannis Quarti Decimi’, Documents Illustrative of English History in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries, selected from the Records of the Department of the Queen's Remembrancer of the Exchequer, ed.