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Fellow Travelers New World Studies Marlene L Fellow Travelers New World Studies Marlene L. Daut, Editor Fellow Travelers How Road Stories Shaped the Idea of the Americas John Ochoa University of Virginia Press Charlottesville and London University of Virginia Press © 2021 by the Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America on acid- free paper First published 2021 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Library of Congress Cataloging-in- Publication Data Names: Ochoa, John A. (John Andres), author. Title: Fellow travelers : how road stories shaped the idea of the Americas / John Ochoa. Description: Charlottesville : University of Virginia Press, 2021. | Series: New World studies | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2020058648 (print) | LCCN 2020058649 (ebook) | ISBN 9780813946078 (hardcover) | ISBN 9780813946085 (paperback) | ISBN 9780813946092 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Fiction—20th century—History and criticism. | Travelers’ writings—History and criticism. | Travel writing—History—20th century. | Travel in literature. | Male friendship in literature. | America—Literatures— History and criticism. Classification: LCC PN846 .O28 2021 (print) | LCC PN846 (ebook) | DDC 809/.897—dc23 LC record available at https:// lccn .loc .gov /2020058648 LC ebook record available at https:// lccn .loc .gov /2020058649 This book is freely available in an open access edition thanks to TOME (Toward an Open Monograph Ecosystem)—a collaboration of the Association of American Universities, the Association of University Presses, and the Association of Research Libraries—and the generous support of the Pennsylvania State University. Learn more at the TOME website, available at: openmonographs .org. This book is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY), https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode. https://doi.org/10.52156/m.5239 Cover art: Aurora (Entre dos luces), Juan Manuel Blanes, ca. 1879–1885. (Photo © Christie’s Images/Bridgeman Images) For Jack and Pablo Eduardo, Fellow travelers if there ever was a pair Contents To the Reader: An Outstretched Hand ix Acknowledgments xi Introduction: Together, through the Backcountry 1 1. Fools of Empire: A Morning Constitutional, or Blind Eyewitnesses in the Early Republics (H. H. Brackenridge’s Modern Chivalry and Alonso Carrió de la Vandera’s A Guide for Blind Travelers) 31 2. Dying Pastoral: The Power of Homology and Other Disappearances into the Open Range of Martín Fierro and The Searchers (and “Brokeback Mountain”) 57 3. The Size of Domesticity 1: Traveling Companions Flee from Cold War “Containment” in On the Road and The Motorcycle Diaries 78 4. The Size of Domesticity 2: Subcomandante Marcos’s On- the- Run Dispatches Repurpose Cold War Anxiety 96 5. Doesn’t He Ever Learn? Denis Johnson’s Jesus’ Son and the Weight of Knowledge, or a Second Chance for a Lonely Picaro 120 Notes 133 Works Cited 143 Index 153 To the Reader: An Outstretched Hand Do the Americas have a common history? Do they have a common literature? These are questions that seem to be asked at least every fifteen years but are only partially answered.1 Although there is still very much work to be done, some recent scholars have made consider- able advances in hemispheric American literature and in comparative in- tellectual, literary, and cultural histories. I can only claim to imitate the remarkable breadth of scholars such as Lois Parkinson-Zamora, Kirsten Silva Gruesz, Ralph Bauer, Jorge Cañizares Esguerra, Emily Fox, and Anna Brickhouse. This book about fellow travelers is an invitation extended by a Latin Americanist to anyone willing to find, and survey, some common yet un- explored ground: to travel together. (North) Americanists and Latin Ameri- canists have too much in common and too much to lose if we do not walk and talk with one another. My hope is to deepen—or, in some cases, simply to begin—a traveling conversation. I recognize that I speak (US) American literary studies with an accent and inevitably fumble some of its conventions or blindly walk past some of its milestones. But I believe Fellow Travelers’s deliberate combination of a broad scope and a fairly narrow theme justifies some methodological and disciplinary liberties, as well as some “outsiderhood.” I hope the license I’ve taken (and any blemishes) will be understood. The point of Fellow Travelers is to find places and ways that are at once familiar and unfamiliar, as happens in travel—especially travel through the backcountry. In terms of history and cultural specificity, I have aimed for cases of not- always- obvious homology. Basically, the overarching and guiding principle has been to locate striking similarities—which in turn warrant analogy and, I hope, productive comparison. This was my crite- rion for the selection of texts, as well as the method of inquiry. x To the Reader For instance, when I address the late colonial/early republican period, I follow the lead of works such as Jorge Cañizares-Esguerra’ s comparative history Puritan Consquistadors, written about an earlier historical period. I place side by side two apparently unrelated historical processes that had similar impact on North and South during the period I am considering: the Spanish Decrees of Free Trade of 1778 (which opened the Spanish colonies to international trade) and the process of republican formation in the early United States, whereby distinct ex-colonies and their various social classes were incorporated into one representational system. In dif- ferent ways, these two processes were equally necessary for the invention of independent, sovereign America(s), and both were deeply connected to the process of independence. Likewise, when I approach national expansion into the contested empty spaces during the later nineteenth century, I look at the US my- thology about the conquest of the West. But I do so through the lens of Argentinean gaucho culture, which conquered the wilderness at roughly the same time. The gauchesque, the foundational literary genre of modern Argentina, has so much in common with US Western culture that it hon- estly mystifies me that this hasn’t been commented upon more. There are many, many such cases of unexplored North/South homolo- gies, and I only draw upon a few in this book. In the course of my argu- ment, I often point to some of the homologies that clearly fall outside of the purview of Fellow Travelers but deserve further study, and I welcome more work in that direction. In addition, in several of my comparative case studies I have required the existing criticism itself to travel, applying insights about the cultures of the North to texts and objects of the South, and vice versa. As the Mexican scholar, poet, and essayist Alfonso Reyes once said, among the lot of us we know everything. With Fellow Travelers I hope to expand who is included in “the lot of us,” and perhaps even discover something beyond the “everything”—something more to know, and talk about, together. Adelante. Acknowledgments Like reading obituaries and wedding announcements, com- pact and charged, reading book acknowledgments can produce anything from admiration to incredulity, from twinges of envy to snorts of “I-knew- it.” Let’s admit it: who can truly claim never to have tossed aside a promis- ingly titled book after a scan of the acknowledgments? Here is my contribu- tion to this unsettling genre, where I hope to express my honest gratitude to some folks, but also show off a lineage about which I am proud. I invite potential readers to use this as a pre-vetting for what comes ahead. The editor in chief at the University of Virginia Press, Eric Brandt, was supportive and bafflingly loyal to this project from the outset. This was despite major holdups, any of which would have made a reasonable book wrangler give up, and quite understandably. Thanks as well to managing editor Ellen Satrom, whose humor and caring make my previous experi- ences pale in comparison. Repetidas gracias, Eric and Ellen. The first stirrings of Fellow Travelers came many nights ago in graduate school, inspired by two very different people and scholars, Roberto González Echevarría and Josefina Ludmer. It took twenty years to see the common ground in what they were then working on, respectively, the picaresque and the gauchesque. As often happens when one ventures out into unknown parts, this led down some arduous paths that led nowhere. I first believed this would be a long book about constitutionality, so following that belief, I consulted heavily with law scholars, especially David Flatto, Michael C. Mirow, and Lauren Benton, who shared their expertise and insight, but ultimately made me understand that this needed to go elsewhere. For this being a book about men, it was guided most crucially by the advice and encouragement of four women, each fiercely intelligent xii Acknowledgments and right. Lois Parkinson Zamora, a true inter-Americanist, has been a constant and rare guide for how to do and be both as a person and an intellectual. Giuli Dussias, friend and head of the department of Spanish, Italian, and Portuguese at Penn State, besides personally holding herself to a standard that is nigh impossible to repeat, provided an overwhelming amount of assistance and leeway. My wife, Stacy Andersen, MD and PhD (in literature, no less), has always been an exacting perceiver of hidden patterns—a master diagnostician. My friend and PSU colleague Maria Rosa Truglio has been a constant fellow traveler, willing to walk wher- ever. Each of these women has received a hand-loomed Mexican rebozo as expression of my thanks, and with the hope that they will continue telling me what (not) to do. An unflagging and constant research assistant, Emily Wiggins, has for years conscientiously wrangled unruly language, data, sources, and images, among many unreasonable requests.
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