6/18/2010
MarineTech 2009 - 2011 STEM Preparation through Marine Engineering, Science and Technology Experiences
OCEANOGRAPHY
Instructional Module - 7
Dr. Alok. K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU 1
MarineTech 2009 - 2011 STEM Preparation through Marine Engineering, Science and Technology Experiences Description of Module
• The module deals with oceanic currents and factors which causes it such as tides, Coriolis effect, winds, differences in water density.
• We will also study about different types of currents in ocean, wave characteristics, SOFAR channel, and seafloor topography in detail.
Dr. Alok. K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU 2
MarineTech 2009 --2011 2011 STEM Preparation through Marine Engineering, Science and Technology Experiences Topics Covered S No. Topic Estimated Time 1 Major Oceans 5 min 2 Tidal Currents 10 min 3 Surface Ocean Currents 45 min 4 Break 10 min 5 Coastal Currents 35 min 6 Global Conveyor Belt 10 min 7 Seafloor Topography 25 min 8 Break 10 min 9 SOFAR Channel 60 min
Dr. Alok. K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU 3
1 6/18/2010
MarineTech 2009 - 2011 STEM Preparation through Marine Engineering, Science and Technology Experiences
Standards of Learning (SOL)
• Earth Science. 13 a, b, c, d • Earth Science. 4 d • PhysicsPhysics 9 • Algebra.2 • Algebra.11
Dr. Alok. K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU 4
MarineTech 2009 - 2011 STEM Preparation through Marine Engineering, Science and Technology Experiences Oceanography
Oceanography is a branch of earth science that studies the ocean. It is also called as marine science. It is sub divided into various sub- domains.
Four sub-domains include:
• Biological Oceanography - Study of plants, animals of oceans. • Chemical Oceanography - Study of ocean chemistry. • Geological Oceanography - Study of geology of oceans. • Physical Oceanography - Study of oceans physical attributes.
Dr. Alok. K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU 5
MarineTech 2009 - 2011 STEM Preparation through Marine Engineering, Science and Technology Experiences Oceanography Domains
1. Biological Oceanography - Study to understand what controls the distribution and abundance of different types of marine life.
2. Chemical Oceanography – Study of ocean chemistry, the behavior of the chemical elements within the Earth’s surface. Dr. Alok. K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU 6
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MarineTech 2009 - 2011 STEM Preparation through Marine Engineering, Science and Technology Experiences Oceanography Domains
3. Geological Oceanography - Study of geology of ocean floors such as sedimentation process, plate tectonics etc.
4. Physical Oceanography - Studies ocean’s physical attributes including temperature-salinity structure, waves, tides and currents. Dr. Alok. K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU 7
MarineTech 2009 - 2011 STEM Preparation through Marine Engineering, Science and Technology Experiences
Major Oceans
What are the major oceans of the world? 1. The Pacific ocean 2. The Atlantic ocean 3. The Indian ocean 4. The Southern ocean 5.The Arctic ocean
Dr. Alok. K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU 8
MarineTech 2009 - 2011 STEM Preparation through Marine Engineering, Science and Technology Experiences The Pacific Ocean
• The pacific ocean is the largest among all the oceans (69.4 million square miles). • The Mariana Trench is the deepest point (35,800 ft) in the Pacific Ocean and in the world. • Temperatures of deep waters are intensely cold. • Salinity is lowest among all the oceans.
Dr. Alok. K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU 9
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MarineTech 2009 - 2011 STEM Preparation through Marine Engineering, Science and Technology Experiences The Atlantic Ocean
• It is the second largest of the world’s oceanic divisions with a total area of 41.1 million square miles. • The Puerto Rico Trench is the deepest point (28,374 feet) in the Atlantic Ocean. • The surface waters of Atlantic ocean has very high salinity. • The surface water temperatures are warmer.
Dr. Alok. K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU 10
MarineTech 2009 - 2011 STEM Preparation through Marine Engineering, Science and Technology Experiences The Indian Ocean
• The Indian Ocean is the third largest of the world’s oceanic divisions with a total area of 28 million square miles. • The deepest point in this ocean region occurs in the Java Trench with a depth of 23,812 feet below sea level. • It has the warmest ocean currents and high salinity .
Dr. Alok. K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU 11
MarineTech 2009 - 2011 STEM Preparation through Marine Engineering, Science and Technology Experiences The Arctic Ocean and the Southern ocean
• The Arctic ocean is the smallest and the shallowest of all the five major ocean divisions. • It is located in the north polar region. • The Southern ocean also known as the Antarctic Ocean. • The southern ocean is located in the south polar regions partially covered with ice.
Dr. Alok. K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU 12
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MarineTech 2009 - 2011 STEM Preparation through Marine Engineering, Science and Technology Experiences Major Oceans
The three major oceans are: 1. ______- Largest, deepest, coldest, least salty. 2. ______- Second largest, warm, salty. 3. ______- Third l argest , hi gh sali nit y.
Match the following in which oceans the trenches are located
1. Mariana Trench - A. The Indian ocean 2. Puerto Rico Trench - B. The Pacific ocean 3. Java Trench - C. The Atlantic ocean
Dr. Alok. K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU 13
MarineTech 2009 - 2011 STEM Preparation through Marine Engineering, Science and Technology Experiences Major Oceans
The three major oceans are : 1. The Pacific ocean - Largest, deepest, coldest, least salty. 2. The Atlantic ocean - Second largest, warm, salty. 3. The Indian ocean - Third largest, high salinity.
Match the following in which oceans the trenches are located 1. Mariana Trench - A. The Indian ocean (3) 2. Puerto Rico Trench - B. The Pacific ocean (1) 3. Java Trench - C. The Atlantic ocean (2)
Dr. Alok. K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU 14
MarineTech 2009 - 2011 STEM Preparation through Marine Engineering, Science and Technology Experiences Major Oceans The ______Ocean near the north pole, and the ______Ocean near the south pole contain vast expanses of sea ice.
Dr. Alok. K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU 15
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MarineTech 2009 - 2011 STEM Preparation through Marine Engineering, Science and Technology Experiences Major Oceans
The Arctic Ocean near the north pole, and the Antarctic/Southern Ocean near the south pole contain vast expanses of sea ice.
Dr. Alok. K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU 16
MarineTech 2009 - 2011 STEM Preparation Preparation through through Marine Marine Engineering, Engineer Scienceing, Science and Technology and Technology Experiences Ex periences
Color of Ocean Water
What makes the ocean water in the picture to the left appears to be in different colors?
Ans. Differences in the depth at different regions.
Dr. Alok. K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU 17
MarineTech 2009 - 2011 STEM Preparation through Marine Engineering, Science and Technology Experiences Colorful Ocean water
• The color of the water depends on the depth of the water. • The depth of water determines how much light is reflected from the sea bottom. • Therefore in shallow water, such as near a beach, the light reflected from the sand will make the water look lighter than in deep water (where little or no light is reflected from the bottom).
Dr. Alok. K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU 18
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MarineTech 2009 - 2011 STEM Preparation through Marine Engineering, Science and Technology Experiences Composition of Ocean Water An average ocean water sample with the mass of one kilogram contains about 35 grams of dissolved salts. Four kinds of elements make up 97 percent of the dissolved salts. The four kinds of elements are:
- Chloride (Cl) - Magnesium (Mg)
-Sulfate (SO4) - Sodium(Na)
Dr. Alok. K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU 19
MarineTech 2009 - 2011 STEM Preparation through Marine Engineering, Science and Technology Experiences
Class Exercise - 1
Composition of Ocean Water
Dr. Alok. K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU 20
MarineTech 2009 - 2011 STEM Preparation through Marine Engineering, Science and Technology Experiences Ocean Currents
The term “Ocean Current” describes motion of water. Oceanic currents are driven by - Coriolis Effect - Winds - Differences in water density
Dr. Alok. K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU 21
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MarineTech 2009 - 2011 STEM Preparation through Marine Engineering, Science and Technology Experiences Ocean Currents There are two types of ocean currents: 1. Surface Currents (Red Color) a. Makes up about 10% of all the waters b. These waters are the upper 400 meters of the ocean 2. Deep water currents (Blue Color) a. Makes up the other 90% of the ocean b. Moves around the ocean basins by density driven forces and gravity
Dr. Alok. K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU 22
MarineTech 2009 - 2011 STEM Preparation through Marine Engineering, Science and Technology Experiences
Coriolis Effect
Coriolis effects results in the deflection of major surface ocean currents to the right in the Northern Hemisphere (in a clockwise spiral) and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere (in a counter-clockwise spiral).
Dr. Alok. K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU 23
MarineTech 2009 - 2011 STEM Preparation through Marine Engineering, Science and Technology Experiences
Hands-on Activity-1: To simulate the Coriolis Effect by drawing a "straight" line on a rotating disc
Dr. Alok. K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU 24
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MarineTech 2009 - 2011 STEM Preparation through Marine Engineering, Science and Technology Experiences Tidal Current
• Tides are the periodic rise and fall of the ocean waters.
• When a tidal current moves toward the land and away from the sea, it “floods.”
• When it moves towards the sea away from land, it “ebbs.”
Dr. Alok. K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU 25
MarineTech 2009 - 2011 STEM Preparation through Marine Engineering, Science and Technology Experiences
Tidal Currents
• Tidal Currents are affected by the relative positions of the moon and Earth.
• When the moon and Earth are positioned nearest to each other the currents are stronger than average and are called “Perigean currents.”
Dr. Alok. K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU 26
MarineTech 2009 - 2011 STEM Preparation through Marine Engineering, Science and Technology Experiences Tidal Currents
When the moon and Earth are at their farthest distance from each other (apogee), the currents are weaker and are called “Apogean currents.”
Dr. Alok. K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU 27
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MarineTech 2009 - 2011 STEM Preparation through Marine Engineering, Science and Technology Experiences Tidal Current • The Tidal currents are the type of currents which are affected by the interactions of the Earth, Sun, and Moon.
• Tidal Range: The difference between high and low tide water levels are called Tidal Ranges.
• When the Moon, Earth, and Sun fall in a straight line, we notice the highest Tidal Range. These are called Spring Tides. Dr. Alok. K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU 28
MarineTech 2009 - 2011 STEM Preparation through Marine Engineering, Science and Technology Experiences Tidal Current
• When the Sun and Moon form a right angle there is a smaller difference between high and low tides (Lowest Tidal Range).
• These are called Neap tides.
Dr. Alok. K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU 29
MarineTech 2009 - 2011 STEM Preparation through Marine Engineering, Science and Technology Experiences Tidal currents
• Spring tides occur at the time of the full moon or the new moon.
• Neap tide comes twice a month, in the first and third quarters of the moon.
Dr. Alok. K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU 30
10 6/18/2010
MarineTech 2009 - 2011 STEM Preparation through Marine Engineering, Science and Technology Experiences
Class Exercise-2
Tidal Ranges Compared to Moon Phases
Dr. Alok. K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU 31
MarineTech 2009 - 2011 STEM Preparation through Marine Engineering, Science and Technology Experiences Tidal Currents
1. Only the gravitational pull of the sun is important in creating tides A. True B. False
2. The difference between high and low tide water levels are called Tidal Ranges A. True B. False
Dr. Alok. K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU 32
MarineTech 2009 - 2011 STEM Preparation through Marine Engineering, Science and Technology Experiences Tidal Currents 1. Only the gravitational pull of the sun is important in creating tides A. True B. False
2. The difference between high and low tide water levels are called Tidal Ranges A. True B. False
Dr. Alok. K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU 33
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MarineTech 2009 - 2011 STEM Preparation through Marine Engineering, Science and Technology Experiences Hydrometer • Hydrometer is an instrument used to measure the specific gravity (relative density) of liquids. • Sppgyecific gravity is the ratio of density of substance to the relative density of a given reference material. • Hydrometer is usually made of glass and consists of a cylindrical stem and a bulb weighted with mercury to make it float upright.
Dr. Alok. K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU 34
MarineTech 2009 - 2011 STEM Preparation through Marine Engineering, Science and Technology Experiences Hydrometer
• The operation of the hydrometer is based on the Archimedes principle that a solid suspended in a fluid will be buoyed up by a force equal to the weight of the fluid displaced. • The lower the density of a substance, the further the hydrometer will sink.
Dr. Alok. K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU 35
MarineTech 2009 - 2011 STEM Preparation through Marine Engineering, Science and Technology Experiences
Hands-on Activity-2: To measure the Relative Density of water and salt water using a hydrometer.
Dr. Alok. K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU 36
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MarineTech 2009 - 2011 STEM Preparation through Marine Engineering, Science and Technology Experiences Global Wind System
• Surface ocean currents, are driven by a complex global wind system.
• Ifhf the Earth hdid did not rotate on i ts axis, the atmosphere would only circulate between the poles and the equator in a simple back-and-forth pattern
Dr. Alok. K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU 37
MarineTech 2009 - 2011 STEM Preparation through Marine Engineering, Science and Technology Experiences Surface Ocean Current
• Circulating air is deflected because the Earth rotates.
• The air deflects toward the right in the Northern Hemisphere and toward the left in the Southern Hemisphere, resulting in curved paths.
• This deflection is caused by Coriolis effect.
Dr. Alok. K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU 38
MarineTech 2009 - 2011 STEM Preparation through Marine Engineering, Science and Technology Experiences Surface Ocean Currents Warm air rises near equator and then cold air descends near 30 degrees North at North latitude and 30 degrees South at South latitude.
Dr. Alok. K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU 39
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MarineTech 2009 - 2011 STEM Preparation through Marine Engineering, Science and Technology Experiences Surface Ocean Currents As the air moves away from the equator the Coriolis effect deflects it toward the right. It cools and descends near 30 degrees North latitude.
Dr. Alok. K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU 40
MarineTech 2009 - 2011 STEM Preparation through Marine Engineering, Science and Technology Experiences Trade Winds
• The descending air blows, back toward the equator.
• A similar wind pattern occurs in the Southern Hemisphere.
• These prevailing winds, are known as the trade winds.
Dr. Alok. K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU 41
MarineTech 2009 - 2011 STEM Preparation through Marine Engineering, Science and Technology Experiences Westerlies
The remaining air (air that does not descend at 30 degrees North or South latitude) continues toward the poles and is known as the westerly winds, or westerlies.
Dr. Alok. K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU 42
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MarineTech 2009 - 2011 STEM Preparation through Marine Engineering, Science and Technology Experiences Doldrums • The Doldrums also called the “equatorial calms”, a nautical term for the intertropical convergence zone. • Affects areas of the Atlantic ocean , the P acifi c ocean , th e I ndi an ocean that are within the inter tropical convergence zone(low pressure near the equator, where the prevailing winds are calm) . • Hurricanes originate in this region. • Notorious for sailors due to deadly calm winds.
Dr. Alok. K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU 43
MarineTech 2009 - 2011 STEM Preparation through Marine Engineering, Science and Technology Experiences
Class Exercise - 3
Coriolis Effect
Dr. Alok. K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU 44
MarineTech 2009 - 2011 STEM Preparation through Marine Engineering, Science and Technology Experiences Coastal Currents Coastal currents are coherent that are found in the region between the coastline and the edge of the continental shelf
Dr. Alok. K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU 45
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MarineTech 2009 - 2011 STEM Preparation through Marine Engineering, Science and Technology Experiences Hurricane • An atmospheric system characterized by the rapid inward circulation of air masses about a low-pressure center, usually accompanied by stormy, often destructive weather. • A tropical cyclone is a storm system characterized by a large low pressure center and numerous thunderstorms that produce strong winds and heavy rain. • Tropical cyclones originate in the doldrums near the equator, about 10 degrees away from the equator.
Dr. Alok. K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU 46
MarineTech 2009 - 2011 STEM Preparation through Marine Engineering, Science and Technology Experiences Hurricane
For the generation of hurricane the suitable conditions needed are • Wind conditions – The upper, mid and low level wind conditions should be light and should be flowing in the same direction. • Atmospheric layer conditions – Upper atmospheric layer can be dry or moist, middle and lower level must be very moist. • The latitude ranges should be 10N-30N and can be 10S-30S. • The temperatures should be above 25 degree Celsius.
Dr. Alok. K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU 47
MarineTech 2009 - 2011 STEM Preparation through Marine Engineering, Science and Technology Experiences Hurricane • Hurricanes, typhoons and tropical cyclones are different names for the same type of storm. • The only difference between them is the glbllobal area i n whi hihthch they f orm. • A tropical cyclone is called a hurricane in the North Atlantic Ocean and South Typhoon Pacific Ocean. • A typhoon occurs in the Northwest Pacific Ocean. • In the other parts of the world, these storms are called tropical cyclones.
Dr. Alok. K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU 48
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MarineTech 2009 - 2011 STEM Preparation through Marine Engineering, Science and Technology Experiences
Hands-on Activity-3: To study the impact of various weather parameters on the formation of hurricanes.
Dr. Alok. K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU 49
MarineTech 2009 - 2011 STEM Preparation through Marine Engineering, Science and Technology Experiences Wave Characteristics Crest, Trough, Amplitude, Wavelength, Wave Height
Dr. Alok. K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU 50
MarineTech 2009 - 2011 STEM Preparation through Marine Engineering, Science and Technology Experiences Wave Characteristics • Crest: The section of the wave that rises above the undisturbed position is called the crest • Trough: That section which lies below the undisturbed position is called the trough
Dr. Alok. K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU 51
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MarineTech 2009 - 2011 STEM Preparation through Marine Engineering, Science and Technology Experiences Wave Characteristics Amplitude: It is the maximum positive displacement from the undisturbed position of the medium to the top of a crest.
Period: The time for one complete cycle of an oscillation of a wave.
Dr. Alok. K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU 52
MarineTech 2009 - 2011 STEM Preparation through Marine Engineering, Science and Technology Experiences Wave Characteristics
Wave Length: The wave length of a wave is the distance between any two adjacent corresponding locations on the wave train. This distance is usually measured in one of three ways: - crest to next crest - trough to next trough - from the start of a wave cycle to the next starting point
Dr. Alok. K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU 53
MarineTech 2009 - 2011 STEM Preparation through Marine Engineering, Science and Technology Experiences Wave Characteristics Label the wave diagram below with the following terms: wavelength, wave height, trough, crest crest trough wave height wavelength
Dr. Alok. K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU 54
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MarineTech 2009 - 2011 STEM Preparation through Marine Engineering, Science and Technology Experiences
Class Exercise-4
Calculating Wave Speed
Dr. Alok. K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU 55
MarineTech 2009 - 2011 STEM Preparation through Marine Engineering, Science and Technology Experiences Longitudinal Wave In a Longitudinal wave the particle displacement is parallel to the direction of wave propagation
Dr. Alok. K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU 56
MarineTech 2009 - 2011 STEM Preparation through Marine Engineering, Science and Technology Experiences Longitudinal Waves
• Longitudinal Waves have compressions and rarefactions.
• Compression: It's a region in Longitudinal Wave where the particles are close together.
• Rarefactions: It’s a region in Longitudinal Wave where the particles are far apart
Dr. Alok. K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU 57
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MarineTech 2009 - 2011 STEM Preparation through Marine Engineering, Science and Technology Experiences Transverse Waves
In a transverse wave the particle displacement is perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation
Dr. Alok. K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU 58
MarineTech 2009 - 2011 STEM Preparation through Marine Engineering, Science and Technology Experiences Water Waves Water waves are an example of waves that involve a combination of both longitudinal and transverse motions.
Dr. Alok. K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU 59
MarineTech 2009 - 2011 STEM Preparation through Marine Engineering, Science and Technology Experiences
Hands-on Activity-4: Wave Generator
Dr. Alok. K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU 60
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MarineTech 2009 - 2011 STEM Preparation through Marine Engineering, Science and Technology Experiences Long Shore Currents
• As a wave moves toward the beach, different segments of the wave encounter the beach. They arrive at a slight angle, called the “angle of wave approach”.
• When a wave reaches a beach or coastline, it releases a burst of energy that generates a current, which runs parallel to the shoreline. This type of current is called a “long shore current”.
Dr. Alok. K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU 61
MarineTech 2009 - 2011 STEM Preparation through Marine Engineering, Science and Technology Experiences Rip Currents
A rip current, is a localized current that flows away from the shoreline toward the ocean, perpendicular or at an acute angle to the shoreline.
Dr. Alok. K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU 62
MarineTech 2009 - 2011 STEM Preparation through Marine Engineering, Science and Technology Experiences Upwelling
• Winds blowing across the ocean surface often push Water away from an area.
• When this occurs, water rises up from beneath the surface to replace the diverging surface water.
• This process is known as “upwelling”.
Dr. Alok. K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU 63
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MarineTech 2009 - 2011 STEM Preparation through Marine Engineering, Science and Technology Experiences Ocean Currents Match the ocean currents with the following diagrams A) Long shore Currents B) Upwelling Currents C) Rip Currents
Dr. Alok. K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU 64
MarineTech 2009 - 2011 STEM Preparation through Marine Engineering, Science and Technology Experiences Ocean Currents Match the ocean currents with the following diagrams A) Long shore Currents B) Upwelling Currents C) Rip Currents B
C
A Dr. Alok. K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU 65
MarineTech 2009 - 2011 STEM Preparation through Marine Engineering, Science and Technology Experiences Global Conveyor Belt
The deep-ocean currents are driven by differences in the water’s density, which is controlled by temperature and salinity .
Dr. Alok. K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU 66
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MarineTech 2009 - 2011 STEM Preparation through Marine Engineering, Science and Technology Experiences Global Conveyor Belt • In the Earth's polar regions ocean water gets cold, forming sea ice and leaves the salt behind, so the surrounding sea water gets saltier. • As the sea water gets saltier, its density increases . • Surface water is pulled in to replace the sinking water, which in turn becomes cold and salty enough to sink. • This initiates the deep-ocean currents driving the Global Conveyor Belt.
Dr. Alok. K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU 67
MarineTech 2009 - 2011 STEM Preparation through Marine Engineering, Science and Technology Experiences Global Conveyor Belt
This shows the path of the global conveyer belt. The blue arrows indicate the path of deep, cold, dense water currents. The red arrows indicate the path of warmer, less dense surface waters
Dr. Alok. K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU 68
MarineTech 2009 - 2011 STEM Preparation through Marine Engineering, Science and Technology Experiences
Hands-on Activity-5: How Density Affects Water Currents in Ocean
Dr. Alok. K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU 69
23 6/18/2010
MarineTech 2009 - 2011 STEM Preparation through Marine Engineering, Science and Technology Experiences Seafloor Topography
• Continental Shelf: A submerged border of a continent that slopes gradlldually.
• Continental Slope: The steep descent of the seabed from continental shelf to abyssal zone.
Dr. Alok. K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU 70
MarineTech 2009 - 2011 STEM Preparation through Marine Engineering, Science and Technology Experiences Seafloor Topography
• Abyssal planes: The flat or gently sloping areas of the deep ocean floor.
• Seamount : An underwater mountain rising above the ocean floor.
Seamount
Dr. Alok. K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU 71
MarineTech 2009 - 2011 STEM Preparation through Marine Engineering, Science and Technology Experiences Seafloor Topography
• Continental Rise: The transitional area of the continental margin between the continental slope and abyssal plane.
• Ocean Trench: The deepest parts of the ocean.
• Guyot: A flat topped under water mountain.
Dr. Alok. K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU 72
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MarineTech 2009 - 2011 STEM Preparation through Marine Engineering, Science and Technology Experiences Sea Floor Topography H Match the following A terms to their correct letter in the diagram:
H. Island B F A. Continental shelf
B. Continental slope E D. Abyssal plain C F. Seamount C. Continental rise D D G. Trench E. Guyot G
Dr. Alok. K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU 73
MarineTech 2009 - 2011 STEM Preparation through Marine Engineering, Science and Technology Experiences SOFAR channel What is SOFAR channel ? • It is a layer of water depth in ocean where the speed of sound is at a minimum. • Sound waves can get caught in this channel and travel hundreds of kilometers. • The SOFAR channel is formed by the interplay between changes in ocean temperature and pressure with increasing depth.
Dr. Alok. K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU 74
MarineTech 2009 - 2011 STEM Preparation through Marine Engineering, Science and Technology Experiences SOFAR Channel
In the upper most 1,000 m of ocean, when vertical temperature changes are very high, the speed of sound will be ditdbtdominated by temperat ure ch anges and to a much lesser extent by salinity and pressure.
Dr. Alok. K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU 75
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MarineTech 2009 - 2011 STEM Preparation through Marine Engineering, Science and Technology Experiences SOFAR Channel Below the uppermost 1,000 m there is little variation of temperature and salinity with depth. Pressure chbhange becomes the prime cause of sound speed variability.
Dr. Alok. K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU 76
MarineTech 2009 - 2011 STEM Preparation through Marine Engineering, Science and Technology Experiences
Class Exercise - 5
SOFAR Channel
Dr. Alok. K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU 77
MarineTech 2009 - 2011 STEM Preparation through Marine Engineering, Science and Technology Experiences Overview
In this module we have learnt about: 1. Major Oceans 2. Tidal Currents 3. Surface Ocean Currents 4. Coastal Currents 5. Global Conveyor Belt 6. Seafloor Topography 7. SOFAR Channel
Dr. Alok. K. Verma Lean Institute - ODU 78
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MarineTech 2009 - 2011 STEM Preparation through Marine Engineering, Science and Technology Experiences
THANK YOU
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