Glenelg Hopkins YAMBUK LAKE ESTUARY AND WETLANDS MANAGEMENT PLAN
Healthy waterways for the benefit of all EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The Yambuk Lake estuary and wetlands represent a major natural asset for the Yambuk community, the people of the Glenelg Hopkins region and the broader community.
This management plan provides a basis for co-ordinated protection and enhancement of the environmental values of the area while also considering the social and economic values that are of great importance to the local and wider community.
This is the first management plan for an estuary within the Glenelg Hopkins region. Its development fulfils one of the high priorities identified by the South West Estuaries Coastal Action Plan (Western Coastal Board 2002), and represents the first step toward meeting Regional Management Action Target 83 in the Glenelg Hopkins Regional Catchment Strategy. (RMAT 83: Meet aspirational target for coastal areas through developing and implementing individual estuary management plans in accordance with the South West Estuaries Coastal Action Plan.)
The Yambuk estuary and wetlands provide a diverse range of habitat for a large number of species. Sixty-nine indigenous flora species have been recorded in the area, along with 134 species of birds. Birds that inhabit the area include migratory species listed under the China Australia and Japan Australia Migratory Bird Agreements. Eight of the bird species are identified as endangered or critically endangered on the Threatened Wildlife of Victoria (TWV) list. Critically endangered species include the Orange-bellied Parrot and Little Egret. Nine bird species are also listed under the Victorian Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988, including some species on the TWV listing.
Twenty-four species of fish are known to inhabit the estuary and wetlands, including Dwarf Galaxias and Yarra Pygmy Perch. Both species are listed under the Commonwealth Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (vulnerable and endangered respectively).
Yambuk Lake and fringing wetlands are considered to be of national significance due to their habitat value and because the area is considered an excellent example of an estuary with fringing wetlands.
The plan uses an asset - threat-based approach to identify the key values of the area and risks to the continued health and viability of these assets. This approach is consistent with the Glenelg Hopkins River Health Strategy. Assessment of the threats posed to assets in the area and determination of practical means to reduce or eliminate these threats has allowed formulation of management actions. These management actions have been grouped into a set of key programs that when implemented, will provide significant benefits in terms of maintenance and enhancement of the values in the area. An implementation guide that maps out a systematic approach to the execution of actions has also been developed.
Following is a quick reference guide to the key implementation programs, their objectives and targets and their location within the document.
2 Yambuk Lake Estuary and Wetlands IMPLEMENTATION PROGRAM QUICK REFERENCE GUIDE
Program Objective Target Relevant Sections
Native flora, fauna and habitat Improved protection and To ensure there is a net Sections 2.1, 9.1.1, 10.1 management of native flora gain in both native flora and fauna with no further and fauna, with no further losses of native flora and losses of native flora and fauna species. fauna species. Pest plants and animals 1. To achieve low numbers of To achieve long-term Sections 3.1.1, 3.1.2, species of introduced flora control of pest plant and 9.1.2, 10.2 and fauna within the Yambuk animals within the area area through ongoing control programs 2. To prevent establishment of new pest plant and animal species in the area through early identification and control Water quality Water quality and quantity To achieve better than Sections 3.1.3 Water that protects the diversity State Environment quality, 9.1.3, 10.3 and abundance of aquatic Protection Policy ecosystems and allows guideline maximum recreational and aesthetic concentrations for water enjoyment of the estuary quality readings 80% of the time by 2020. Soils, erosion and Protect soil health and Development of stream Sections 3.1.3 Soils, sedimentation minimise estuary side buffers in 50% of erosion and sedimentation and the catchment and the sedimentation, 9.1.4, erosion in the catchment, estuary by 2050 to 10.4 along river banks and on restrict stock access the estuary foreshore and allow regeneration of native plant species. Flooding To achieve as close to a 1. Accurate quantification Sections 2.1.4, 3.1.3 natural flooding regime of the area of land Flooding, 9.1.5 as possible, taking into affected by flooding account social, economic, and environmental 2. Accurate quantification requirements and the of the economic impact modified status of the of flooding of agricultural estuary and wetland land 3. Determination of the environmental requirements for flooding Estuary entrance Develop a management Develop a protocol for Sections 3.1.3 Estuary and artificial river process for the estuary estuary mouth opening entrance and artificial mouth opening entrance that provides using the decision river mouth opening, the best possible support framework by 9.1.6 compromise between the end of 2006 the ecological requirements of the estuary and wetlands and the social and economic requirements of the local community Climate change Actively manage risk Ensure the effects of Sections 3.1.3 associated with predicted climate change are Climate Change, climate change within incorporated into the 9.1.7 the Yambuk area Moyne Shire Planning Scheme by 2010 Diseases, viruses and Maintain healthy Section 3.1.4, 9.1.8 infections indigenous flora and fauna populations
Recreation Recreational uses of Policies to ensure Sections 2.2.1, 3.2, 9.2.1 the estuary, foreshore recreational activities and wetlands that do that do not compromise not compromise the the natural values of the natural values of the system system
Yambuk Lake Estuary and Wetlands Management Plan 3 Program Objective Target Relevant Sections
Cultural Protect areas of cultural Protection of all sites of Sections 2.3.1, 2.3.2, 3.3, significance and increase archaeological and 9.3 community understanding and heritage significance awareness of cultural heritage values within the project area Agriculture To ensure agricultural activities Economically and Sections 2.4.1, 3.4.1, are undertaken in a sustainable environmentally 9.4.1 way that ensures impacts on sustainable agricultural adjoining wetlands and estuary enterprises in the are minimised Yambuk area. Commercial and recreational Manage commercially and 95% compliance Sections 2.4.3, 2.4.4, fishing recreationally important with relevant fishing 3.4.2, 9.4.2 fish and invertebrate legislation species at levels that can be sustainably harvested, while protecting the aquatic ecosystem Local government planning Direct and control Adoption of planning Sections 4, 9.5 development to protect the policy, zones and values of the Yambuk Lake overlays into the estuary and wetlands and Moyne Shire Planning continue economic Scheme that protect development within the and enhance the framework of ecological values of Yambuk Lake sustainability. estuary and wetlands. Monitoring and evaluation Monitor and evaluate the Undertake an evaluation Sections 5, 9.6 health and functioning of of the effectiveness of the estuary and implementing actions implementation of the identified within this management plan plan in 2009 Community engagement and Community engagement in To increase awareness, Sections 6, 9.7 capacity building processes of policy making, understanding and planning, decision-making involvement in the and practical activities management of Yambuk focussed on the health Lake estuary and of the estuary. wetlands
4 Yambuk Lake Estuary and Wetlands ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This plan has been adapted from drafts prepared by Chris Harty on behalf of Moyne Shire Council, and Framlingham Aboriginal Trust, as part of the Natural Heritage Trust funded project - Using Wetlands Wisely Community Project.
Development of these drafts was guided by members of the Using Wetlands Wisely Community Project steering committee and members of the local community.
In addition, Glenelg Hopkins CMA acknowledges the following contributors to the preparation of this plan:
Members of the Glenelg Hopkins CMA Coast and Marine Technical Working Group
Yambuk Farmers Action Group
Kath Gosden - Moyne Shire Council Linda Grant - Glenelg Hopkins CMA Kylie Bishop - Glenelg Hopkins CMA Graeme Jeffery - Glenelg Hopkins CMA
This management plan has been officially endorsed by the following agencies and groups:
Department of Primary Industries (Fisheries) Department of Sustainability and Environment Framlingham Aboriginal Trust Moyne Shire Council Parks Victoria Western Coastal Board Yambuk Farmers Action Group
ISBN 0759411026 Glenelg Hopkins - Copyright Notice (c) Glenelg Hopkins Management Authority (2004) This work is the subject of copyright.
All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced, adapted, published or communicated (made available online or electronically transmitted) to the public, without the prior written permission of Glenelg Hopkins Catchment Management Authority or as expressly permitted by the Copyright Act 1968 (as amended)(Cth) or other copyright laws. All authorised or permitted, reproduction, adaptation, publication or communication (made available online or electronically transmitted) to the public, of the work or part thereof must include full acknowledgement of the source and Glenelg Hopkins Catchment Management Authority's ownership of copyright.
River Catchment Strategy 5 JARGON
Below is a list of the acronyms and abbreviations used throughout this management plan. A glossary of terms can be found on page 83.
ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
AAV - Aboriginal Affairs Victoria ASS - acid sulphate soil. ARMO - artificial river mouth opening. CAMBA - China Australia Migratory Bird Agreement. CH - Chris Harty Planning and Environment Management. DCNR - former Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, now DSE. DEH - Department of Environment and Heritage (Federal Government department). DIMIA - Department of Immigration, Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs (Federal Government department). DOI - Department of Infrastructure. DPI -Department of Primary Industries. DSE - Department of Sustainability and Environment. DU - Deakin University. DVC - Department of Victorian Communities. EVC - ecological vegetation class EPA - Environment Protection Authority. FAT - Framlingham Aboriginal Trust GHCMA - Glenelg Hopkins CMA IPA - Indigenous Protected Area ISC - Index of Stream Condition IUCN - World Conservation Union JAMBA - Japan Australia Migratory Bird Agreement LCC - Land Conservation Council MSC - Moyne Shire Council NHT - Natural Heritage Trust NTU - nephelometric turbidity unit PV - Parks Victoria SAC - Scientific Advisory Committee. SEPP WoV - State Environment Protection Policy Waters of Victoria. SRW - Southern Rural Water TFN - Trust for Nature VFF - Victorian Farmers Federation WCB - Western Coastal Board
6 Yambuk Lake Estuary and Wetlands 1. INTRODUCTION 11
1.1 MANAGEMENT PLAN STATUS 12 1.2 POLICY FRAMEWORK 12 1.3 MANAGEMENT PLAN DEVELOPMENT 13 1.4 IMPLEMENTATION OF THE YAMBUK LAKE ESTUARY AND WETLANDS MANAGEMENT PLAN 14 1.5 SITE DESCRIPTION 14 1.5.1 Land tenure and management 17 1.5.2 Adjacent land use 18 1.6 CATCHMENT SETTING 18 1.6.1 Local government area 19
2. ASSETS 21
2.1 ENVIRONMENTAL 22 2.1.1 Habitat 22 2.1.2 Flora 22 2.1.3 Fauna 22 Birds 22 Orange-bellied Parrot 23 Mammals 23 Fish 23 Dwarf Galaxias 25 Yarra Pygmy Perch 26 Macroinvertebrates 26 Reptiles and Amphibians 26 2.1.4 Natural Processes 26 Flooding 26 2.2 SOCIAL 27 2.2.1 Recreation 27 2.3 CULTURAL 27 2.3.1 Aboriginal 27 2.3.2 Non-Aboriginal 28 2.4 ECONOMIC 28 2.4.1 Agriculture 28 2.4.2 Tourism 28 2.4.3 Recreational fishing 29 2.4.4 Commercial fishing 29
3. THREATS AND THREATENING PROCESSES 31
3.1 ENVIRONMENTAL 32 3.1.1 Pest plants 32 Cape Tulip 32 Paterson's Curse 32 Gorse 32 Sea Spurge 33 Potentially threatening pest plants 33 Divided Sedge 33 Spartina 33 Coast Wattle 33 3.1.2 Pest Animals 33 Rabbits 33 Foxes 34 Cats 34 Potentially threatening pest animals 34 European Carp 34 Yellow-fin Goby 34
Yambuk Lake Estuary and Wetlands Management Plan 7 3.1.3 Natural processes 34 Flooding and altered flood regime 35 Altered hydrology 36 Estuary entrance and artificial river mouth opening (ARMO) 36 Soils, erosion and sedimentation 39 Water quality 39 pH 39 Nutrients 40 Turbidity 40 Dissolved oxygen 40 Climate change 40 Sea level rise 41 3.1.4 Diseases, viruses and infections 41 3.2 SOCIAL 42 3.3 CULTURAL 43 3.4 ECONOMIC 43 3.4.1 Agriculture 43 3.4.2 Commercial fishing 44
4 LOCAL GOVERNMENT PLANNING 45
4.1 Planning scheme 46 4.2 Local planning policy 46 4.3 Zones and overlays 46 Zones 46 Overlays 47 4.4 Landscape values 47 4.5 Sea change 47
5. MONITORING AND EVALUATION 49
6. COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT AND CAPACITY BUILDING 51
7. ON-GOING PROGRAMS 53 WATER QUALITY MONITORING 54
8. FURTHER RESEARCH AND INFORMATION/KNOWLEDGE GAPS 55 ESTUARY ENTRANCE MANAGEMENT - DECISION SUPPORT FRAMEWORK 56 ARTIFICIAL RIVER MOUTH OPENING PROTOCOLS 56 APPLICATION OF LAND STEWARDSHIP PRACTICES 56
9. MANAGEMENT OBJECTIVES, TARGETS AND ACTIONS 57
9.1 ENVIRONMENTAL 59 9.1.1 Native flora, fauna and habitat 59 9.1.2 Pest plants and animals 60 9.1.3 Water quality 61 9.1.4 Soils, erosion and sedimentation 61 9.1.5 Flooding 62 9.1.6 Estuary entrance and artificial river mouth opening 62 9.1.7 Climate change 63 9.1.8 Diseases, viruses and infections 63 9.2 SOCIAL 63 9.2.1 Recreation 63 9.3 CULTURAL 64 9.4 ECONOMIC 64 9.4.1 Agriculture 64 9.4.2 Commercial and recreational fishing 65 9.5 LOCAL GOVERNMENT PLANNING 65
8 Yambuk Lake Estuary and Wetlands 9.6 MONITORING AND EVALUATION 66 9.7 COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT AND CAPACITY BUILDING 66
10. IMPLEMENTATION PROGRAM 67
10.1 HABITAT PROTECTION AND ENHANCEMENT PROGRAM 69 10.1.1 Native flora, fauna and habitat 69 10.1.2 Land purchase 70 10.1.3 Fish passage 71 10.1.4 Ramsar listing 71 10.2 PEST PLANT AND ANIMAL CONTROL PROGRAM 72 10.2.1 Priority species 72 10.2.2 New and emerging species 73 10.3 WATER QUALITY PROTECTION AND ENHANCEMENT PROGRAM 74 10.3.1 Water quality monitoring 74 10.4 SOILS, EROSION AND SEDIMENTATION 75 10.4.1 Erosion 75 10.5 LOCAL GOVERNMENT 76
REFERENCES 77
GLOSSARY 83
FURTHER INFORMATION 87
APPENDICIES 89 A - RELEVANT LEGISLATION, STRATEGIES AND POLICIES 90 B - LEAD MANAGEMENT AGENCIES AND THEIR KEY RESPONSIBILITIES 93 C - NATIVE AND INTRODUCED VEGETATION, ECOLOGICAL VEGETATION CLASSES 94 EVCs 94 Native Vegetation 96 Introduced vegetation 98 D - BIRD SPECIES 100 E - FISH SPECIES RECORDED AT YAMBUK LAKE 104 F - WORKS ON WATERWAYS LICENCE FOR ARTIFICIAL RIVER MOUTH OPENING OF EUMERALLA RIVER - 2004 105 Standard Permit Conditions 105 G - PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL WATER QUALITY MONITORING 108 H - STATE ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION POLICY GUIDELINES FOR VICTORIAN ESTUARIES 108
Yambuk Lake Estuary and Wetlands Management Plan 9 10 Yambuk Lake Estuary and Wetlands Management Plan 1.0 INTRODUCTION
Yambuk Lake Estuary and Wetlands Management Plan 11 1.0 INTRODUCTION
The Yambuk Lake Estuary and Wetlands Management Plan provides management agencies and community stakeholders with a framework to ensure decisions regarding land use, development, and ongoing management are made with full regard for the environmental, economic and social values of the area.
The plan provides a brief description of what is currently known about the Yambuk Lake estuary and wetlands system and identifies: • actions required to protect and enhance existing values and sustainable use of the estuary, lake and wetlands
• information and knowledge gaps that require further research and investigation so that appropriate management actions can be formulated and incorporated into the plan in the future.
Annual review of progress with implementation is proposed. These reviews will be undertaken by the Glenelg Hopkins Coast and Marine Technical Working Group in partnership with local community representatives. The plan will be produced in a ring binder format that will allow updates as actions are implemented and new information becomes available.
1.1 MANAGEMENT PLAN STATUS
This management plan has been developed under the Glenelg Hopkins River Health Strategy according to the provisions of the Water Act 1989 Section 189 (a) to (d). It is also recognised under the South West Estuaries Coastal Action Plan, and therefore the Coastal Management Act 1995, but remains a stand-alone document.
1.2 POLICY FRAMEWORK
A suite of relevant Commonwealth and Victorian legislation and policy that directs the management of estuaries and estuarine wetlands is outlined in the Victorian Coastal Strategy (Victorian Coastal Council 2002) and the South West Estuaries Coastal Action Plan (Western Coastal Board 2002).
At the regional level, there are a range of plans and strategies providing for the protection and enhancement of natural and cultural values of the Yambuk Lake estuary and wetlands. Victoria has a strong policy framework and, as a result, these plans and strategies have a high level of integrated planning and address many aspects of sustainable use. These plans and strategies, along with relevant legislation, are presented in Appendix A.
The Victorian Coastal Strategy (2002) is especially relevant to the Yambuk Lake estuary and wetlands Management Plan. Endorsed by the State Government in 2002 it establishes the overall framework for planning and managing the Victorian coast. The aim of this strategy is to ensure Victoria's coastal and marine environment continues to be well managed and used by present and future generations. The strategy directly impacts on all coastal Crown land.
Implementation of the strategy is undertaken through coastal action plans (CAPs) that allow for the broad principles and strategies identified at the state level to be further developed and applied regionally. Two coastal action plans relevant to the Yambuk Lake estuary and wetlands have been prepared - the Moyne Shire Coastal Action Plan (2001) and the South West Estuaries Coastal Action Plan (2002).
The South West Estuaries CAP provides a regional framework to "facilitate the development and implementation of individual estuary management plans" (Western Coastal Board 2002). The Yambuk Lake estuary and wetlands Management Plan has been developed under this CAP, and therefore seeks to address those objectives of the Victorian Coastal Strategy relating to this estuary.
Figure 1 shows the legislation that requires a management plan for the Yambuk Lake estuary and wetlands and some of the legislation that directly impacts on the management of the estuary. Appendix A provides more detail regarding the legislation, policies and the management plan framework.
12 River Catchment Strategy 1.3 MANAGEMENT PLAN DEVELOPMENT
Initial drafts of this plan were produced and distributed to members of the Yambuk Lake Estuary and Wetlands Management Plan steering committee during 2002. This process involved consultation with the local community, including one-on-one interviews with local landholders during 2002. Development of the plan originally began as a component of a broader NHT funded project - Using Wetlands Wisely Yambuk Community Project - managed by Moyne Shire in partnership with Framlingham Aboriginal Trust.
River Catchment Strategy 13 With input from the Yambuk Lake Estuary and Wetlands Management Plan steering committee, Moyne Shire Council in partnership with the Glenelg Hopkins CMA commenced a revision process in 2003. This focused on re-modelling the draft to make it consistent with the current approach to natural resource management plans in Victoria - for example, the Victorian River Health Strategy (2002), Glenelg Hopkins CMA River Health Strategy (2004) and the Glenelg Hopkins CMA Draft Native Vegetation Plan (2003).
1.4 IMPLEMENTATION OF THE YAMBUK LAKE ESTUARY AND WETLANDS MANAGEMENT PLAN
The long term preservation and enhancement of the lake, estuary and wetland system and the associated biodiversity, social and economic values requires cooperative management by all stakeholders, including the community and agencies. Balancing these values for responsible management into the future is a difficult task, and adaptive, co-ordinated management will be important to maximise the benefits flowing from implementation of this plan.
Progress reviews, including updating of the management plan, will be conducted through annual review meetings. These meetings will include local community stakeholders and agency staff. Agency staff will be represented by members of the Glenelg Hopkins CMA's Coast and Marine Technical Working Group, comprising:
l Glenelg Hopkins CM
l Parks Victoria
l Deakin University
l Department of Sustainability and Environment
l Department of Primary Industries
l Western Coastal Board
l Local Government
l South West and Wimmera Cultural Heritage Program.
Community representatives will be invited from:
l Yambuk Farmers' Action Group
l Yambuk Community Inc.
l Yambuk Caravan Park
l St Helens Shelter Belters, the local landcare group
l Yambuk Angling Club.
Representation from other groups and individuals within the community will be sought as specific issues arise.
Responsibility for convening these annual meetings will rest with the Glenelg Hopkins CMA.
1.5 SITE DESCRIPTION
Yambuk Lake is the estuary of the Eumeralla River catchment including the Shaw River. It incorporates the Yambuk wetlands and is located near Yambuk township in South West Victoria, Australia. Yambuk is approximately 17 km west of Port Fairy (Refer to Figure 2). The estuary system is a seasonally closed, estuarine coastal lagoon system formed in a drowned river valley. The associated wetlands comprises floodplain depressions separated from the Eumeralla River by low natural levee banks (Environment Australia 2002). The landforms are of relatively recent origin in geological terms, around 6,000 years old (Kench 1999). Freshwater is provided by the catchments of the Eumeralla and Shaw rivers.
The Yambuk Lake estuary and wetlands lie behind a series of dune ridges and calcarenite formations on low-lying land. The landform is typical of many estuaries in southern Australia as it contains a large central basin with a narrow connection with the sea (Potter and Hyndes 1999). Sand deposited at the estuary mouth during low flow periods forms a barrier (or bar) preventing the exchange of water with the sea. This closure causes water levels in the lake to rise, leading to inundation of adjacent land. The sand bar can be breached naturally as pressure increases when the water level in the wetland system rises, by wave action or artificially by mechanical means (eg. excavator).
14 Yambuk Lake Estuary and Wetlands Figure 2 Location of Yambuk Lake estuary and wetlands in relation to Port Fairy
Yambuk Lake Estuary and Wetlands Management Plan 15 Apart from a sandy bottom near its entrance, the floor of the estuary is generally muddy with brackish water. The system is affected by tidal flows when the estuary entrance is open or by waves overtopping the sand bar when the estuary mouth is closed. This influences both salinity and water level within the estuary. Yambuk Lake estuary is subject to stratification of the water column caused by differences in the relative density between saltwater and freshwater. Estuaries where this stratification occurs are commonly known as a salt wedge type estuary. Stratification occurs as dense, relatively heavy salt water (due to its high salt content) flows into the system and "wedges" beneath the freshwater. Figure 3 provides a diagrammatic representation of this process.
An estuary is the mixing place of seawater and freshwater that flows off (or through) the land areas of the catchment, making the extent of an estuary dependent on freshwater and seawater inputs.
This management plan covers the lake, estuary and wetlands stretching from the mouth of the Eumeralla River to the Princes Highway bridge at Codrington; the Shaw River from the Princes Highway to the lake; and those wetlands from 2.5 km east of Crags Road to the lake. All terrestrial areas within this boundary are also included. The attached map (page 109) shows the boundary of the management plan. Parts of this area are also subject to a native title claim made under the Native Title Act 1992. The claim does not apply to private freehold land, but it does include all vacant Crown land, public reserves, beaches and foreshores, land held by government agencies and any other public or Crown lands.
Figure 3 Movement of salt water in an estuary
16 Yambuk Lake Estuary and Wetlands 1.5.1 LAND TENURE AND MANAGEMENT
Land within the area covered by this plan is managed by a number of stakeholders under relevant legislation (Table 1). A range of stakeholders are also responsible for managing other values of the area, such as flora and fauna and water quality. These management agencies and their key responsibilities are summarised in Appendix B. The legislative and policy framework applicable to the Yambuk Lake estuary and wetlands is outlined in Appendix A.
Table 1: Land Reservation Status and Management. This table has been verified by Crown Land Management DSE March 2004.
Area Land Reservation Status Legal Status Management
Yambuk Lake including the Permanently reserved for Crown Land (Reserves) Act Parks Victoria mouth of the Eumeralla River Public Recreation Reserve 1978 (area subject to artificial river mouth openings) Shoreline west of the estuary Coastal Protection Reserve Crown Land (Reserves) Act Parks Victoria entrance 1978
Eastern shoreline located near Public Purposes Reserve Crown Land (Reserves) Act Moyne Shire Council the estuary entrance 1978
The bed of the Eumeralla River Permanently reserved for Crown Land (Reserves) Act DSE upstream from Yambuk Lake Public Purposes 1978 (with no Crown land frontage present) Land south of the Eumeralla Deen Maar Indigenous Private land Framlingham River, west of Yambuk Lake Protected Area Aboriginal Trust
Shoreline west of the estuary Coastal Protection Reserve Private land Private entrance
Yambuk Lake Estuary and Wetlands Management Plan 17 1.5.2 ADJACENT LAND USE
The majority of land within the management plan area is privately owned and has been cleared for agriculture, principally dairying and stock grazing. South-east of the lake, not far from the river mouth, is the Yambuk Caravan Park, which has powered and non-powered sites catering to a maximum of 120 people. Peak season at the park is from December through April. Adjoining the caravan park is a nine-house residential development. This housing is predominantly used by holidaymakers and is limited in extent by zoning and current planning policy that restricts further residential growth. South-west of the lake is the site of the Yambuk Wind Farm, which is being constructed on three private properties and joins the current Codrington Wind Farm. Deen Maar is an Indigenous Protected Area covering 453 ha. Framlingham Aboriginal Trust manages this area according to international guidelines designed to protect and enhance cultural values. Deen Maar's frontage onto the lake and wetlands is the largest of the surrounding properties.
1.6 CATCHMENT SETTING
The Yambuk Lake estuary and wetlands are located within the Eumeralla River catchment, which covers approximately 910 square kilometres and lies within the Warrnambool Plain and Victorian Volcanic Plain bioregions.
Figure 4 Eumeralla Catchment, including the Shaw River
Rural landscapes dominate the catchment, which includes 68 ha (1.11%) of the 6120 ha Mt Eccles National Park. Dryland pasture (72.98%) and blue gum plantations (12.61%) are the dominant forms of land-use (Ierodiaconou et al. 2003). Remnant vegetation occupies only 7.4% of the catchment, while water and wetlands cover only 2.31% (Ierodiaconou et al. 2003). Rural drainage schemes have operated in the catchment since settlement to drain wetlands and increase productive grazing lands.
Average annual rainfall varies from 700 to 800mm near the coast to 600 to 700mm inland. Mean temperature ranges from 7 to 23˚C in coastal areas to 5 to 25˚C further inland. Macarthur and Yambuk are the main townships. Smaller townships and districts include Ardonachie, Bessiebelle, Codrington, Dunmore, Gazette, Orford, Ripponhurst and St. Helens.
The Eumeralla and Shaw rivers are the major flowing waterways of the catchment. These are approximately 90 kilometres and 52 kilometres long respectively, and flow south from the edge of the lava flows at Gerrigerrup Road, east of Warrabrook, to Yambuk Lake on the coast. The Eumeralla River flows through Macarthur, Bessiebelle and Codrington while the Shaw River flows through Dunmore and Orford. There are a several tributaries such as Back, Middle, Snakey, Deep and Carmichael creeks. Other waterbodies include Lake Gorrie, Bartlett and Sheepwash swamps.
The environmental quality of the Eumeralla and Shaw rivers was formally assessed in 1999 through a state-wide Index of Stream Condition (ISC) assessment. This assessment rated the environmental quality of the rivers as poor to marginal due
18 Yambuk Lake Estuary and Wetlands to a generally narrow, patchy riparian zone with little opportunity for regeneration of vegetation, moderate levels of bank erosion and low levels of in-stream habitat. It was noted however, that where riparian vegetation exists, it generally has a natural structure consisting of more than 60% native species. The ISC assessment has been repeated in 2004, but condition ratings were not available at the time of writing.
Native vegetation cover in the Eumeralla River catchment before European settlement is estimated to have been approximately 90,912 ha. Today only 2,145 ha (2.4%) of this area is covered by native vegetation. This remnant vegetation comprises 31 ecological vegetation classes (EVCs) (Glenelg Hopkins CMA 2003a). Fifteen of these are considered highly important for conservation (Glenelg Hopkins CMA 2003a), although due to the small area of remnant vegetation within the catchment all EVCs are important. A list of the ecological vegetation classes for the catchment area is presented in Appendix C.
The condition of the Eumeralla catchment directly affects the estuary area. Development of a management plan for the Eumeralla catchment, including the Shaw River, has been highlighted as an action in the Glenelg Hopkins CMA River Health Strategy 2004. The development of such a plan has the potential to provide benefits to the Yambuk Lake estuary and wetlands.
Until such time as a whole-of-catchment management plan is developed for the Eumeralla River catchment, the Yambuk Lake estuary and wetlands Management Plan will include recommendations for actions and research that apply to the wider Eumeralla and Shaw river catchments.
1.6.1 LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA
The Yambuk Lake estuary and wetlands are located within Moyne Shire, with the majority of the Eumeralla River catchment also located within that shire.
Yambuk Lake Estuary and Wetlands Management Plan 19 20 Yambuk Lake Estuary and Wetlands 2. ASSETS
Yambuk Lake Estuary and Wetlands Management Plan 21 2.1 ENVIRONMENTAL
2.1.1 HABITAT
Yambuk Lake estuary and wetlands are listed in the Directory of Important Wetlands as an area of national significance. This is due partly to its function as valuable habitat for animal taxa at vulnerable life-cycle stages and its role as a drought refuge (Environment Australia 2002). The area is an excellent example of an estuary with extensive overbank swamps and wetlands. See Section 9.1.1 for recommended actions
2.1.2 FLORA
A total of 65 native flora species have been recorded on the Deen Maar property adjoining the western edge of Yambuk Lake (Murphy 2000), which includes areas of estuary, wetland and terrestrial habitat (Appendix C). Twenty-eight species of regional significance have been recorded (Murphy 2000). These species are rare or threatened within the local bioregion and are marked in Appendix C. There are no known flora species within the management plan area considered to be nationally threatened under the Commonwealth Environment Protection and Biodiversity Act 1999 or the State Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988. (YFF1)
The Yambuk Lake vegetation community currently includes aquatic species such as:
l seagrasses, including Ruppia maritima and Zostera capricorni
l emergent macrophytes comprising reeds, such as the common reed (Phragmites australis), rushes such as Juncus sp., sedge varieties such as Gahnia sp. and Baumea sp., and more low-lying saltmarsh species such as Beaded Glassworts (Sarcocornia quinqueflora) and Salt Couch (Sporobulos virginicus), which inhabit more saline soil conditions.
The wetlands contain few tree species, which is probably due to land clearing following European settlement. Scented Paperbark (Melalueca squarrosa) and Woolly Tea Tree (Leptospermum lanigerum), both adapted to withstand periods of inundation, represent the dominant remnant species. Woolly Tea Tree will not grow in permanently dry soils (Society for Growing Australian Plants 1995). Other threats to this species include grazing or trampling by cattle, clearing, weed invasion, and changes to hydrological regime (Barton and Sherwood 2002).
The estuary and wetlands support aquatic, riparian and terrestrial habitats including a variety of heathland and dune vegetation systems. Major EVC's include Coastal Dune Heathland, Estuarine Wetland and Swamp Scrub (Kimber et al. 2001, Murphy 2000). A map showing the extent of vegetation prior to European settlement (pre 1750) is included in Appendix C.
See Section 9.1.1 for recommended actions
2.1.3 FAUNA
Birds
Yambuk Lake estuary and wetlands provide a range of important bird habitats, including open and closed water, with associated wetland vegetation such as reeds/rushes, herb fields and grasslands. During drought, the lake and wetlands provide feeding and breeding grounds of state-wide importance, as large numbers of birds are known to migrate to the site seeking refuge from dry conditions elsewhere in the state. The summer of 2002/03 was an example of this, with large numbers of birds recorded at the site. DSE avifauna surveys revealed 37 species and approximately 8000 individuals distributed across approximately 70% of the lake and wetlands.
More than 40 bird species have been officially recorded within the Yambuk Lake estuary and wetlands (Du Guesclin 2004 pers. comm.). The Orange-bellied Parrot (Neophema chrysogaster) is listed under the Commonwealth Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 as critically endangered, the Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988 and the IUCN Red List. Seven species are listed under the Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988, 13 species under the China- Australia Migratory Bird Agreement, (CAMBA) and 12 species are under the Japan-Australia Migratory Bird Agreement, (JAMBA). A list of all bird species found within the area is presented in Appendix D.
22 Yambuk Lake Estuary and Wetlands The high value of Yambuk Lake estuary and wetlands to avifauna is further demonstrated by utilisation of the area as breeding and feeding habitat for a number of different species. Great Egret (Ardea alba) is listed under the Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988 and is reported to breed in cypress near the area (Du Guesclin 2004 pers. comm.). White Ibis (Threskiornis molucca), Straw-necked Ibis (Threskiornis spinicollis), Royal Spoonbill (Platalea regia) and Night Heron (Nycticorax caldeonicus) are also known to nest in nearby cypress trees. Night Herons were believed to be nesting near the Yambuk Caravan Park in June 2004 (Wally Parsons 2004 pers comm.). Juvenile Great Egrets have been seen feeding on the lake with adults. Adults with breeding plumage have also been observed (Du Guesclin 2004 pers. comm.). This is unusual in that Great Egrets have not been previously reported to breed in Western Victoria south of the Great Divide. (Du Guesclin 2004 pers. comm.). There are also few records of Night Heron breeding sites; this species has been seen feeding on the lake during mid-spring, its peak breeding season (Du Guesclin 2004 pers. comm.).
Orange-bellied Parrot The Orange-bellied Parrot (Neophema chrysogaster) is listed under the Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988, Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 as critically endangered and the IUCN Red List as critically endangered. It is estimated there are less than 200 individuals, with approximately 40 to 50 breeding pairs remaining in the wild (Edgar and Menkhorst 1993). Breeding occurs in Tasmania during summer, with birds migrating to the mainland during March to 'over winter' at a number of coastal sites in South West Victoria, including Yambuk Lake. Orange-bellied Parrots feed on plant species, including Bidgee-widgee (Acaena novae-zelandiae) and Beaded Glasswort (Sacrocornia quinqueflora), both of which occur in the Yambuk wetlands.
The greatest threats to this species come from habitat loss and degradation and predation by foxes and feral cats. Wind farms also present a threat to Orange-bellied Parrots. While the mortality of parrots due to individual wind farms is likely to be very low, the cumulative effects of wind farms along the coastline could be significant. A recovery plan has been developed for the species (Orange-bellied Parrot Recovery Team 1999) outlining in more detail the threats to the species and actions being undertaken.
Mammals
The Southern Bent-wing Bat (Miniopterus schreibersii bassani) is listed under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 as a 'conservation dependent' mammal and under the Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988. It is not known to what extent this species frequents the Yambuk Lake area. With 'maternity caves' near Naracoorte and Warrnambool, it is likely that caves along the coast represent an important migratory route between the two colonies. Small limestone caves occur in the area west of Hummocks Road bridge and potentially elsewhere in the management plan area. These caves may be utilised by the Bent-wing Bat.
Other mammals in the estuary area include Antichinus, water rats and Black nosed Wallabies (Maguire and Sinnott, pers. comm. 2002).
Fish
There are 24 fish species recorded within the Yambuk Lake estuary and wetlands (Appendix E). Two species, Dwarf Galaxias (Galaxiella pusilla) and Yarra Pygmy Perch (Nannoperca obscura) are listed under the Commonwealth Environment Protection and Biodiversity Act 1999 and the State Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1998.
Yambuk Lake estuary and wetlands provide valuable fish habitats with abundant food and refuge from predators (See Figure 5). These features are of major importance for the successful reproduction of many fish species. The abundant supply of detrital material created during wetland flooding triggers bacterial breakdown of vegetative organic matter stimulating plants and phytoplankton, the food for small invertebrate animals. This in turn, forms the principal food source for small fish. A current Deakin University study into fish usage of the estuarine wetlands confirms that macroinvertebrate animals and juvenile fish species are more abundant in the shallow wetland than in the deeper areas of the estuary or the river channels that have a muddy bottom (Bishop 2002 pers. comm.). When flooded, the adjacent wetlands become far more productive in terms of biomass. These observations clearly demonstrate the vital role shallow wetlands play in the ecological processes of the estuary system.
Yambuk Lake Estuary and Wetlands Management Plan 23 The Yambuk Lake estuary and wetlands are home to a variety of fish species, from marine opportunists that gain access via river mouth openings, to estuarine and freshwater fish. Marine opportunists are usually juveniles of marine species that utilise the benefits provided by estuarine habitats to complete a stage in their life-cycle (See Figure 6). Estuarine species are those that complete their whole life-cycle within the estuary, while some freshwater species can be found in the upper reaches (See Figure 7). Other species may use the estuary as a migratory route between freshwater and seawater or vice versa. An example is the Short-finned-Eel (Anguilla australis) that migrates from freshwater to the sea from summer to autumn to breed in the Coral Sea (Allen et al. 2002). Adults die after breeding, but juveniles return to the estuary, where they migrate through the estuary to freshwater areas sometime between October and January (Allen et al. 2002). Other species may enter or "visit" estuaries as adults for short periods, although they are not dependent on estuaries for any specific stage of their lifecycle. Mulloway are an example of marine visitor species to the Yambuk Lake estuary. (See Figure 8).
One of the most important functions estuaries provide is to act as a 'nursery' for juvenile fish. For an area to function efficiently as a 'nursery', there needs to be a low number of predators and a large amount of food. Estuaries and their associated wetlands fulfil these requirements due to their high productivity and relatively shallow nature. This 'nursery' function is particularly useful to marine opportunist species that can enter the estuary as juveniles, or larvae, when the river mouth is open (See Figure 9). The level of predation in an estuary is much lower than in the marine environment, meaning juveniles have a greater survival rate in the estuarine habitat. Once grown to a relatively large size, these fish return to the marine environment where their larger size reduces the risk of predation. Examples of marine opportunists include Sea Mullet (Mugil cephalus), Yellow-eye Mullet (Aldrichetta forsteri) and East Australian Salmon (Arripis trutta). The species of fish recruited into the estuarine system will depend on the season the mouth is open, and the period of time it remains open. Figure 6 shows the lifecycle pattern for a typical marine opportunist.
Figure 5. Use of flooded/wetland margins of an estuary by juvenile fish and waterbirds
Figure 6. Life-cycle of marine opportunists e.g. mullet (adapted from the Swan River Trust, 1999)
24 Yambuk Lake Estuary and Wetlands Figure 7. Life-cycle of an estuarine species e.g Black Bream (adapted from Swan River Trust, 1999)
Figure 8. Marine visitors (adapted from Swan River Trust, 1999)
Figure 9. Life cycle of Short-finned Eels
Dwarf Galaxias Due to its limited distribution and continuing decline, the Dwarf Galaxias (Galaxiella pusilla) is listed under the Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988 and the IUCN Red List. The Australian Society for Fish Biology also lists the species as potentially threatened (McDowall 1996).
It is mainly found in still and gently flowing waters (McDowall 1996), such as wetlands and billabongs, and is usually associated with submerged and emergent vegetation (Humphries 1986). This is similar to the habitat requirements of the Southern Pigmy Perch (Nannoperca australis).
Yambuk Lake Estuary and Wetlands Management Plan 25 Spawning occurs in spring, with fish likely to die after spawning as only one age class has ever been observed at any time (Humphries 1986).
The greatest threats to this species are the introduction of exotic fish species, such as mosquito fish, and degradation of wetlands.
Yarra Pygmy Perch Like the Dwarf Galaxias, Yarra Pygmy Perch (Nannoperca obscura) is also listed under the Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988 and the IUCN Red List due to its limited distribution and continued decline. The Australian Society for Fish Biology also lists this species as potentially threatened due to habitat alteration (McDowall 1996).
As with the Southern Pygmy Perch, the Yarra Pygmy Perch prefers still and slow flowing waters with abundant cover, and is sometimes found in shoals with the Southern Pygmy Perch. Breeding occurs in late winter and early spring (Allen et al. 2002).
The Yarra Pygmy Perch found in Yambuk Lake estuary and wetlands are unusual in that it is difficult to distinguish them from the Southern Pygmy Perch. The usual technique for determining the difference between the two species is the shape of the pre-orbital bone, which exists just below the eye. This technique is not applicable to the species in Yambuk Lake, one of only two known places in Australia where this is the case (Llewellyn 1974). It has been suggested that this could be due to inter-breeding between the two species (Llewellyn 1974), although the degree to which this is happening and methods for distinguishing between the two species require further research.
See Section 9.1.1 for recommended actions
Macroinvertebrates
About 70 species of aquatic macroinvertebrate are known to occur in the lake and wetlands (Leporati 2001, Barrot 2002). Barrot (2002) conducted a preliminary examination of the distribution of these taxa throughout the Yambuk Lake estuary and wetlands and found that macroinvertebrate species richness was greatest in the shallow littoral areas compared to open water bodies.
Reptiles and Amphibians
Knowledge of the reptilian and amphibian fauna of the area is very limited. Species recorded or observed include the Tiger Snake (Notechis scutatus), Copperhead Snake (Austrelaps superbus), Red-bellied Black Snake (Pseudechis porphyryiacus), Common Froglet (Crinia signifera) and Striped Marsh Frog (Limnodynastes peronii) (Kimber et al. 2001, Department of Natural Resources and Environment 2003, and Bishop 2002 personal observation).
See Section 9.1.1 for recommended actions
2.1.4 NATURAL PROCESSES
Flooding
Flooding is an important component of the hydrological and ecological processes operating in the estuary and wetlands. It is especially important in maintaining the character and extent of riparian and fringing wetland vegetation communities, and as discussed above, is vital for maintaining the diversity and abundance of aquatic fauna.
Flooding is an extremely important and natural process for periodically closed and open estuaries and fringing wetlands. Flooding of the Eumeralla River fills the wetlands and the inflow of freshwater is vital for the biological processes underpinning the system's food chain. Therefore, a degree of flooding is necessary to sustain these nationally important areas. Flooding may also be necessary to ensure that when a river mouth opening occurs, there is sufficient water to flush anoxic water from the system and remove all traces of stratification. This allows the process of the salt wedge formation and stratification to begin again. (Barton and Sherwood 2002).
In the Hopkins River estuary, flushing of the salt wedge out of the system followed by salt wedge re-formation is known to be an essential sequence of events for spawning of recreationally important fish species, such as Black Bream. The dynamics of this process in the Yambuk estuary and the flows required for effective flushing are unknown and represent
26 Yambuk Lake Estuary and Wetlands a major knowledge gap. (See Section 9.1).
During an average rainfall season, the flooding regime of the estuary and wetlands generally follows the sequence below
l Autumn - low flows - closed entrance - low but rising lake water levels. l Winter - rainfall - increasing flows - entrance initially closed - lake water levels rising until breakout then falling. l Spring - rainfall - increasing - lake water levels variable, depending on flood flows-mouth generally opened. l Summer - low flows - entrance closing or closed - low lake water levels.
2.2 SOCIAL
2.2.1 RECREATION
Yambuk Lake estuary is an important recreational and tourism destination for local, interstate and international visitors (see Section 2.4.2 for figures on visitor numbers). It is widely recognised that the lake, estuary and wetlands are a significant social asset for the community. Protecting and enhancing this asset is critical to sustaining community wellbeing.
There are a number of bed and breakfast establishments in the area, including the Yambuk Backpackers. Passive recreational uses include photography, bird watching, beach walking and sight-seeing. Active recreational uses include fishing, swimming, boating and duck hunting. Car parking facilities are provided adjacent to the lake and within short walking distance to the beach. A boat ramp and jetty for small craft is located at the car park. A picnic area has been developed and basic camping facilities are located on Crown land adjoining the lake. Estuary fish predominate in the lake and are also taken in the lower sections of the Eumeralla and Shaw rivers. Fishing is popular from the bank, boats on the lake and from the beach. The most common species of fish caught are Bream, Mullet, Salmon, Eels, Sole and Flounder. Surf fishing from the beach commonly yields Salmon, Whiting and Gummy Shark but a wide range of species can be caught. Recreational fishing is discussed in more detail in Section 2.4.3.
2.3 CULTURAL
2.3.1 ABORIGINAL
Aboriginal people of this area are the descendants of the Dhauwurd wurrung nation, more commonly known as Gundidjmara (people of this place). Their language is Peek whurrung and the local Yambuk clan are the Yambeet gundidj (Clark 1990). The Yambuk wetlands and coastal environs were rich in animals and plants that supported a complex social structure. The wetlands were of particular significance, particularly during dry inland seasonal conditions when they provided a refuge for waterfowl, which were a most important resource for the Yambeet gundidj.
The Gundidjmara, as with all Aboriginal people, do not separate or categorise environmental values. The land, rivers and sea are all part of their place and the people are a part of the same place. Deen Maar Island (Lady Julia Percy Island) is an important spirit place; Gundidjmara believe it is the place of departure for the spirits of the dead and all burials on the coast were placed with their heads facing Deen Maar Island so their spirits could travel to the island. It is also believed to be the place where Bunjil the Creator Spirit and his brother Pallian, after creating all of the land and sea and all living things, departed earth in sheets of flame. There is archaeological evidence the Gundidjmara regularly visited Deen Maar Island. Numerous archaeological sites within the Yambuk area are evidence of thousands of years of occupation by the Yambeet gundidj.
While many cultural sites are registered with Aboriginal Affairs Victoria, ongoing field studies are recording more. Many coastal shell middens have been recorded since the mid-1970s when the Summer School of Archaeology was based at Yambuk. A 2001 archaeological survey by Debney and Cekalovic recorded 36 sites within the Yambuk area, the majority of which are shell middens. The most recent archaeological surveys on the coastal frontages in March 2004, recorded complex sites including a shell midden complete with bone spoon-like implements and grooves and bowls ground into the coastal limestone in particular locations and patterns (Builth 2004).
Yambuk Lake Estuary and Wetlands Management Plan 27 Framlingham Aboriginal Trust is the local Aboriginal community vested under State and Commonwealth legislation with responsibility for managing and protecting Aboriginal cultural materials, sites and places at Yambuk and as far west as Codrington. In the early 1990s, the Trust purchased a 453 ha section of the property formerly known as Naringathurn and now called Deen Maar. Deen Maar has frontage to most of the southern part of Yambuk Lake and part of the Eumeralla River. In 1993, Deen Maar was declared an Indigenous Protected Area (IPA) by Environment Australia and is managed in accordance with international guidelines designed to protect and enhance cultural and environmental values.
Deen Maar contains numerous archaeological and historic places. In the 1840s, during what was known as the Eumeralla war, many people hid on Deen Maar where violent clashes occurred. The remains of Aboriginal people killed in these clashes are buried there. It was noted that by 1844 more than 50% of the Aboriginal community who lived here had died as a result of violence (Critchett 1990 cited in Murphy 2000).
See Section 9.3 for recommended actions
2.3.2 NON-ABORIGINAL
Europeans first sighted the Yambuk area in 1800 when Lt James Grant sailed by Lady Julia Percy Island (Murphy 2000). He described the area around Yambuk as "woody forest", a description that is supported by the journals of one of the early residents who described Yambuk as "exceedingly thickly timbered" (Yambuk Book Committee 1994).
The first squatting licence for the area was issued in 1839, with the first squatters arriving in 1840 (Debney and Cekalovic 2001). Many of the squatters in the 1840s were English, Scottish and Irish emigrants. Yambuk township was surveyed in 1851 and by 1879 had a population of 700 (Yambuk Book Club 1994).
There are four historical sites listed on the Victorian Heritage Inventory and one site just outside the management plan area listed on the Victorian Heritage Register. Sites within the area include the Hummocks Road Bridge, which was built in the 1850s, Coach Road that linked Port Fairy and Portland and was finalised in 1842, structural remains of an old homestead, a Cobb and Co. changing station and shearers' huts.
See Section 9.3 for recommended actions
2.4 ECONOMIC
2.4.1 AGRICULTURE
Agriculture underpins the Yambuk community's economic and social environment. In 2002, agriculture in Victoria had a gross value of $9.3 billion (Australian Bureau of Statistics 2004). In the Glenelg Hopkins region, agriculture for the period of 1999 to 2000 had a total turnover of $650 million and employed around 6,800 people (Green Triangle Regional Plantation Committee 2002 cited in Glenelg Hopkins CMA Regional Catchment Strategy 2003-2007). The economic value of agriculture within the area covered by this management plan is unknown and needs to be quantified.
Since European settlement in the 1840s, land adjoining the wetlands has been used for a variety of agricultural activities, including grazing, dairying, cropping and production of hay. The estuary and wetlands adjoin a number of private property landholdings, which concentrate on dairy, beef or sheep production, or a combination of these primary production enterprises.
See Section 9.4.1 for recommended actions
2.4.2 TOURISM
Tourism can also provide a direct economic benefit to Yambuk and the surrounding area, especially through recreational pursuits such as fishing. At present, there is no information available for the Yambuk Lake estuary and wetlands on the economic benefits of either tourism or recreation.
The Yambuk Caravan Park contains powered and non-powered sites and an amenities block containing showers and toilets. Further toward the lake entrance, there is a car park, public toilets, jetty, boat ramp, picnic/BBQ shelter and a stairway and lookout platform that provides extensive views towards the lake entrance, up the estuary and out to sea
28 Yambuk Lake Estuary and Wetlands towards Lady Julia Percy Island. Access to the beach is provided by a walking track from the car park.
In 2002, the Yambuk Caravan Park accommodated 4,000 campers. Park Manager Wally Parsons has stated that for each person who camps at the park, another four to five people visit for the day to fish or engage in other recreational activities (Minutes, Yambuk Lake Information Session June 18th 2003) resulting in approximately 24,000 visitors annually. For 2002, less than half the visitors were from within 100 km of Yambuk (42%), 17% from the rest of Victoria, 18% from Melbourne, 16% from interstate and 7% international visitors (Minutes, Yambuk Lake Information Session June 18th 2003).
For the 2003/2004 financial year, total visitor numbers increased to about 30,000. During this time the park catered for 6,018 campers (Wally Parsons, pers.comm. 2004). Thirty-three per cent of visitors were from within 100 km, 11% from the Melbourne area, 35% from other areas in Victoria, 15% from interstate and 6% from overseas (Wally Parsons, pers.comm. 2004). This increase in visitor figures is supported by the revenue figures for the caravan park (Moyne Gazette 2004).
2.4.3 RECREATIONAL FISHING
Recreational fishing can be a significant economic asset to local communities. In 2000, a study of the Killarney Bay area, between Port Fairy and Warrnambool, found that per kilogram of fish caught, anglers were spending between $5 and $200 (Bishop 2000). The amount spent depended on the species being targeted. The average angler was found to spend almost $40 per fishing trip. Total angler expenditure over the five-month period of the study was found to be more than $150,000 (Bishop 2000). State-wide, recreational fishing and its associated industries generates an annual income of more than $1 billion (Unkles 1997). There is no specific information on the economic value of recreational fishing at Yambuk Lake.
A recent nationwide recreational fishing survey found Victorian fishers spent $396 million in the 12 months prior to May 2001. This equates to an average of $721 per fisher for that year (Henry and Lyle 2003) (available from http://www.affa.gov.au).
Nationally, estuaries were the second most popular place to fish, with 35% of fishing events conducted in estuary areas compared to 41% of fishing events staged in coastal areas (Henry and Lyle 2003). In Victoria, the majority of fishing effort was shore-based, with only 39% of from boats (Henry and Lyle 2003).
See Section 9.4.3. for recommended actions
2.4.4 COMMERCIAL FISHING
The waterway downstream from the Princes Highway bridge, including Yambuk Lake, is an allocated commercial eel fishery with only one licence allocated to fish those waters. State-wide Short-finned Eel (Anguilla australis) makes up 95% of the eel fishing catch. The whole fishery has an annual average production of around 280 tonnes, with a value of between 1.4 and 4.7 million (DNRE 2002b). The eel fishing industry also directly employs around 30 full-time and up to 70 part-time people across the state (DNRE 2002b).
The fishery is input managed through restrictions on the types and dimensions of the fishing gear, and entry is limited through control of licences. There is no limit on the amount of eels that can be caught for each licence, although there is a minimum legal length of 30 cm.
See Section 9.4.3 for recommended actions
Yambuk Lake Estuary and Wetlands Management Plan 29 30 Yambuk Lake Estuary and Wetlands 3. THREATS AND THREATENING PROCESSES
Yambuk Lake Estuary and Wetlands Management Plan 31 3.1 ENVIRONMENTAL
3.1.1 PEST PLANTS
Forty-four species of introduced flora have been identified within the Deen Maar area (Murphy 2000). The total number of introduced species within the area covered by this plan is more than 50 (see Appendix C - Introduced Vegetation).
Control of pest plants is governed by the Catchment and Land Protection Act 1994, which requires, all private and public land managers to control and prevent the spread of pest plants.
Ragwort (Senecio jacobaea), a state priority weed, has been found in small numbers in the area (Matthews 2004 pers. comm.) and vigilance is required to ensure the species does not become established. Regional priority weeds within the area are Cape Tulip, Paterson's Curse and Gorse (Glenelg Hopkins CMA 2000a, Matthews 2004 pers. comm.).
Regionally controlled weeds are those that are wide spread and considered important in a particular region. Examples of these within the Yambuk Lake estuary and wetlands include African Boxthorn (Lycium ferocissium), Apple of Sodom (Solanum sodomaeum), Teasel (Dipsacus fullonum), Thistles (including Silybum marianum, Cirsium vulgare and Carduus tenuiflorus), Spiny Rush (Juncus acutus) and Sweet Briar (Rosa rubiginosa). There is no funding assistance for regionally- controlled weeds, but there is an expectation of landholders to control these species. Under Section 20 of the Catchment and Land Protection Act 1994, land owners and managers are required to take all reasonable steps to prevent the growth and spread of regionally-controlled weeds. Apple of Sodom, Teasel and Thistles are pasture competitors, while Spiny Rush occurs in saline sites and therefore, a whole-site approach is required for the successful management of this species. Boxthorn, while a regionally-controlled species, is important in the successful management of rabbits because, like Gorse it provides ideal harbour.
Environmental weeds may also pose a problem to the Yambuk Lake area. This includes native plant species that occur outside of their natural distribution. An example is the Coast Wattle (Acacia sophorae).
Cape Tulip
Cape Tulip (Moraea miniata) is a member of the iris family introduced into Australia from South Africa. This weed has attractive flowers and gained a foothold in Victoria by escaping from private gardens. It is extremely difficult to control and has serious environmental and economic effects. Cape Tulip produces a toxin that affects grasses, including native species, (Matthews 2004 pers. comm.) and will compete in the same way with pasture plants. Additionally, all parts of the plant, either green or dried, are toxic to livestock. Cape Tulip is extremely difficult to control when established in pasture areas; the only effective chemical for eradication is detrimental to clover species, causing further economic impacts. A long-term strategy for eradication is necessary for this plant as Cape Tulip reproduces from cormels that can lie dormant in the soil for a number of years. Transport mechanisms of the species include vehicles, machinery, livestock feed and, most importantly within this area, waterways.
Paterson's Curse
Paterson's Curse (Echium plantagineum) is another regional priority weed introduced into Australia from Europe in the 19th century. It covers ground and then dies off in mid-summer, leaving ground bare and prone to wind and water erosion. The plant only germinates from seed, with germination possible at any time of the year. Paterson's Curse is also toxic to livestock if eaten in large amounts. Seeds are not dispersed by wind, but may be carried by livestock and birds, along with vehicles, machinery and water.
Gorse
The other regional priority weed within the area is Gorse (Ulex europaeus). Originally introduced into Australia from Europe or North Africa, it forms large dense thickets if not controlled. These thickets can reduce grazing areas and the sharp thorns can prove dangerous to livestock. While the thickets can act as a harbour for rabbits, they may also provide habitat for native species such as the Orange-bellied Parrot (Matthews 2004 pers. comm.). Such uses by native fauna need to be identified before thicket removal is undertaken, to allow appropriate native vegetation to be sequentially substituted.
32 Yambuk Lake Estuary and Wetlands
Sea Spurge
Sea Spurge (Euphorbia paralias) was introduced into Australia from the Mediterranean, possibly through ballast water. The plant is a small leafy shrub that displaces native species in dune systems. It can also alter the morphology of dunes. It has the potential to negatively effect species such as Hooded Plover that prefer open sand areas for nesting. Stems and leaves of Sea Spurge contain a toxic substance that is released when the plant is damaged or broken. This can cause skin irritations and potentially eye damage.
Potentially threatening pest plants
Divided Sedge Potential threats to the Yambuk area include Divided Sedge (Carex divisa), a species introduced to Australia from Europe. It has the potential to smother salt marsh areas and is becoming established in the nearby Surry River, where it is competing with native riparian vegetation. It has not yet been recorded in the Yambuk area, but is extremely difficult to remove once established. Stock will not eat it, making grazing an ineffective control method. Transportation methods are unknown, but could include livestock, machinery, hay, water and wind. Extreme vigilance and ongoing monitoring needs to be undertaken to prevent the spread, and minimise the risk of infestation.
Spartina Another potential threat is Spartina, otherwise known as rice or cord grass. The introduction and spread of this species is listed as a threatening process (SAC 1996) and threatens native vegetation in estuarine wetlands through the trapping of sediments and the alteration of habitat structure and characteristics. This in turn effects native fauna, especially waterbirds, aquatic invertebrates and fish. The plant is mainly spread by water in a vegetative form when a part of the plant or node is broken off and lodges in tidal muds or sands (Gosden 2004 pers. comm.). It can also be spread by water in a seed form although this is not as common as only some plants produce fertile seeds (Gosden 2004 pers.com.).
Coast Wattle Coast Wattle (Acacia sophorae) is a native plant that has invaded several coastal areas around Portland and South West Victoria. In areas where the plant has been established for long periods, there have been noticeable changes in the floristic community while in some areas the elimination of all indigenous species has been noted (McMahon et al. 1996). Coast Wattle is present within the Yambuk Lake area on the eastern and western sides of the estuary, near the river mouth. Managers of the Yambuk Caravan Park have observed a steady increase in Coast Wattle over a number of years. The plant naturally occurs within the Yambuk area and, at this stage, it is unknown if it is actually a pest species. Birds, rabbits, and vehicles transport seeds. Fire has been successfully used as a control strategy in an area near Portland (McMahon et al. 1996) and may provide an appropriate means of control at Yambuk. But this action would need to consider possible impacts on endangered species, such as the Hooded Plover. Burning of the area last occurred in the late 1980s or early 1990s when a fire escaped from the old Yambuk tip site.
See Section 9.1.2. for recommended actions
3.1.2 PEST ANIMALS
A survey conducted by Kimber et al. (2001) found evidence of foxes, feral cats, and rabbits.
Rabbits
Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) are the most serious vertebrate pests in Victoria, with an estimated annual economic impact in the Glenelg Hopkins region alone of about $38 million (Glenelg Hopkins CMA 2000b). This is due to their impact on agricultural production through direct competition with livestock for grasses.
Yambuk Lake Estuary and Wetlands Management Plan 33 Rabbits also contribute significantly to erosion due to their burrowing and overgrazing which, in turn, can contribute to high sediment loads within the estuary and lead to detrimental habitat change.
Rabbits are also detrimental to the native flora and fauna of the Yambuk region, being identified under the Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988 as a threat to the survival and range of a number of species. In addition, they are considered a major contributor to the declining quality of vegetation surrounding wetlands. Reduction in biomass and biodiversity of native vegetation through grazing by rabbits is listed under the Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988 as a threatening process.
See Section 9.1.2 for recommended actions
Foxes
Foxes (Vulpes vulpes) are another serious threat in the Yambuk area, both economically and environmentally. Economically, they are a threat to livestock predating lambs, and to a lesser extent, calves. Foxes may be responsible for the death of 30% of all newborn lambs (Friend et al. 2001). Environmentally, they are a threat to waterbirds and other native species. Species such as the Hooded Plover (Thinorinis rubricollis), listed under the Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988 and considered threatened in Victoria, are at great risk from foxes as they nest on the ground. Foxes also prey on native mammals, although the extent to which this is happening in the Yambuk Lake area is unknown. Predation of native wildlife by foxes is listed under the Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988 and Schedule 3 of the Commonwealth Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 as a threatening process.
See Section 9.1.2 for recommended actions
Cats
Feral cats (Felis catus) are a threat to many species, especially ground-dwelling birds and small native mammals. Like the fox, their predation of native wildlife is listed as a threatening process under the Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988. Their distribution and impact on the Yambuk Lake estuary and wetlands is relatively unknown.
Potentially threatening pest animals
European Carp According to the Draft Wetland Management Plan (Glenelg Hopkins CMA 2003b), the Eumeralla system has a low risk of carp infestation. The introduction of this species into the Yambuk Lake estuary and wetlands would have a devastating effect and every action needs to be taken to minimise this risk. Stocking of other non-native species, such as Brown Trout, also represents a threat to native fish species, such as the Dwarf Galaxias and Yarra Pygmy Perch.
Yellow-fin Goby The introduction of exotic organisms into Victorian marine waters is listed as a potentially threatening process under Schedule 3 of the Flora and Fauna Act 1988 (SAC 1992). Although this listing is focussed on introduction into marine waters, when estuaries are tidal there is the potential for these species to be recruited into the estuarine environment.
One of the species listed in the final recommendation for this process is the Yellow-fin Goby (Acanthogobius flavimanus). This species has been shown to prey on native fish, including Tupong and Blue-spot Goby (SAC 1992), both of which are present in the Yambuk Lake estuary and wetlands. Possible methods for introduction of this species into the marine environment surrounding the estuary and wetlands is through discharge of ballast water. Given the proximity of this estuary to Victoria's largest deepwater port at Portland, this scenario is possible and requires vigilant management of ballast water discharges by the port authority.
See Section 9.1.2 for recommended actions
3.1.3 NATURAL PROCESSES
Any change to the natural process of Yambuk Lake estuary and wetlands has the ability to threaten its high natural values and have detrimental impacts on the native flora and fauna. Under Schedule 3 of the Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act
34 Yambuk Lake Estuary and Wetlands 1988 wetland loss and degradation as a result of change in water regime, dredging, draining, filling and grazing is listed as a threatening process (SAC 2003). This section discusses those processes relevant to the Yambuk Lake estuary and wetlands.
Flooding and altered flood regime
Saltmarshes require periodic inundation to balance their metabolism with high soil salinity. Prolonged inundation can be detrimental, however. Prolonged inundation of land may have impacts on the survival of not only some of the native plant species in the flood zone area, but the agricultural species. This can result in an economic loss to surrounding farming enterprises. The tolerance level of these species to inundation is unknown for the Yambuk area. See Section 9.4.2 for recommended actions
The flood regime of the Yambuk Lake estuary and wetlands is controlled by a complex combination of catchment hydrology and the status of the river mouth. The later is controlled by a complex relationship between sand and wave action at the river mouth. The summer low flow period represents the most difficult time for managing the water level and balancing values of the estuary and surrounding agricultural land. Alleviating flooding is currently achieved by intermittent artificial river mouth opening and is discussed in more detail on page 32.
The impacts of altered flood regime have not been studied or quantified for this area. Changes have the potential to cause plant community migration and/or loss of species. It is not known to what extent this is occurring. Additional important considerations include changes in ecology, particularly the establishment of vegetation communities. Plant species requiring inundation may be reduced in extent or lost if the flood level is maintained at a lower point in the landscape than where the plants are established. Similarly, plants that can only tolerate short periods of inundation will not survive long periods of submergence. Further work is required on remnant native plant communities, individual species and EVCs to identify the impact of current inundation regimes before making any changes to the flood regime.
Flooding for long periods over introduced pasture species and damaged native vegetation during dry seasons can result in plant decay that further depletes oxygen levels and adds toxic compounds to the estuary waters. As water drains into the estuary channel following mouth openings, surface waters may be replaced by anoxic water from the wetlands (Sherwood, 2002). This process can be exacerbated when there is insufficient inflow of oxygenated fresh water into the system. Anoxia occurs when there are low levels of oxygen in the water. Anoxia kills fish and suffocates aquatic fauna.
The extent and duration of flooding is a major issue within the Yambuk area. (See Figure 10). A PhD research project (due for completion in early 2005) has examined the utilisation of the flooded perimeter by aquatic organisms (Bishop 2004 pers. comm.). Part of the study involves determining how the flooded area changes with time and has examined the extent of flooding occurring at different water levels. It is hoped the research results may be used to map inundation of land surrounding the estuary at different water levels in the future. More work is needed to incorporate this data, when available, with property data to quantify the level of flooding on agricultural lands.
Figure 10 The inundated area surrounding Yambuk Lake estuary and wetlands
Yambuk Lake Estuary and Wetlands Management Plan 35 Altered hydrology
Native vegetation clearance and rural drainage schemes have altered the catchment hydrology over a long period of time. The impacts of altered catchment hydrology has neither been studied nor quantified and, as a result, is not well understood.
Water from several rural drainage schemes flows into the Eumeralla and Shaw rivers and then into the Yambuk Lake estuary and wetlands. A total of 7099 ha within the Eumeralla and Shaw river catchments is covered by these schemes (Glenelg Hopkins CMA 2002b). Since settlement, creating and using extensive drainage networks that artificially drain floodplain areas improved agriculture in the catchment. Framlingham Aboriginal Trust has actively attempted to restore natural flooding and drainage regimes on Deen Maar by installing baffles on old drainage lines so that floodwater can be retained to enhance biological diversity within the wetland systems on the IPA (Framlingham Aboriginal Trust (2003), pers. comm.).
Rural drainage schemes were managed by trusts and committees administered under local government structures until the early 1990s when local government and catchment management in Victoria underwent a major re-structure. Responsibilities for on-going management have not been fully resolved at the time of writing. Glenelg Hopkins CMA is working through this issue with the community.
As previously mentioned, the extent to which rural drainage alters the natural flow regime of the Eumeralla and Shaw rivers and the resultant impact on Yambuk Lake is unknown. Potentially, there are positive and negative impacts from rural drainage schemes to be considered in managing the lake and associated wetlands. Drainage works and wetland modifications - not only within the Yambuk Lake estuary and wetlands but the entire catchment area - should not interfere with water flow between the wetlands and the estuary and minimise the effects on natural water regimes. Modification of the natural water regime has implications for the health and natural functioning of the wetland ecosystems, the frequency of artificial river mouth openings and financial impacts through inundation of private agricultural land adjoining the lake.
The Glenelg Hopkins CMA has commissioned a Scoping Study for Best Management Options for Rural Drainage in the Eumeralla (and Nullawarre) Drainage Area. Options for improved control of water flow and retention of drainage waters in parts of the drainage system at certain times of the year will be examined in this study.
A review of the impacts of drainage on the flooding regime of the wetlands and estuary is required to better understand the relationship between this water and the frequency, duration and extent of flooding of the wetlands surrounding the lake.
Any alteration to the hydrological regime has the potential to significantly influence the aquatic ecology of the estuary. For example, there are possible serious implications on the successful spawning of Black Bream, as this species relies on the hydrological cycle to produce spawning cues (Sherwood and Backhouse 1982; Newton 1996). (See section 2.1.4). Limited flushing of the system will lead to a build up of anoxic waters and potentially lead to high concentrations of ammonia and sulphide, which may limit spawning success (Sherwood et al. 1997 cited in Barton 2003).
Estuary entrance and artificial river mouth opening (ARMO)
Opening of the estuary entrance can be natural or artificial. Natural openings are produced by nature while artificial openings are man-made. Artificially opening the Eumeralla River mouth is undertaken to alleviate flooding of private land adjoining the lake. The effects on the estuary can include reduced scour leading to more rapid closure of the river mouth, disruption to the natural patterns of variation in water quality and biotic distribution and abundance, disruption of aquatic faunal migration and reproductive cycles and reduced frequency of inundation of adjacent wetlands.
A reduction in scour will result in a decrease in the sediment moved from the estuary mouth, consequently leading to a more rapid closure. Regular and repeated artificial river mouth openings may degrade wetlands and indigenous riparian vegetation, reduce fisheries production over the long term and contribute to a decline in regional biodiversity.
This management plan does not seek to address the issue of the current artificial river mouth opening protocols; these will be addressed as part of the Estuary Entrance Management Decision Support Framework project funded by the Natural Heritage Trust, outlined in Section 8. (See Section 9.1.6). It is intended that new river mouth opening protocols, once developed, will form part of this management plan. Development of such protocols addresses action 1.1.4 from the Victorian Coastal Strategy that states:
36 Yambuk Lake Estuary and Wetlands "Best practice guidelines for the management of estuarine mouth openings will be developed, incorporating environmental, social and economic issues."
The current mouth opening protocols and their history are discussed below.
Before 1995, artificial river mouth openings were un-regulated. During 1995, growing public concern regarding flooding of private land, and the lack of knowledge regarding the environmental impacts of un-regulated openings prompted Southern Water (now Southern Rural Water) to initiate regulation of openings through Works on Waterways Permits, issued under the Water Act 1989. This followed an investigation of relevant legislation, which found laws relating to works on waterways apply equally to artificial opening of river mouths and, as such, these works should be regulated.
Licensing of ARMOs at Yambuk Lake was undertaken in 1995 through a consultation process convened by Moyne Shire and involving the Yambuk Lake Advisory Committee. The committee comprised representatives from the local community including the farming community, the angling club and Gunditjmara and the former Department of Conservation and Natural Resources (DCNR), now the Department of Sustainability and Environment and the Department of Primary Industries.
A protocol for ARMOs at Yambuk Lake was developed and agreed upon, and included the following criteria:
l a TRIGGER LEVEL - the height of water in the lake at which it was deemed appropriate to consider ARMOs. The agreed height was 26 cm above the level of the decking on the jetty at the lake carpark. A 0m to 1 m gauge board was subsequently installed on June 23, 1995, by Southern Water on the jetty at the boat ramp. The gauge board was set so that a height of 0.6m on the gauge equated to 26 cm above the level of the jetty decking. Thus, 0.6 m was adopted as the trigger level. This gauge was replaced on May 28, 2004, with new gauges levelled to Australian Height Datum (AHD). The equivalent to 0.6 m on the old gauge is 1.45 metres AHD. Therefore, 1.45 m AHD is the current trigger level.
l a LOCATION and orientation for ARMO works to be undertaken was agreed upon by the advisory group
l a set of LICENCE CONDITIONS were developed by Southern Water in consultation with the DCNR and agreed upon by the advisory group (see below for more detail).
The current situation with licenses and consents for artificial river mouth opening is controlled under the following legislation:
l Section 77 of the Water Act 1989, administered by the Glenelg Hopkins CMA through licences;
l Section 37 of the Coastal Management Act 1995 administered by the Department of Sustainability and Environment through consents, with Parks Victoria also having the responsibility for consents delegated by the Minister.
Licences under the Water Act 1989 expire one year from the date of issue. Licences issued under the Water Act 1989 for artificial river mouth opening carry conditions that must be met before every artificial opening. The conditions are based on the criteria below, which have been established to minimise the effects of artificial opening on biodiversity and estuarine processes:
l water level in the estuary; l whether substantial rainfall has occurred in the upper catchment; l the presence of significant in stream flows moving towards the river mouth; l offshore winds; l tidal conditions; l social and recreational activity on the waterway; l effects on wildlife, flora, fisheries values and adjacent wetlands; l water quality; l long term effects; l cultural heritage of the area
Yambuk Lake Estuary and Wetlands Management Plan 37 The current licence for artificial river mouth openings of the Eumeralla River and it's associated conditions are attached in Appendix F. Parks Victoria holds this licence and opening is carried out using an excavator to cut a channel through the sandbar.
The potential impacts - both positive and negative - and the implications of artificial river mouth openings on the ecology and environmental values of the estuary are poorly understood. It is known that the hydrological cycle in other estuaries represents an important spawning cue for many fish species, including the Black Bream, which is highly valued as a recreational species.
It is important from an environmental perspective to understand the effects of artificial river mouth openings on the hydrological cycle within the estuary and how this affects the ecology of the area. An understanding of the environmental requirements of the species present within the estuary is required. This information is vital to ensure artificial river mouth openings are managed to maximise the estuary's environmental values for the enjoyment of future generations. See Section 9.1.1.
Some of the key areas to investigate include:
l What are the requirements of diadromous fish in terms of time of year and required duration of an open river mouth? (Diadromous fish utilise estuary and ocean at some stage of their life-cycle). Current research being undertaken at Melbourne University may shed some light on this question.
A number of species require consideration including but not limited to:
l Black Bream (Acanthopagrus butcheri)
l Mullet (Mugil cephalus and Aldrichetta forsteri)
l Australian Salmon (Arripis trutta)
l Galaxids (Galaxias spp.)
l Short-finned Eels (Anguilla australis)
l What are the requirements of waterbirds in terms of timing and duration of inundation?
l What are the requirements of fringing indigenous flora species in terms of periodic inundation?
A number of species require consideration including, but not limited to:
l Beaded Glasswort (Sarcocornia quinqueflora)
l Woolly Tea Tree (Leptospermum lanigerum)
While this knowledge is essential to assist managing the asset, building this knowledge will take time. Meanwhile, it is appropriate for management of artificial river mouth openings to be conservative as well as adaptive, especially as our knowledge of the system increases.
Water quality is also an important consideration as ARMOs can change conditions within the estuary and wetlands dramatically. The natural mouth opening that occurred in 2001 resulted in a water level drop of one metre in 24 hours. Similar level changes have been observed in other systems as a result of artificial breaching. Such a rapid change can lead to entrapment of fish in aquatic vegetation and backwater areas separated from the main channel by levees. Rapid drops in water level can also trap fish in severely de-oxygenated water leading to death.
The quality of water in the wetlands before ARMOs can also have dramatic impacts on the system. As highlighted previously, prolonged flooding can result in decomposition of plant material that depletes oxygen levels within the wetland area. If a river mouth is opened at a time when wetland waters are deoxygenated, there is the potential for replacing water in the estuary with deoxygenated supplies from the wetlands (Sherwood 2002) (see Section 3.1.3 Natural Processes - Flooding and altered flood regime).
Of more concern is the risk of removing all oxygenated water from the system. This risk is highest when the system is highly stratified. As Yambuk Lake estuary is a salt wedge estuary and therefore generally stratified, it is necessary to carefully assess the water quality, particularly the dissolved oxygen profiles before conducting an ARMO. Measurement of oxygen profiles before ARMOs are required as a licence condition. The extent and size of the stratification is regulated by a number of factors, including tide, freshwater inflows and weather conditions. These factors are among licence
38 Yambuk Lake Estuary and Wetlands conditions. Removal of oxygenated water has the potential to result in mass fish kills, such as those seen after the opening of the Surry River in 1999 and the Gellibrand estuary in 2000. A fish kill was recorded in the Yambuk Lake estuary and wetlands following an artificial opening in 2000 (Besley 2000), although the exact cause was not established.
The Estuary Entrance Management Decision Support Framework outlined in Section 8 will address issues relating to river mouth opening and provide best practice management guidelines.
See Section 9.1.6 for recommended actions
Soils, erosion and sedimentation
Estuaries (and lakes) act as sediment traps due to the drop in velocity of inflowing water as it meets the relatively still waters of the estuary (Sherwood 1985). Sedimentation is a natural process in estuaries and occurs as an estuary evolves into a more mature landform comprising terrestrial floodplains, levees and backswamps (Roy et al. 2001). The rate of sedimentation is strongly related to the availability of sediment (Kench 1999), which highlights the importance of controlling erosion where it occurs. Sedimentation rate has probably increased since European settlement, due partly to land clearing and land-use practices.
Consistent with this process of sedimentation, the bottom sediment of Yambuk Lake comprises a fine soft mud. In the mid- 1800s, a whaler reportedly drowned in 'quicksand' (soft mud) while attempting to cross the mouth of the Shaw River (Yambuk Book Committee, 1994).
Erosion within the estuary and wetlands area is not a major issue, although isolated active bank erosion occurs along the Shaw and Eumeralla rivers. Bank erosion is mainly associated with stock access, which has resulted in the loss of riparian vegetation and exposed stream banks.
Suspended solids tend to decrease closer to the estuary entrance due to flocculation by seawater and a reduction in water velocity. Increased turbulence caused by higher flows from river discharge upstream can raise concentrations of suspended solids. The shallow nature of the main waterbody of the lake means that wind action can re-suspend bottom sediments and increase turbidity and water discolouration. Another effect of this re-suspension can be the release of nutrients from bottom sediments into the water column, leading to algal growth.
Yambuk and the Eumeralla River were included in the preparation of coastal acid sulphate soils (ASS) hazard maps for Victoria. This found no ASS present and nil risk of potential acid sulphate soils (CLPR 2003). In New South Wales and Queensland, however, there have been cases of these soils forming due to the drainage of coastal floodplains (CLPR 2003). This indicates they could potentially form in the Yambuk area.
See Section 9.1.4 for recommended actions
Water quality pH On October 4, 2004, the pH of the lake waters ranged from 8.5 to 8.9 in less than 1 m of freshwater at the top of the estuary waterbody. A pH of 8 represents a 10-fold increase in the alkalinity of the water (pH is measured on a logarithmic scale), a pH of 7 being neutral is optimum for the freshwater layer. The pH of the saline bottom waters ranged from 8.1 to 8.2, which is within the normal range of 8.0 to 8.3 for seawater. Monitoring on this date was undertaken following a fish health concern on September 27, 2004.
At this stage the processes responsible for inducing such a large increase in pH in the freshwater layer are unknown. Monthly water quality monitoring now includes pH, but further investigation of pH change and its implications are required.
See Section 9.1.3 for recommended actions
Yambuk Lake Estuary and Wetlands Management Plan 39 Nutrients Although nitrogen and phosphorus are essential to plant growth, excessive levels can contribute to eutrophication of a system. Eutrophication can lead to algal blooms; although to date there have been no recorded toxic algal blooms within the Yambuk Lake estuary system. Non-toxic algal blooms can also be a concern as they limit recreational access to the waterway, increase oxygen demand and decrease light penetration.
Studies undertaken at Deakin University in the late 1980s found the concentration of nutrients in the form of total oxidised nitrogen and total phosphorus was not unusually high and was comparable to similar estuarine systems in South West Victoria (Deakin University, 1988). Recent monitoring of nutrient concentrations at freshwater sites above the estuary and wetlands has indicated nutrient concentrations potentially in excess of the State Environment Protection Policy Waters of Victoria (SEPP WoV) criteria (See Appendix H). Further monitoring is required to determine the estuary's compliance with the guidelines as assessment against the criteria requires a minimum of 11 data points - data that is not yet available for the estuary and wetlands. Neither total nitrogen nor total phosphorus are currently recorded.
See Section 9.1.3 for recommended actions
Turbidity Turbidity measured at the freshwater site above the estuary complies with the guidelines. (2.9 nephelometric turbidity unit (NTU) measured, the objective being less than 10 NTU). Turbidity has been measured monthly since November, 2003, at three sites within the estuary and wetlands and appears to vary considerably within and between sites. In November, 2003, turbidity ranged from 1.9 to 9.7 NTU, both readings being recorded near the caravan park boat ramp. The range in December was less, with turbidity values ranging between 0.8 and 5 NTU. High turbidity is an issue in estuaries, as a large amount of suspended material in the water column will result in a decrease in light penetration. This, in turn, limits the photosynthesis of seagrass and phytoplankton, which can have flow-on effects for the aquatic community.
See Section 9.1.3 for recommended actions
Dissolved oxygen Dissolved oxygen has a major influence on the distribution of fish and aquatic invertebrates. Even short-term changes to dissolved oxygen levels can have dramatic consequences for water quality and the ecology of the system. These can include mass fish kills, such as those seen at the Surry River estuary in 1999 following the opening of the estuary entrance. Factors influencing the availability of dissolved oxygen in the system include algal blooms and the decomposition of wetland vegetation, as stated previously.
See Section 9.1.3 for recommended actions
Climate change
Climate change due to global warming and the greenhouse effect could have a significant impact on the Yambuk Lake estuary and wetlands.
Potential changes are difficult to predict as they depend greatly on future actions and emission levels. It is possible wave energy will be altered, which could have a dramatic effect on the estuary entrance and its management, along with changes in species distributions and life-cycles (Howden et al. 2003). Climate change will have a significantly greater impact on those species that have longer generational times and are not able to quickly adapt to an altered environment.
Impacts on wetland areas may include changes to the rate of inflow, increased water losses due to a higher rate of evaporation produced by the increased temperatures, changes to soil erosion due to an increase in drought and an increase in heavy rainfall events (Pittock 2003). Coastal wetlands may not be able to migrate as sea level increases due to physical barriers in the landscape (Pittock 2003). In areas like Yambuk, this may result in increased inundation of agricultural land.
The impact of climate change on estuarine areas may include, an increase in shoreline erosion, dieback of reeds and other plants due to an increase in salinity - this would also affect aquatic animals - an increase in turbidity due to increased
40 Yambuk Lake Estuary and Wetlands erosion throughout the catchment, an increase of estuarine area and an increase in algal blooms (Pittock 2003). Increased turbidity will decrease light penetration, impacting on the primary production of aquatic plants and the rest of the aquatic food chain.
Other possible impacts include an increase in temperature, a decrease in rainfall and an increase in storm events and ferocity.
See Section 9.1.7 for recommended actions
Sea level rise No studies have been undertaken into the potential effects of an increase in sea level on the Yambuk Lake estuary and wetlands. Sherwood (1987) looked at potential implications of the effects of rising sea levels on the Hopkins, Glenelg, Gellibrand and Barwon estuaries. Although this study cannot be directly applied to Yambuk, it does demonstrate the complexity of trying to predict rising sea levels and their effect. Sea level rise is not a recent phenomenon; the CSIRO (2003) states that in the past 100 years, sea levels have risen 10 to 20 cm. A number of factors are likely to contribute to an increase in sea levels globally, including the melting of glaciers and polar ice caps and the thermal expansion of seawater due to increased global temperatures.
Mean water level in estuaries open to the sea is close to mean sea-water level. Therefore, it would be reasonable to assume an elevation in sea level would be reflected in a corresponding increase in estuary water level (Sherwood 1987).
Year Low increase scenario Mid increase scenario High increase scenario (cm) (cm) (cm)
2020 5 10 15
2050 10 20 40
Table 2: Predicted sea level increases. (Source: sea level increases IPCC 1996 cited in McInnes et al. 2000.)
The effect of such an increase in water levels on the state, size or location of the sand bar at the estuary mouth is unknown and would require a detailed study of the geomorphology and hydrodynamics of the area. It is possible the sand bar could decrease in size if there was an increase in water levels within the system. This could lead to the estuary being open to the sea for longer periods. But if temperatures in the region continue to increase as predicted (CSIRO 2001), it is possible higher evaporation and lower rainfalls may negate this. This makes it extremely difficult to predict what impacts an increase in sea levels may have on the opening/closing regime of Yambuk Lake.
Alterations to hydrology have the potential to dramatically affect the ecology of the system, especially changes in the water level or the opening/closing regime. As previously stated, many saltmarsh plants require periodic inundation, although prolonged inundation can be detrimental. This may result in saltmarsh vegetation communities slowly moving landward over time, to avoid prolonged inundation. According to the CSIRO (2003), many animal and plant species already have been found to adjust their seasonal responses due to global warming. It is possible plant and animal species may also adjust their distributions to counter the effects of global warming, including rising sea levels. Changes in the opening/closing regime of the estuary mouth have the potential to affect fish recruitment into the system as well as water quality, although it is unknown if such impacts would be positive or negative. Another possible consequence of rising sea levels and global warming is that as Australia becomes hotter and drier, the value of the Yambuk Lake estuary and wetlands as a drought refuge will increase.
3.1.4 DISEASES, VIRUSES AND INFECTIONS
On Monday September 27, 2004, Wally Parsons reported a fish health issue to Glenelg Hopkins CMA. Over the previous weekend, the Koroit Angling Club held a fishing competition on Yambuk Lake. The catch included 150 Black Bream, approximately 6 of which had ulcers and lesions under the scales. Black Bream of all sizes and weights were the only species affected. Scott Gray of Fisheries Victoria, forwarded fish samples to the Department of Primary Industries Attwood for analysis.
Yambuk Lake Estuary and Wetlands Management Plan 41 Black Bream
Note the discoloration under scales near the fins
Ulceration the size of a 10 cent piece; significant redness and a hole in the body cavity
Capture 26-09-04 Total length 27cm
Photo: Scott Gray
Figure 11 Infected Black Bream from Yambuk Lake 2004
A pathology report revealed ulcerative dermatitis and myositis of the skin consistent with Epizootic Ulcerative Syndrome (EUS) or Red Spot Disease. Testing of infected samples collected from Yambuk Lake proved inconclusive, the exact cause of these lesions is unknown.
An initial sign of EUS is mass mortality. In spring, 2000, about 70 dead bream were found along the shore of the estuary, with many showing signs of ulceration similar to the symptoms posed by the recently reported fish. A formal pathological report was not filed at this time (Scott Gray pers. comm. 2004).
Changes in pH, salinity, temperature and/or large fresh water inflows can combine to stress fish and cause them to loose the protective film from their skin that acts as a barrier to disease and infection. EUS is a fungal infection that requires the loss of this protective film.
In the most recent outbreak, it is possible large freshwater in-flows combined with low dissolved oxygen levels and high pH in the freshwater layer stressed the fish, facilitating the EUS infection.
In natural waters, EUS is largely untreatable and best prevented by maintaining optimum water quality. Once an outbreak occurs, infected fish should be removed. EUS has implications for aquaculture developments and wild fisheries with the Asia-Pacific Quarterly Aquatic Animal Disease Reporting System estimating the economic loss caused by EUS for Eastern Australia at US$700,000 annually.
While EUS has no known human health implications, the visual symptoms reduce the commercial value of fish.
3.2 SOCIAL
Although many of the recreational uses of the area are passive, they still impact on the system. These include the trampling of flora and fauna and inappropriately disposed wastes and litter. Litter not only degrades the habitat but reduces the scenic and recreational values of the system. More importantly, it can have serious detrimental effects on native flora and fauna. The discharge of human-generated marine debris into Victorian marine or estuarine waters is listed under Schedule 3 of the Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988 as a threatening process (SAC 2002). This includes all forms of waste dumped in the marine environment that have the potential to enter an estuary when the estuary entrance is open through tides, or when it is closed via overtopping of the entrance by waves. Most particularly, it includes fishing gear, litter left by picnickers and litter escaping from coastal rubbish dumps. The Victorian Coastal Strategy (2002) has the objective of reducing the impact of effluent on marine and estuarine environments. The strategy (NRE 2002b) includes the following action that is particularly relevant to the Yambuk Lake area:
"Public amenities on the coast will be reviewed through management planning processes to ensure that sewerage systems have sufficient capacity to cope with high visitation periods such as summer and large festivals and events."
Threats to the area from more active uses include recreational fishing and inappropriate disposal of fishing-related wastes, such as line and hooks. These are included as human-generated wastes under Schedule 3 of the Flora and Fauna
42 Yambuk Lake Estuary and Wetlands Guarantee Act 1988 and, therefore, must be disposed correctly. Fishing line, bait containers, hooks, etc. pose a danger to fish, birds and marine mammals. Other threats include the disturbance to shoreline vegetation. Boating is also a threat to the area through physical and noise disturbance and potential pollutants.
Likewise, duck hunting can be a threat through physical and noise disturbance, as well as the potential for accidental shooting of protected species. The use of lead shot in cartridges for hunting of waterfowl is listed as a threatening process under the Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988 and has been phased out.
See Sections 4 and 9.2.1
3.3 CULTURAL
Cultural threats include any development on freehold or Crown land that may disturb or destroy Aboriginal or non- Aboriginal cultural and historic sites.
See Section 9.3 for recommended actions
3.4 ECONOMIC
3.4.1 AGRICULTURE
Threats to the area's economy, especially the agriculture industry, include frequency, seasonal timing and duration of inundation of private land associated with closure of the river mouth and the negative effects of prolonged inundation of pasture. The economic impact of flooding regimes on agriculture has yet to be quantified. See Section 9.4.2. Gross production figures for a period of inundation were calculated recently. These figures are currently being verified.
Pest plants and animals are also a threat to agricultural production and must be monitored regularly to ensure new species do not become established. This is additional to work being undertaken to ensure established pests are controlled.
Agriculture provides a direct economic benefit to the local community. Conversely, agricultural enterprises can threaten the ecology of the area and require careful management. Run-off from agricultural land can affect water quality through transport of nutrients into the system, thereby increasing the risk of eutrophication. Pesticides, herbicides and inappropriate disposal of farm wastes can also degrade water quality and, in turn, flora and fauna. Direct stock access to the system, as shown in Figure 12, will not only increase erosion, but degrade water quality through the direct input of excrement into the waterway. High levels of nutrients can cause eutrophication, which is discussed in Section 3.1.3. Erosion through stock access and land clearing and altered hydrology through schemes such as the rural drainage scheme can also lead to negative impacts. Effects of agriculture and rural drainage schemes on the Yambuk Lake estuary and wetlands are currently unquantified.
Figure 12 - Direct stock access to Yambuk Lake
Yambuk Lake Estuary and Wetlands Management Plan 43 3.4.2 COMMERCIAL FISHING
The economic benefit of commercial eel fishing is at risk from anything that threatens the production and recruitment of eels to the system. This includes water quality within the system, ocean-climate effects that may negatively influence spawning and recruitment of eels, habitat modification, and barriers to migration. The estuary bar may act as a barrier to migration, juvenile Short-finned Eels migrate from the sea into freshwater mainly in winter and spring, which are peak flow periods for the Eumeralla River when the river mouth is more likely to be open. Eels have been shown to travel extensively over land, indicating a closed mouth may not be a significant barrier to their migration as adults. One example of eels travelling over land occurs in the Hopkins River, where juveniles will climb the Hopkins Falls to enter the freshwater reaches.
Threats to the ecosystem posed by commercial fishing include overfishing and the issue of by-catch. Fyke nets are the only nets that can be used in commercial eel fishing and a licence condition is that they must be cleared at least once in every 48 hours. This length of time may pose a serious threat to any mammals, such as native water rats and platypus, which may become entangled and drown. According to the Victorian Eel Fishery Management Plan (DNRE 2002b), rivers with populations of platypuses are closed to commercial eel fishing. With limited information on the mammals of the Yambuk Lake estuary and wetlands, however, it is impossible to determine the level of threat. The issue of by-catch within the estuary and wetlands is unknown.
Other potential threats to the ecosystem include trampling of vegetation and disturbance of substrate, riverbanks, riparian and in-stream vegetation during the deployment and retrieval of gear.
See Section 9.4.3 for recommended actions
44 Yambuk Lake Estuary and Wetlands 4 LOCAL GOVERNMENT PLANNING
Yambuk Lake Estuary and Wetlands Management Plan 45 4.1 PLANNING SCHEME
The Moyne Shire Planning Scheme contains state and local planning policies, zones and overlays and controls land use and development within the municipality. The scheme indicates if a planning permit is required to change the use of land, to construct a building or make other changes to the land (DSE, 2001). The Municipal Strategic Statement identifies the importance of coastal systems, particularly the Eumeralla River. Zoning in accordance with the Planing and Environment Act 1987 has been applied to the area to control land use and development.
4.2 LOCAL PLANNING POLICY
Decisions regarding applications for planning permits are made using planning policies (DSE, 2001). An appropriate local planning policy is required for the area covered by this management plan to ensure control of potential changes in land use and increasing pressure from recreational activities. Future reviews of the Moyne Shire Planning Scheme represent important opportunities to ensure planning policy forms a strong foundation for the maintenance and enhancement of the significant environmental, economic, social and cultural values of the Yambuk Lake estuary and wetlands.
4.3 ZONES AND OVERLAYS
Zones
The planning scheme zones land for particular uses - e.g. residential, industrial, business or other. The scheme lists the zones along with particular requirements and information, such as if a planning permit is required and the matters the council must consider before deciding to grant a permit. The zone also contains information relating to land uses, subdivision of land, construction of new buildings and other land changes (DSE, 2001).
The Moyne Shire Planning Scheme identifies three landuse zones within the boundary of this management plan:
l rural
l township
l public conservation and resource
The waters of Yambuk Lake and the eastern and western land areas are zoned public conservation and resource (PCRZ). This aims to:
l protect and conserve the natural environment and natural processes for their historic, scientific, landscape, habitat or cultural values;
l provide facilities that assist in public education on the importance of the coastal environment with minimal degradation of the natural environment or natural processes
l provide for appropriate resource-based uses.
The remaining areas around the lake and wetlands are covered by a rural zone (RUZ), which aims to encourage:
l an integrated approach to land management
l protection and creation of an effective rural infrastructure and land resource
l improvement of existing agriculture techniques
l protection and enhancement of the area's biodiversity
l value-adding to agricultural products at the source
l promotion of economic development compatible with rural activities
l development of new sustainable and rural enterprises.
The adequacy of these zones for the management plan area should be reviewed in light of new zones for rural Victoria, incorporated into the Victorian Planning Provisions in June 2004.
The new rural zones include:
l farming
l rural activity
l rural living
l rural conservation
46 Yambuk Lake Estuary and Wetlands Details of these new zones can be seen at http://www.dse.vic.gov.au/dse/index.htm or the Moyne Shire offices.
In considering these new zones in the management plan area, their adequacy to control the following should be taken into account: l intensive animal industries, such as broiler farms, piggeries and feedlots, should be prohibited within the management plan area l any future buildings and works should be setback an appropriate distance from the estuary and wetlands to be protected from a 1-in-100 year flood event l effluent from housing developments should be adequately managed according to the State Environment Protection Policy - Waters of Victoria. (EPA, 2003)
Overlays
Overlays are maps showing special features of land that need to be considered in planning decisions.
Types of overlays include: l environmental significance l heritage l significant landscape
The Moyne Shire Planning Scheme includes Environmental Significance Overlay (ESO1) that applies to the coastal strip of the entire municipality, excluding the township of Port Fairy. It is of particular relevance to this management plan. The purpose of such an overlay is to identify areas where the development of land may be affected by environmental constraints and to ensure that any development is compatible with identified environmental values.
Moyne Shire's ESO 1 within the boundary of the management plan applies to land between the Old Coach Road and the coastline, including the southern portion of Yambuk Lake. Extending coverage of ESO 1 at Yambuk Lake needs to be considered to ensure the environmental values of the entire lake and wetlands, which are of national and possibly international significance, can be maintained. This has been recommended by DSE, which has produced a map of Sites of Biodiversity Significance for the entire Moyne Shire. This map identifies Yambuk Lake estuary and wetlands from the river mouth to Hummocks Road bridge as an area of significant habitat value that should be covered by an ESO.
An area of significant vegetation extending east and west of The Crags (east of Yambuk) is also identified on the DSE map and is covered by ESO 1.
There are no Heritage or Significant Landscape overlays within the management plan area.
4.4 LANDSCAPE VALUES
Landscape values are important as the views to and from the estuary are significant socially, recreationally and economically - for tourists and local residents. While this plan recognises the importance of landscape values, no specific direction is recommended by the management plan regarding management of this issue. Appropriate zones and overlays applied by local government represent the primary management tool to prevent development and uses that are not aesthetically pleasing in areas with important vistas.
4.5 SEA CHANGE
Sea-change type development, while not a major concern at present, could become a more important consideration in the future as demand for coastal property increases. Appropriate local government planning controls need to be in place to manage this.
Yambuk Lake Estuary and Wetlands Management Plan 47 48 Yambuk Lake Estuary and Wetlands 5. MONITORING AND EVALUATION
Yambuk Lake Estuary and Wetlands Management Plan 49 5. MONITORING AND EVALUATION
The effectiveness of implementing this plan needs to be assessed periodically and the principles of adaptive management applied - i.e. management of the area needs to reflect changes in priorities that may become evident through improved information. The monitoring and evaluation framework for the Yambuk Lake Estuary and Wetlands Management Plan follows that outlined in the Glenelg Hopkins CMA Regional Catchment Strategy and the Glenelg Hopkins CMA River Health Strategy.
Monitoring implementation is important to ensure significant progress is made and the actions are still appropriate for the objectives. Collection, recording and analysis of data for monitoring programs, such as water quality, needs to be consistent to ensure identification of trends in condition. This identification can help to determine the most appropriate management action. Good baseline information and continuation of monitoring programs is necessary to evaluate the effectiveness of management actions. Where such information is not available, it may be relevant to sample pre and post implementation to determine effectiveness.
Proposed annual implementation review meetings will provide the framework for agencies to report on implementation of actions and allow information to be communicated across the community.
See Section 9.5 for recommended actions
50 Yambuk Lake Estuary and Wetlands 6. COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT AND CAPACITY BUILDING
Yambuk Lake Estuary and Wetlands Management Plan 51 6. COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT AND CAPACITY BUILDING
Community engagement is the process by which decision-makers provide relevant and timely information, tools and opportunities for meaningful community input into policy, plans and decisions. An effective community engagement process can significantly enhance the quality of decisions as it draws from the wealth of local knowledge and experience and is shaped by the aspirations of people who live, play and work in the area of concern.
A documented socio-environmental history of the Yambuk Lake estuary and wetlands is desired by the local community. This undertaking would facilitate community engagement and help to understand the current condition and functioning of the lake estuary and wetlands. There is a degree of urgency to record the history of the area as many potential contributors are now elderly and hold large amounts of information that has not been previously documented.
A community profile analysis has been conducted for the Glenelg Hopkins region, which includes information on the attitudes and awareness of environmental issues. For the Portland Coast Basin, which includes the Yambuk Lake estuary and wetlands, the community nominated coastal areas as the most valued environmental asset, closely followed by rivers, streams and estuaries for relaxation, habitat for native birds and animals and fishing. The profile analysis shows residents of this area are less likely to be concerned with pest plants and animals, although they strongly support the removal of problem pests. Residents are also less likely to be concerned with eutrophication of waterways.
Management actions pertaining to community engagement and capacity building in the Yambuk Lake estuary and wetlands area are presented in Section 9.6. Broad-scale catchment objectives for community engagement can be found in the Glenelg Hopkins CMA River Health Strategy (2004).
See Section 9.6 for recommended actions
52 Yambuk Lake Estuary and Wetlands 7. ON-GOING PROGRAMS
Yambuk Lake Estuary and Wetlands Management Plan 53 WATER QUALITY MONITORING
Three water quality monitoring sites have been established within the estuary by the Glenelg Hopkins CMA and are monitored monthly. These sites are located near the caravan park boat ramp, where the Eumeralla River flows into Yambuk Lake and at the bridge to the Deen Maar property. Details of the physico/chemical parameters, monitoring frequency and site locations are provided in Appendix G. Monitoring began in November, 2003, and is ongoing.
Daily monitoring of estuary water levels and river mouth status has also been undertaken by Wally Parsons (Yambuk Caravan Park manager) on a voluntary basis since April, 2002.
The monitoring program also needs to include an analysis of water quality data pre and post artificial river mouth openings to determine if any seasonal patterns pose a risk to ARMOs. This needs to include a five-yearly assessment of the data to allow for the determination of seasonal trends.
Continuation of monitoring is vital to understand the complex relationships between the state of the river mouth, water quality and the ecology of the system. Further, it is essential for determining seasonal trends and variations and establishing risks associated with eutrophication and stratification
54 Yambuk Lake Estuary and Wetlands 8. FURTHER RESEARCH AND INFORMATION/KNOWLEDGE GAPS
Yambuk Lake Estuary and Wetlands Management Plan 55 ESTUARY ENTRANCE MANAGEMENT - DECISION SUPPORT FRAMEWORK
The Glenelg Hopkins CMA, in partnership with Corangamite CMA, Parks Victoria, DSE, Deakin University, Western Coastal Board and EPA, has been successful in attracting funding to develop a decision support framework for estuary entrance management.
The estuary entrance management decision support framework will be a tool for use in estuary management across Victoria and potentially, nationally and internationally. Use of this tool will bring environmental considerations into balance with social, economic and cultural values.
The primary objective of the project is development of a scientifically-based decision framework that balances environmental, social and economic expectations for artificial river mouth openings.
The draft framework is due to be trialled on the Yambuk Lake and Glenelg estuary in the second half of 2005.
ARTIFICIAL RIVER MOUTH OPENING PROTOCOLS
This plan recognises that artificial river mouth opening protocols and conditions need to be reviewed, and that a review has long been the desire of all stakeholders involved with managing the system. Such a review is essential to establish a balanced approach to the artificial opening of the river mouth, taking into account all values associated with the estuary and wetlands and private land. Review will be undertaken following the completion of the estuary entrance decision support framework.
APPLICATION OF LAND STEWARDSHIP PRACTICES
The Victorian Catchment Management Council (VCMC) and Department of Sustainability and Environment (DSE) recently produced a series of discussion papers on providing market-based incentives for landholders who undertake maintenance and enhancement of natural values over and above a generally accepted standard of "duty of care".
The concept is being described as land stewardship, and is a step toward incorporating "ecosystem services" thinking into Victoria's natural resource management framework.
The concept has been discussed within natural resource management circles for more than a decade and is based on defining in dollar terms, the value of services that the environment provides to humans - e.g. clean air, drinking water, fisheries, timber and waste recycling.
Studies around the world have focussed on putting dollar values on different components of the natural environment, such as oceans, estuaries and wetlands. One such study (Costanza et al. 1997) has valued estuaries above all other components of the natural environment in terms of ecosystem services provided to humans.
The land stewardship concept being considered by the VCMC and DSE may have significant potential for the Yambuk Lake estuary and wetlands, and warrants further consideration.
56 Yambuk Lake Estuary and Wetlands 9. MANAGEMENT OBJECTIVES, TARGETS AND ACTIONS
Yambuk Lake Estuary and Wetlands Management Plan 57 9. MANAGEMENT OBJECTIVES, TARGETS AND ACTIONS
The following section provides the management objectives, targets and actions for the Yambuk Lake estuary and wetland. These have been developed in response to the identification of threats to the values of the area.
Responsibility for implementation and associated monitoring is indicated in the lead column of the action tables. Stakeholders assigned a lead role are encouraged to record progress with implementation and report this to the proposed annual review meetings (see Section 1.4).
Note: The term land managers in the lead column signifies that implementation should be undertaken by all private land owners and public land managers.
A priority rating accompanies each action, as follows:
VERY HIGH (VH) - actions that are essential to maintaining or improving the values of the Yambuk Lake estuary and wetlands.
HIGH (H) - actions that, when implemented, will significantly contribute to the maintenance of the values of the area.
MEDIUM (M) - actions that, when implemented in conjunction with higher priority actions will support the maintenance and contribute to the restoration of the values of the area.
LOW (L) - actions that, when implemented in conjunction with higher and medium priority actions, will result in the enhancement of the values of the area.
ONGOING - actions that require continuing attention to maintain or monitor the values of the Yambuk Lake estuary and wetlands.
Implementation of actions according to their assigned priority largely depends on the capacity of agencies and the community to undertake the work at a particular time. It is often the case that actions of a lower priority can be implemented sooner, as opportunities arise in terms of funding resources and capacity. A degree of flexibility in undertaking implementation is important.
AREA OF APPLICATION FOR ACTIONS
The area to which individual actions apply is indicated in the right hand column of the following tables.
The areas, in no particular order, are:
AREA A - public land areas, represented by green areas on the map at the back of the plan.
AREA B - lake, estuary and wetlands, including private land affected by flooding, represented by blue speckled areas on the map at the back of the plan.
AREA C - private land areas, represented by white areas within the management plan area on the map at the back of the plan. The boundary of the management plan area is shown in orange.
AREA D - catchment (both Eumeralla and Shaw rivers), including all areas listed above
58 Yambuk Lake Estuary and Wetlands 9.1 ENVIRONMENT ACTION NUMBER 9.1.1 NATIVE FLORA, FAUNA AND HABITAT
OBJECTIVE: Improved protection and management of native flora and fauna with no further losses of native flora and fauna species. TARGET: To ensure there is a net gain in both native flora and fauna, with no further losses of native flora and fauna species
Action Strategy Lead Priority Area Number YFF 1 Conduct habitat flora and fauna surveys to determine the species DSE VH A, B, C present within the Yambuk Lake Estuary and Wetlands Management Plan Area. YFF 2 Undertake pest plant and animal control before revegetation. Landmanagers VH A, B, C YFF 3 Produce a revegetation and enhancement planting guide. GHCMA VH A, B, C YFF 4 Fence, where appropriate: Landmanagers VH A, B, C - remnants - habitat areas - waterways - areas for revegetation. YFF 5 Revegetate in partnership with the Glenelg Hopkins CMA. Landmanagers H A, B, C YFF 6 Manage remnant and revegetation areas sustainably - e.g. Landmanagers M A, B, C - controlled grazing - pest plant and animal control - controlled burning. YFF 7 Monitor survival and re-colonisation of remnant and revegetation Landmanagers M A, B, C areas. YFF 8 If survival rate of revegetation areas is less than 75% after two years, Landmanagers M A, B, C then determine the cause and implement remedial works. / GHCMA YFF 9 Conduct a feasibility study for land purchase.Investigate: DSE / GHCMA H B, C - sources of $ TFN - options for raising $ - management following purchase - options for ownership.
YFF 10 If action YFF 9 finds that land purchase is feasible: DSE / GHCMA H B, C - determine funding source TFN - apply for funding - determine potential ownership. YFF 11 Following YFF 9 and YFF 10, land purchase subject to availability. DSE / TFN H B, C YFF 12 Investigate the presence of barriers to fish passage. GHCMA H B, D YFF 13 Modify/remove any barriers to fish passage. GHCMA H B, D YFF 14 Investigate the information requirements and implications for DSE M B landholders of listing Yambuk Lake estuary and wetlands as a wetland of international importance (e.g. Ramsar). YFF 15 Ascertain level of community support for listing Yambuk Lake estuary DSE M B, C and wetlands as a wetland of international importance. YFF 16 If there is community support, undertake to achieve listing of Yambuk DSE L B Lake estuary and wetlands as a wetland of international importance. YFF 17 Encourage retention and restoration of natural wetlands on private GHCMA, H D property in Eumeralla and Shaw river catchments, with government DSE assistance where appropriate. YFF 18 Encourage permanent protection and restoration of high value TFN VH B, C, D biodiversity areas through voluntary legal agreements, land purchase, use of a revolving fund and an incentives program. YFF 19 Implement an integrated Stewardship Program that regularly reports TFN VH on the compliance and implementation of legal agreements according to agreements and site/property management plan. YFF 20 Review and ensure that Regional Fire Protection Plans protect sensitive MSC L D estuarine vegetation communities from inappropriate fire hazard reduction programs.
Yambuk Lake Estuary and Wetlands Management Plan 59 9.1 ENVIRONMENT CONT....
9.1.1 NATIVE FLORA, FAUNA AND HABITAT
Action Strategy Lead Priority Area Number YFF 21 To conserve optimum conditions for the retention of rare and DSE VH A, B, C threatened species, determine the habitat requirements for the following species in relation to:
l the cycles of inundation and drying l water quality of the estuary. Including, but not limited to: a. Orange-bellied Parrot b. Little Egret c. Other bird species listed under international agreements d. Black Bream e. Yarra Pygmy Perch f. Dwarf Galaxias g. Beaded Glasswort h. Bidgee Widgee i. Wooly Tea Tree.
l Sand dune vegetation management a. Hooded Plover
9.1.2 PEST PLANTS AND ANIMAL
OBJECTIVE: 1. To achieve low numbers of species of introduced flora and fauna within the Yambuk area through ongoing control programs 2. To prevent establishment of new pest plant and animal species in the area through early identification and control TARGET: To achieve long-term control of pest plants and animals within the area.
Action Strategy Lead Priority Area Number YPPA 1 Conduct surveys of pest plant and animal species, including mapping DPI VH A, B, C the distribution of priority pest plant and animal species. YPPA 2 Provide opportunities for community involvement and education. DPI H B, C YPPA 3 Develop co-ordinated control programs with all land owners/managers. DPI H A, B, C YPPA 4 Monitor the on-going pest plant and animal control programs to DPI On-going A, B, C determine their progress and review the management approach. YPPA 5 Undertake co-ordinated control programs with landholders/managers. Landmanagers H D YPPA 6 Monitoring for new and emerging pest plant and animal species. DPI H D YPPA 7 Ensure there is an appropriate framework in place to allow for the DPI H D notification of new weed infestations along with new and emerging pest fauna species. YPPA 8 Control listed emerging threatening species. DPI VH D YPPA 9 Unlisted species - community needs to take action to prevent spread. Landmanagers VH D YPPA 10 If a species is unlisted and considered to be a risk to the values of the DPI H D area, DPI to consider listing species as an emerging threat species. YPPA 11 Distribute copies of the Guidelines for Preventing Spread of Weeds to DPI VH C land managers.
60 Yambuk Lake Estuary and Wetlands 9.1.3 WATER QUALITY
OBJECTIVE: Water quality and quantity that protects the diversity and abundance of aquatic ecosystems and allows recreational and aesthetic enjoyment of the estuary. TARGET: To achieve better than State Environment Protection Policy guideline maximum concentrations for water quality readings 80% of the time by 2020.
Action Strategy Lead Priority Area Number YWQ 1 Monitor water quality on a minimum monthly basis as per Section 7 GHCMA On-going B, D and Appendix G. YWQ 2 Undertake 12 monthly analysis of water quality data collected as part GHCMA On-going B of the program outlined in section 7 to determine whether water quality meets the SEPP guidelines. YWQ 3 In light of the results of the above analysis, implement actions, if GHCMA M D necessary, to ensure water quality is better than the SEPP guideline maximum levels. YWQ 4 Maintain strong contingency plans and capabilities for dealing with oil Port of On-going A, B spills. Portland YWQ 5 Ensure all waste and sewage discharges with the catchment are EPA H D appropriately licensed. YWQ 6 Ensure all dairies manage wastes so they are retained within the EPA VH C boundary of the property as required under the SEPP WoV. YWQ 7 Investigate the feasibility of an annual fee to allow for a co-ordinated MSC MD approach to septic tank pump out and maintenance. YWQ 8 Encourage the adoption of best management practices for nutrient DPI VH C management on farms. YWQ 9 Audit the existing maintenance of septic tanks by the end of 2005. MSC H D YWQ 10 Include pH and nutrient analysis in monthly estuarine water quality GHCMA VH B monitoring. YWQ 11 Investigate factor(s) causing an increase in freshwater pH. GHCMA VH B
9.1.4 SOILS, EROSION AND SEDIMENTATION
OBJECTIVE: Protect soil health and minimise estuary sedimentation and erosion in the catchment, along riverbanks and on the estuary foreshore. TARGET: Development of streamside buffers in 50% of the catchment and the estuary by 2050 to restrict stock access and allow regeneration of native plant species
Action Strategy Lead Priority Area Number YSES 1 Identify sites and map sites of active erosion that are threatening the GHCMA VH D estuary. YSES 2 Undertake erosion control works in partnership with Glenelg Hopkins Land managers VH D CMA. YSES 3 Monitor success of erosion control works. GHCMA M D YSES 4 Inform and engage with users, adjoining landholders and catchment GHCMA M D community of Yambuk Lake on the sources of erosion and the prevention of sedimentation into the lake.
Yambuk Lake Estuary and Wetlands Management Plan 61 9.1.5 FLOODING
OBJECTIVE: To achieve as close to a natural flooding regime as possible taking into account social, economic and environmental requirements and the modified status of the estuary and wetland. TARGET: 1. Accurate quantification of the area of land affected by flooding. 2. Accurate quantification of the economic impact of flooding of agricultural land. 3. Determination of the environmental requirements for flooding.
Action Strategy Lead Priority Area Number YF1 Accurately quantify the area of land affected by flooding at different GHCMA VH A, B, C water levels. YF2 Accurately quantify the economic impact of flooding agricultural land. Agricultural VH B, C landholders / GHCMA YF3 Incorporate flooding extent data from Bishop PhD study with property GHCMA/ VH B, C boundaries. MSC YF4 Investigate the cost-benefit of flood proofing or relocating low-lying GHCMA L B assets e.g. farm access tracks. YF5 Investigate the maximum periods of inundation for various indigenous GHCMA H B plant species before damage occurs. YF6 Investigate the maximum periods of inundation for various agricultural DPI H B plant species before damage occurs. YF7 Raise the awareness of the community about the need for natural GHCMA, VH D flooding (wetting) and drying processes to continue as part of the DSE natural ecological cycles of estuaries needed to sustain estuary and wetland health. YF8 Encourage flood tolerant or complementary land use on flood-prone DPI VH B land adjacent to estuaries. e.g. seasonal grazing.
9.1.6 ESTUARY ENTRANCE AND ARTIFICIAL RIVER MOUTH OPENING
OBJECTIVE: Develop a management process for the estuary entrance that provides the best possible compromise between the ecological requirements of the estuary and wetlands and the social and economic requirements of the local community. TARGET: Develop a protocol for estuary mouth opening using the decision support framework by the end of 2006.
Action Strategy Lead Priority Area Number YARMO 1 Develop and adopt the Estuary Entrance Management Decision GHCMA VH A, B Framework. YARMO 2 In light of recommendations from the above process, review artificial GHCMA VH A, B river mouth opening procedures, taking into consideration social, economic, cultural and environmental needs. YARMO 3 Inform the community on the importance of not artificially opening an GHCMA H A, B estuary entrance at inappropriate times, the environmental consequences, public safety issues and the potential liability to prosecution.
62 Yambuk Lake Estuary and Wetlands 9.1.7 CLIMATE CHANGE
OBJECTIVE: Actively manage risk associated with predicted climate change within the Yambuk area. TARGET: Ensure the effects of climate change are incorporated into the Moyne Shire Planning Scheme by 2010.
Action Strategy Lead Priority Area Number YCC 1 Assess the risks to the biodiversity values of the estuary due to climate GHCMA L B change.
9.1.8 DISEASES, VIRUSES AND INFECTION
OBJECTIVE: Maintain healthy indigenous flora and fauna populations. TARGET:
Action Strategy Lead Priority Area Number YD 1 Ensure any future fish kills are reported, cleaned up, monitored and Public D assessed according to the EPA Interim Fish Kill Protocol. Land managers YD 2 For future outbreaks, collect infected fish samples and refrigerated but D do not freeze. YD 3 Notify Fisheries Victoria and Glenelg Hopkins CMA of any future D outbreaks. YD 4 Fisheries Victoria to organise for samples of any infected fish samples. DPI D YD 5 Organise laboratory analysis of infected samples. DPI D YD 6 In event of any future outbreaks water quality analysis to be carried GHCMA D out as soon as possible at freshwater limits and within lake body.
9.2 SOCIAL
9.2.1 RECREATION
OBJECTIVE: Recreational uses of the estuary, foreshore and wetlands that do not compromise the natural values of the system. TARGET: Policies to ensure recreational activities do not compromise the natural values of the system.
Action Strategy Lead Priority Area Number YREC 1 Determine the level of recreational use and survey visitor numbers to MSC & PV M A recommend appropriate infrastructure requirements to meet demands and expectation. YREC 2 Enforce regulations for recreational activities. PV, DSE, MSC, H A, B DPI Fisheries YREC 3 Provide information at the Yambuk Caravan Park for the users of the PV, MSC M A lake and estuary on responsible camping practices, including pets, litter, fish cleaning, fire and sullage.
Yambuk Lake Estuary and Wetlands Management Plan 63 9.3 CULTURAL
9.3 CULTURAL
OBJECTIVE: Protect areas of cultural significance and increase community understanding and awareness of cultural and heritage values within the project area. TARGET: Protection of all sites of archaeological and heritage significance.
Action Strategy Lead Priority Area Number YC 1 Where appropriate identify, protect and interpret sites of Aboriginal FAT, Public M A interest and significance in consultation with Framlingham Aboriginal land managers Trust. YC 2 Identify, protect and interpret where appropriate sites of non- Public M D Aboriginal historic interest and significance. land managers YC 3 Increase community awareness of the potential for significant sites and FAT M D artefacts in the Yambuk area.
9.4 ECONOMICS
9.4.1 AGRICULTURE
OBJECTIVE: To ensure agricultural activities are undertaken in a sustainable way that ensures impacts on adjoining wetlands and estuary are minimised. TARGET: Economically and environmentally sustainable agricultural enterprises in the Yambuk area.
Action Strategy Lead Priority Area Number YAG 1 Quantify the economic contribution agriculture makes to the local and GHCMA VH C broader community. YAG 2 Determine the economic loss caused by inundation of agricultural land. Agricultural VH B landholders YAG 3 Assess the feasibility of providing market-based incentives to land- GHCMA VH B, C holders to manage floodplain land according to land stewardship TFN principles. YAG 4 Review and implement best practices for agriculture, particularly those Agricultural VH D areas close to estuary and wetlands through whole farm planning. landholders YAG 5 Investigate alternative pasture species that will tolerate inundation DPI VH B, C without negative impacts on the ecosystem of the Yambuk Lake estuary and wetlands. YAG 6 Determine the impact of drainage in the Eumeralla and Shaw GHCMA VH D catchments on the extent and duration of inundation at the Yambuk Lake estuary and wetlands.
64 Yambuk Lake Estuary and Wetlands 9.4.2 COMMERCIAL AND RECREATIONAL FISHING
OBJECTIVE: Manage commercially and recreationally important fish and invertebrate species at levels that can be sustainably harvested while protecting the aquatic ecosystem. TARGET: Ensure 95% compliance with relevant fishing legislation.
Action Strategy Lead Priority Area Number YCRF 1 Identify the impacts of fishing activity on the resources of the site, DPI Fisheries M B particularly juvenile fish and bait species, and enforce fishing regulations. YCRF 2 Identify important fish habitat areas within the estuary and develop DPI Fisheries M B planning and management policies and guidelines to protect and improve fish habitat areas considering economic, social and cultural facts as well as environmental. YCRF 3 Install information on fisheries requirements - e.g. minimum size, bag DPI Fisheries M A limits etc. within the Yambuk Lake estuary. Fishcare YCRF 4 Examine the level of by-catch from commercial fishing practices in the DPI Fisheries M B Yambuk Lake estuary and wetlands. YCRF 5 Determine the economic value of recreational fishing at Yambuk Lake DPI Fisheries M A, B estuary and wetlands. Fishcare
9.5 LOCAL GOVERNMENT PLANNING
OBJECTIVE: Direct and control development to protect the values of the Yambuk Lake estuary and wetlands and continue economic development within the framework of ecological sustainability. TARGET: Adoption of planning policy, zones and overlays into the Moyne Shire Planning Scheme that protect and enhance the values of Yambuk Lake estuary and wetlands.
Action Strategy Lead Priority Area Number YP 1 Extend the current Environmental Significance Overlay to include areas MSC VH D recommended by DSE's Sites of Biodiversity Significance Map. YP 2 Create a Floodway Control Overlay for the management plan area and MSC VH D incorporate into the Moyne Shire Planning Scheme. GHCMA YP 3 Inform the community and developers on: MSC H D
l the planning scheme
l permit requirements. YP 4 Develop local planning policy, for the management plan area that is MSC H D consistent with the objectives of the estuary management plan. YP 5 Identify and develop appropriate zones and overlays for the MSC M D management plan area - consistent with new planning policy. YP 6 Undertake notice procedures for amendments and put new policy, MSC L D zones and overlays on exhibition. YP 7 Amend planning scheme, including incorporation of new zones and MSC L D overlays.
Yambuk Lake Estuary and Wetlands Management Plan 65 9.6 MONITORING AND EVALUTION
OBJECTIVE: Monitor and evaluate the health and functioning of the estuary and implementation of the management plan. TARGET: Undertake an evaluation of the effectiveness of implementation of actions identified within this plan in 2009.
Action Strategy Lead Priority Area Number YME 1 Provide community monitors with opportunities to undertake GHCMA, DSE M A, B, C accredited training for Waterwatch and flora and fauna monitoring. YME 2 Accredited community monitoring data to be included in the Atlas of DSE, DPI M A, B, C Victorian Wildlife and other relevant databases. YME 3 Identify key indicators relevant to monitoring the ecological character GHCMA H B of the estuary. YME 4 Establish monitoring and reporting programs for each of the key GHCMA M B indicators relevant to the ecological character of estuaries. YME 5 Support programs that encourage transfer of information, knowledge GHCMA H A, B, C and skills between managers of Yambuk Lake estuary and wetlands. WCB YME 6 Review and update the management plan on an annual basis. GHCMA Ongoing A, B, C
9.7 COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT AND CAPACITY BUILDING
OBJECTIVE: Community engagement in the process of policy making, planning, decision-making and practical activities focussed on the health of the estuary. TARGET: Increase awareness, understanding and involvement in the management of Yambuk Lake estuary and wetlands.
Action Strategy Lead Priority Area Number YCE 1 Use the local media to publicise the management plan, results of GHCMA, M D monitoring programs and issues of concern as they arise. DSE On-going YCE 2 Promote greater understanding, awareness and protection of the GHCMA, M D Yambuk Lake estuary and wetlands in extension programs to DSE On-going landholders and the community through educational and promotional material. YCE 3 Conduct informative activities on responsible recreational fishing at Fishcare M A, B, C Yambuk Lake. YCE 4 Consistent with broader estuary management in the region, install and DPI M A maintain information on fisheries management, including regulatory FISHERIES requirements within the Yambuk Lake estuary. YCE 5 Identify opportunities and encourage community involvement in DSE & GHCMA H B ecological monitoring activities, such as an estuary watch program. On-going YCE 6 Promote community participation in habitat protection and GHCMA H D enhancement works. YCE 7 Inform the general community on activities that require Coastal DSE H A, B, C Management Act Consent. YCE 8 Inform the general community on activities that require Works on GHCMA H D Waterways permits. YCE 9 Develop community flora and fauna monitoring programs that GHCMA H A, B compliment the current DSE bird-monitoring program for the estuary and wetland areas to determine seasonal and long-term changes in species, distribution, abundance and utilisation. YCE 10 Provide opportunities for involvement of the local community in GHCMA H B, C estuary management information and field days YCE 11 Document the socio-environmental history of Yambuk Lake estuary and GHCMA VH A, B, C wetlands. YCE 12 Identify opportunities for two-way communication between the local All VH A, B, C community and agencies. Stakeholders
66 Yambuk Lake Estuary and Wetlands 10. IMPLEMENTATION PROGRAM
Yambuk Lake Estuary and Wetlands Management Plan 67 10. IMPLEMENTATION PROGRAM
The following section provides a visual representation of the sequencing required for effective implementation of the interdependent actions in Section 9.
Individual actions from Section 9 have been grouped together into flow diagrams according to the sub-heading in which they are listed. These diagrams form groupings of actions that can be considered as specific programs and, when implemented, will provide significant benefits in terms of efficient achievement of the management objectives identified by the plan.
These implementation programs are shown one dimensionally, but important linkages exist between different programs. For example, the Native Flora, Fauna And Habitat Program links to the Pest Plant and Animal Program as it is necessary to control pest plants and animals before directing resources into revegetation. Steps to attract funding are also indicated on the diagrams with arrows. In many cases, progress towards attaining objectives can be achieved through implementing a combination of programs.
Many of the stand-alone actions in Section 9 are not dependant on any other actions for efficient implementation. As such, they can be implemented in isolation at any stage.
Cross linkages between implementation programs are also indicated on the diagrams, and demonstrate that implementation of a particular program can have positive spin-offs in terms of progress toward other objectives.
Actions identified at the start of implementation program diagrams are obviously of higher priority in terms of implementation than those toward the end of the diagram.
68 Yambuk Lake Estuary and Wetlands Management Plan 10.1 HABITAT PROTECTION AND ENHANCEMENT PROGRAM
10.1.1 NATIVE FLORA, FAUNA AND HABITAT
Yambuk Lake Estuary and Wetlands Management Plan 69 10.1.2 LAND PURCHASE
70 River Catchment Strategy 70 10.1.3 FISH PASSAGE 10.1.4 RAMSAR LISTING
Yambuk Lake Estuary and Wetlands Management Plan 71 10.2 PEST PLANT AND ANIMALS CONTROL PROGRAM
10.2.1 PRIORITY SPECIES
72 Yambuk Lake Estuary and Wetlands 10.2.2 NEW AND EMERGING SPECIES
Yambuk Lake Estuary and Wetlands Management Plan 73 10.3 WATER QUALITY PROTECTION AND ENHANCEMENT PROGRAM
10.3.1 WATER QUALITY MONITORING
74 Yambuk Lake Estuary and Wetlands 10.4 SOILS, EROSION AND SEDIMENTATION
10.4.1 EROSION
Yambuk Lake Estuary and Wetlands Management Plan 75 10.5 LOCAL GOVERNMENT
76 Yambuk Lake Estuary and Wetlands REFERENCES
Yambuk Lake Estuary and Wetlands Management Plan 77 REFERENCES
Allen, G.R.; Midgley, S.H.; Allen, M. (2002) Field guide to the freshwater fishes of Australia. Western Australian Museum, Perth.
Barrot, M. (2002) A preliminary assessment of macroinvertebrate composition along the Eumeralla River Estuary, south-west Victoria. Deakin University Third Year Research Project Report.
Barton, J.; Sherwood J. (In prep). Estuary opening management in Western Victoria: An information analysis. Parks Victoria Technical Series No. 11. Parks Victoria, Melbourne.
Besley, M., (2000) A Preliminary Investigation of Variations in Habitat Resulting from Shoreline Inundation in the Eumeralla River and Yambuk Lake Estuary. Honours Thesis, Deakin University.
Bishop, K. (2000) Recreational creel survey of the Killarney Bay area. Honours Thesis, Deakin University Warrnambool Campus.
Builth, H. (2004) unpublished.
Clark, I. (1990) Aboriginal Languages and Clans - An Historic Atlas of Eastern and Central Victoria. Monash Publications in Geography.
CLPR Research Report No. 12, (March 2003) Acid Sulphate Soil Hazard Maps Guidelines for Coastal Victoria. Department of Primary Industries Victoria.
Costanza, R.; d'Arge, R.; de Groot, R.; Farber, S.; Grasso, M.; Hannon, B.; Limburg, K.; Naeem, S.; O'Neill, R.V.; Paruelo, J.; Raskin, R.G.; Sutton, P.; van den Belt, M. (1997). The value of the world's ecosystem services and natural capital. Nature. Vol 387 pp 253-260.
Coutts, P.; Witter, V.C.; Cochrane, R.M.; Patrick, J. (uknown). Sites of Special Scientific Interest in the Victorian Coastal Region - A report on the archaeological aspects. Town and Country Planning Board.
CSIRO (2001) Climate Change Projections for Australia. CSIRO Atmospheric Research. Melbourne. Available from: http://www.dar.csiro.au/publications/projections2001.pdf
CSIRO (2003) Greenhouse: Questions and Answers. CSIRO Atmospheric Research. http://www.dar.csiro.au/publications/gh_faq.htm
Deakin University, (1988) A Study of Yambuk Lake - Field Work. Warrnambool.
Debney, T.; Cekalovic, H. (2001) Portland Wind Energy Project EES, Cultural Heritage Study. Biosis Research
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Department of Natural Resources and Environment (2002b). Victorian Eel Fishery Management Plan. Department of Natural Resources and Environment. Melbourne.
Department of Natural Resources and Environment (2003) Atlas of Victorian Wildlife. Accessed 25th February 2003.
Department of Sustainability and Environment (2001) Planning: A Short Guide. Revised 2003. Department of Sustainability and Environment, Melbourne. Available from: http://www.dse.vic.gov.au
Edgar, B and Menkhorst P. (1993) Flora and Fauna Guarantee Action Statement: Orange Bellied Parrot Neophema chrysogaster. Parks, Flora and Fauna Division, Department of Sustainability and Environment. Available from: http://www.dse.vic.gov.au
Environment Australia, (2002) A Directory of Important Wetlands in Australia. www.ea.gov.au/cgi- bin/wetlands/reportwets.pl
78 Yambuk Lake Estuary and Wetlands Management Plan Friend, G.; Fisher, P.; Loyn, R.; Robley, A. eds. (2001) Control and management of the red fox in Victoria - Workshop proceedings. Department of Natural Resources and Environment, Melbourne.
Glenelg Hopkins Catchment Management Authority (2000a) Glenelg Hopkins Weed Action Plan 2001-2004. Hamilton.
Glenelg Hopkins Catchment Management Authority (2000b) Glenelg Hopkins Rabbit Action Plan - Strategic Rabbit Management. Prepared by Brett Harrison and South Pest Plants and Animals Team, Department of Natural Resources and Environment.
Glenelg Hopkins Catchment Management Authority, (2002a) Glenelg Hopkins Catchment Nutrient Management Plan. A framework for reducing nutrient loads and the increasing occurrence of algal blooms in regional waters. Hamilton.
Glenelg Hopkins Catchment Management Authority (2002b) Draft Rural Drainage Strategy. Report prepared by Earth Tech Engineering Pty Ltd.
Glenelg Hopkins Catchment Management Authority, (2003a) Draft Glenelg Hopkins Native Vegetation Plan. Hamilton.
Glenelg Hopkins Catchment Management Authority (2003b) Draft Regional Wetland Management Plan. A report prepared by Brett Lane and Associates Pty Ltd.
Glenelg Hopkins Catchment Management Authority (2004) River Health Strategy 2004 - 2009.
Henry, G.W. and Lyle, J.M. editors (2003) The National Recreational and Indigenous Fishing Survey July 2003. Australian Government Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry. Canberra.
Howden, M.; Hughes, L.; Dunlop, M.; Zethoven, I.; Hilbert, D.; Chilcott, C. eds. (2003) Climate Change Impacts on Biodiversity in Australia, Outcomes of a workshop sponsored by the Biological Diversity Advisory Committee, 1-2 October 2002. Commonwealth of Australia, Canberra.
Humphries, P. (1986). Observations on the ecology of Galaxiella pusilla (mack) (Salmoniformes: Galaxiidae) in Diamond Creek, Victoria. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria. Volume 98(3): 133-137.
Ierodiaconou, D; Laurenson, L.; Leblanc, M.; Duff, G. (2003) Regional scale land-use mapping using Landsat ETM+ satellite imagery and GIS in south-west Victoria, Australia. Prepared for the Glenelg Hopkins Catchment Management Authority.
Kench, P. (1999) Geomorphology of Australian estuaries: review and prospect. Australian Journal of Ecology 24: 367-380.
Kimber, S.; Yugovic, J.; Timewell, C.; Meredith, C.; Hill, A. (2001) Portland Wind Energy Project - Flora and Fauna Assessment. Biosis Research
Lawrence, E. (1989) Henderson's Dictionary of Biological Terms. Tenth edition. Longman Group UK.
Leporati, S. (2001) A preliminary assessment of macroinvertebrate community assemblages in the Eumeralla River, South Western Victoria. Deakin University Third Year Research Project Report.
Llewellyn, L.C. (1974) Spawning, development and distribution of the southern pygmy perch Nannoperca australis australis Gunther from inland waters in eastern Australia. Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 25: 121-149
McDowall, R. (1996) Freshwater fishes of south-eastern Australia. Revised Edition. Reed Books, Chatswood New South Wales.
McInnes, K.L.; Walsh, K.J.E.; Pittock, A.B. (2000) Impact of sea-level rise and storm surges on coastal resorts - a report for CSIRO tourism research. CSIRO Atmospheric Research. http://www.dar.csiro.au/publications/mcinnes_2000a.pdf
McMahon, A.R.G.; Carr, G.W.; Bedggood, S.E.; Hill, R.J.; Pritchard, A.M. (1996) Prescribed fire and control of coast wattle (Acacia sophorae) invasion in coastal heath south-west Victoria. Fire and Biodiversity: The effects and effectiveness of fire management Conference Proceedings. Department of Environment and Heritage, Canberra.
Yambuk Lake Estuary and Wetlands Management Plan 79 Moyne Gazette (2004) Tourism boom, and it's not all coastal driven. Page 2, 29th April, 2004.
Moyne Shire Council, (2001) Moyne Shire Coastal Action Plan. Port Fairy.
Murphy, A., (2000) Ecological and Cultural Significance of an Indigenous Protected Area at Deen Maar, Yambuk, Southwest Victoria. Honours Thesis, Deakin University.
Orange-bellied Parrot Recovery Team (1999) Orange-bellied Parrot Recovery Plan 1998-2002. Department of Primary Industries, Water and Environment. Tasmania.
Pittock, B. ed. (2003) Climate Change: An Australian Guide to the Science and Potential Impacts. Australian Greenhouse Office, Canberra.
Potter, I.C. and Hyndes, G.A. (1999) Characteristics of the icthyofaunas of southwestern Australian estuaries, including comparsions with holarctic estuaries and estuaries elsewhere in temperate Australia: a review. Australian Journal of Ecology 24 (4): 395-421
Ressom, R. (2001) Avian survey report Deen Maar: 2000-2001. Report prepared for Framlingham Aboriginal Trust.
Roy, P.S.; Williams, R.J.; Jones, A.R.; Yassini, I. Gibbs, P.J.; Coates, B.; West, R.J.; Scanes, P.R.; Hudson, J.P.; Nichol, S. (2001) Structure and function of south-east Australian estuaries. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science. 53: 351-384
SAC (1992) Final Recommendation on a nomination for listing: Introduction of exotic organisms into Victorian marine waters (Nomination No. 201). Scientific Advisory Committee, Flora and Fauna Guarantee. Department of Natural Resources and Environment: Melbourne.
SAC (1996) Final Recommendation on a nomination for listing: Introduction and spread of Spartina to Victorian estuarine environments (Nomination 312). Scientific Advisory Committee, Flora and Fauna Guarantee. Department of Natural Resources and Environment: Melbourne.
SAC (2002) Final Recommendation on a nomination for listing: The discharge of human-generated marine debris into Victorian marine or estuarine waters (Nomination 549). Scientific Advisory Committee, Flora and Fauna Guarantee. Department of Natural Resources and Environment: Melbourne.
SAC (2003) Final Recommendation on a nomination for listing: Wetland loss and degradation as a result of change in water regime, dredging, draining, filling and grazing (Nomination 650). Scientific Advisory Committee, Flora and Fauna Guarantee. Department of Sustainability and Environment: Melbourne.
Sherwood, J. (1985) Hydrodynamics of south-west estuaries. Faculty of Applied Science and Technology Research Report 85/1, Warrnambool Institute Advanced Education.
Sherwood, J. (1987) The likely impact of climate change on south-west Victorian estuaries. Faculty of Applied Science and Technology Warrnambool Institute of Advanced Education.
Society for Growing Australian Plants (1995) Plants of Melbourne's Western Plains: A gardener's guide to the original flora. Society for Growing Australian Plants, Keilor Plains Group.
Swan River Trust (1999) Resource Sheet 6 -Adaptations for life in an estuary. http://www.wrc.wa.gov.au/srt/publications/landscape
Tyndall, J. (2001) Species composition and diet of fish found in vegetated and unvegetated littoral habitats of Yambuk estuary, in south-western Victoria. Honours Thesis, Deakin University Warrnambool Campus.
Unkles, B. (1997) The economic impact of recreational fishing in Victoria. Fisheries Economic Impact Studies. Department of Natural Resources and Environment, Victoria.
Victorian Coastal Council, (2002) Victorian Coastal Strategy 2002. Melbourne.
Western Coastal Board (2002) South West Estuaries Coastal Action Plan Department of Natural Resources and Environment. Melbourne.
80 River Catchment Strategy Yambuk Book Committee, (1994) Yambuk and District 1839-1994. Yambuk Book Committee, Warrnambool
PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS
Amor, John (2004) personal communication March 9, 2004 Bishop, Kylie (2002) personal communication. Bishop, Kylie (2004) personal communication. Du Guesclin, Philip (2004) personal communication January 12, 2004. Framlingham Aboriginal Trust (2003) personal communication. Letter to R. Henry Moyne Shire Council January 28, 2003, re: Comments, Draft Yambuk Lake Estuary and Wetlands Management Plan. Gosden, Andrew (2004) personal communication March 9, 2004 Gray, Scott (2004) personal communication. Maguire, D.; Sinnott, W. (2002) personal communication. Letter to R.Henry Moyne Shire Council August 14, 2002, re: Draft Yambuk Lake Estuary and Wetlands Management Plan Matthews, John. (2004) personal communication January 14, 2004 Parson, Wally. (2004) personal communication July, 28 2004 Sherwood, John, (2002) personal communication.
MINUTES
Yambuk Lake information session, presented by Glenelg Hopkins CMA, June 18, 2003
RiverRiver Catchment Strategy 81 82 Yambuk Lake Estuary and Wetlands Management Plan GLOSSARY
Yambuk Lake Estuary and Wetlands Management Plan 83 GLOSSARY
Actions - what needs to be done to maintain and enhance the values of the area.
Artificial - man-made; not occurring naturally; made in imitation of something natural.
Anoxic - waters are anoxic when they contain little or no oxygen. Waters that are anoxic cannot support life.
Benthos - the flora and fauna of the sea or lake bottom from high water mark down to the deepest levels (from Lawrence 1989)
Biomass - total weight, volume or energy equivalent of organisms in a given area (from Lawrence 1989)
Diadromous - describes fish that use both freshwater and saltwater habitat in stages of their life history. Eels are an excellent example - they live in freshwater for most of their life but breed in saltwater. Estuaries are vital for these species as they need to migrate through estuaries to reach either fresh or saltwater.
Dissolved oxygen - oxygen in water is dissolved. Dissolved oxygen levels in water need to be higher than 5 mg/L to be suitable for fish.
Eutrophication - From Lawrence (1989) eutrophication is the "excessive enrichment of a lake, etc. with nutrients, resulting in growth of organisms and depletion of oxygen".
EVC - Ecological Vegetation Class. Ecological vegetation classes provide a guide to the plant community and individual species that occur (or once occurred) in different parts of the landscape. Maps of the extent of EVCs before European settlement and the current extent have been produced by DSE.
Flocculation - The process by which small particles of fine soils and sediments aggregate into larger lumps.
Hydrodynamics - this relates to how the water moves within the estuary. In estuaries it is also relates to the movement and changes in freshwater and saltwater.
Land managers - are the persons or agencies responsible for managing the land in the area. In Section 9 where reference is made to land manager, this includes land managers for both private and public land areas.
Littoral - growing or living near the sea shore (from Lawrence 1989). The littoral zone is the "zone of shallow water and bottom above compensation depth (the depth at which photosynthesis cannot be supported) in lakes" (Lawrence 1989).
Macro-invertebrates - bugs that are large enough to be seen with the naked eye and that lack backbones
Morphology - the form and structure of the estuary
Natural - normal or to be expected; genuine or spontaneous; produced by nature; not created by human beings; not synthetic.
Objectives - these are the "preferred future" of the estuary - that is, how we would like the estuary to be in the future
Photosynthesis - is the process by which plants use the sun's energy and carbon dioxide to make energy for growth.
Phytoplankton - plant plankton (from Lawrence 1989).
Plankton - usually small marine or freshwater plants (phytoplankton) and animals (zooplankton) drifiting with the surrounding water (from Lawrence 1989).
PPT - parts per thousand. Usually the measurement of the salt content of water. Sea water has a salt concentration of 35ppt.
Public land managers - are those authorities, agencies or councils that have the responsibility for managing and maintaining public and Crown land areas and facilities.
84 River Catchment Strategy Riparian - frequenting, growing on, or living on the banks of streams or rivers (from Lawrence 1989)
Saltmarshes - wetland areas that are saline and subject to tidal influences, generally near the estuary mouth.
SEPP WoV - State Environment Protection Policy Waters of Victoria. This policy can be viewed on the EPA's website http://www.epa.vic.gov.au
Stakeholders - are those groups or individuals that have an interest, which can be either economic, environmental, social or cultural, in the management plan area.
Stratification - occurs in estuaries due to the difference in densities between salt and freshwater. The end result is a layer of freshwater sitting on top of a saltwater layer.
Plankton - usually small marine or freshwater plants (phytoplankton) and animals (zooplankton) drifting with the surrounding water (from Lawrence 1989)
Substrate - a surface on which an organism grows or is attached.
Targets - this is how we would like the estuary to be at the end of the five-year duration of the plan
Turbidity - high turbidity is caused by having large amounts of sediment or foreign particles either suspended in the water column or stirred up by some activity. Sediment sources include erosion of land areas as well as erosion of river banks.
RiverRiver Catchment Strategy 85 86 Yambuk Lake Estuary and Wetlands Management Plan FURTHER INFORMATION
Yambuk Lake Estuary and Wetlands Management Plan 87 FURTHER INFORMATION
AAV - Aboriginal Affairs Victoria - www.dvc.vic.gov.au/aav.htm
CAMBA - China Australia Migratory Bird Agreement. - www.deh.gov.au/biodiversity/migratory/waterbirds
DEH - Department of Environment and Heritage (Federal Government Department). - www.deh.gov.au
DIMIA - Department of Immigration, Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs (Federal Government Department). www.dimia.gov.au
DOI - Department of Infrastructure. - www.doi.vic.gov.au
DPI -Department of Primary Industries. - www.dpi.vic.gov.au
DSE - Department of Sustainability and Environment. - www.dse.vic.gov.au
DU - Deakin University. - www.deakin.edu.au
DVC - Department of Victorian Communities. - www.dvc.vic.gov.au
EPA - Environment Protection Authority. - www.epa.vic.gov.au
GHCMA - Glenelg Hopkins Catchment Management Authority - www.glenelg-hopkins.vic.gov.au
IPA - Indigenous Protected Area - www.deh.gov.au/indigenous/ipa
IUCN - World Conservation Union - www.iucn.org
JAMBA - Japan Australia Migratory Bird Agreement - www.deh.gov.au/biodiversity/migratory/waterbirds
LCC - Land Conservation Council - www.veac.vic.gov.au
MSC - Moyne Shire Council - www.moyne.vic.gov.au
NHT - Natural Heritage Trust - www.nht.gov.au
Orange - bellied Parrot Recovery Plan - www.deh.gov.au/biodiversity/threatened/recovery/orange-bel-parrot/index.html
PV - Parks Victoria - www.parkweb.vic.gov.au
SRW - Southern Rural Water - www.srw.com.au
TFN - Trust for Nature - www.tfn.org.au
VFF - Victorian Farmers Federation - www.vff.org.au
WCB - Western Coastal Board - www.westerncoastalboard.vic.gov.au
88 Yambuk Lake Estuary and Wetlands Management Plan APPENDICIES
Yambuk Lake Estuary and Wetlands Management Plan 89 APPENDICIES A - RELEVANT LEGISLATION, STRATEGIES AND POLICIESCIES Responsible Regional Agency Moyne Shire Planning Moyne Shire Council Scheme South West Estuaries Western Coastal Board • Sets out how and what to consider when preparing individual estuary Coastal Action Plan management plans. (2002) South West Victoria Western Coastal Board • Coastal Action Plans provide strategic coastal planning for the region Regional Coastal • Prepared by the Western Coastal Board Action Plan (2002) • Provides more detail for the area than the Victorian Coastal Strategy Moyne Shire Coastal Moyne Shire Council • Provides more detail for the area than the Regional Coastal Action Action Plan (2001) Plan and the Victorian Coastal Strategy Glenelg Hopkins Glenelg Hopkins CMA • Prepared by the Glenelg Hopkins CMA and provides the primary Regional Catchment planning framework for land, water and biodiversity in the region Strategy 2003 - 2007 Glenelg Hopkins Glenelg Hopkins CMA • Prepared by the Glenelg Hopkins CMA to provide a framework for Nutrient Management nutrient management projects Plan (2002) Glenelg Hopkins Draft Glenelg Hopkins CMA • Prepared by the Glenelg Hopkins CMA under the state framework for Native Vegetation Plan native vegetation management. (2003a) Glenelg Hopkins Draft Glenelg Hopkins CMA • Prepared by the Glenelg Hopkins CMA setting out an overview of the Wetland Management region's wetlands along with strategies for protection and enhancement Plan (2003b) of wetlands. Glenelg Hopkins Weed Glenelg Hopkins CMA • Prepared by the Glenelg Hopkins CMA for managing pest plants within Action Plan (2000a) the region Glenelg Hopkins Glenelg Hopkins CMA • Prepared by the Glenelg Hopkins CMA for managing rabbits within the Rabbit Action Plan region. (2000b) Glenelg Hopkins River Glenelg Hopkins CMA • Prepared by the Glenelg Hopkins CMA setting out strategies for Health Strategy (2004) ecological sustainability and the restoration of environmental condition in the region. Prepared under the Victorian River Health Strategy.
90 Yambuk Lake Estuary and Wetlands Management Plan A - RELEVANT LEGISLATION, STRATEGIES AND POLICIES
Resposible State Agency Victorian Coastal Victorian Coastal • Prepared under the Coastal Management Act 1995 to guide planning Strategy (2002) Council objectives on the Victorian coast. • Provides strategic direction for planning and management of the whole coast • Integrates state, national and international principles and policies for the coast. Victoria's Biodiversity DSE • Forms a key step in the FFG program, shows how to achieve the Flora Strategy (1997) and Fauna Guarantee Act's objectives of conserving native species, communities and gene pools, preventing threats and encouraging community involvement. Victoria's Native DSE • The broad purpose of this framework is to achieve a net gain in extent Vegetation and quality of native vegetation across the state. Management - A Framework for Action (2002) Coastal Management DSE • Provides for the co-ordinated and strategic planning of Victoria's Act 1995 coastal resources • Established the coastal boards • Provides for the preparation of the Victorian Coastal Strategy and Coastal Action Plans • Requires consent for the use and development of Crown land Crown Land (Reserves) DSE • Provides for the reservation of Crown lands and the management of Act 1978 those lands Planning and DOI • Established to provide a framework for planning the use, development Environment Act 1987 and protection of land in Victoria. Water Act 1989 Glenelg Hopkins CMA • Provides for the integrated management of all elements of the terrestrial phase of the water cycle and promotes the orderly, equitable and efficient use of water resources. Catchment and Land DSE / DPI • Established the catchment management authorities Protection Act 1994 Flora and Fauna DSE • The key piece of Victorian legislation for the conservation of Guarantee Act 1988 threatened species and communities and for the management of potentially threatening processes
Wildlife Act 1975 DSE • Provides for the protection and conservation of wildlife and the prevention of taxa from becoming extinct. Archaeological and DVC • Provides for the protection of archaeological and Aboriginal relics. Aboriginal Relics Preservation Act 1972 Victorian River Health DSE • The VRHS provides the framework for regional communities to make Strategy (2002) decisions on river protection and restoration and to find the balance between river use and maintaining their ecological condition.
Fisheries Act 1995 DPI • Provides for the management and conservation of Victorian fisheries resources, habitats and ecosystems. • Aims to facilitate access to fisheries resources for commercial, recreational, traditional and non-consumptive uses. Land Conservation DSE • Controls vehicle traffic on public land to aid in the prevention of soil (Vehicle Control) Act erosion and damage. This includes vast areas of the coastal zone. 1972
Yambuk Lake Estuary and Wetlands Management Plan 91 A - RELEVANT LEGISLATION, STRATEGIES AND POLICIES
Responsible Federal Agency Commonwealth DEH • Provide for the protection of the environment, especially those aspects Environment of the environment that are matters of national significance, and Protection and promotes ecologically sustainable development Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 China Australia DEH • Agreement between China and Australia for the protection of Migratory Bird migratory birds Agreement (CAMBA) Japan Australia DEH • Agreement between Japan and Australia for the protection of Migratory Bird migratory birds Agreement (JAMBA) Aboriginal and Torres DIMIA • Provides for the preservation and protection of places, areas and Strait Islander Heritage objects in Australia and Australian waters that are places, areas or Protection Act 1984 objects of particular significance to Aborigines in accordance with Aboriginal tradition.
92 Yambuk Lake Estuary and Wetlands Management Plan B - LEAD MANAGEMENT AGENCIES AND THEIR KEY RESPONSIBILITIES
Agency Responsibility Local Agency Responsibility Department of Provide strategic direction for: park DSE Warrnambool Provides policy advice for the Sustainability and and reserve management; management and Portland management of the Yambuk Lake Environment (DSE) of flora and fauna; catchment estuary and wetlands, including the - incorporating management; coastal and port appropriateness of artificial openings Coast Action/ management; land-use planning; of the estuary entrance. Responsible Coast Care related research, and the for land-use planning. CA/CC implementation of the Ramsar responsible for raising community Convention in Victoria. awareness of coastal issues. Department of Fisheries management, management of DPI Warrnambool Management of commercial and Primary Industries pest plants and animals, agricultural and Portland recreational fishing. (DPI) services, licence management and related areas of research. Parks Victoria Manages parks and reserves. Parks Victoria Manages the Yambuk Lake Wildlife (Warrnambool and Reserve, western shoreline and the bed Portland) of the Eumeralla River. Local government Regulates local development through Moyne Shire Administer the Moyne Shire Planning planning schemes and on-ground Council Scheme. works and manage urban drainage. Committees of Manage reserved Crown land on behalf Moyne Shire Manage the eastern shoreline, north of management of the Minister. Committees are usually Council the entrance to Yambuk Lake. the local shire or appointed by the minister. Victorian Advises State Government on Glenelg Hopkins Implements the Regional Catchment Catchment catchment management and land and CMA Strategy. Prepares and implements Management water resource issues and priorities. action plans. Manages surrounding Council Encourages co-operation between land catchment and in-flowing streams and and water managers. Promotes drainage. community awareness on catchment management issues.
Environment Co-ordinates all activities relating to EPA (Geelong) Licences sewerage and other Protection discharge of waste into the discharges. Monitors water quality. Authority environment and the generation, storage, treatment, transport and disposal of industrial waste and the emission of noise and for preventing or controlling pollution and noise and protecting and improving the quality of the environment.
Victorian Coastal Strategic state-wide coastal planning, Western Coastal Develop coastal action plans and Council preparation of the Victorian Coastal Board (Geelong) guidelines for coastal planning and Strategy; advises the Minister, management within the region; monitors development of coastal provides advice to the Minister and action plans; co-ordinates the councils on coastal development implementation of Victorian Coastal within the region; implements and Strategy and coastal action plans. facilitates public awareness of the Victorian Coastal Strategy, coastal action plans and coastal guidelines.
Yambuk Lake Estuary and Wetlands Management Plan 93 C - NATIVE AND INTRODUCED VEGETATION, ECOLOGICAL VEGETATION CLASSES
EVCS
Information on the ecological vegetation classes of the Yambuk Lake estuary and wetlands area was compiled from a GIS analysis of the Flora Information System (NRE 2001). in the Regional Significance column designates a flora species √ of regional significance.
EVC •Damp Sands Herb-rich Woodland •Estuarine Wetland •Swamp Scrub •Coastal Dune Scrub •Shallow freshwater marsh •Deep freshwater marsh •Aquatic Herbland •Freshwater Meadow •Permanent Saline •Damp Sands Herb-rich Woodland / Damp Heathland / Damp Heathy Woodland •Swamp Scrub / Aquatic Herbland •Plains Grassy Wetland •Private Land - no tree cover
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77 Yambuk Lake Estuary and Wetlands Management Plan 95 NATIVE VEGETATION - (FROM MURPHY 2000) Regional Scientific Name Common Name FFG Listed TWV EPBC Significance Acacia sophorae Coast Wattle Acaena echinate Sheeps Burr • Acaena novae-zelandiae Bidgee-widgee Actites megalocarpa Dune Thistle Agrostis venusta Misty Bent • Apium prostratum Sea Celery Arthropodium strictum Chocolate Lily • Asperula conferata Common Woodruff Austrodanthonia Common Wallaby-grass • caespitosa Austrostipa flavescens Coast Spear-grass • Azolla filiculoides Pacific Azolla Baumea juncea Bare Twig-sedge Beyeria lechenaultii Pale Turpentine Bush • Caesia calliantha Blue Grass-lily • Carpobrotus rossii Karkalla Clematis microphylla Small-leaved Clematis Convolvulus erubescens Pink Bindweed • Cotula australis Common Cotula Crassula sieberiana Sieber Crassula • Daucus glochidatus Austral Carrot • Dianella tasmanica Tasman Flax-lily Dichondra repens Kidney-weed Euchiton collinus s.s. Creeping Cudweed • Gahnia trifida Coast Saw-sedge Geranium solanderi s.1 Austral Cranesbill
Glycine clandestina Twining Glycine • Isolepis nodosa Knobby Club-sedge Isolepis platycarpa Broad-fruit Club-sedge • Isotoma fluviatilis Swamp Isotome • Juncus bufonius Toad Rush Juncus kraussii Sea Rush Lepidosperma gladiatum Coast Sword-sedge Leptospermum lanigerum Woolly Tea-tree Leucophyta brownii Cushion Bush Leucopogon parviflorus Coast Beard-heath Lobelia anceps Angled Lobelia Lobelia irrigua Salt Pratia • Lobelia pedunculata s.1 Matted Pratia Melaleuca squarrose Scented Paperbark Microlaena stipoides Weeping Grass Microtis unifolia Common Onion-orchid
96 Yambuk Lake Estuary and Wetlands Management Plan Regional Scientific Name Common Name FFG Listed TWV EPBC Significance
Myosotis australis Austral Forget-me-not • Olearia axillaris Coast Daisy-bush Ozothamnus turbinatus Coast Everlasting Pelargonium australe Austral Storks-bill • Phragmites australis Common Reed Pimelea serpyllifolia Thyme Rice-flower • Poa labillardierei Common Tussock-grass Poa poiformis Blue Tussock-grass Pteridium esculentum Austral Bracken Rhagodia candolleana Seaberry Saltbush Ruppia maritima Sea Tassel Sarcocornia quinqueflora Beaded Glasswor Scaevola albida Pale Fan-flower • Schoenus nitens Shiny Bog-sedge • Senecia pinnatifolius Variable Groundsel • Spinifex sericeus Hairy Spinifex • Sporobolus virginicus Salt Couch • Stackhousia spathulata Coast Stackhousia • Stellaria angustifolia Swamp Starwort • Swainsona lessertiifolia Coast Swainson-pea • Tetragonia implexicoma Bower Spinach Themeda triandra Kangaroo Grass Triglochin procerum Water Ribbons Urtica incisa Scrub Nettle • Veronica gracilis Slender Speedwell Wahlenbergia gracilis Sprawling Bluebell • Zostera capricorni Eelgrass
Yambuk Lake Estuary and Wetlands Management Plan 97 INTRODUCED VEGETATION
Scientific Name Common Name Environmental CALP
Acetosella vulgaris Sheep Sorrel Ammophila arenaria Marram Grass Anagallis arvensis Pimpernel Anthoxanthum odoratum Sweet Vernal-grass Aphanes arevesis Parsley Piert Arctotheca calendula Cape Weed Avellinia michelii Avellinia Briza minor Lesser Quaking-grass Bromus diandrus Greater Brome Bromus hordeaceus Soft Brome Cakile maritima Sea Rocket Carduus tenuiflorus Winged Thistle Centaurium pulchellum Lesser Centaury Cerastium spp. Mouse-ear Chickweed Cirsium vulgare Spear Thistle Cotula coronopifolia Water Buttons Critesion murinum Wall Barley-grass Dipsacus fullonum Wild Teasel Echium plantagineum Paterson's curse Erodium cicutarium Common Herons-bill Euphorbia paralias Sea Spurge Geraniums molle Dovesfoot Gladiolus undulates Wild Gladiolus Holcus lanatus Yorkshire Fog Hypochoeris glabra Smooth Cats-ear Hypochoeris radicata Flatweed Juncus acutus Spiny Rush Lolium rigidum Wimmera Rye-grass Lycium ferocissimum African Boxthorn Medicago minima Little Medic Moraea miniata Two-leaf Cape-tulip Oxalis corniculata s.1 Yellow Wood-sorrel Phalaris paradoxa Paradoxical Canary-grass Plantago coronopus Bucks-horn Plantain Polypogon maritimus Coast Beard-grass Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum Two-row Water-cress Rosa rubiginosa Sweet Briar Rumex crispus Curled Dock Senecia elegans Purple Groundsel Senecio jacobaea Ragwort Sherardia arvensis Field Madder Silybum marianum Variegated Thistle
98 Yambuk Lake Estuary and Wetlands Management Plan Scientific Name Common Name Environmental CALP
Sisymbrium officinale Hedge Mustard Solanum sodomaeum Apple of Sodom Sonchus asper s.1 Rough Sow-thistle Taraxacum officinale spp. agg Garden Dandelion Trifolium dubium Suckling Clover Trifolium pratense Red Clover Trifolium subterraneum Subterranean Clover Ulex europaeus Gorse Urtica urens Small Nettle
Yambuk Lake Estuary and Wetlands Management Plan 99 D - BIRD SPECIES
ABBREVIATIONS TWV - Threatened Wildlife Victoria
LR - Lower risk (near threatened) Vul - Vulnerable End - Endangered Ins - insufficiently known, or data deficient Cmp - comprises several taxa
FFG - Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988 L - listed N - nominated for listing
EPBC - Environment Protection and Biodiversity Act Cen - Critically Endangered
Camba / Common Name Scientific Name TWV FFG EPBC Jamba Casuariidae Emu Dromiaus novaehollandiae Phasianidae BrownQuail Coturnix ypsilophora Ins Phasianidae Stubble Quail Coturnix pectoralis Anseranatidae Magpie Goose Anseranas semipalmata End N Anatidae Australasian Shoveler Anas rhynchotis Vul Anatidae Australian Shelduck Tadorna tadornoides Anatidae Australian Spotted Pozana fluminea Crake Anatidae Australian Wood Duck Chenonetta jubata Anatidae Black Swan Cygnus atratus Anatidae Blue-billed Duck Oxyura australis Vul L Anatidae Chestnut Teal Anas castanea Anatidae Freckled Duck Stictonetta naevosa End L Anatidae Grey Teal Anas gracilis Anatidae Hardhead Aytya australis Vul Anatidae Musk Duck Biziura lobata Vul Anatidae Pacific Black Duck Anas superciliosa Anatidae Pink-eared Duck Malacorhynchus membranaceus Podicipedidae Australasian Grebe Tachybaptus novaehollandiae Podicipedidae Great-crested Grebe Podiceps cristatus Podicipedidae Hoary-headed Grebe Poliocephalus poliocephalus Spheniscidae Little Penguin Eudyptula minor Procellariidae Short Tailed Shearwater Puffinus tenuirostris Diomedeidae Yellow-Nosed Albatross Thalassarche chlororhynchos Vul L Sulidae Australasian Gannet Morus serrator Vul Anhingidae Darter Anhinga melanogaster Phalacro- Great Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo coracidae
100 Yambuk Lake Estuary and Wetlands Management Plan Camba / Common Name Scientific Name TWV FFG EPBC Jamba Phalacro- Little Black Cormorant Phalacrocorax sulcirostris coracidae Phalacro- Little Pied Cormorant Phalacrocorax melanoleucos coracidae Phalacro- Pied Cormorant Phalacrocorax varius LR coracidae Pelecanidae Australian Pelican Pelecanus conspicillatus Ardeidae Australasian Bittern Botaurus poiciloptilus End L Ardeidae Cattle Egret Ardea ibis CJ Ardeidae Great Egret Ardea alba End L CJ Ardeidae Intermediate Egret Ardea intermedia L Ardeidae Little Egret Egretta garzetta CEn L Ardeidae Nankeen Night Heron Nycticorax caledonicus Vul Ardeidae Pacific Heron Ardea pacifica Ardeidae White-faced Heron Egretta novaehollandiae Threskiorn- Australian White Ibis Threskiornis molucca ithidae Threskiorn- Royal Spoonbill Platalea regia ithidae Threskiorn- Sacred Ibis Threskiornis aethiopica ithidae Threskiorn- Straw-necked Ibis Threskiornis spinicollis ithidae Threskiorn- Yellow-Billed Spoonbill Platalea flavipes ithidae Accipitridae Black-shouldered Kite Elanus axillaris Accipitridae Brown Goshawk Accipiter fasciatus Accipitridae Collared Sparrowhawk Accipter cirrhocephalus Accipitridae Swamp Harrier Circus approximans Accipitridae Wedge-tailed Eagle Aquila audax Accipitridae Whistling Kite Haliastur sphenurus Accipitridae White Bellied Sea Eagle Haliaeetus leucogaste Accipitridae Little Eagle Hieraaetus morphnoides Falconidae Brown Falcon Falco berigora Falconidae Australian Hobby Falco longipennis Falconidae Nankeen Kestrel Falco cenchroides Rallidae Australian Spotted Porzana fluminea Crake Rallidae Black-tailed Native Hen Gallinula ventralis Rallidae Dusky Moorhen Gallinula tenebrosa Rallidae Eurasian Coot Fulicia atra Rallidae Lewin's Rail Rallus pectoralis L Rallidae Purple Swamphen Porphyrio porphyrio Rallidae Spotless Crake Porzana tabuensis Scolopacidae Common Greenshank Tringa nebularia CJ Scolopacidae Common Sandpiper Actitis hypoleucos CJ Scolopacidae Curlew Sandpiper Calidris ferruginea CJ
Yambuk Lake Estuary and Wetlands Management Plan 101 Camba / Common Name Scientific Name TWV FFG EPBC Jamba Scolopacidae Great Knot Calidris tenuirostris End L CJ Scolopacidae Marsh Sandpiper Tringa stagnatilis CJ Scolopacidae Red-necked Stint Calidris ruficollis CJ Scolopacidae Sanderling Calidris alba LR CJ Scolopacidae Sharp-tailed Sandpiper Calidris acuminata CJ Rostratulidae Painted Snipe Rostratula benghalensis End L C Haematopo- Pied Oystercatcher Haematopus longirostris didae Haematopo- Sooty Oystercatcher Haematopus fuliginosus LR didae Recurvirostri- Banded Stilt Cladorhynchus leucocephalus dae Recurvirostri- Black-winged Stilt Himantopus himantopus dae Charadriidae Pacific Golden Plover Pluvialis fulva Charadriidae Banded Lapwing Vanellus tricolor Charadriidae Black-fronted Dotterel Elseyornis melanops (also known as Black-fronted Plover) Charadriidae Double-banded Plover Charadrius bicinctus Charadriidae Grey Plover Pluvialis squatarola CJ Charadriidae Hooded Plover Thinornis rubricollis End L Charadriidae Masked Lapwing Vanellus miles Charadriidae Red-kneed Dotterel Erythrogonys cinctus Charadriidae Red-capped Plover Charadrius ruficapillus Laridae Caspian Tern Sterna caspia Laridae Crested Tern Sterna bergii LR Laridae Kelp Gull Larus dominicanus Laridae Pacific Gull Larus pacificus LR Laridae Silver Gull Larus novaehollandiae Laridae Whiskered Tern Chlidonias hybridus LR Cacatuidae Galah Cacatua roseicapilla Cacatuidae Long-billed Corella Cacatua tenuiostris Psittacidae Crimson Rosella Platycercus elegans Psittacidae Blue-winged Parrot Neophema chrysotoma Psittacidae Orange-bellied Parrot Neophema chrysogaster CEn L CEn Cuculidae Fan-tailed Cuckoo Cacomantis pyrrhophanus Cuculidae Horsefield's Bronze Chrysococcyx basalis Cuckoo Cuculidae Pallid Cuckoo Culculus pallidus Apodidae Fork-tailed Swift Apus pacificus Apodidae White-throated Hirundapus caudacutus Needletail Maluridae Southern Emu-wren Stipiturus malachurus Maluridae Superb Fairy-wren Malurus cyaneus Pardalotidae Brown Thornbill Acanthiza pusilla
102 Yambuk Lake Estuary and Wetlands Management Plan Camba / Common Name Scientific Name TWV FFG EPBC Jamba Pardalotidae White-browed Sericornis frontalis Scrubwren Pardalotidae Striated Fieldwren Sericornis fuliginosus Pardalotidae Yellow-rumped Acanthiza chrysorrhoa Thornbill Meliphagidae New Holland Phylidonyris novaehollandiae Honeyeater Meliphagidae Red Wattlebird Anthochaera carunculata Meliphagidae Singing Honeyeater Lichenostomus virescens Meliphagidae White-fronted Chat Epthianura albifrons Petroicidae Brown Flycatcher Microeca fascinans Petroicidae Flame Robin Petroica phoenicea Dicruridae Grey Fantail Rhipidura fuliginosa Dicruridae Magpie Lark Grallina cyanoleuca Dicruridae Willie Wagtail Rhipidura leucophyrus Campephagidae Black-faced Coracina novaehollandiae Cuckoo-Shrike Artamidae Australian Magpie Gymnorhina tibicen Corvidae Australian Raven Corvus coronoides Corvidae Little Raven Corvus mellori Alaudidae Skylark Alauda arvensis Motacillidae Richards Pipit Anthus novaeseelandiae Passeridae House Sparrow Passer domesticus Fringillidae European Goldfinch Carduelis carduelis Fringillidae European Greenfinch Carduelis chloris Hirundinidae Fairy Martin Hirundo ariel Hirundinidae Tree Martin Hirundo nigricans Hirundinidae Welcome Swallow Hirundo neoxena Sylviidae Brown Songlark Cincloramphus cruralis Sylviidae Clamorous Reed Acrocephalus stentoreus Warbler Sylviidae Golden-headed Cisticola exilis Cisticola Sylviidae Little Grassbird Megalurus gramineus Zosteropidae Silvereye Zosterops lateralis Muscicapidae Common Blackbird Turdus merula Sturnidae Common Starling Sturnus vulgaris
Yambuk Lake Estuary and Wetlands Management Plan 103 E - FISH SPECIES RECORDED AT YAMBUK LAKE.
Information on the fish species record for Yambuk Lake estuary and wetlands came from a variety of sources including the Atlas of Victorian Wildlife, Besley (2000), Bishop (2002), Llewellyn (1974) and Tyndall (2001).
Common Name Scientific Name TWV FFG EPBC
Australian Salmon Arripis truttaceus Australian Smelt Retropinna semoni Bay Flounder Ammoitretus rostratus Black Bream Acanthropagus butcheri Blue-Spotted Goby Psuedogobius sp Bridled Goby Amoya bifrenatus Brown Trout Salmo trutta Common Galaxias Galaxias maculatus Dwarf Galaxias Galaxiella pusilla L Vul Vul East Australian Salmon Arripis trutta Estuary perch Macquaria colonorum Flatheaded Gudgeon Philypnodon grandicpes Lagoon Goby Tasmanogobius lasti Mulloway Argyosomus japonicus Sea Mullet Mugil cephalus Short-finned Eel Anguilla australis Silver Trevally Pseudocarnx dentex Small Mouthed Hardyhead Atherinosoma microstoma Southern Pygmy Perch Nannoperca australis Swan River Goby Pseudgobius olorum Tamar River Goby Afurcagobius tamarensis Tench Tinca tinca Tupong Pseudaphritis urvillii Yarra Pygmy Perch Nannoperca obscura L LR End Yellow-eyed Mullet Aldrichetta forsteri
104 Yambuk Lake Estuary and Wetlands Management Plan PERMIT AND CONDITIONS: WORKS ON A WATERWAY RIVER MOUTH OPENING
F - WORKS ON WATERWAYS LICENCE FOR ARTIFICIAL RIVER MOUTH OPENING OF EUMERALLA RIVER - 2004
1. The works shall be constructed in accordance with the plans submitted with the application and using sound engineering principles.
2. The waterway shall not be deviated from the natural channel in any manner during clearing of the obstruction, except with the specific approval of Glenelg Hopkins CMA. If necessary, the flow shall be pumped around the construction site or construction undertaken in stages with flow confined to one portion of the waterway.
3. Disturbance of the bed and banks of the waterway and the use of construction plant and equipment is to be kept to a minimum during construction. Removal, destruction or lopping of native vegetation is also to be kept to a minimum. Suitable conservation measures are to be implemented to prevent vegetation, silt, chemicals and spillage from clearing activities either entering the waterway or moving downstream. No discharge/dumping of wastewater or other materials to the waterway is permitted, unless specifically authorised by the Authority.
4. Disturbed bank areas shall be graded to remove humps and hollows and top soiled and planted with locally occurring native species of grasses and shrubs.
5. Vegetation that has been cleared for construction purposes and any heaps of excavated soil remaining after the completion of the works shall be removed from site. No material of any sort shall be pushed into the waterway or left in a manner where it can slip or be moved by floodwaters, into the waterway.
6. Any works in the bed of the waterway should be designed and constructed so as not to impede fish passage.
7. Logs and boulders removed from the waterway as a result of clearing activity should be returned to the waterway and randomly distributed.
8. The works shall always be maintained in good order.
9. It is the responsibility of the person issued with this permit to obtain the necessary approval of the works before their commencement: a) from the relevant planning authority; b) from the Department of Sustainability and Environment (DSE) in relation to the Coastal Management Act, Land Act 1958, Forests Act 1958 the Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988, the Conservation, Forests and Land Act 1987 and the Catchment and Land Protection Act 1994.
10. That the applicant provide Glenelg Hopkins CMA with the following information prior to each opening: a) Water quality test results as specified under general condition 14 b) Fauna survey results c) Water level d) Proposed date and time of opening
Yambuk Lake Estuary and Wetlands Management Plan 105 11. That the applicant report in writing to Glenelg Hopkins CMA no later than two weeks from the date of the opening on the success of the River Mouth Opening including:
a) Any issues that arise in relation to any of the conditions
b) Copy of water quality test results prior and post river mouth opening as specified under general condition 14
c) Timing issues under general condition 12
d) The water level prior to opening
e) Any environmental impacts that occurred
f) Date and time of opening
12. When considering the appropriate time for the mouth opening works to commence, the applicant should consider the following conditions:
a) Whether substantial break or change in the weather has occurred in the upper catchment
b) The presence of significant in-stream flows moving towards the river mouth
c) Offshore winds
d) Tidal conditions
e) Time of year
f) Social activities on the river
g) Possible effects on wildlife values e.g. Nesting water bird survey and fish spawning behaviour / habitat
h) Water quality (see condition 14 below)
i) Long term effects
13. All works are to be supervised by the Licensee, in consultation with DSE and are to be completed to the satisfaction of Glenelg Hopkins CMA and DSE. In this regard, the following officers are to be contacted in advance of works commencing:
Andrew Gosden Linda Grant DSE Glenelg Hopkins CMA 78 Henna Street 79 French Street Warrnambool VIC 3280 Hamilton VIC 3300 Ph: 5561 9956 Ph: 5571 2526
14. Monitoring of water quality (Dissolved Oxygen profile (DO), Electrical Conductivity profile (EC), and temperature) must be done pre and post artificial river mouth opening, dissolved oxygen and conductivity are required to be repeated once, 24-48 hours after artificially opening the river mouth; water level is to be monitored 12 hourly for 48-72 hours post Artificial River Mouth Opening.
15 Should any archaeological relics or evidence be discovered during the course of the works, the person discovering the relics or evidence must notify the Executive Director of Heritage Victoria as soon as practicable, and works suspended until advice from Heritage Victoria is received.
16. That works or work access cease immediately upon the discovery of any Aboriginal cultural material, and Aboriginal Affairs Victoria be immediately notified of any such discovery.
106 Yambuk Lake Estuary and Wetlands Management Plan 17. That works or access to works cease immediately upon the discovery of any suspected human remains, the Police or State Coroner's Office must be informed of the discovery without delay. If there are reasonable grounds to suspect that the remains are Aboriginal, the discovery must also be reported to Aboriginal Affairs Victoria.
18. That Officers of Aboriginal Affairs Victoria shall be permitted access to the site at any reasonable time, for the purpose of monitoring adherence to Conditions 15 and 16.ny Aboriginal cultural material, and Aboriginal Affairs Victoria be immediately notified of any such discovery.
SPECIAL CONDITONS
1. The Eumeralla River Mouth shall not be artificially opened until the water level is above 1.45 AHD as marked on the gauging board at the jetty next to the boat ramp.
2. That at times when Lake Yambuk provides drought refuge for water birds, the river mouth opening should not occur.
3. That the applicant provides written reports and recommendations in relation to drought refuge and oxygen levels in the water prior to commencement of works.
4. That the applicant contact Neil Martin (Framlingham Aboriginal Trust) on 55 671 003 and arrange to employ a community representative to monitor access and excavation works if required.
5. That works cease immediately upon the discovery of any aboriginal cultural material, and Aboriginal Affairs Victoria be immediately notified of any such discovery.
6. That works or access to works cease immediately upon the discovery of any suspected human remains. The Police or State Coroner's Office must be informed of the discovery without delay. If there are reasonable grounds to suspect that the remains are Aboriginal, the discovery must also be reported to Aboriginal Affairs Victoria.
7. That the officers of Aboriginal Affairs Victoria shall be permitted access to the site at any reasonable time, for the purpose of monitoring adherence to the purpose of monitoring adherence to Conditions 3, 4 and 5 above.
Yambuk Lake Estuary and Wetlands Management Plan 107 G - PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL WATER QUALITY MONITORING.
Chemical monitoring
Season Parameters Frequency Sites Comments
Winter - Spring Total Nitrogen (TN), Monthly 1 site at Allows for nutrient June to November Total Phosphorus (TP), freshwater inputs from Turbidity; Flow rate (Q) limit catchment to be approximated Winter - Spring Turbidity NTU; Monthly 3 Estuary Profiles are to be June to November Total Dissolved Solids, profiles sits done at Dissolved Oxygen; each estuary site: Temperature a mid-surface layer to identify any ` occurrence of stratification Summer - Autumn Turbidity NTU; Monthly 3 Estuary Profiles are to be December to May Total Dissolved Solids, profiles sits done at Dissolved Oxygen; each estuary site: Temperature a mid-surface layer to identify any ` occurrence of stratification Phsical monitoring
All year Water height Daily Yambuk Lake, community gauge board monitoring of daily on the jetty water height. at car park All year River Mouth State Daily River mouth community monitoring of river mouth: state - closed, breaking out, open etc.
H - STATE ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION POLICY GUIDELINES FOR VICTORIAN ESTUARIES Total P Total Total N Dissolved Chlorophyll Dissolved Transparency Suspended Turbidity inorganic inorganic A Oxygen / Par Solids\ P N attenuation (µg/L) (µg/L) (µg/L) (µg/L) (µg/L)%M (µg/L) (NTU) 75TH 75TH 75TH 75TH 75TH Annual Annual 75TH 75TH 75TH percentile percentile percentile percentile percentilemax min percentile percentile percentile ee e e
Esuaries-- <30 <5 --<300 <30 -<480 110 ->R25 -->R75 >R75 and Inlets
R75 and R25 means that a single objective value could not be specified due to a lack of data or a variability of data collected in a segment. For these areas, the objective needs to be calculated and is the 75TH and 25TH percentile of data collected at reference sites. Reference sites are sites within segments that characterise background (or natural) levels, desirable conditions or the best available sites in that segment.
108 Yambuk Lake Estuary and Wetlands Management Plan Yambuk Lake Estuary and Wetlands Management Plan 109 Glenelg Hopkins CMA 79 French Street, Hamilton, Vic 3300 Tel: (03) 5571 2526 Fax: (03) 5571 2935 A copy of the Yambuk Management Plan is also available on the internet at: www.glenelg-hopkins.vic.gov.au