CONTENTS (Continued). REVIEWS OF BOOKS. Crew. Animal Genetics. Downey. Will Temperament and its Testing. Lay. A Plea for Monogamy. Freud. Collected Papers, Vol. 1. Marshall. An Introduction to Sexual Physiology. Rutgers. Eugenics and Birth Control: NOTES AND MEMORANDA. Birth-rate and Standard of Living (India). Legal Position with reference to Sterilization. Recent Congresses: Public Health, Prisons. British Association. Cambridge Birth Control Clinique.

"The Consultative Council shall consist of eminent persons, whether Fellows of the Society or not, who sympathize with the desire to benefit mankind by the utilization of the knowledge of the laws of natural inheritance, and whose support aid advice would be of value to the Society. Members of the Consultative Council, by consenting to join that body, shall not be held to be in any way responsible for the policy adopted by the Society.," (See Rules). CONSULTATIVE COUNCIL. ARMAGH, THE ARCHBISHOP OF. LAURIE, PROFESSOR DOUGLAS. BIRMINGHAM, The RIGHT REV. THE. LINDSAY, PROFESSOR J.A., M.A., M.D., F.R.C.P. BEDWELL, C. E. S. MCDOUGALL, PROFESSOR W., M .A., M.B., BIFFEN, PROFESSOR R. H. F.R.S. BRAMWELL, SIR BYROM, M.D., LL.D., F.R.C.P. MILLARD, DR. KILLICE. CRAIG, SIR MAURICE, C.B.E., M.A., M.D. MOTT, SIR FREDERICK,K.B.E., F.R.S. ELLIS, H. HAVELOCK. MIYES, C. S., D.SC. DAKIN, PROFESSOR. ROBERTSON, PROFESSOR GEORGE, M.D., ElLIOT-SMITH, PROFESSOR G, F.R.C.P. FLEURE, PROFESSOR H. J., D.SC. ROLLESTON SIR HUMPHREY., BART, D.S0., Fox, MIss EVELYN. LL.D., K.C.B. GATES, PROFESSOR R. RUGGLES. RoRKz, MISS MARGARET, M.D. GWYNNE-VAUGHAMN, PROFESSOR, D.B.G., D.SC ., SCHUSTER, SIR ARTHUR, F.R.S. F .L;S. SCHUSTER, DR. EDGAR, F.R.S. HORDER, SIR THOMAS, BART., M.D., B.SC., SELIGMAN, DR. C. G., F.R.S. F.R.C.P. SPEARMAN, PROFESSOR C. PMPHREYS, DR. HUMPHREY. THOMSON, PROFESSOR GODFREY. EITH, SIR ARTHUR, M.D., LL.D ., F.R.S ., THOMSON, PROFESSOR J. ARTHUR M .A ., F.R.C .S. TREDGOLD, A. P., M.D., F.R.8.R. KERR, PROFESSOR JOHN GRAHAM, F .R .S ., F.R.S.E., F.L.S., F.Z.S. Evolution, Heredity and Variation. By D. WARD CUTLER, D.Sc., M.A., Chief Protozoologist to the Rothamsted Experi- mental Station. With a bibliography and many diagrams. (Christophers, London). Designed primarily for the use of students, this survey of the fundamental facts of Biology will be of considerable interest to a wide general public, since it will serve as an introduction to the subject which underlies the approach to all the problems of Sociological investigation. The book,presents without bias and in a clear form the conclusions arrived at by twentieth century science on this subject of universal concern. 4s. 6d. net; a cheaper edition, for use in schools 3s. 6d. DAVIES, STANLEY P. Ph.D. SOCIAL CONTROL OF THE FEEBLEMINDED Published by the National Committee of Meiital Hygienie, New York City, 1928. Copies of this Book may be obtained from the Central Association for Mental Welfare, 25, Buckingham Palace Road, S. W. Price 6/8. RECENT AND PERIODICAL LITERATURE. Baden Powell, Sir Robert. Rovering to Success. Herbert Jenkins, Ltd. London, 1925. Pp. 253. Price 2s. 6d. nett. A HEALTHY manly book for young men in the author's well known virile and sym- pathetic manner. His insistence on effort and character is of the utmost value in these supine days, and the book is well fitted for parents to put into the hands of adolescent sons. The author has not shirked the sex difficulty and devotes a chapter to it full of excellent advice to the growing youth; though those who have given attention to this difficult subject will hardly find it sufficient for those enter- ing on manhood. Nor will the evolutionist quite assent to the author's views on -the universe. Nevertheless "Rovering to Success" is a welcome relief from the nauseating literature of our day which insists on rights and an easy existence with- out effort or social obligation. C.V.D. Bureau, Paul. With an introduction by Dr. Mary Scharlieb, C.B.E., M.D., "Towards Moral Bankruptcy." Published by Constable & Co., Ltd., London 1925. SeeMarchant. Carnegie Institute of Washington. Classified List of Books. April, 1923. Pp. 1-170. THIs carefully arranged series of research publications with Contents indications, with indexed list of authors, makes a most useful consultation volume for readers in our Library. These books cover a wide range in Chemistry, Mathematics, Physiology, Embryology and, what affects us most, Genetics. C.B.S.H. Cutler, D. Ward, M.A., F.L.S., Chief Protozoologist to the Rothampsted Experi- mental Station, Harpenden. Evolution, Heredity, and Variation. Chris- tophers, London. Pp. 147. Diagrams 27. Price 4s. net. THIS book is intended to present in a simple manner some of the results of modern research in the great questions of evolution, heredity, and variation. It is also hoped that it will be useful to pupils in the higher forms of secondary schools. In attempting to compress so much matter into such a small book the author has set himself a difficult task. We consider that he has achieved a considerable degree of success and that his book will be read with interest and profit by unscien- tific people who have a thirst for knowledge. The first two chapters, devoted to the evidence for evolution, are followed by two which give an interesting account of the history of evolutionary ideas from the time of the Greeks. Succeeding chapters devoted to Mendelism and recent cytology in their bearing on evolution form perhaps the best part of the book. The concluding chapters deal with bio- metrics, and variation. The writer speaks with the assurance of the expert, yet expresses himself sufficiently simply to be, on the whole, within the comprehension of intelligent young people of sixteen or seventeen who are studying biology under a competent teacher. At the same time, the book is not so good but that it might be better, and a few words of criticism must be offered, with the hope that these may be of service to the author if a revised edition should be called for. The author's style is somewhat colourless for a popular book, some of his sen- tences are ambiguous, and several errors have escaped correction. For example his statement regarding the distribution of hair on the human extremities is in- complete and inexact, and his attribution of gigantism to deficiency of pituitary secretion is mistaken. Perhaps the least satisfactory chapter is that on biometrics. We have submitted this to several graduates who all agree that the uninitiated RECENT AND PERIODICAL LITERATURE. 197 reader is not likely to make much of Dr. Cutler's exposition. In our opinion it would be an improvement if the greater part of this chapter were replaced by a paragraph stating the value of mathematical methods and referring readers desiring fuller information to some suitable text-book. This would leave space for rele- vant matter omitted or receiving merely casual mention, e.g., the ancestry of the elephant, mimicry, sexual selection, the imperfect adaptation of man to the upright posture, and a summary of recent discoveries of extinct varieties of the human species. As a text-book the utility of the volume would be increased by a greater use of differential type; questions for review; a glossary giving the deriva- tion and meaning of scientific terms likely to be unfamiliar; and direct references to easily accessible sources of fuller information wherever the author feels that his limitations of space have prevented his saying all he would like to. It is a serious fault of the Bibliography that the inquiring reader is referred to oid editions of books of which recent revised editions are available. WV. B. DRUMMOND. Dell, J. A., M.Sc. Animals in the Making: an Introduction to the Study of Development. G. Bell & Sons (Bell's Natural Science Series). London, 1925. Pp. xii-F115. P. 8; figs. 31. Price 2s. 6d. "THE object of this book," in the author's words, "is to introduce the study of the changes in form which animals undergo during their development," and it ,embodies the results of eight years' teaching experience in a boys' school. The nature of growth and reproduction is lucidy set forth in six chapters dealing with the development of the frog, chick and rabbit, and other chapters are devoted to the use of the microscope and lenses, and to the cell-theory. There is a useful appendix ,on apparatus and materials. The wealth of practical detail should make the book of value to teachers faced with the difficult task of instructing children of second- ary school age in the facts of development. A. E. ELLIS. Dublin, Louis I., Ph.D., Statistician. The Excesses of Birth Control. Address delivered before the Sixth International Neo-Malthusian Birth Control Conference, Hotel McAlpin, New York City, 1925. IT is always refreshing to read the other side of a controversy, and Dr. Dublin frankly placed his dissenting views before the convention at the invitation of the President, Mrs. Sanger. He stated at the outset that the "propaganda of the con- vention had been based on an emotional reaction and not on a scientific analysis." He considered that the larger population problem was a bigger issue than the pre- ference of the individual. Dr. Dublin's objections to the programme of the Birth Control Conference were stated in further detail under the following headings: (1) Disregard of the interest of the State. He asserted that their literature presumed that parenthood was entirely an individual affair. (2) The Birth Control problem was only one aspect of the larger population question. He suggested that the congested areas of a large city represented in- effective community organisation. There was also a problem of under-population in rural areas. A sound population analysis was called for with regard to natural resources, future immigration policy, organisation of industry, improvement of channels of distribution, training and direction of labour supply and other factors. (3) Wrong reading on the part of the Conference of current tendencies in the population growth. In recent years this has been shown to be mainly "the result of immigration and the relatively high fertility of the newcomers." Dr. Dublin was of opinion that in the United States of America they were now approaching a condition of a stationary population. "Present conditions of mortality and fecundity require that families having children shall average better than three in order to maintain a stationary popula- tion. It is a new conception that birth control practices are of recent vogue." Dr. Dublin asserted that "Knowledge of contraceptive methods is more widely practised than in any other country of the world, except Germany and Austria." He stated further that the important thing was "How best to regulate the granting of contraceptive information and not how to devise methods for its indis- criminate broadcasting." (4) Dr. Dublin's fourth objection was that the league had proceeded withou 198 EUGENICS REVIEW. sufficient proof of the efficacy or safety of the measures suggested. He enlarged on the possibility of resulting permanent sterility. This paper concludes with some constructive suggestions such as a well-balanced theory of parenthoood, organisation of research to throw more light on the problem of population, encouragement of investigation of the subject in the spirit of science, and the making of adequate records of cases. H. C. C. Diirken, Dr. B. Allgemeine Abstammungslehre. Berlin, Borntraegar, 1928. Pages 205. Figures 37. Price 4s. 6d. THIS book represents quite a number which have recently appeared, in that it attempts an attack on the Darwinian theory of Evolution. The first part is devoted to an outline of the foundations of the theory of Evolu- tion, which the author describes as "theory of descent." This is given in an ele- mentary manner suitable for non-scientific readers, and is in the reviewer' s opinion exceedingly clearly and well presented, starting with paleontology, and taking evidences for the theory from morphology and embryology, with a final outline of the laws of Heredity. Recent work is not neglectecd. In his further section, the author outlines the Lamarckian theory and Natural Selection, which latter theory he attacks very bitterly. It would be very interest- ing to take this latter part of the book in detail, for it can be very severely criticised. And this, quite apart from the fact that the author's logical faculty is not acute, and makes argument easily open to a flank attack. But a more vital criticism is probably to be made by taking the many points in his data which are doubtful and erroneous. To entomologists it is obvious that he has not that intimate knowledge of the range of variability in some of the lepidoptera which would enable him to handle any criticism of the theories of mimicrv adequately, in fact, his knowledge is not sufficient to enable him to understand the theories which have been put so clearly forward now for more than 30 years. One example should perhaps be given-Pages 148 and 149 he deals with the variable protective resemblance of some of the common forms, ascribing the difference in colouration of the pupa entirely to the kind of light, as if it were a photographic process. Numerous careful experiments made more than 28 years ago have shown that while the stimulus inducing the varied forms of the pupa is light-physiological processes producing these are pro- found, and may even require an alteration of the minute structure of the cuticule, as well as very various arrangements of pigment. In fact, in places in this section, the author might almost be accused of not being able to distinguish between the meaning of 'mimicry' and of 'variable protective resemblance'. In place of Natural Selection he would like to construct a theory analagous to Bergson's "Elan Vital." However, there is much less constructional suggestion than destructive criti- cism in the latter part of the book. C.B.S.H. Galloway, T. W., Ph.D., Litt.D. "Sex and Social Health." The American Social Hygiene Association. New York, 1924. Pp. 360. $2.50. THIS book is what one would expect from its title and the title of its publishers. It is propagandist rather than scientific, but the author quotes opinions hostile to his own fore-ordained conclusions sufficiently to make the man in the street feel that a fair deal is given. He holds that people ought to be monogamous in fact as well as in theory, and so moulded that sexual desire becomes a tool, to be used or not used, indifferently, and only for producing desired children in matrimony. It is a fallacy that the individual has any "right" to sexual gratification or relief, to both of which he should be superior. Democracy, for its own purpose, may grant him a possible chance in matrimony, but only as a "privilege" and not as a "right." The importance of birth-control is insisted on, but no means of secur- ing it-barring abstinence-are mentioned. Such abstinence is probably injuri- ous in no way to either sex, but in any case the democratic individual has no personal rights against Society. Mankind does not conform to these specifications. It must be altered accordingly; but not by heredity and the science of eugenics, since this is too slow and difficult a process. Besides, eugenic methods have lost most of their charm for our author since he discovered that the results of propa- RECENT AND PERIODICAL LITERATURE. 199 ganda are not heritable. But education can and must do the trick. If it has failed hitherto it is because it has not had a fair trial. Starting at about six years old, the child must receive from parents, school, Church and State such massed suggestion, persuasion, supervision, control and education that sinful lust will be killed, so far as he is concerned. Most of the book is occupied with instructions in strategy and tactics for the use of the attacking forces. The next generation (if there is one) must undergo the same process, and so on. The book is admirably adapted to its purpose. G. T. PORTFR. Griffiths, Charles, Fundamentals of Vocational Psychology. The Macmillan Company, New York. 1924. Pp. ix 872. THIS book, careful, correct and studious though it be, somehow leaves an unsatis- factory impression-it is too theoretical for the industrialist and too detailed for the University student, in fact one can almost say that it falls between the office stool and the lecture-room form. The less exact methods of Vocational selection-rating scales, methods of application and the interview-are treated by Dr. Griffiths comprehensively and well, but his account of vocational tests is disappointingly inadequate. In his pre- face he disclaims any desire to provide a manual of tests, but, far from doing this, he barely mentions any test that is not strictly of the laboratory type; he seems to forget that vocational psychology has to do with specific vocations. The most valuable chapter in the book is the first on "Variability." In the study of individual differences, as he points out, two questions immediately occur: "Why do individuals differ?" and "hlow can the degree of variability be measured ?" His answer to the first question is clear and concise; he divides the differences into those due to pre-natal and post-natal influences, and also dis- tinguishes hypothesis from fact. The second question also is treated well from the theoretical point of view, although he does not provide enough definite examples. The book can be recommended as a reference book for those already interested in the subject of Vocational Psychology, but would hardly serve as an adequate introduction to the novice. W.S. Harris, Franklin Stewart, Ph.D., President, Brigham Young University. Scientific Research and Human Welfare. The Macmillan Co., New York. Price 12s. net+. AN interesting though rather unequal account of the progress of science and indus- try, mainly as regards its physical, chemical, and engineering aspects. One short chapter is devoted to breeding better plants and animals, but is too brief and limited in scope to be of great use. Another, on the relation of Science to religion, neglects the moral aspect of the question, which is the really crucial point. A chronological appendix, although extensive, omits mention of Malthus, Adam Smith, John Stuart Mill, Darwin, Herbert Spencer, and Galton. C.V.D. Hattingberg, Hans von -Dok.Med. Der NervOse Mensch. Vol. I. Anthropos Verlag Prien am Chiemsee 1924. THIs is a collection of 6 numbers by different authors. In No. 1. The Editor con- siders the position of "Nervousness" and tries to answer the question: "Is the nervous man an ill man?" In No. 2. He makes an analysis of the "psychological background" in the nervous state. No. 3 is of considerable interest to Eugenists "Anlage und Umwelt-Hatting- berg is under no illusions as to the vital bearing of constitution and makes a clever survey of the theoretical side of the Acquired Character Controversy. There is also a chapter on the development of instinctive dispositions "Triebanlage." Dr. J. H. Schultz makes a good essay in No. 4 of the inheritance of "Nervous-- ness ." Dr. Fritz Mohr writes, No. 5, on organic disease correlated with nervousness. The last part "The Nervous Heart, " by Dr. G. R. Heyer has some very inter- esting observations on the alteration of cardiac action in emotion. The essays are fresh and stimulating and make good reading in the hinterland of both medicine and psychology. C.B.S.H. 200 EUGENICS REVIEW. 9 Kirchwey, Freda (edited by). "Our Changing Morality." Published by Kegan, Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., London, I925. Pp. 1 to 249. See Marchant, below. Krauss, Dr. Wilhelm. Raskunskap. J. A. Lindblads. Uppsala, 1925. Pp. 170. DR. KRAUSS, whom Members of the Society had an opposrtunity of listening to this Spring when he was on a visit to England, has put together in a short and somewhat popular way a review of Kraitschek's treatises on Race. The book is well printed and illustrated. There is a general survey of early man in Europe; then of the distribution of Indo-Germanic groups in Europe; and finally a careful analysis of the Scandinavian population. Sweden is particularly fortunate in having in hand such a thorough survey of its mixed population, that it is possible to state with some numerical precision what types are now represented in the population. C.B.S.H. Lotsy, J. P., and Kooiman, H. N. (ed.) Bibliographia Genetica. Vol. 2. The Hague, M. Nijhoff, 1925. Pp. 472. THE second volume of this very useful work is especially notable for the article on the genetics of Drosophila by Morgan, Bridges and Sturtevant. This is really a book in itself, comprising 262 pages; and for those who are already acquainted with the rudiments of modern genetics will be found more interesting and satisfy- ing than the Physical Basis of Heredity or the Mechanism of Mendelian Inheritance. One of the most excellent features of the book is its historical account of the way in which various especially knotty problems were solved-problems such as non- disjunction, the bar 'mutation', balanced lethals, crossing-over and mrrap-dis- tance, &c. 'We become spectators of the process of making knowledge. Various scents are tried; some prove false, others peter out; until finally a satisfactory solu- tion is discovered. Such a treatment should go far to remove the doubts of those who remain sceptical as to the value of the Ibosophila work. After the publication of this work, there will be no excuse for such scepticism. The truth is, of course, that every postulated factor has to undergo a very thorough and -diverse series of tests before it is admitted as such, with a local habitation and a name. There is a very valuable chapter on the genetics of other species of the genus -than melanogaster. It has recently been stated by a well-known American botanist in the discussions that D. Melanogaster shows all the signs of hybridity, and that the mutations shown by the species are due to this presumed hybrid origin! This is clearly to confuse the types of mutation seen in Oenothera with those mainly characteristic of Drosophila; repeated efforts of many workers to securehybridswithinthegenushavebeen (save for one case with infertile FI), wholly unsuccessful. Altogether this is the most considerable single summary of the work of the Morgan school and should be read by everyone interested in genetics as a pure *science. The book also includes an article by Crew and Roberts, on the Sheep, an animal on which, as the authors remark, surprisingly little genetic work has been done. Wellensiek gives us a long monograph on Pisum, rather too detailed and in some places hard to follow, but valuable as containing a vast quantity of facts, and finally, G. v. Ubisch writes a most interesting article on the genetico-physio- logical analysis of the problem of Heterostyly in plants. Altogether the editors are to be congratulated on the value of their second, as of their first volume of an important and much-needed work. J.S.H. Marchant, Sir James, K.B.E.(Ed.) "The Ethics of Birth Control." Published by Macmillan & Co., Ltd., London. 1925. Pp. 1 to 179. Marchant, Sir James, K.B.E. (Ed.) "The Claims of the Coming Generation." Published by Kegan, Paul, Trench, Trubner, & Co., London, 1923. Pp. 1 to 175. RECENT AND PERIODICAL LITERATURE. 201 Marchant, Sir James, K.B.E. (Ed) ."The Control of Parenthood." withan intro- duction by the Bishop of Birmingham. Published by G. P. Putnam's Sons, London, 1924. Pp. 1 to 203. Bureau, Paul. With an introduction by Dr. Mary Scharlieb, C.B.E., M.D., "Towards Moral Bankruptcy." Published by Constable & Co., Ltd., London 1925. Kirchwey, Freda (edited by). "Our Changing Morality." Published by Kegan, Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., London, 1925. Pp. 1 to 249. W Russell, Mrs. Bertrand (Dora). "Hypatia, or Woman and Knowledge." Pub- lished by Kegan, Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., London, 1925. Pp. 1 to 81. THE Report of the Committee appointed by the National Council of Public Morals on the Ethics of Birth Control has focussed attention on this subject, appearing as it does simultaneously with a number of books covering various sides ofthe problem. It may be possible to review the trend of opinion so manifested instead of taking each work separately as, not unnaturally, a good deal of repetition occurs in the arguments in opposite camps. From the point of view of the student of Population attention should particu- larly be drawn to the concluding pages of the Report, Pp. 165 to 179, covering the evidence given by Sir William Beveridge. There are considerable quotations from the speech he made at Toronto last year. His clear statement that the trend of Population is at present disgenic, that while the totally unfit are few and may possibly be eliminated with tolerable rapidity, the less fit have relatively the highest birth-rate in the community, and from the fact that the increasing expectation of life does not appear to mean an increasing expectation of working life, (rather of consuming life) he can see no reason to desire further increase in the population. He also speaks optimistic- ally of the possibility of making birth control efforts sufficiently familiar to the said 'less-fit' part of the population to restore a due balance in the birth-rate. Dr. Bond's questions and memorandum are also of great scientific interest and importance for Eugenists. Other valuable points must be omitted for reasons of space, but, for the rest, what is of great moment is a clear grasp of the feeling of the majority of the Com- mittee on the ethical aspect: and it is at this point that it seems illuminating to compare the point of view of the Committee with that of other recent writers. For sheer contrast we can take at once 'Hypatia" by Mrs. Bertrand Russell and 'Our Changing Morality,' more particularly the chapters in this latter on 'Modern and Ancient Marriage Laws,' 'Changes in Sex relations,' 'Towards Monogamy,' and 'Women and the new Morality.' To many people, the term 'New Morality' stands really for an entire subversion of all morality. This view is superficial however even of such out-spoken and extreme expressions as 'Hypatia' and the chapters just enumerated, its want of understanding is creating an unnecessarily unhappy breach between the passing and the rising generations. I am frankly prepared to believe that the rising generation has made an immense stride forward in the direction of true morality. For them marriage or love, or both, have come on to a new plane. It is far more a psychological thing than it was for the majority of our grand-parents. Marriage can no longer mean a mere arrangement, a sort of means of life, it has become, what the best Christian doctrine has always maintained it to be, primarily, a thing of the spirit express- ing itself in natural functions. Hence procreation no longer stands as the chief end and aim of married life. The fact that this belief in the lives of the more selfish and uncontrolled in- dividuals expresses itself egotistically and causes pain and damage thereby, does not mean that it is a degrading view. Selfishness and pain had just as large a place, probably a larger place, in the old, more conventional days. To a modern woman the writings of the older generation are so out of har- mony as to seem base and degraded in their point of view of married life. It is this fresh attitude to Sex which seems to have eluded the majority of the members of the Committee. The point of view which thev would particularly welcome has come, is here, and they themselves cannot see it. It is a pity that Mrs. Russell's brilliant little Essay shows so much bitterness. 202 EUGENICS REVIEW. It is only the symptom of a passing phase, namely acuite feminism, and it leads the writer into several inaccuracies. "The Claims of the Comnino Generation" has been before the public a consider- able time. and like most books of collected papers, it is very uneven in its treat- ment of the theme. Dean Inge's writing "The Right to be well-born" is what makes the book noteworthy. It might well stand as an introduction to the English version of The Children's Charter of "Save the Children" endeavour. "The Control of Parenthood" is more out-spoken in its treatment of the claims of the coming generation. It covers a very wide field, and possibly the names of the various contributors sufficiently indicate their point of view. Prof. J. Arthur Thomson; the Dean of St. Paul's; Mr. Harold Cox; Dr. Scharlieb; and Dr. Marie Stopes. It is indeed a triumph to have collected these extremes in out- look in one small volume. (Reprinted for the 6th time last year.) Paul Bureau's book "Towards Moral Bankruptcy" is a translation of 'L' Indiscipline des Moeurs." It is a careful and elaborate study of marriage and sex problems in France, and as such will be of much interest to English students. From what has already been said readers will gather that Dr. Scharlieb's point of view would incline her readily to think she sees in England the beginning of the counter- part of the rather degraded picture drawn by Bureau. How far his picture is a just one can only be gauged by those intimate with French life and with the point of view of Frenchmen and women on the near side of 45. If indeed over a large part of France the psychological side in the marriage tie, which has become strong hert, does not exert the same influence, good reasons can be found in the different racial make-up of the populations on the two sides of the Channel (compare Mr. Fallaize's article in April last): not only is France largely Mediterranean and to a greater extent Alpine than Britain, but further, France has come through many centuries of selection under the celibate ideal which would weed out that part from the race for whom the materialistic never stands alone, but is always a tool for the expression of something less tangible,freer, more compelling; and the further selective action of the Revolution may have been in the same direction (though from a different angle.) This attitude inspires most of the writers of the Essays in "Our Changing Morality." Whatever else Birth Control does or undoes it has made this generation conscious of the meaning of marriage (and indeed of sex relations) quite apart from and distinct from procreation and parenthood. We perceive at last that for Western European civilised peop to-day its primary function is the expression of Complete Union. For other races and groups we do not venture to speak. For the rest these essays give a diverting picture of the burden laid to-day on "Primitive Man" -he is made the chief support of numerous quite antagonistic theories-the 'proof' of the truth of opposite statements. Authors might be asked to remember that we know too little about "primitive man" to build up large and important social theory, on his supposed nature and habits-and also too much to allow to pass unchallenged several ofthe fanciful pictures drawn in haste from a cursory skimming of anthropological hazardous hypotheses. The Essay by Charlotte Perkins Gilman, "Toward Monogamy," has (in spite of some sweeping misstatements in regions of natural history and anthropology) many points of surpassing interest. The writer has a clear conception of racial values and of the meaning of Selection: and she has diagnosed a point which has long puzzled students of Social Life, that is the difference in intensity in sex impulse between male and female. The range of this character difference requires further study, but it exists in England and very strongly amongst the English descent of New England to which C.P.G. belongs. She suggests that it has been "selected" by the rigid ideal of female virtue which has obtained in England for a considerable time. Those women who were, as we term it now, "very highly sexed, " falling out of the group. This seems a likely explanation-it has always seemed unreasonable to suppose any physiological difference in instinct intensity, but a biological (socially selected) difference in a particular group falls in with many of the observed facts. C.B.S .H. Niceforo, A. La Methode Statistique. Paris, Morul Giani, 1925, pp. 652, Figs. 46. TmIs French translation from the Italian of Prof. Niceforo, is a good non-mathe- matical introduction to statistical methods. The work is voluminous, and the RECENT AND PERIODICAL LITERATURE. 203 student who wishes to acquire a critical grasp of statistical methods as a means to research is not carried very far. In compensation the fundamental liner of reasoning and methods of elementary procedure are explained lucidly and at leisure, with numerous, varied and entertaining illustrations. Philologists and students of literature already use statistical arguments and the illustrations given in this book cannot fail to make the methods in use more impartial and more comprehensive. Chapters XIV. to XVII. are particularly full of literary illustrations, such as the diagram (p. 674) showing the distribution of the Sonnets of Bandelaire according to the number of colours mentioned in each. Such extensive explorntion of the possibilities of descriptive statistics is a suitable complement to the more inten- sive pursuit of precise and critical tests of statistical significance which is character- istic of work in this country. R.A.F. Paulu and Coffman. "Diagnostic Testing and Remedial Teaching.' Boston and London. D. C. Heathand Co. 1924. Pp. 368. THIS book gives a survey from a practical standpoint of mental and educational tests, and is designed as Professor Paulu states in the preface (the Introduction being the sole contribution of Coffman) 'to acquaint teachers and prospective teachers with some of the commonly used tests and scales.' The book, which has developed from lectures delivered on mental and educational measurements, clearly shows the necessity for some kind of classification of mentality and educational attainments other than chronological age and school grade. The author gives useful chapters on treatment of results, in particular their presentation in graphical form, then discusses intelligence tests, finally devoting separate chapters to tests in Spelling, Writing, Composition, Reading, Geography, History and High School subjects. It must be noted, however, that the tests discussed are all American in origin and character, and no reference is made to any work carried out elsewhere, a fact which limits somewhat the value of the book. A bibliography of references to American investigations concludes each chapter. M. COLLINS. Peabody, James Edward, A.M., and Hunt, Arthur Elsworth, Ph.B. Biology and Human Welfare. The Macmillan Co., New York, 1924. Price 12s. nett. THIs is a very useful work of the elementary text book type, profusely and initerest- ingly illustrated, and provided with numerous questions and suggestions for laboratory work. It covers a wide field, dealing with respiration, nutrition, and reproduction, and the relation of plants and animals to human existence. The subject of reproduction, as relating to unicellular organisms, plants, and the lower animals, is dealt with in a separate chapter, but references to it crop up casually in dealing with higher animals so that an intelligent youngster will at least form a rational idea of the fundamentals of sex without having his attention concentrated on it. We regret however that there is no mention of the evolutionary process (possibly out of deference to certain reactionary States) nor of the great question of heredity, so that there is little to lead the student to form a connected idea of biology and its human significance other than in its purely environmental aspect. Within these limits, however, the book is most useful, and the large number of eminent authorities who have assisted in its production gives reasonable guarantee of its accuracy. It may be warmly recommended to teachers of adol- escent children. C.V.D. Poulton, Ethel M., M.Sc., Lecturer in Biology, Education Department, Univer- sity of Birmingham. The Teaching of Biology in Schools and Training Colleges. Cornish Brothers, Ltd. Birmingham, 1924. Pp. xv+ 112. 5s. nett. THE general purposes and value of Biology in education, and the psychological considerations which underlie the teaching of the subject, are dealt with in the first two chapters, and in the later part of the book the authoress elaborates the practical application of these principles. The chapters on methods, difficulties in the teach- ing of Biology, and caurses of study will be of the greatest service to teachers and demonstrators, and the value of the book is increased by some useful appendices. 204 EUGENICS REVIEW. The book bears evidences of considerable experience, wide reading, and a thoughtful appreciation of the aims and difficulties of biological instruction from the point of view of both teacher and pupil. It should certainly be read by all concerned in the teaching of biology in schools, both primary and secondary. A. E. ELLis. Ruggles -Brise, Sir Evelyn, K.C .B. Prison Reform at Home and Abroad. Macmillan & Co. London, 1924. Price 5s. Pages 1 to 200. THIS book follows the course of the work of the International Commission, starting with The London Congress in 1872, and outlining the work done at Stockholm in 1878, Rome in 1885, St. Petersburg, 1890; Paris, 1895; Brussels, 1900; Buda- Pesth, 1905; Washington, 1910. The London Congress had been determined on before the war. Starting with the question of prison regime, following naturally on the work of the disciples of Howard, the next question has been that of childhood and the early training in crime of children in miserable surroundings, or of "1' enfant abandonne." Then come considerations crystallizing round a new term "science penitentiaire" laying stress more and more on the responsibility of society not merely to protect itself against the criminal, but to "will" and "attempt" his reformation. The term "recidivism" was prominent at Paris in 1895, and from this point forward through psychological advance, first with the acceptance of Lombroso's theories, then by way of violent reversion from them, the concentration on the individual, as apart from the crime, has increased, till this year, even such a keen criminal biologist as Dr. Mjoen has shown himself in recent addresses, must feel that he has little to ask and little to teach. C. B. S. H. Sloan Chesser, Elizabeth, M.D. (edited by). Health and Psychology of the Child. William Heinemann (Medical Books), Ltd. London, 1925. Pp. 302. Price 7s. 6d. net. THIs book, the editor tells us, "is concerned with environment and with the study of psychologv." It has been written in the belief "that environment during baby- hood and childhood makes an indelible impression on the whole after life of the individual," and that "it is a waste of time to worry about our origin, but, we must concern ourselves with-the kind of environment we provide for ourselves and for others." The collection of essays is intended for the enlightenment of parents, and contains a great deal of useful information. While some subjects are discussed fully and clearly, the volume as a whole is somewhat disappointing. This is perhaps inevitable from the fact that in many cases the author is trying to deal with a large subject in a limited number of words. It seems as though, in some of the essays, the conclusions have not been reached; or even that a ruthless edltor has omitted the closing paragraphs! A few chapters contain too many technical terms, while some suffer from a lack of clarity in expression. We advise readers who may have been tempted to skip some of the more technical pages, to peruse every word of the concluding chapter. EVELYN SAYWELL. Stopes, Marie Carmichael, D.Sc., Ph.D., F.L.S. The First Five Thousand. John Dale, Sons & Danielsson, Ltd. London, 1925. Pp. 67. Illust. Price 2s. 6d. nett. THIS is, as the sub-title explains, "the first report of the first Birth Control Clinic in the British Empire." After describing the history of the clinique which was founded in 1921 by Dr. Stopes and her husband, Mr. H. V. Roe, the various cases are classified which attended for contraceptive information. Dr. Jane Lorimer Hawthorne, the honor. ary visiting specialist, emphasises the value of the clinique as a means of detect- ing disease; not a unique elaim, but one which the ante-natal clinics of the ordinary welfare centres share. 'The- contraceptive methods advised are commented upon candidly, and classified according to their evidence of failure and success. Actual failures reported were 51 out of 5,000, a percentage of less than one. Dr. Maude Kerslake reports on difficult cases. Her observation that "the large number of women . . . . injured after confinement who seem to con- RECENT AND PERIODICAL LITERATURE. 205 sider that it is a woman's lot to suffer" is a tragical fact and implies a comment on the neglectful treatment of the general practitioner. Perhaps this may be contro- verted by the fact that a great many of these confinements were possibly conducted by midwives, capable, admirable, and certificated, but not always experienced in the detection of cervical disease or uterine displacements. Dr. Kerslake herself remarks at the beginning of her report that "only a few of these women had pre- viously sought medical advice." On the whole, a short readable history of the pioneer Birth Control clinic which must be satisfactory to its founders. H. C. C. Weatherford, W. D., Ph.D., President of Southern College of Young Men's Christian Associations. The Negro from Africa to America. New York. George H. Doran Company. 1924. Pp. 487. Price, Five dollars, nett. ENGLISHMEN who have lived in our tropical dependencies at close quarters and on mutually amicable terms with the aboriginal Negro, are sometimes surprised at the antagonism and even the hostility displayed by some Americans towards the coloured people. But Dr. Weatherford' s book tends to produce a certain amount of surprise of the opposite kind. For his solicitude, not only for the welfare but also for the permanence and even the increase of the Negro race seems hardly reconcilable with what would appear to be the natural outlook of an American citizen in view of the difficult problems created by the presence in a society of the European type of a large population of a radically different racial character. The explanation of the discrepancy is that Dr. Weatherford is a philanthropist and a democrat, and, like the immense majority of philanthropic democrats, is a convinced environmentalist. To him, the peculiar characteristics of the Negro are accounted for by the ancestral African background and by the influence of the condi- tions of life during the period of slavery, just as the backward state of Africa, as compared with the rest of the Old World, is accounted for by the physical features of the continent itself rather than by inborn peculiarities of the races inhabiting it. And so it is naturally to environmental influences operating in the future that he looks for the establishment and recognition of the civil and social equality with the white man which he claims for the Negro. But Dr. Weatherford is no mere senti- mentalist, nor does he support his thesis by rhetoric or declamation. His bo is carefully written in temperate language; whatever claims he makes on behalf oIthe Negro are substantiated by abundant evidence in the form of comparative tables and records of achievement, and there is a total absence of extravagance either in the matter, the manner or the point of view. As to the latter, its kindly reasonableness and its essential justice can hardly fail to secure the reader's sympathy. The existence of the American Negro is an undeniable fact which has to be recognised and provided for; in a democracy which has always maintained the principle of equality, it is difficult to imagine the possibility of assigning to any permanent part of the population a social status different from that of the rest. This is the author's contention; and his book is, in effect, an appeal to the members of both races, the black and the white, to endeavour each to arrive at a sympathetic understanding of the needs, the difficulties and the ways of thought ofthe other. There is no suggestion of any fusion ofthe two races- which, indeed, appears to be desired by neither. What is asked of the members of the white race is that they shall fully recognise the Negro as a fellow-citizen, shall seek to aid him in acquiring a self-respecting race-consciousness and racial pride and try to establish such social conditions as may enable the two races to live peace- ably side by side in mutual good-will and helpfulness with a common devotion to the great nation of which they form constituent parts. Of Eugenic matter in the direct form the book naturally contains none. But much of the evidence produced in support of the main argument is of considerable interest to the eugenist. The tables of comparison, for instance, of the earnings of white and Negro workers, which show the latter to be substantially the equals of the former, are suggestive; but their weight as evidence of mental faculty is diminished by the fact that in a highly mechanized industry, very little skill or intelligence is required. No mention is made of any case of exceptional skill or originality in the domain of industry, and the record of the Negro's achievements in the arts is not impressive. With the single exception of Samuel Coleridge-Taylor (a composer of real eminence) no artist of distinction in the larger sense is mentioned. 206 EUGENICS REVIEW. Dealing with the question "Is the Negro dying out?" Dr. Weatherford con- siders that the statement that the black race is not holding its own in point of num- bers seems "to be all too true." The causes of the relatively slow increase of the Negroes are given as, high infant mortality, premature births and great adult mortality. "The general death rate among Negroes is far in excess of that among whites. The death rate of Negroes enumerated in 1900 was, for the decade between 1900 and 1910, seventeen per cent., and the corresponding figure for whites was 9.9 per cent." (?per thousand). "But these differences in mortality between Negroes and other classes" are not "racial or natural differences" which cannot be remedied, but are due to environmental factors which are controllable by social and hygienic measures. The author looks forward hopefully to the removal of these hindrances to increase, and probably not without reason. But it is doubtful whether the thoughtful American citizen, who is already alarmed at the dwindling of the original white population, will share his enthusiastic optimism. Apart from the special appeal, the book is full of interesting matter. The "African back-ground" is presented in a good deal of detail, though, as a compila- tion, it has no original value. Of more interest, because the author is on more familiar ground, is the account of the South during the period of slavery; and one has to admit that the picture is not entirely unattractive. The subject of lynching is dealt with impartially and exhaustively, and in the later chapters a great amount of information is given respecting the modern Negro, his character as a citizen, his hopes and his political aspirations. And the author's treatment of his subject is so honest, sincere and impartial that the book can be read with pleasure and sym- pathy even by a reader who disagrees with what is its principal purpose. R. AUSTIN FREEMAN. PAMPHLETS. Brewer, John M. , and others. Harvard Bulletins on Education. Mental Measurement and Vocational Guidance. No. X. March, 1924. Harvard University, Cambridge. Mass. AN epitome of the present state of development of the work done in Mental Measure- ment in the field of Vocational Guidance, together;with avery complete bibliography of the books on the subject. The author shews the aid such investigations, made by tests, can be to in- structors and to those responsible for the grading of students. Exact mental measurements are retained by combining the chronological age, mental age, and intelligence quotient of the pupils, and in the light of this the general trend of his or her ability is gaged. Such ability grouping is found to be of great use, especially in studies such as mathematics, languages and science, but does not apply so fully to the less consecutive studies, as music, and the fine arts. Dr. Brewer emphasises the importance of some such system in those responsible for giving vocational advice. If the information so obtained is correct and adhered to the square peg would never be in the round hole. F.C.L. Crichton -Browne, Sir James, M.D., LL.D., F.R.S. The Story of The Brain. Henderson Trust Lecture. Oliver and Boyd, Edinburgh, 1924. Pp. 28 THIS is the second of the Henderson Trust Lectures, and was delivered in Edinburgh in February of last year. Apart from the very interesting introduction, in which the author quotes most entertaining passages from the early discussion on phrenology and the very beginnings of psychology, there is a great deal of most original material in the treatment of localisation of function of the brain. The author has sought data from hatters and wigmakers in London, and has been well rewarded for research in this novel quarter by the striking points revealed, points so unexpected that they doubtless will stimulate other enquirers to pursue the matter further. Firstly, amongst the head shapes taken for gentlemen's hats, asymmetry in the head is stated to depend on left and right handedness, and that when the head bulges on the right side the possessor invariably turns out to be left-handed. Another interesting case noted of the likeness in shape between the heads of four eminent military men cannot be taken quite so seriously. The number of cases is small enough to be readily explained as coincidence, and a recent work on the analysis of various types of intellectual capacity would not lead one to expect that military genius is really very different from the genius of a great civil or naval administrator. RECENT AND PERIODICAL LITERATURE. 207 Another striking group of data dealing with the convolutions of the brain may well stimulate students to persist in an attempt to utilise post mortem examinations of the brains of persons whose capacity during life is sufficiently well-known to make their careful study of value. Your reviewer has been struck with the wide difference in the superficial development between individuals of one species am- ongst the higher mammalia. In the final pages habit and instinct are co-related with the minute structure of the cortex, and again an interesting hazardous theory is propounded. Here the author relies almost wholly on the alleged acquirement of habit induced by Pavloff amongst white mice. Similar experiments by Morgan seem to have escaped the author's notice; indeed, they have probably only been known in this country subsequently to the publication of the paper, and his conclusion in favour of the invariable inheritance of acquirement might therefore now admit of some modifica- tion. As a matter of fact the second instance which the author gives, an instance not of a positive but of a negative, that is a loss of structure due to disuse, suggests a striking criticism of the validity of this line of argument. Sir James gives interesting figures comparing the domestic with the wild duck, taking the brain weight and the body weight, minutely ascertained in both cases. He is able to show that the brain weight of the domestic duck is less than that of the wild duck, while the body weight is very much greater. Perhaps in view of the frequent repetition in recent popular writings of state- ments of the inheritance of acquired characters, it may be useful to call to mind the original arguments on this subject, for reduction in the weight of brain in proportion to size might be equally well obtained by the working of either law, the inheritance of disuse or the survival of individuals with a small brain capacity, that is, by selection. In fact the two operations might be going on side by side, the brain becoming progressively smaller from lack of use, and absence of selection, the duck with the small and inactive brain being preserved owing to the sheltered conditions as well as individuals of greater brain weight. But the author notes two other characteristics of the domestic duck, namely, its great increase in body weight and flesh, and its greatly increased power of egg-laying. Might the former of these characters possibly be stretched to indicate inheritance of use? It is hard to see why the muscular covering of the bony skeleton of the body should increase enormously by anything in the nature of "use" in the sheltered conditions of the barnyard where the wing degenerates considerably (it is alleged, owing to disuse). Then further, the question of egg-laying does not resemble convincingly a "habit" which mere domesticity would induce, and which as habit and "use" could be handea on from generation to generation with accelerat- ing increase. This instance surely gives us just the clear proof that we need go as the universal power of selection as opposed to use or disuse inheritance. Greatly increased egg- laying capacity we have witnessed in our own experience through a few years' careful handling of a barnyard; increase of body weight for table fowls can similarly be selected in a comparatively few generations, and it appears therefore superfluous to call in use or disuse as an explanation of features quite as capable of modification by selection which includes negative and positive working of the law as these. The last animal referred to is the horse, said also to have less brain capacity under domestication. This is a point as to which some breeders probably would not agree. Certainly amongst English thoroughbreds a very high selection in certain qualities of temperament has taken place, and the racing horse is bred nowas much for his hereditary courage and grit and temper as for body build. C.B.S.H. Jackson, Dr. H. Latimer. Man, Marriage and Birth Control. Dunmow, 1925. Pp. 1-23. DR. LATIMER JACKSON gives a careful review of the arguments for the spread of contraceptive knowledge for our civilisation to-day, and in later pages deals with the religious and Catholic arguments against the practice. The paper has been read on two occasions to gatherings of the Essex clergy. It is very carefully done and gives references to all the writings quoted. It should be very useful to all those who desire to study the subject and to keep in touch with current controversies. C.B.S.H. 208 EUGENICS REVIEW. Porteus, S. Temperament and Mentality in Nativity, Sex and Race. Reprint from Science of Applied Psychology. Pennyslvania. Nov. 23rd. Pp. 74. AN interesting reprint mainly seeking to correct some sweeping assertions made by the Pyschological Section of the American Society for Advancement of Science some years ago. These assertions were that there were no fundamental differences in the racial potentials of males and females, or between the different races. Further- more that the average boy of fourteen represented the mental potential of the average man! The author by a series of tests, both of intellectual capacity (Binet Simon chiefly) and of cranial capacity, obtained by direct cranial measurements, sets out to confute the former findings, which he does very completely. Taking Anglo-Saxons, Japanese, Chinese and some Mental Defects of Mixed stock as his criteria, he shows that there do exist great differences in the best adolescent cranial growth and also of mental ability in these races. The Anglo- Saxon brain continues to grow up to the age of twenty-five at least in students and to sixteen in indigent adults, whilst the mental and physical defectives approximate to the Australian Aboringines who apparently are fully cranially developed by twelve. The author attributes this to observed differences in the third (sopr- granular) layer of the cortex. An interesting comparison is made of Japanese and Chinese stock, the former approximate much more closely up to sixteen years to the Anglo-Saxon development. The author attributes the superiority ofthe Japanese nation to this fact. As regards sex, the males in all species, overtop the girls, but the Chinese girls are ahead in all intelligence tests to the Japanese boys. No results for Anglo-Saxon girls are given. This is a reversal of the mental Develop- ment findings, but only applies to strictly intellectual tests. In a series of ability or adaptability (Maze) tests, the Chinese again fall behind the Japanese, but themales' superiority remains. F.C.L. Terman, Drs. Lewis, Harold Williams, Grace Fernald. Surveys in Mental Qeterioration." Sacramento, 1918. California State Printing Office. Pp. 87. THis pamphlet is one published by the California State Board of Charities and includes the results of intelligence tests of 150 children and 12 unwedded mothers, who are in private institutions under supervision of the State. The orphanage children test lower than the ordinary school child at every age and 6% are definitely feeble-minded. An account of some typical cases with their heredity is given, and the bad stock concerned With poor environment affords ample explanation of the unusual number of defectives and border-line cases. After a perusal of this and similar pamphlets one is only convinced still further of the absolute necessity of placing and keeping in segregation, these individuals who inevitably add year by year to the burden of State if allowed to remain at large. America is alive to the necessity, at least her experts are, and doubtless in time more and more drastic measures of control will be enforced. F.C.L. Wright, Sewall. The Effects of Inbreeding and Crossbreeding on Guinea Pigs. Washington. 1922. THE experiments described in this Bulletin were designed to bring to light the effects of inbreeding on a number of characters, collectively described as 'vigour.' Over 20 generations of guinea pigs have been reared; the total number of animals recorded exceeding 34,000. Broadly speaking, two interesting, though by no means novel, conclusions emerge from these experiments. Firstly, that on the average there is a diminution of "vigour" in the inbred stock as compared with both the control stock continuously crossbred, and with the stock raised by crossingthe inbred lines inter se. To be more precise, in the inbred stock, the percentage of young born alive is less, the percentage of those raised to maturity is less, the weight of young at birth is less, the rate of growth and adult weight are less, the frequency and size of litters are less, and the percentage of complete sterility is greater, than in the cross- bred stock. The second point is that the inbred families show amongst themselves very significant differences with regard to the above mentioned characters, and that in several cases the diminution is not progressive, some families having been inbred for a dozen or more generations without showing any signs of further loss of vigour. RECENT AND PERIODICAL LITERATURE. 209 The author inclines to the view that it is not necessary, in this case, to postu- late, as East and others have done, that crossing as such increases the vigour of offspring; but he believes that his results can be explained as being entirely due to a recombination of Mendelian factors, so far, it must be poihted out, unidentified. Apart from the assumption that such Mendelian factors do in fact exist, the only general hypothesis which has to be made is that most inferior variants are reces- sive, though not, however, necessarily "perfectly" recessive. And, it must be admitted, the growth of genetic evidence in the last decade goes to support this generalisation. But with regard to the disputed question as to whether some such factorial explanation entirely by itself would be able to explain every known case of the effects of crossbreeding and inbreeding in other animals and plants, the author, although he indulges in an interesting discussion, wisely refrains from dogma. M.S.P. American Bar Association Journal. July, 1923. Published by the Association, Chicago, Ill. J. P. Chamberlain uses as his title "Eugenics and Limitations of Marriage." He discusses American local State legislation prohibiting marriage between coloured and white persons. More recent legislation has been directed towards "forbidding the marriage of epileptics, imbeciles, and feeble-minded." Connecticut passed the first such act in 1895. Revised statutes (1918) do not expressly forbid such marriages, but merely punish those who enter into them. In Delaware in 1921 an act was passed render- ing marriages voidable at the instance of the innocent party, when such a marriage was entered into by "fraud." The difficulty as Mr. Chamberlain summarises, in these statutes being eflective is, as is common elsewhere, "the lack of an exact standard of deficiency." HELEN C. CREW. American Journal of Physical Anthropology. Dec., 1924. Vol. VII. No. 4. J. Reid Moir gives a survey of the controversies which have ranged around the Foxhall Jaw, and Hrdlicka suggests that there are too many doubts and difficulties in the way of any attempt to attach scientific importance to it. Mildred Trotter writes on life cycles of hair in selected regions of the body; she claims to have dis- proved the popular view that disturbances of the nervous system in women result in more abundant hair growth, at least as far as dementia praecox and imbecility are concerned, and that age changes in hair growth are more marked among white people. These conclusions are only incidental ones; the paper is concerned with biological points. Herskovits discusses growth of coloured boys in the United States of America. They grow in height and weight faster than white boys, as far as the 16th year; both groups show the same acceleration of growth in adolescence but that phenomenon is a year earlier in the coloured than in the white of the same region. The survey of anthropological literature is even more comprehensive and more valuable than usual. H.J.F. American Journal of Physical Anthropology. Vol. VIII, . No.2. April-June, 1925. E. A. Hooton contributes an interesting and almost infinitely disputable article entitled "THE ASYMMETRIC CHARACTER OF HUMAN EvOLuTIoN." He enumerates 41 Cranial Characters and describes their condition at six stages which he calls (1) Excessively Anthropoid, (2) Typically Anthropoid, (8) Supra Anthro- poid, (4) Sub-Human, (5) Typically Human, (6) Ultra-Human. A numerical value, as above, is given to each character and the mean of these values for each type is taken as also its standard deviation. Even in the determination of the stages there is room for dispute,as the author gives the "low, very broad" orbit as the ultra human character, that of the apes being very high and narrow. As it happens that there is some ground for thinking that, in Western Europe, there has been progression from the "low, very broad" to the "high and fairly narrow" orbit through reduction of the growth of the zygomata and jaws. This illustrates the difficulty of dealing with changes as simple progressions, and is illustrative of serious limitations in the author's method. Hooton emphasises the view, that it is 210 EUGENICS REVIEW. in characters, not important for natural selection that variations are specially great, but who shall say what counts and what does not in this respect? He suggests that varieties of hair are often indifferent variations, whereas there is the greatest por. bability that they are tesults of different conditions of the skin, conditions of the greatest importance in the person's relation to environment. He is probably right in thinking that cases of alveolar prognathism are results of the inertia of heredity, but he is surely wrong in making the negro's thick lips "indifferent." His view is that nature likes to proceed to extremes in non-essentials; he overlooks the import- ance of many characters and also fail to see that the organism's growth is a conjoint result of heredity and environmental factors and that it may vary with the latter as well as with the former. He supposes that already at a subhuman stage there were several types which became ancestors of diverse human races, but he is clear that human stocks are more closely related to one another than any are to any of the known anthropoids. The view that there are diverse specialisations in different races so that any one type may be very far from the anthropoid in some features, but much less far in others will gain wide agreement; the effort to place the races of man in a sort of ascending scale is a little incongruous with the rest of the paper and the author is a little too inclined to emphasise "higher" and "lower" when he ntight more profitably think of stocks growing in and adapted to diverse conditions. T. W. Todd and D. W. Lyon, Jr., continue their studies of the closure of sutures and find negro and white very much alike in this respect. Closure exter- nally is more erratic, slower, and less complete than internally, the period ofelection for suture closure is at 26-80 years of age, with another about 50. L. A. Hausman contributes a short note on mammalian and human hair compared. R. W. Leigh writes on dental pathology of various American Indian tribes and obviously finds a lot of evidence of alveolar abscesses. The Sioux had speci- ally fine teeth and were flesh hunters and eaters. The Editor (Dr. Hrdlitka) gives comparative tables of weights of brains and internal organs in American monkeys. H.J.F. Annual Report of the London County Council, 1923. Expectation of Life. Pp. 12 14. This report contains some valuable information upon the interesting question of the expectation of life amongst Londoners in the period 1841-1922. In the decade 1841-50 the expectation of life was 34.6 years for males and 38.3 years for females. In the decade 1881-90 these figures had risen to 40.1 years for males and 44.5 years for females. In the decade 1901-10 the figures were 47.2 years and 51.9 years respectively. In the period 1920-22 the figures were 53.8 and 59.1. In the course of 80 years the Londoner's lifetime has been extended by more than 20 years, males by 19.2 years and females by 20.8. In the same period the death-rate of the London population has decreased by 10.3 per 1000 living among males, i.e. 35.6 per cent., and among females by 9.2 or 35.2 per cent. The report shows that there has been in recent times a marked decline in the mortality from most of the infectious diseases. Measles, Whooping Cough, Scarlet Fever, and Tuberculosis show a marked decline. Diphtheria is declining more slowly. Typhoid fever is rapidly disappearing. Cancer shows a great increase. In London the cancer death-rate has more than trebled since 1851-60. In England and Wales the rate has increased almost fourfold in the same period. There is a considerable difference in the sex rate. Thus, the increase amongst males since 1867 is five-fold; amongst females less than two and a half times. The causes of cancer are to a large extent unknown, beyond the fact that it fre- quently follows prolonged irritation. Hereditary predisposition, formerly regarded as so important, would seem to possess little practical importance, but this is still a matter of controversy. J.A.L. Archiv. fur Rassen-und Gesellschafts-Biologie. Apr. 1925. Munich. Prof. H. Schloessmann completes in this number a series of articles on haemo- philia in Wurttemberg, which began in the number for September 1924. Refer- RECENT AND PERIODICAL LITERATURE. 211 ence may here be made to a few of the points in the earlier articles. Haemophilia is well-known as a sex-linked condition usually appearing only in the males, but which is transmitted by the daughters of such males to half their sons. The author produces a number of cases of "sporadic haemophilia, " where the ancestors have all been normal for several previous generations. That the maternal ancestors might be transmitters, appears to be an untenable hypothesis in -several of these cases. Unfortunately there are no descendants of these sporadic cases so it is not known whether the condition is inherited. In one pedigree the three sons of two normal parents were all "bleeders," yet the mother was apparently not a transmitter since her mother's five brothers and other collaterals were all normal. In other families where the condition suddenly appears in half the sons, the germinal change must have arisen in the female line. Hereditary haemophilia is described in 14 families, 4 of which are interrelated. In one descent four female bleeders are recorded. Occasionally transmitters show more or less delay in time of blood-clotting, and in certain families the women transmitters show regular haemophilia. Dr. Ruhnau contributes to the April number the results of an anthropological study of the little East Friesian island of Spiekeroog, whose inhabitants number 215 and have been much intermarried in the last two centuries. Nevertheless, the cephalic index in 63 of the women is found to vary from 73.3 (dolichocephalic) to 92.4 (high brachycephaly). The mean value of the index, 80.45 seems therefore to be meaningless, for there is evidence that different degrees of brachycephaly are inherited in crosses with dolichocephals. It is doubtful if any greater significance can be attached to the other determinations of racial characters given, such as stature and eye colour. Dr. Walter Scheidt completes his series of contributions to the history of anthropology. The conception of "race" in anthropology is considered from Linneaus to the rediscovery of Mendel' s laws . Mr. Franz Fischer continues his studies on the inheritance of skin diseases, the present contribution (No. 8.) being on Darier's disease, a form of hyperkeratosis and related conditions, which is generally a Mendelian dominant in inheritance. Prof. F. Lenz, in another short paper, discusses generally the causes and measurements of asymmetry in variation curves from a biometric point of view. Several other short articles complete an interesting and predominantly anthropo- logical number. R.R.G. Archiv fur Rassenhygiene XVII, 2. Juli, 1925. Dr. Frey (Aaran, Switzerland) contributes pedigrees of Myotonia Atrophica with interesting symptomatic detals. An alleged form for human pathology (hitherto unobserved) is given by Herman W. Seimens, namely a Sex-linked Dominance forKeratosisfollicularis. Dr . Hans Ziesch of Dresden has an interesting article Statistical genealogical observations into the Causes of Rachitis. This is an interesting account of some preliminary investigations into inheritance of Rickets. A fairly comprehensive list of the older literature on the continent finishes the article, but the introduction summarises some of the most careful of early medical works, and finds that not infrequently, heredity of rickets had been noted. This study was made on children from the Munich Children's Hospital and Orthopaedic Clinic, as well as Orthopaedic Poly-clinic, and took in many children. Ofthis considerable total, it was only found possible to get sufficiently accurate details of 230 families. Observations include not only the course of the disease, and the family history, as far as obtainable, but also con- ditions of nourishment both of parents and children, home conditions, place and healthiness of dwelling, and habits of the family. While all the data concerned working class families, a considerable number were regarded as living distinctly under good conditions. The incidence of parental disease, other than rickets, syphillis, alcoholism., etc., were noted. Two rather striking points emerged in the twelve pedigrees cited out of the large number collected; first that inheritance would appear to follow that of simple Mendelian dominant; and secondly, that it may be regarded as more or less specific in the sense that the particular form of rickets noted in the ancestry and 212 EUGENICS REVIEW. collateral branches recurs, bow leg, in some groups, knock knees in others, pigeon breast, large head, etc., it is rare for a family to show a heaping up of all these different forms. The author concludes, (1) that there is evidence in this study for inheritance of diathesis of rickets; (2) that the factors which are the external conditioning factors are over-feeding, particularly over-feeding of full milk; poor vegetable nutrition or unsuitable vegetable diet; lack of fresh air and open air play; dark, damp dwell- ings. Under these two latter heads, he had observed in some cases that the tendency of a baby to rickets was the cause of its getting less out-door life than his brethren, and very pronounced rickets has resulted. C.B.S.H. Archiv fur Rassen u. Gesellschafts-Biologie. April, 1925. Munich. Dr. Walter Scheidt in "Die Asymmetrie der Korpergrossenkurven und die Annahme der Poymerie, " is chiefly concerned with the possibility of close relation between stature and the age at which sex-maturity comes on and the relation of the early or late development of sex maturity to race type. The question of factors in bodily growth is exceedingly intricate, and, while there is a great mass of definite evidence accumulating (cf. the late Prof. R. Martin, "Die Korperentwicklung Munchener Volksschulkinder im Jahre 1924), as to the effect of nutrition or mal- nutrition on the acceleration or retardation of growth, there is, as yet, all too little definite published research available as to the age of puberty in various races, or as to the effect of early or late development on final stature. The late Prof. Giuffrida Ruggeri, in Arch. di Fisiol, vol. 16, 1917-18 "L'Indice Barico," laysgreatstress on differences in sex, not only as regards development before and after puberty, but also as regards the effect of social conditions on the age of puberty. The data which he collected seem to prove that girls respond more readily, as regards early sexual development, to social conditions than boys. Many studies of development show that better nourishment means greater stature. Guiffrida Ruggeri's asser- tion that sex maturity was earlier in better nourished girls seems, therefore, in direct contradiction to the theory that early sex development means short stature. A racial difference in different strata of society may, however, come in here. B. T. Baldwin in Univ. Iowa Studies in Child Welfare 1921, vol. 1, No. 1, p. 411, argues that it is possible to predict the normal increment of growth in children, and adds: "if the predicted height is not reached, investigation into the pathological, nutritional, climatic and environmental conditions affecting growth should be made." He does not state his views on the effect of heredity in this con- nection. If to these complex factors is added the further complication that no modern European nation is of one uniform race type, and that the short dark type and the tall fair type have intermarried for generations all over Western Europe, it seems inevitable that growth curves must be asymmetrical. Dr. Scheidt' s con- clusion that a country in which the average stature is great must have a large pro- portion of individuals in whom sex maturity developed at a late age, would be accepted by many anthropologists. R. M. FLEMING. Birth Control News, April, 1925. Published by the Proprietors of the Mothers' Clinic, 61, Marlborough Road, London. This number contains reports of several meetings. An interesting debate was held at Brighton under the auspices of that town's branch of the British Medical Association between Dr. Louise McIlroy and Dr. Millard . Birth rate problems were discussed by Dr. Brownlee in a lecture to the Eugenics Education Society. Major Darwin, in the chair, recommended that adequate research into the causes of undesired sterility among professional and intellectual classes would be most valuable. June, 1925. A noteworthy event is recorded in the first official Hospital clinic, where advice about contraception is permitted to be given. A nurse trained at the Holloway Mothers' Clinic has been appointed by the Abertillery and District Hospital RECENT AND PERIODICAL LITERATURE. 21& Institute. Several meetings are reported, amongst them one in which the Bishop of Birmingham, Dr. Barnes, spoke in favour of smaller families. Included in this number are letters from Dr. Marie Stopes, and R. D. Karve, Bombay, in response to an attack on scientific birth control by Mahattma Ghandi in many Indian papers. At Mr. Julian Huxley's meeting in Holland Park he prophesied that unless the population were scientifically controlled there would not be enough food to go round within a few generations. The Medical Research Committee at the Society's meeting in May considered two interesting items. One was the formation of a museum for contraceptives; the- other the claims of Mrs. Erskine whose book "Sex at Choice" has just been pub- lished, that birth control is unnecessary if her methods are followed. Her claims- were commented upon unfavourably by the meeting. H.C.C. The Birth Control Review, April and May, 1925. Published by the American Birth Control League, New York City. The April number is an international number and contains articles on the- movement in the U.S.A., Norway, Japan, Russia, India, England, France and Denmark. Mrs. Dora Russell is the author of a report on the Workers' Birth Control group in England. The May number deals with the Sixth International Conference held in March in N ew York City. June, 1925. The editorial gives a clear cut statement defining "Control" by the President and Editor, Mrs. Sanger. P. M. Whiting takes as his title "Selection, the only way of Eugenics," and in his article criticises severely the ruthlessess and extravagance of natural selec- tion. He discusses first the biological consequence of a negative programme of eugenics, consisting of elimination of the "Moron" class by sterilization, then a positive programme of selecting the fathers. A. M. Kidd's paper is a discussion of "The Legal Aspect of Birth Control." Reference is made to the martyrdom of pioneers of Malthusian theories. The second part of Warren S. Thompson's article on "Over population and Migration as Causes of War" appears in this number. "Birth Control, Labor and the Catholics." Under this heading Toscan Bennet answers Catholic Labour (we presume he means Roman Catholic) opposition. In Charles V. Drysdale' s second article on "The Neo-Malthusian Philosophy" he states that "the Roman Catholic Church, the only organized body which now officially opposes contraceptive measures, about two years ago gave its sanction to the employment of practically identical devices, by men intending illicit inter- course, against venereal disease." H.C.C. Eugenique. Tome III, No. 6, Pp. 185-194. Immigration et Natali6t, by Dr. Lucien March. The question of immigration is exciting much attention in France in view of the low rate of natality amongst the native population. According to Dr. March, France is the only country which shows a diminution of inhabitants during the last twenty years. That diminution is believed to be due mainly to the volun- tary restriction of births based upon economic motives. It is a fact which is caus- ing much concern, even alarm, in France and various remedies have been proposed. It is too soon to expect much result from these efforts, and so far the results have been disappointing. But France is faced with another problem, not without some relation to the former one-viz., a large tide of immigration from other countries. In the two years 1921 and 1922 the excess of foreign operatives who entered the country over those who left it amounted to 350, 000. A third ofthese applied them- selves to agricultural pursuits, and their stay in the country may be regarded as temporary. But two-thirds have sought more or less permanent occupations. The majority of these immigrants come from Belgium, Spain, and Italy, but a -214 EUGENICS REVIEW. third come from more distant countries-Poland, Russia, Czecho-Slavokia, &c. The number of foreigners in France has risen in ten years (1911 to 1921) from 296 to 396 per 10,000 inhabitants, and this increase is spread over almost all the departments. A large number of these immigrants are definitely settled in France --Belgian and Dutch in the North, Spaniards, Italians and Poles in the South, and have replaced the former decaying stock. The number of naturalizations has risen proportionately, and naturalised foreigners enjoy all the privileges of the native born. On this point Dr. March has serious reserves. He doubts the wisdom of allowing foreign immigrants the rights of natives before their assimilation is sufficient, i.e., before they have acquired the mentality which a long tradition has imposed upon the indigenous population. He is disposed to urge that the rights of citizenship should be reserved for the second generation. Dr. March justly maintains that immigration is only a palliative to a nation whose native population is declining. The French Eugenics Society seeks to secure an adequate proportion of births and assistance for child-bearing and infancy -in other words its business is "pu6riculture, " a term which might be usefully introduced into the English language. Dr. March holds that the need of France is not fresh legislation, but rather the co-ordination of existing laws. This would include the following:- 1. The codification of the laws relating to infancy. 2. The centralisation in a service analogous to the Children's Bureau of America of all the studies relative to infancy. 3. The financial co-ordination of all expenditure relating to infancy, public relief, immigration, and emigration. France has, like America, an immigration problem, and will probably have to follow the example of America in regulating and restricting the influx of persons of foreign stock. But French civilisation has exceptional powers of attraction and assimilation, and only time is required to insure the absorption of foreign immi- grants. France presents a remarkable homogeneity of culture, yet it has at least three distinct stocks represented in the mass of the population-Nordics in the North, Alpines in the centre, and Mediterranean in the South. The fusion of these races has been the great achievement of French civilization. As regards the other fundamental problem, viz., the decline in the birth-rate amongst the native population, one may well doubt whether there is any remedy but a new economic and patriotic outlook. J.A.L. The Howard Journal. Vol. 1., No. 4. London, Savoy Street, W.C.2. This number contains many interesting articles as well as excellently arranged notes following both the course of events in Parliament and well-selected Press cuttings. Nearly all the books reviewed are such as would interest our members. There are notes of Quaker work in Germany and France, and an article on "Law for the Poor on the Swedish Probation System" but great interest attaches to a long and careful survey of official and semi-official publications covering the last three years-the closing of the French convict settlement in Guiana is welcomed. They quote from the first papagraph in the section on habitual criminals in the review of English criminal treatment, an interesting speech recently made by the Home Secretary; with his policy, which may be summarised as-"Do all you can to cure, segregate the incurable, " we have little quarrel. It is indeed the one we ourselves have persistentlv advocated. It is refreshing to feel that here the head of our own administration, the Howard League, and the sentiment expressed by the resolutions of the Prisons Congress, all coincide with the policy for which our President has worked so long. C.B.S.H. The Journal of Abnormal Psychology and Social Psychology. Vol. XIX, No. 4. January-March, 1925. Boyd Printing Co., Albany, N.Y. Dr. Kimball Young of Oregon University, in the course of a review of E. E. Ericksen's PSYCHOLOGICAL AND ETHICAL ASPECTS OF MORMON GROUP LIFE (Chicago University Press, 1922), points out that the history of Mormonism has a twofold interest: it furnishes material for the study of religious phenomena found in primi. tive and historic religions; and out of the movement has grown a divergent culture RECENT AND PERIODICAL LITERATURE. 215 marked by certain indigenous elements and some adaptation of borrowed cultural traits. The core of the belief was that a material kingdom was to be founded by Jehovah (in Jackson County, Missouri) and the infallibility of the re-established priesthood in the person of Joseph Smith. The founding of the community aroused intense opposition and it was compelled to migrate from its first settlement in Missouri to Nauvoo in Illinois and thence, under Brigham Young after the death of Joseph Smith at the hands of a mob, to Utah. Polygamy was abandoned in 1890. The history of the community is therefore one of isolation, both social and geo- graphical. The conditions to which it was subject served to perpetuate a type hard and dour yet emotional, which was characteristic of the remoter districts of the United States in 1830, and in these qualities presented some resemblance to certain sections of the population of Northern Ireland to-day, where the same ten- dency to religious emotionalism is to be observed. The Mormon movemen wast one only of a number of strange sects which sprang up in America at about this time, and if contemporary statements are to be believed, exhibited something of the same tendencies as found expression among the Mormons in organised poly- gamy. The latter sect differed chiefly in the quality of its leaders and their power to hold the faith of their followers. E.N.F. Journal of Comparative Legi'lation and International Law. February, 1925. In an article reprinted from the Columbia Law Review and entitled "The Uniform Illegitimacy Act and the present status of Illegitimate Children," the writer refers to an English Statute of 1575 (18 Eliz. c3), imperfect in its details but which substantially incorporated the provisions of most "illegitimacy" legislation up to the present day including the Uniform Illegitimacy Act which has been adopted in four States. This Act deals exclusively with the compulsory support of the illegitimate child. The statute lays down the proposition that both parents of the child born out of wedlock owe the child necessary maintenance, education and support, and imposes on the father a liability to pay the necessary expenses of pregnancy and confinement. The statute, while it deals with the remedies to be employed against the father, leaves the mother's duty dependent on collateral local legislation in each of the States which adopt the Act. S.C. May and August, 1924. In the Review of Legislation for 1922 the following statutes may be noted as being of some interest to those interested in Eugenics. Isle of Man. Deceased Brother's Widows' Marriage Act, which is similar to the English Statute. North America ( Alberta). C.4. S.12 deals with the liability of fathers for the maintenance of their illegitimate children. No father can be rendered so liabile unless he is declared to be the father by an order of the District Court. C.20. requires Societies having the care of Children to make a monthly report to the Superintendent of Neglected Children including names and residence of parents of such children. North America (British Columbia). C.43 makes legitimate the child of par- ents who have married since the birth of the child. North America (Manitoba). Welfare of Children-C.2. deals with a large number of matters affecting theWelfare ofchildren including the making of affiliation orders, the adoption and guardianship of children and provides penalties for know- ingly bringing defective or delinquent children into the province. Australasia (Papua). Ordinance No. 12 deals with the duty of a father to maintain his half-caste child and the way in which paternity may be proved. Australasia (Gilbert and Ellice Island Colony). Ordinance No. 13 of 1921 per- mits Divorce among Natives on various grounds: adultery, desertion for 3 years, habitual cruelty and impotency East Africa (Zanzibar Protectorate). The Marriage and Divorce (Mohammedan Registration Decree (No. 11), which applies to Mohammedans, with certain excep- tions, regulates the performance and registration of marriages. 216 EUGENICS REVIEW. Cyprus. Law No. 37 consolidates aad amends the local marriage laws. France. Article 333 of the Civil Code is modified by a law of Ist July, which provides that the Certificate of birth of a legitimised child shall not mention the fact that he was born prior to wedlock. United States of America (Federal Legislation). Public 332, 42 Stats. 1004 which applies only to the Canal Zone is an interesting example of Divorce law reform. Public 346, 42 stats. 1021 enables American women to retain their own nationality on marriage to a foreigner. United States of America (State Legislation). Nebraska (40) forbids the marriage of persons afflicted with venereal disease and provides that no person who has been adjudged afflicted with hereditary epilepsy or insanity shall marry until after sub- mitting to a sterilising operation. An affidavit of freedom from venereal disease is required from each applicant for a marriage licence. S.C. Journal of Educational Research. Sept., Oct. & December, 1924. Bloomington, Illinois, U.S.A. This journal well deserves its reputation for the careful and critical examina- iton of educational matters. The October number is entirely devoted to the papers read at a conference on "Educational Objectives for Colleges and Schools of Edu- cation" and on "Jobs Analysis and the Training of Teachers." It enquires into those fundamentals in teaching that are so often forgotten, and even hidden because of the mass of matter describing methods of reaching them and it should provide a salutory reminder to many a teacher that the end is more than the means of reach- ing that end. An article in the December number on "'The Possibilities of Limitation of Training, " by no less an authority than Professor Terman is of particular interest to Eugenists. He discusses whether the individual differences brought to light by intelligence tests are real or spurious, and suggests various experiments to decide this point, including a study whicli he is undertaking himself, to compare parent-- child and foster-parent foster-child resemblances. The September number contains a rather caustic but clever editorial on "Record-making in Schools." and a helpful article by Dr. Charles on "A Techl- nique for Trait Analysis,"

"Mental Hygiene.' April, 1925. Albany, N.Y. U.S.A. In this number of "Mental Hygiene" three very suggestive articles by Frankwood Williams, Harry Kerns, and Martin Peck are printed. All three bear on Mental Hygiene in adolescents and the importance of a skilled adviser being at hand to deal in the early stages with the minor defects. Major Kerns in his paper on the Mental-Hygiene Problems found among College Students is very emphatic on the importance of early guidance. A word of explanation with a sympathetic assurance will bear lasting and invaluable results. Martin Peck goes further and attempts a classification of his cases into intra and extra version on Jung' s System. A resumr of four typical examples is given and it is more than probable that as a result of Mr. Peck's advice considerable guidance was given to the students under his charge. Such an amplification of the relation which should exist ideally between tutor and student, when technical psychiatric knowledge is added to sympathy may well have untold influence for good. F.C.L. Metron. Vol. IV. No. 2. Dec., 1924. p. 252. W. Backman. NATIONALITE ET ACCROISSEMENT DE LA POPULATION EN FINLANDE. In Finland a remarkable change has been taking place for many years in the population of the Finnish as opposed to the Swedish population. In the interval 1880-1920 the population of the Swedish communes has fallen from 104 thousand to 95 thousand, a fall of 8.2%. while that of the Finnish communes has risen from 167 thousand to 205 thousand, a gain of 22.5%. The causes of this change are analysed in some detail. RECENT AND PERIODICAL LITERATURE. 217 (a) Considerable emigration has taken place in both groups, but is greater among the Swedes. From the Parish Registers it is found that 24.2% are absent from the Swedish communes, but only 18.3% from the Finnish. (b) Immigration to towns is a small item, but is greater among the Finnish. (c) The Swedish communes have by far the smaller birth rate. The differences in birth rate is analysed; the main causes appear to be a larger proportion of celibates among the Swedes, and, most important of all, a higher age of marriage. No social or economic causes for these differences are apparent. The case is of great eugenic interest as showing how a comparatively small difference in fecundity, much smaller than that which distinguishes our soclal classes, will, if persistent, change the proportions of different types in the popula- tion. The rapidity of such changes in relation to historical periods is remarkable. For a nation to retain its proportionate constituents for any important period, the fecundity of these constituents must be very accurately equalised. R.A.F. National Health. January 1925. Pp. 211-214. MATERNAL MORTALITY AND MORBIDITY. In opening a discussion on this subject at a meeting of the Public Health Section of the National Council of Women on November 13th, 1924, Dame Janet Campbell, M.D ., pointed out that the general health ofthe population had improved, and the general death-rate had been lowered, the infant mortality rate being now less than half what it had been in 1900. Yet the maternal death-rate is practically unchanged, and remains at the figure of about 4 per 1000 births. In England and Wales on an average, 3000 mothers annuallv lose their lives in child-birth. These figures compare unfavourably with those of some other European countries. A heavy maternal mortality is closely associated with a heavy neo-natal mortality. The causes of this mortality are mainly lack of skilful attention and unfavourable living conditions. The remedies lie in a greatly improved midwifery service, and the elimination of the "handy woman." Doctor and midwife alike needed better training and equipment, and the mother needed to place herself under the care of her attendant early in her pregnancy. The mother, the father, and the general public needed education on these points. Women' s Institutes and Mothers' Unions could help with guidance and advice. Lady Barrett M.D. held that the proportion of Maternal deaths depended upon three things:- 1. The general health of the mother. 2. Getting the mother to place herself under the care of a doctor or midwife throughout the whole pregnancy. 3. A perfect provision for labour and all the possible emergencies of labour. The midwife and the medical student needed better training and more experi- ence. The meeting favoured the following recommendations-viz.: 1. That moie homes for recuperation after confinement were needed. 2. That ten days in hospital was too short a time for recovery after confine- ment. 3. That every county should have an association of trained midwives. 4. That the services of private consultants and expert obstetricians should be available when needed. 5. That beds should be reserved in the country for urgent cases and an ambu- lance service organised for the conveyance of patients to the hospital. 6. That it should be a penal offence for the attendant on a woman in labour, other than the doctor or midwife, to make an internal examination. Most of the above recommendations will command general approval. The question of maternity mortality urgently needs ventilation. The public need to be instructed that the present maternal mortality is far too high, and is to a large extent preventable. The teaching of midwifery in the medical schools leaves much to be desired. The provision for the institutional treatment of lying-in mothers in Maternity Hospitals is nearly everywhere grossly insufficient. Happily, ante-natal treatment is now established in all the chief centres, and is proving both highly popular and fruitful in good results. J-A.L. 218 EUGENICS REVIEW. The New Generation. April 1925. Published by the New Generation League, London. Miss Cicely Hamilton discusses Family Endowment. At the meeting in London of the Council of the National Union of Societies for Equal Citizenship, Miss Jewson, M.P. carried her resolution calling on the Minister of Health to per- mit Birth Control instructions to be given at welfare centres to all married women who desire it. May, 1925. The May number includes a discussion of "Quality versus Quantity," by Bessie I. Drysdale, also "Some Observations on the Sex Instinct," by Bernard Hollander, M.D. Dr. Hollander contends that instead of making divorce easier, marriage should be made more difficult; that "divorce is not merely a question of morals; it is also a question of economics." JUNE, 1925. The June number of this periodical contains amongst several interesting items under "Passing Comments" a paper by Thomas Herne on "The Comparative Unimportance of the Child." In his opinion "the best that can be said of any child is that its value is potential," and that "there are too many children." Many will not agree with him that "a child compared with an animal . . . is singularly graceless and unintelligent. A child . . . is merely the doubtful risk in a world of strife, competition, and over-population." Cicely Hamilton states that one of the most prolific sections of the community is the miner, so that as the earnings ofthe mining industry are dwindling, the number of persons dependent on these earnings is increasing." H.C.C. Scientia. May 1925. London. In an article entitled "L'All6logenhse et L'H6redite," M. Alphonse Labb6, of the Ecole de Medecine, Nantes, states that, by causing the eggs of certain fresh water animals to grow in dilute sea water, he has produced a number of mutations. In particular he claims to have produced by this method four such new species of the copepod Canthocamptus minutus, "quatre allelomorphes diff6rents, non revers- ibles A 1'espece-souche." The results of his experiments are modestly described in twelve lines of text, without drawings or reference to any fuller account pub- lished elsewhere; the rest of the article consists of ten pages of discussion of the significance of these experimental results to contemporary biological thought. For our own part, we cannot help feeling that ten pages devoted to a clear, critical, and convincing account of these remarkable experiments would have been a better use of paper and print. M.S.P. Scientia 1, III. 1925. Pp. 179-188. Industrial Unrest, by F. J. C. Hearnshaw. Professor Hearnshaw truly remarks that "among all the social phenomena of the present day none is more conspicuous or remarkable than the widespread unrest which exists in the world of industry. It extends with striking uniformity to all countries and all continents wherein modern methods of manufacture have established themselves, and to which modern ideas have penetrated." America, Japan, India, and China are sharing in this unrest. Australasia is not exempt. Of this unrest there would appear to be four main causes, viz.: 1. The belief that labour does not get a fair share of the product of industry. 2. A paralysing sense of insecurity and chronic dread of unemployment and destitution. 3. A profound dissatisfaction with the conditions of work in factory or mine, and with the sort of life customary in the mean streets and sordid sur- roundings of the modern manufacturing town. 4. A resentment at the loss of freedom and independence which the old craftsman, with all their disadvantages, enjoyed, and a passionate desire for the liberty and power of self-determination which the possession of capital confers. RECENT AND PERIODICAL LITERATURE. 219, Professor Hearnshaw holds that these causes of discontent demand the most sympathetic consideration. No man should be regarded as a mere "hand," whose work is merely to minister to the satisfaction of others. None should be deprived of any means of self-realisation that the circumstances of his age allow. It must be remembered, however, that many evils are not due to human faults but to the unalterable order of nature, and are not remediable by human goodwill. "Such fundamental facts as the niggardliness of the earth ortheover-fertility of man cannot be changed by any revolution in the methods of production, distribu- tion, or exchange of commodities." The doctrine of Marx-that labour alone produces value, -must be countered and eliminated. Accurate information must be widely spread among working men as to the meaning and place of manual labour, inventive genius, organising ability, fixed and fluid capital, business enterprise, and distributive efficiency in the modern world of commerce. The virus of Com- munism must be expelled. Inadequate remuneration of labour can be remedied to some extent by increased productivity, by improved education, and by collec- tive bargaining. The sense of insecurity may be materially diminished by a proper system of industrial insurance. The line of division between capital and labour must be eliminated. The great problem, "the population question," must be faced. It is calculated that the population of the world increases every day by some 50,000 souls. "Unless this deluge can be stemmed, humanity can- not possibly escape an ultimate and awfuil catastrophe." These, questions are too large for discussion in a brief note. Eugenics is con- cerned both with the conditions of living in modern industrial communities and with the population question. Happily, public opinion is ripening upon these problems. The war against slums has begun-not before it was time. Housing is receiving an amount of attention which it has never received before. We are beginning to realise that a clean civilisation must provide decent habitations for- the people. WA"e are feeling our way to some check upon the unhappy multiplica-- tion of slum populations, though the remedy is by no means clear. The future is, upon the whole, hopeful, but there is a rough road to be traversed before aspiration can be translated into actual practice. J.A.L. The Shield. January-February, 1925. Pp. 185-196. Can Venereal Diseases be dealt with in the same way as other Infections? By Dr.. W. F. Vhuyzen, Chief Medical Officer of Health for Amsterdam. This is a communication made to a Congress at Graz, Austria, in September, 1924. Representatives of twenty nations were present. Dr. Velthuyzen argues against all compulsory measures regarding the control of venereal diseases mainly on two grounds, viz.: 1. That in the case of syphilis and gonorrhoea the patient attaches so much importance to professional secrecy that its suppression would bring mischiefs which no possible advantages could compensate. 2. That in taking measures which aid to provide for men security and irres- ponsibility for vice, the State overthrows the very notion of responsibility, which is the basis of all morality, and the basis of all hygiene. On these grounds he draws a definite distinction between coercive measures for the control of other infectious diseases and venereal diseases, and hence his reply to his questions is an emphatic negative. Dr. Velthuyzen would rely in the combat against venereal diseases upon affording facilities for treatment, gratuitous or accessible to every purse, in such wise as that all patients willingly have recourse to it: upon propaganda, upon edu- cation, upon persuasion, and, if need by, upon gentle pressure. He holds that such means will be found to be more successful than any form of coercion. At Amsterdam, thanks to the devotion of doctors, nurses and the social workers attached to the Polyclinic, 95 per cent. of the syphilitic men and 85 per cent. of the women have remained continuously under treatment at the clinics during the two years that this system of collaboration has been established. These figures, he holds, are not surpassed by those obtained in countries where compulsory trantment is in force. J.A.L. -220 EUGENICS REVIEW. The Training School Bulletin. April 1925. Vineland New Jersey. A short note in this journal on SOME ANATOMICAL CHARACTERS OF THE MONGO- LIAN IMBECILE, " by Bennett Dean is of interest, for theauthor givestheanatomical details of 100 Mongolian Imbeciles. His observations tend to corroborate Dr - Crookshank's theories, which were reviewed in the EUGENICS REVIEW recently (The Mongol in our Midst). The author emphasises his view that the Mongol is the true "Hypomorph," or retrograde form of the White Races and depends for his appearance in the producing stock of a white Mongolian ancestry. The anatomical make-up differs from that of the truly pathological dements. The Mongol is a true recessive-which is a theory still unproved, but more in accordance with observed facts than one which depends on a pathological as -opposed to an atavistic basis. F.C.L. OFFICE NEWS. NEW OFFICES. The Office staff has felt itself to be very fortunate in being able to make the move from 11, Lincolns Inn Fields to 52, Upper Bedford Place during the holiday. The work was actually done on Monday, September 7th, and it is hoped that by the time Fellows return to London and desire to take up work again, they will find office material in order. MEETINGS. On Wednesday, July 1st. The Society was invited to show Heredity exhibits at the soiree given by the National Baby Week Council. Thanks to the kindness of Professors Gwynn-Vaughan.and Ruggles-Gates, an interesting series was got together. Slides giving the cell division were demonstrated by Miss Green, of the Birkbeck College, and her friend. From King' s College came a fine series of botanical specimens showing Mendelian segregation. On July 15th the Society had a very successful Meeting in the Royal Society's Rooms at Burlington House (kindly lent by the President and Council of the Royal Society), when Dr. Mjoen, of Oslo, gave a most interesting lecture. His main thesis was the analysis into its components of musical ability-quite a number of musical people were present, and Sir Henry Hadow very kindly took the chair. It is hoped that members will have the opportunity of reading this valuable paper. On Tuesday, July 21st, Mr. Gun gave a luncheon hour lecture to the Rotary Club at Wolverhampton which aroused a good discussion. SUMMER SCHOOLS. Owing to the move, the Society has done little at summer schools this year. Aberystwyth and Derby and Cambridge only were attended. Professor McLean Thompson gave two lectures to the summer ischool at Aberysthwyth. Mr. G. C- Robson gave a lecture onWednesday, August5th, atthe teachers' summer school in the Diocesan College, Derby. The secretary visited the biology course for teachers being held in Cambridge, and had an informal discussion meeting. Mrs. Henderson has been running this course and has succeeded in getting an enormous amount of valuable training into a short period, and left her students prepared to study Eugenics enthusiastically. ANNUAL MEETING. The Annual Meeting was held in the Royal Society's Rooms (bv kind permis- sion of the President and Council) on July 8th, 1925, at 3-30 p.m. After the formal business meeting, the President invited the members to tea, and the General Meeting followed at 4-30 p.m. Major Darwin opened discussion on the question of the adoption by the Society of a practical programme (printed in extenso in this number). Following the paper, Colonel James brought forward a proposal that the Society should adopt a definite policy in favour of legislation for the sterilisation of certain categories of clearly congenitally unfit persons; in the following terms:- (a) That the Society should declare in favour of the principle of sterilisation. (b) That the Council should appoint a Sub-Committee, with powers to co-opt outside assistance, to define those categories of the congenitally unfit for whom sterilisation should be applicable. Colonel James was of opinion that a great deal of support would be forthcoming for a courageous policy on these lines, and that the absence of any clear-cut pro- gramme for the reduction of the numbers ofthe extremelyunfit, rendered the expan- sion of the Society from a purely philosophical, to a philosophical and popular basis, almost impossible. 224 EUGENICS REVIEW. Questions on the conditions in other countries were asked, and Dr. Binnir Dunlop summarised the position in England from the legal standpoint. The sub- ject' s consent to the operation is required by our law as it stands. Several speakers followed, testifying to their conviction that the existence of a group of the population with such poor or degenerate natural inheritance that their perpetuation is disastrous, and cannot be improved by any merely ameliorative measures. Mr. Fisher suggested that the point upon which the Society could be agreed was that there were certain categories for which parenthood was so undesirable that sterilisation if necessary should be adopted. Previous speakers had differed principally as to whether such necessity would arise in particular classes. The Hon. Mrs. Grant Duff, led the way for several speakers who felt that while sterilisation may well be the goal, public opinion needs very much education before such a drastic campaign could be proposed with any hope of success. The Dean of St. Paul's, Dr. Douglas White and Mr. Lidbetter followed with a strong recommendation against adopting a policy for which they considered the time is in no sense ripe. POPULATION RESEARCH. Funds alone prevent a very rapid increase in work. Mr. Lidbetter has now surveyed in outline the Census taken for this enquiry-the 'normal' sample for the same area under Mrs. Cartwright's direction has reached 60 Elementary School pedigrees, and between 20 and 40 Central School families. Miss Martin and Miss Greenhalgh are at work with Mr. Lidbetter and Mrs. Cartwright. In view of the possibility of legislation in the near future touching the Poor Law it is most urgent that the London work should be pushed forward rapidly. Public School samples are being attempted at Westminster and Eton thanks to the kindness of the Headmasters and Mr. Hope-Jones. Rural Population. Oxfordshire is the first county in which work is being done. The Anthropolo- gists in the University have kindly made their laboratory the "clearing house" and are co-operating with other groups in the University who can contribute to rural studies. Mrs. Sturge Gretton has been making a study since early summer in the hamlets she knows so well. Preliminary enquiries have been made in Liverpool, Gloucester, Reading, and three Midland Counties which have a well-organised rural Community Council with a view to samples being obtained in those areas. The Commnittee's thanks are due in this connection to Professor Carr-Saunders, Professor Peers, Professor Wolters and Miss Buer, and to Miss Hadow for help and encouragement. Appeals for funds have been made to a number of the City Companies and to some of the Research Trusts. The Cloth Workers Company made a grant of £20. The London School of Economics have renewed their grant of £25. The Royal Society have a grant of £100 from the Darwin Fund. The British Association is contributing to Mr. Dudley Buston' s work in Oxfordshire. The Henderson Trustees have made a grant for a 'trial' piece of work to be done in Scotland (to take four to six months). It is proposed to take the Scottish sample in Edinburgh, where the material already accumulated in the Child Life Investigation has been put at the investi- gator' s disposal through the courtesy of the Committee directing that work. Miss Mabel Clark has been appointed investigator. INTERNATIONAL. INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION OF EUGENICS. The International Commission of Eugenics held its Annual Meeting in London on the 14th and 15th of July, 1925. The formal Sessions took place in the Rooms of the Royal Society, Burlington House (by kind permission of the President and Council). Major Darwin presided, and the Secretary-Treasurer came over for the Meetings, as also Dr. Ensch, the other representative of Belgium. Professor Johannsen came from Denmark ; and M. Lucien March came over from France. Dr. Frets and Dr. Van Herwerden represented Holland. Professor Gini, OFFICE NEWS. 225 the Italian member, attended, and Dr. Mjoen and Dr. Collin represented Norway. Dr. Davenport, on behalf of the United States Delegation, and Sir Bernard Mallet, who has recently been elected as a see-nd representative of Great Britain, were present. Some interesting items of business were transacted in the First Session, after the opening formalities. Dr. Frets was re-elected under Rule 7. Professor Gini reported that the Bibliotheque Internationale had progressed so far that it was hoped that two volumes would be produced in the coming year. The Second Session met at 10 o'clock on the 15th July, 1925. The proposal from the League of Red Cross Societies, inviting the co-operation of the Eugenics Commission in the Health Field, was considered, and it was agreed to accept in its final form this invitation. Dr. Mjoen reported that the activities ofthe Programme Committee had reached the stage at which speedy and successful conclusion could be anticipated. Dr. Davenport brought forward the following Resolution, and it was agreed to circulate it, together with Dr. Mjoen's communication, to all Members of the Commission: "Whereas every nation has a right to select those who shall be included in "its body politic, and Whereas some knowledge of both family history and past "personal performance are as essential a part of the information about a human "immigrant and potential parent, as about an imported horse or cow, therefore "it is RESOLVED that each immigrant-receiving country may properly "enquire into the family and personal history of each immigrant." Dr. van Herwerden read a Report on the Standardisation of Pedigrees, and the f ollowing Resolution proposed by Dr. Davenport was agreed: "Whereas it is desirable that Pedigree Charts should be standardised to "facilitate their interpretation, and Whereas the system proposed by Dr. van "Herwerden comprises the best features of the systems most widely in use, "RESOLVED that this Commission appoint the system proposed by Dr. van "Herwerden and authorise its printing and distribution as the findings of the "Commission; RESOLVED that Drs. Van Herwerden and H. H. Laughlin be "constituted a Committee to arrange for its publication with such minor "changes as the Committee may find desirable." On the afternoon of the 15th July, at 3 p.m., an informal Session was held to discuss a number of propositions of interest to the Commission. Dr. van Herwerden described the Dutch scheme of registration, which it is intended to carry into effect at the next Census; and Sir Bernard Mallet reported on the scheme in use in Eng. land during the War. Dr. Mj6en reported that the Identity Book, which he brought forward to the Commission last year, is now before the Norwegian High Court. A Sub-Committee was then appointed to formulate a plan for registration and report to the Commission in due course. Dr. Frets read to the Commission a memorandum on the Importance of the Al- cohol Problem in its Racial Aspects, which provoked an interesting discussion. The time remaining was filled by the consideration of the social agencies con- cerned with racial improvement and deterioration, and Professor Collin was en- trusted with the task of summarising the most recent theories of the Rise and Fall of Civilisations for the consideration of the Commission. Dr. Mjoen reported also on Selective Immigration and read the following communication from the Consultative Eugenics Committee of Norway. The Consultative Eugenics Committee of Norway therefore suggests that the International Commission appoints a Committee which shall work out a proposition on Biological Registration and Selective Immgiration to be laid before the next race-Congress. This proposition should be limited to International Co-operation for a biological control in regard to emigration and immigration. Dr. Mjoen handed in to the Chairman and Professor Gini a catalogue of Scandi- navian works on Race-biology, Eugenics, Heredity and Cognate Sciences, prepared by Heljar Mjoen at the Winderen Laboratorium. The hours not occupied by formal sessions werc filled with various activities. On the 14th, by the kind invitation of Professor and Mrs. MacBride, the Com- mission, together with the most prominent members of the Eugenics Education 226 EUGENICS REVIEW. Society, were shown the newer and more interesting features of the Zoological Gardens, and entertained there to tea. In the evening the Film which Mrs. Neville Rolfe has just produced for Eugenic propaganda in England, was privately exhibited. Major and Mrs. Darwin entertained the Commission and their English Eugenic friends at lunch at the Burlington Hotel. On Tuesday. this was the occasion of a cordial speech of welcome by the President, who referred to the necessity for careful and steady work in the promotion of scientific and eugenic ideals in view of the retrograde tendencies which were typified at the moment by the Scopes trial in the United States. On the second occasion, M. March expressed the friendly feelings of the Com- mission and the thanks of the visiting delegates for their entertainment in London. On the afternoon of the 15th, Professor MacBride gave a reception to the Members of the Commission and scientific members of the English Universities and Biological institutions. This was a most enjoyable meeting. Only one public meeting was held, on the evening of the 15th, when Dr. Alfred Mj6en gave a lecture on "The Analysis of the Faculties in Musical Ability, and their Inheritance." EUGENICS IN ITALY. We learn that in the University of Padua Eugenics finds a place in the regular curriculum. It is included in the "Scuola di Scienze Politiche e Sociali" as follows- A sessional course of Eugenics given by Professor Gini; a sessional course of "Biology and Eugenics by Professor Paolo Enriques. THE FIRST NORDIC RACE CONFERENCE. From the 25th to the 28th of August representatives from Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Finland and Iceland, met in Uppsala and Stockholm to discuss race problems. The majority of the papers dealt with questions relating to the Northern Countries. A Nordic Association for Anthropology (Nordisk Forening for Antropologi) -was organised bv Prof. Lundborg, Director of the Swedish State Instutute of Race Biology, who was asked to act as General Secretary to the Association. Professor Furs of Lund was president ofthe conference, and Divisional Surgeon H. Bryn, Trondhjem, and Professor G. Hannesson, Reykjavik, acted as chairmen. It was decided that the Second Nordic Race Conference will be held in Oslo in 1927. Space does not allow of printing the full programme. Papers on Nordic and Lapp Ahthropology will be reviewed as they appear. PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED. BOOKS. Ashley, Sir William J. The Christian Outlook. London: Longmans, Green & Co. 1925. Pp. 99. Price 4s. 6d. net. Barry, Ian. Speculations in Economics. London: Williams and Norgate. 1925. Pp. 160. Price 7s. 6d. net. Bulleid, Arthur, L.R.C.P., F.S.A. The Lake Villages of Somerset. London: Folk Press, Ltd. 1924. Pp. 78. Illustrated. Price 2s. net. Burt, Cyril, M.A., D.Sc. The Young Delinquent. London: Univ. of London Press. 1925. Pp. 634. Photographs. Price 17s. 6d. net. Chesser, Elizabeth Sloan, M.D. Health and Psychology of the Child. London: William Heinemann (Medical Books), Ltd. 1925. Pp. 302. Price 7s. 6d. net. Crew, F. A. E., M.D., D.Sc., Ph.D., F.R.S.E. Animal Genetics. London: Oliver and Boyd. 1925. Pp. 420. Illustrated. Price 15s. net. Cutler, D. Ward, M.A., F.L.S. Evolution, Heredity and VaTiation. London: Christophers. 1925. Pp. 147. Diagrams. Price 4s. net. D'Arcy, C. F., D.D. Science and Creation. London: Longmans, Green & Co. 1924. Pp. 126. Price 3s. 6d. net. Dell, J. A., Animals in the Making. London: G. Bell & Sons. 1925. Pp. 115. Photographs and Diagrams. Price 2s. 6d. net. Fisher, R. A., M.A. Statistical Methodsfor Research Workers. London. Oliver and Boyd. 1925. Pp. 235. 'Tables. Price 15s. net. Fisk, Eugene Lyman, M.D. Health Building and Life Extension. London, Macmillan. Pp. 498. Ford, James, Ph.D. Social Problems and Social Policy. New York. Ginn & Co. 1924. Pp. 1027. Price 21s. net. Geddes, Prof. Patrick, and Thomson, Prof. J. Arthur. Biology. London: Home Univ. Library; Williams and Norgate. Pp. 254. Price 2s. 6d. net. Graves, Katherine B., Ph.D. The Influence of Specialised Training on Tests of General Intelligence. New York: Columbia University. Pp. 78. Gruenberg. Biology and Human Life. London: Ginn & Co. 1925. Pp. 592. Price 7s. 6d. net. Illustrated. Harley Street Doctor, A. A Doctor's Diary. London: Hutchinson & Co. Pp. 253. 5s. net. Harris, Franklin Stewart, Ph.D., and Butt, Newbern, I., B.S. Scientific Research and Human Welfare. New York. Macmillan, 1924. Pp. 406. Price 12s. net. Hollingworth, Leta, S., Ph.D. Special Talents and Defects. New York. Macmillan Co. 1928. Illustrated. Pp. 216. Hurst, Charles Chamberlain. Eaperiments in Genetics. London: Cambridge Univ. Press. 1925. Pp. 578. Photographs and Drawings. Price 50s. net. International Year book of Child Care and Protection. Compiled by Edward Fuller. London, Longmans Green & Co., 1925, pp. 565. Price 7/6. Jones, Donald Forsha. Genetics in Plant and Animal Improvement. London: Chapman and Hall. 1925. Pp. 568. Photographs and Diagrams. Price 20s. net. Kirchwey, Freda. Editor: Our Changing Morality. A Symposium. London: Kegan Paul & Co. 1925. Pp. 249. Price 8d. 6d. net. Kretschmer, E. Physique and Character. London: Kegan Paul & Co. 1925. Pp. 262. Price 15s. net. Lawrence, R. D. The Diabetic Life. London: J. & A. Churchill. 1925. Pp. 161. Price 7s. 6d. net. Lotsy, Dr. J. P., and Kooiman, Dr. H. N. Editors: Bibliographica Genetic(a. The Hague. Martinus Nijhoff. 1925; 228 EUGENICS REVIEW. Narain, Prof. Brij. The Population of India. Lahore. 1925. Rama Krishna &Sons. Pp. 215. Parsons, J. Inglis. Evolution Explained. London: Bale, Sons and Danielsson. 1925. Pp. 274. Price 7s. 6d. net. Passarge, Dr. S. Grundzuge der Gesetzmdzigen Charakterentwicklung-der Volker. Berlin. Gebruder Borntraeger. 1925. Pp. 173. Price G.M. 5.40. Pearl, Raymond, Studies in Human Biology. Baltimore: U.S.A. Williams & Wilkins. 1924. Pp. 653. Peters, W. Vererbung Geistiger Eigenschaften. Jena. Gustav Fischer. 1925. Pp. 400. Price M. 14. Pierce, Edgar. The Philosophy of Character. London: Humphrey Milford. 1924. Pp. 433. Price 20s. net. Playne, C. E. The Neuroses of the Nations. London: George Allen & Unwin. 1925. Pp. 464. Price 16s. net. Powell, J. E. Payment by Results. London: Longmans, Green & Co. 1924. Pp. 411. Price 21s. net. Rohleder, Dr. Hermann. Monographien Uber Die Zeugung Beim Menschen. Leipzig. George Thieme. 1924. Pp. 347. Price G.M. 9.60. Rivers, W. C., M.R.C.S, L.R.C.P., D.P.H. Sexuological Essays. Leipzig. Curt Kabitzsch. 1924. Pp. 168 Ruggles-Brise, Sir Evelyn, K.C .B. Prison Reform at Home and Abroad. London: Macmillan & Co. 1924. Pp. 200. Price 5s. net. Russell, Mrs. Bertrand. flypatia: or Woman and Knowledge. London: Kegan Paul & Co. 1925. Pp. 81. Price 2s. 6d. net. Saywell, Evelyn, Sidelightsfrom the New Psychology. London: Scientific Press. 1924. Pp. 98. Price 3s. net. Scheidt, Dr. Walter. Familienbuch. Munich. J. F. Lehmanns. 1924. Price 10 marks. Schmidt, Dr. Hubert. Vorgeschichte Europas. Leipzig. B. G. Teubner. 1924. Pp. 15. Price G.M. 1.80. Seton, Ernest Thompson. "Lobo" and Other Stories. London: Hodder & Stoughton. 1925. Pp. 125. Illustrated. Price 2s. Od. net. Shipley, Sir Arthur E., F.R.S.Islands, West Indian-Aegean. London: Hop- kinson & Co. 1924. Pp. 134. Photographs. Price 6s. net. Starr, Oran, D.D.S., L.D.S. Lamarck-Darwinism and Dental Disease. London: Kegan Paul & Co. 1925. Pp. 313. Illustrations and Diagrams. Price 21s. net. Stocks, Percy, M.D., D.P.H. Hereditary Disorders of Bone Development. Part I. London: Galton Laboratory. Cambridge Univ. Press. 1925. Pp. 197. Price 45s. net. Stokes, Adrian. The Thread of Ariadne. London. Kegan Paul & Co. 1925. Pp. 257. Price 6s. net. Thomson, J. Arthur, M.A., LL.D. Concerning Evolution. London: Oxford Univ. Press. 1925. Pp. 245. Illustrated. Price Ils. 6d. net. Variot, Dr. G. La Croissance chez le Nourisson. Paris. Gaston Doin. 1925. Pp. 339. Price 16 fcs. Wallin, J. E. Wallace, Ph.D. Studies of Mental Defects and Handicaps. Oxford, U.S.A. Miami University. Pp. 177. Tables. Price 75 cents. Weatherford, W. D., Ph.D. The Negro from Africa to America. New York: George H. Doran Co. Pp. 487. 1924. Winters, Laurence M., M.S. Animal Breeding. London. Chapman & Hall. 1925. Pp. 309. Photographs. Price 13s. 6d. net. Wolf, A., M.A., D.Lit. Essentials of Scientific Method. London. Allen & Unwin. 1925. Pp. 157. Price 5s. 6d. net. PAMPHLETS. Banker, Howard, J. The Ideal Family History. Reprint. The Eugenics Society of the United States of America. Pp. 6. 1923. Bibliography of Eugenics, A Brief, Eugenics Society of America. New Haven, Conn., U.S.A. Pp. 11. Bond, C. J., C.M.G., F.R.C.S. How the State can help Voluntary Effort in the Promotion of National Health. From the Report of the Conference on Imperial Health, Wembley, 1924. London. The People's League of Health. Pp. 9. PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED. 229 Boule, Marcellin. The Anthropological Work of Prince Albert 1. of Monaco, and the Recent Progress of Human Paleontology in France. (The Huxley Memor- ial Lecture for 1922). Washington. Government Printing Office. 1925. Pp. 13. Brewer, John M., and Others. Mental Measurement in Educational and Voca- tional Guidance. Harvard Bulletins in Education. No. X., Nov. 1924. London: Oxford UJniv. Press. Price 2s. 6d. net. Carnegie Institute of Washington. Classified List of Publications of: Carnegie Institute of Washington, D.C., U.S.A. Pp. 170. Castle, W. E. Outline for a Laboratory Course in Genetics. London. Oxford Univ. Press. 1924. Pp. 33. Tables. Price 2s. net. Davenport, Dr. C. B. Defects found in Drafted men. Reprint from "The Scientific Monthly," Jan-Feb., 1920. U.S.A. Davenport, Dr. C. B. Body Build: Its Development and Inheritance. New York. Eugenics Record Office. Feb. 1925. Pp. 42. Dearborn, Dr. W. F., and Inglis, Dr. Alexander. Psychological and Educa- tional Tests in the Public Schools of Winchester, Virginia. The University, Virginia, 1922, pp. 54. Doll, E. A. Anthropometry as an Aid to Mental Diagnosis. Research Dept., Vineland Training School. New Jersey, U.S.A 1916. Pp. 91. Charts and Tables. Dublin, Louis I. The Excesses of Birth Control. Address to Sixth International Neo-Malthusian and Birth Control Conference. New York. Metropolitan Life Insurance Co. 1925. Pp. 10. East, E. M. Two Decades of Genetic Progress. Reprint from Smithsonian Re- port for 1922. Washington, U.S.A. Government Printing Office. 1924. Pp. 10. Eugenics Society of America: Report and Program of The: 1925. Pp. 15. Gowen, John W. Inheritance of Milk Production. Reprint from "Scientific Agriculture," Aug. 1924. Maine, U.S.A. Agricultural Experiment Station. 1924. Pp. 16. Gowen, John W. Interpretation of Dairy Pedigrees. Reprint from Annual Report. Maine, U.S.A. Agricultural Experiment Station. 1924. Pp. 80. Gowen, John W. Studies on Conformation in Rotation to Milk Producing Capac- ity in Cattle. Reprint from Annual Report. Maine, U.S.A. Agricutural Experiment Station, 1923. Pp. 96. Gowen, John W. Intrauterine Development of the Bovine Fetus in Relation to Milk Yield in Guernsey Cattle. Reprint from Journal of Dairy Science. July, 1924. Maine, U.S.A. Agricultural Experimental Station, 1924. Pp. 7. Gowen, John W. The Inheritance of Milk Production and Butterfat Percentage. Washington, U.S.A. Government Printing Office. 1924. Pp. 7. Gowen, John W. The Application of the Science of Genetics to the Farmers' Problems. Reprint from "Scientific Agriculture," Sept., 1924. Maine, U.S.A. Agricultural Experimental Station. 1924. Pp. 12. Howard Journal, The. Vol. I., No. 4. 1925. London: Howard League for Penal Reform. Price 2s. Gd. net. Hrdlicka, Ales. The Origin and Antiquity of the American Indian. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1925. Pp. 31. Photographs. Kerr, J. Graham, M.A., F.R.S. Zoology and the Medical Curriculum. Reprint from "Glasgow Medical Journal," April, 1925. Pp. 7. Keith, Sir Arthur, F.R.S. The Religion of a Darwinist. Conway Memorial Lecture. London: VIatts & Co. 1925. Pp. 76. Price Is. net. Le Blanc, Thomas J. Density of Population and .Mortality in the United States. Reprint from "The American Journal of Hygiene," Vol. 4, Sept., 1924. Lenz, Dr. Fritz. Uber Die Biologischen Grundlaoen Der ErziehunJ. Munich. J. F. Lehmanns. 1925. Pp. 44. MacDonald, Arthur. A Study of the United States Senate. (An Anthropo- logical Fnquiry.) Bombav. B.I. Press. Pp. 24. Mellanby, Edward. Ea-perimental Rickets. Medical Research Council. London: H.M. Stationery Office. 1925. Pp. 100. Price 3s. 6d. net. Mensch en Maatschappij. Groningen. P. Noordboff. 1925. Pp, 112. 280 EUGENICS REVIEW. Ministry of Labour. Report on an Investigation into the Personal Circumstances and Personal History of 10,903 Claimants to Unemployment Benefit. London: H.M. Stationery Office. 1925. Pp. 127. Price 4s. net. National Conucil of Public Morals. Report of Special Committee. The Ethics of Birth Control. London. Macmillan. 1925. Pp. 179. Netusil, F. J. The Movement of Birth and Death Rates in Bohemia. Reprint from "The American Journal of Hygiene." Vol. V., No. 2, Pp. 242-244. 1925. Parkes, A. S., B.A.(Cantab.), Ph.D. Studies on the Sex-Ratio and Related Phenomena. Reprint from "Journal of Genetics," Vol. XIV, No. 1. 1925. London: Cambridge Univ. Press. 1925. Pp. 9. Pearl, Raymond. The Racial Origin of Almshouse Paupers in the United States. Reprint from "Science," Vol. LX. U.S.A. 1924. Pp. 5. Pearl, Raymond. Facts, Reasons and Pauperism. Reprinted from "Science," Vol. LXI, No. 1576, Pp. 285. 1925. Pearl, Raymond. On the Inheritance of Duration of Life. Papers from the Department of Biometry and Vital Statistics, Johns Hopkins University, No 89. 1925. Pearl, Raymond. Preliminary Account of an Investigation of Factors Influencing Longevity. Reprint from "Journal of The American Medical Association." Chicago, 1924. Pp. 20. Pearl, Raymond. The Influence of Alcohol on Duration of Life. Reprint from Proc. National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A. 1924. Pp. 7. Pearl, Raymond. Distribution of Physicians in the United States. Reprint from "4Journal of American Medical Association." 1925. Vol. 84, Pp. 1024-1028. Pearl, Raymond., and Reed, Lowell J. Skewgrowth Curves. Reprint from Proc. National Academy of Sciences, Vol. II., No. 1., Pp. 16-22, Jan., 1925. U.S.A. Porteus, S. D. Temperament and Mentality in Maturity, Sex and Race. Reprint from "Journal of Applied Psychology," Vol. VIII., No. 1. March, 1924. Red Cross Societies, Report of League of: Paris. Secretariat of the League. 1925. Pp. 91. Sax, Karl. Relation between Chromosome Number, Morphological Characters and Rust Resistance in Segregates of Partially Sterile Wheat Hybrids. Reprinted from "Genetics," July, 1923. Pp. 21. Sax, Karl The Nature ofSize Inheritance. Reprint from Proc. National Academy of Sciences, June, 1924. Maine, U.S.A. Agricultural Experiment Station, 1924. Pp. 4. Sax, Karl, and Gaines, E. F. A Genetic and Cytological Study of Certain Hybrids of Wheat Species. Reprint from "The Journal of Agricultural Rseearch." Washington. Government Printing Office. 1924. Pp. 20. Sax, Karl, and Gowen, John W. Permanence of Tree Performance in a Clonal Variety, and a Critique of the Theory of Bud Mutation. Reprinted from "Genetics," May, 1923. Pp. 33. Sax, Karl, and Gowen, John W. The Place of Stocks in the Propagation of Clonal Varieties of Apples. Reprinted from "Genetics," September, 1923. Pp. 8. Sax, Karl, and Sax, Hally Jolivette. Chromosome Behaviour in a Genus Cross. Reprint from "Genetics," September, 1924. Maine, U.S.A. Agricultural Experimental Station. 1924. Pp. 12. Terman, Dr. Lewis M., Williams, Dr. J. Harold, and Fernald, Dr. Grace M. Surveys in Mental Deviation in Prisons, Public Schools, and Orphanages in California. Sacramento. Calif. State Printing Office. 1918. Pp. 87. Tuberculin Tests in Cattle. Medical Research Council. London: H.M. Stationery Office, 1925. Pp. 196. Charts and Tables. Price 3s. net. Thomalla, Dr. Curt. Innere Sekretion. Leipzig. Curt Kabitzsch. Pp. 107. Price 3 marks. Weinberg, Margarete. Das Frauenproblem im ldealstaat. Leipzig. Verlag von Curt Kabitzsch. 1925. Pp. 85. Price 2.40 Marks. Wissler, Clark. Comparative Data on Respiration and Circulation among Native and Foreign Born Males in New York City. New York. American Museum Press, 1924. Pp. 45. Yale College. Catalogue of The Undergraduate Schools, 1924-5. New Haven, U.S.A. Yale Univ. 1925. Pp. 327. PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED. 231 PERIODICALS. A. Gyermek: Organ of the Hungarian Child Study Society. Maria Terezia: Ter 8, Budapest VIII. American Journal of Physical Anthropology. Ales Hrdlicka. Editor, National Museum, Smithsonian Institute, Washington, June, 1925. American Naturalist. Boston. Annales d' Eugenique. 80, Rue de Livourne, Brussels. 1925. Archiv fur Rassen u Gesellschafts Biologie. Verlag Lehmanns, Munchen. Jan.- April, 1925. Biometrika. Dec. 1924. June 1925. Birth Control News. 7, John Street, Adelphi, W.C.2. June 1925. Birth Control Review. 104, Fifth Avenue, New York, U.S.A. June, July, Aug. 1925. British Journal of Psychology, The. 329, High Holborn, W.C.1. July 1925. Bulletin de la SociitQ d'Etude des Formes Humaines. 77, rue du Chateau des Rentiers, Paris. Bulletin of British Library of Political Science Current number London School of Economics and Political Science, Kingsway, W.C.2. May-August, 1925. Bulletins et Memoires de la Societe d'Anthropologie de Paris. 120, Boulevard St. Germain, Paris. Bulletin of Miami University. Oxford, Ohio, U.S.A. Bulletin de la Statistique Generale de la France. 97, Quai d'Orsay, Paris (VIle.) Coltura Populare. Via Pace 10, Milano, Italy. May-June, 1925. Czecho-Slovakia Eugenics Society. Karlova nam c. III., Prague. Czecho- Slovakia. Difesa Sociak. Palazzo Sciarra, Via Minghetti 17, Rome I. Italy. Mar-April, 1925. Eugenical News. Eugenics Record Office, Cold Spring Harbor, Long Island, U.S.A. April-May-June, 1925. Eugenique. Societe d'Eugenique, 97, Quai d'Orsay, Paris. "Genetica." Martimus Nijhoff, Lange Voorhout 9, The Hague, Holland. Jan.-April, 1925. Hereditas. Robert Larsen. Editor. Adelgatan 7. Lund, Sweden. 1925. Band VI. No. 3. International index. The H. W. Wilson Co. 958-972, Universty Avenue, New York City. International Review of the Science and Practice of Agriculture. International Institute of Agriculture, Villa Umberto I., Rome 10, Italy. Jan.-April, 1925. Journal of Abnormal Psychology and Social Psychology. Boyd Printing Co., 372- 374, Broadway, Albany, N.Y. July 1925. Journal of the American Institute of Criminal Law and Criminology. Feb.-May, 1925. 31, West Lake Street, Chicago, U.S.A. Journal of Applied Psychology. University of Indiana, Bloomington, Ind. U.S.A. June 1925. Journal of Delinquency. Whittier State School, California. Journal of Genetics. Cambridge University Press, Chancery Lane, W.C.2. Journal of Comparative Legislation. 1, Elm Court, Temple, E .C .4. August 1925. Journal of Heredity, The. American Genetic Society, Harford Avenue, Baltimore- U.S.A. Feb., 1925. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Royal Statistical Society, 9, Adelphi Terrace, W.C.2. May 1925. Journal of Educational Research. Public School Publishing Co., Bloomington, Illinois, U.S.A. May 1925. Journal of Social Hygiene. 370, Seventh Avenue, New York City, U.S.A. Lancet, The. 423, Strand, W.C. Jan. 1924. Feb.-March 1925. Man. The Anthropological Institute, 52, Upper Bedford Place, W.C.I. June- July, 1925. Mathematical Gazette, The. G. Bell & Sons, Ltd., Portugal Street, W.C.2. March 1925. Massachusetts Society of Social Hygiene. 50, Beacon Street, Boston, Mass. U.S.A. Mental Hygiene. 372-374, Broadway, Albany, N.Y. July 1925. 282 EUGENICS REVIEW. National Health. 5, Tavistock Square, W.C.1. July-August, 1925. Nature. March-April, 1925. Metron. Dept. of Statistics, University of Padova, Italy. Dec. 1924. New Generation, The. The New Generation League, 31, Palace Street, S.W.1. March, May, June, July, 1925. Neue Generation, Die. Ernst Oldenburg, Verlag Leipsig und Wien I. April, May, June, July, Aug. 1925. Nipiologia, La. Via P. S. Mancici 13, Napoli, Italy. June-July, 1925. Pedagogical Seminary. Worcester, Mass., U.S.A. Physiological Abstracts. H. K. Lewis, London. April, May, June, July, Aug., 1925. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria, N.S.W. Drummond Street Melbourne. Proceedings of the Royal Dublin Society. Williams & Norgate, 14, Henrietta Street, W.C.2. Psyche. Ed. C. K. Ogden, Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner, 68, Carter Lane, E.C. Resumptio Genetica. Vol. I. Parts 1, 2, 3, 1925. Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague, Holland. Rassegna di Studi Sessuali e di Eugenica. Casa Editrici Leonardo da Vinci. via Casalmonferrato 29, Rome 40. June, 1925. Revue Anthropologique. Librarie Emile Nourry, 108, Boulevard St. Germain, Paris. Jan.-March, 1925. Revue d' Eugenique Belge. 82, Rue de 1'Ermitage, Bruxelles. Revue de l'lnstitut de Sociologie. 82, Rue de l'Ermitage, Bruxelles. Jan.-April, 1925. Rivista di Psicologia. Nicola Zanichelli, Bologna. Science Progress. John Murray, 50a, Albemarle Street, W.1. July 1925. Scientia. 14, Via A. Bertani, Milan. July August, 1925. Shield, The. The Association for Moral and Social Hygiene, 2 & 4, Great Smith Street, S.W.1. Jan.-Feb., 1925. Social Welfare. The Social Service Council, 2, Toronto Street, Toronto, Canada. July 1925. Statistical Bulletin, The. Metropolitan Life Insurance C., New York, U.S.A. June, 1925. Studies in Mental Inefficiency. Central Association for Mental Welfare, 24, Buck- ingham Palace Road, S.W.1. Training School Bulletin, The. Training School, Vineland, New Jersey, U.S.A. June, 1925. World's Children, The. April-May, August-Sept., 1925. World's Health. League of Red Cross Societies, 7, Rue Quentin-Bandiart, Geneva. Jan., 1925. Zeitschrift fur Padagogische Sociologie. Scheivner und Stern, Kreutzner Str. 14, Leipsig, Germany.