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Sedimentary Test 2 Review Guide Making Sedimentary Rocks 1 Name: KEY Unit III: Section 3: Sedimentary Processes Earth & Environmental Systems Science Test 2 Review Guide Sedimentary Test 2 Review Guide Making Sedimentary Rocks 1. What vocabulary word describes turning sediment into solid rock? Lithification = compaction + cementation 2. List and describe the processes to form sediment and then a sedimentary rock in order? - Weathering – breaking down - Erosion – moving/transporting sediment - Deposition – putting sediment into place Sediment MADE! Lithification: Turning sediment into a solid rock -Compaction – generally through burial and reduces pore space -Cementation – gluing sediment together using a mineral water solution Sedimentary Rock MADE! 3. What acts as glue to form Clastic and Bioclastic textured sedimentary rocks? Water moves through soil and rocks and dissolves minerals along the way. The mineral water solution settles in the sediment, the water evaporates, and the minerals are left behind to bind sediment. Uniformitarianism and Stratigraphy 4. What geological principle states that the same processes that operate today also operated in the past? Uniformitarianism – James Hutton 5. List and describe the 3 laws of Stratigraphy: -Law of Horizontal Deposition – Sediment is deposited and lithified in flat layers -Law of Superposition – oldest layers are on the bottom and youngest is on the top -Law of Cross-cutting – anything that cuts across sedimentary layers (faults or igneous intrusions) are younger than the layers that they cut across 6. What is an unconformity? Any process that disturbs sedimentary layers 7. List and describe the 3 types of unconformities: -Angular – beds are tilted (by plate tectonics), weathered and eroded, and new beds are placed on top at a different angle -Nonconformity – Igneous beds eat through sedimentary beds from the bottom -Disconformity – Sedimentary beds are missing due to weathering and erosion generally drawn as a straight squiggly line. 8. The oldest layer in an undisturbed bed of sedimentary rocks will be at the _____ (bottom/top) of the sequence. 9. List the type of unconformity and symbol of an eroded bed. Disconformity – straight squiggly line 1 Name: KEY Unit III: Section 3: Sedimentary Processes Earth & Environmental Systems Science Test 2 Review Guide 10. List rocks youngest to oldest: youngest __A__ __2__ 2 __1__ __B__ __F__ __C__ __D__ __E__ oldest 1 - List and describe any unconformities: Angular – None Nonconformity – C Disconformity – 2 is the actual unconformity; B would be an example bed that is eroded Identifying Sedimentary Rocks 11. Fill in the table below to show how the sediment size changes as you move from the continent to the ocean? Why does this occur? When the streams flow into the oceans/lakes they begin to slow down. The more still the water the smaller the sediment that is deposited. Continent Nearshore Offshore Offshore Sediment Size Pebble/Gravel Sand Clay Microscopic Organisms (calcite shells) Type of Sedimentary Rock Conglomerate/ Sandstone/ Argellacious Shale Limestone Breccia Siltstone Symbol 12. Give a quick description of the three classifications of sedimentary rocks and their matching textures: -Terragenic – Clastic – inorganic sediment that is compacted and glued together -Chemical – Crystalline – sediment that is chemically changed (evaporation/precipitation) to solidify and made of minerals and impurities -Organic – Bioclastic – organic (once living) sediment is compacted and glued together 13. How is the formation process of a chemical sedimentary rock different from Terragenic and Organic Sedimentary Rocks? The sediment is chemically changed and turns closer to its mineral derivative but also contains impurities Environment Rock Formed There Formation Description Classification-Texture Carbonaceous Shale Swamps – waters are still depositing clay Terragenic – Clastic Terrestrial Swamps/Marshes Bituminous Coal Swamps – lots of vegetation that decays and Organic – Bioclastic compacts Rock Salt Saltwater – water is evaporated leaving a salt Chemical – Crystalline Saltwater Lakes deposit with impurities Conglomerate Rivers slow down as they flow into oceans and Terragenic – Clastic Nearshore Coastal Clastics deposit largest particles first Sandstone Rivers really slow down and wave action cause Terragenic – Clastic these middle sized sediment to be deposited Marine Coquina Seashells a brought in off the continental shelf Organic – Bioclastic Nearshore Coastal by waves, broken down, and cemented. Limestone Microscopic organisms with calcite shells die, Chemical – Crystalline the shell falls to the oceanfloor, and is Offshore chemically changed to create a rock Argillaceous Shale Deep ocean waters are very still and clay Terragenic – Clastic particles settle 2 Name: KEY Unit III: Section 3: Sedimentary Processes Earth & Environmental Systems Science Test 2 Review Guide Bituminous Coal Composition: Classification: Texture: Environment: Conglomerate Composition: Classification: Texture: Environment: Coquina Composition: Classification: Texture: Environment: Limestone Composition: Classification: Texture: Environment: 3 Name: KEY Unit III: Section 3: Sedimentary Processes Earth & Environmental Systems Science Test 2 Review Guide Rock Salt Composition: Classification: Texture: Environment: Sandstone Composition: Classification: Texture: Environment: Argillacious Shale Composition: Classification: Texture: Environment: Carbonaceous Shale Composition: Classification: Texture: Environment: 4 .
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