Prospects for Using Expression Patterns of Paramyxovirus Receptors As Biomarkers for Oncolytic Virotherapy
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A Mouse B16 Melanoma Mutant Deficient in Glycolipids
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 91, pp. 2703-2707, March 1994 Biochemistry A mouse B16 melanoma mutant deficient in glycolipids (glucosyltransferase/glucosylceramide/glucocerebroside) SHINICHI ICHIKAWA*t, NOBUSHIGE NAKAJO*, HISAKO SAKIYAMAt, AND YOSHIo HIRABAYASHI* *Laboratory for Glyco Cell Biology, Frontier Research Program, The Institute of Chemical and Physical Research (RIKEN), 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-01, Japan; and *Division of Physiology and Pathology, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Chiba-shi, Chiba 260, Japan Communicated by Saul Roseman, December 21, 1993 ABSTRACT Mouse B16 melanoma cell line, GM-95 (for- cosyltransferase would provide an ideal tool. Although sev- merly designated as MEC-4), deficient in sialyllactosylceram- eral glycosylation mutant cells have been isolated by treat- ide was examined for its primary defect. Glycolipids from the ment with a mutagen followed by selection with lectins, mutant cells were analyzed by high-performance TLC. No defects in these mutants were involved in either glycoprotein glycolipid was detected in GM-95 cells, even when total lipid syntheses (for review, see ref. 3), nucleotide sugar syntheses, from 107 cells was analyzed. In contrast, the content of or nucleotide sugar transporters (4). Mutants defective in ceramide, a precursor lipid molecule of glycolipids, was nor- glycolipid-specific transferases have rarely been found. Re- mal. Thus, the deficiency of glycolipids was attributed to the cently, Tsuruoka et al. (5) isolated a mouse mammary car- first glucosylation step of ceramide. The ceramide glucosyl- cinoma mutant that gained GM3 expression by selection with transferase (EC 2.4.1.80) activity was not detected in GM-95 antilactosylceramide (anti-LacCer) monoclonal antibody cells. -
Pro-Inflammatory Tnfα and IL-1Β Differentially Regulate the Inflammatory Phenotype of Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells Simon J
O’Carroll et al. Journal of Neuroinflammation (2015) 12:131 JOURNAL OF DOI 10.1186/s12974-015-0346-0 NEUROINFLAMMATION RESEARCH Open Access Pro-inflammatory TNFα and IL-1β differentially regulate the inflammatory phenotype of brain microvascular endothelial cells Simon J. O’Carroll1,2, Dan Ting Kho1,3, Rachael Wiltshire1, Vicky Nelson1,3, Odunayo Rotimi1,2, Rebecca Johnson1,3, Catherine E. Angel4 and E. Scott Graham1,3* Abstract Background: The vasculature of the brain is composed of endothelial cells, pericytes and astrocytic processes. The endothelial cells are the critical interface between the blood and the CNS parenchyma and are a critical component of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). These cells are innately programmed to respond to a myriad of inflammatory cytokines or other danger signals. IL-1β and TNFα are well recognised pro-inflammatory mediators, and here, we provide compelling evidence that they regulate the function and immune response profile of human cerebral microvascular endothelial cells (hCMVECs) differentially. Methods: We used xCELLigence biosensor technology, which revealed global differences in the endothelial response between IL-1β and TNFα. xCELLigence is a label-free impedance-based biosensor, which is ideal for acute or long-term comparison of drug effects on cell behaviour. In addition, flow cytometry and multiplex cytokine arrays were used to show differences in the inflammatory responses from the endothelial cells. Results: Extensive cytokine-secretion profiling and cell-surface immune phenotyping confirmed that the immune response of the hCMVEC to IL-1β was different to that of TNFα. Interestingly, of the 38 cytokines, chemokines and growth factors measured by cytometric bead array, the endothelial cells secreted only 13. -
Regulation of Glycolipid Synthesis in HL-60 Cells by Antisense
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 92, pp. 8670-8674, September 1995 Neurobiology Regulation of glycolipid synthesis in HL-60 cells by antisense oligodeoxynucleotides to glycosyltransferase sequences: Effect on cellular differentiation (gangliosides/gene expression/cell maturation) GuicHAo ZENG, TOSHlo ARIGA, XIN-BIN Gu, AND ROBERT K. Yu* Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0614 Communicated by Saul Roseman, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, June 8, 1995 ABSTRACT Treatment of the human promyelocytic leuke- Gal1-Gic-Cer mia cell line HL-60 with antisense oligodeoxynucleotides to UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine: 3-1,4-N-acetylgalactosaminyl- transferase (GM2-synthase; EC 2.4.1.92) and CMP-sialic acid:a- GGM3 synd8s EC 2.4.99.8) sequences ef- 2,8-sialyltransferase (GD3-synthase; Gal-Glc-Cer GD3 synthase Grl-Glc-Cer fectively down-regulated the synthesis of more complex ganglio- SA - SA sides in the ganglioside synthetic pathways after GM3, resulting cm sA aon in a remarkable increase in endogenous GM3 with concomitant decreases in more complex gangliosides. The treated cells un- GM2 synthase derwent monocytic differentiation as judged by morphological clwiges, adherent ability, and nitroblue tetrazolium staining. GaiNAc-Gal-Glc-Cer GaINAc-Gal-Glc-Cer SA These data provide evidence that the increased endogenous sk Q ganglioside GM3 may play an important role in regulating IGM2 SA cellular differentiation and that the antisense DNA technique proves to be a powerful tool in manipulating glycolipid synthesis GalGaNAc-Ca-Glc-Cer Gal-GaINAc-Gal-Glc-Cer in the cell. SA SA SA GDlb The composition of gangliosides-in cells undergoes dramatic changes during cellular growth, differentiation, and oncogenic transformation, suggesting a specific role of gangliosides in the Gal-GaINAc-Gal-Gic-Cer Gal-GaINAc-Gal-Glc-Cer regulation of these cellular events (3-5). -
Supplementary Table 1: Adhesion Genes Data Set
Supplementary Table 1: Adhesion genes data set PROBE Entrez Gene ID Celera Gene ID Gene_Symbol Gene_Name 160832 1 hCG201364.3 A1BG alpha-1-B glycoprotein 223658 1 hCG201364.3 A1BG alpha-1-B glycoprotein 212988 102 hCG40040.3 ADAM10 ADAM metallopeptidase domain 10 133411 4185 hCG28232.2 ADAM11 ADAM metallopeptidase domain 11 110695 8038 hCG40937.4 ADAM12 ADAM metallopeptidase domain 12 (meltrin alpha) 195222 8038 hCG40937.4 ADAM12 ADAM metallopeptidase domain 12 (meltrin alpha) 165344 8751 hCG20021.3 ADAM15 ADAM metallopeptidase domain 15 (metargidin) 189065 6868 null ADAM17 ADAM metallopeptidase domain 17 (tumor necrosis factor, alpha, converting enzyme) 108119 8728 hCG15398.4 ADAM19 ADAM metallopeptidase domain 19 (meltrin beta) 117763 8748 hCG20675.3 ADAM20 ADAM metallopeptidase domain 20 126448 8747 hCG1785634.2 ADAM21 ADAM metallopeptidase domain 21 208981 8747 hCG1785634.2|hCG2042897 ADAM21 ADAM metallopeptidase domain 21 180903 53616 hCG17212.4 ADAM22 ADAM metallopeptidase domain 22 177272 8745 hCG1811623.1 ADAM23 ADAM metallopeptidase domain 23 102384 10863 hCG1818505.1 ADAM28 ADAM metallopeptidase domain 28 119968 11086 hCG1786734.2 ADAM29 ADAM metallopeptidase domain 29 205542 11085 hCG1997196.1 ADAM30 ADAM metallopeptidase domain 30 148417 80332 hCG39255.4 ADAM33 ADAM metallopeptidase domain 33 140492 8756 hCG1789002.2 ADAM7 ADAM metallopeptidase domain 7 122603 101 hCG1816947.1 ADAM8 ADAM metallopeptidase domain 8 183965 8754 hCG1996391 ADAM9 ADAM metallopeptidase domain 9 (meltrin gamma) 129974 27299 hCG15447.3 ADAMDEC1 ADAM-like, -
GM2 Gangliosidoses: Clinical Features, Pathophysiological Aspects, and Current Therapies
International Journal of Molecular Sciences Review GM2 Gangliosidoses: Clinical Features, Pathophysiological Aspects, and Current Therapies Andrés Felipe Leal 1 , Eliana Benincore-Flórez 1, Daniela Solano-Galarza 1, Rafael Guillermo Garzón Jaramillo 1 , Olga Yaneth Echeverri-Peña 1, Diego A. Suarez 1,2, Carlos Javier Alméciga-Díaz 1,* and Angela Johana Espejo-Mojica 1,* 1 Institute for the Study of Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Faculty of Science, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá 110231, Colombia; [email protected] (A.F.L.); [email protected] (E.B.-F.); [email protected] (D.S.-G.); [email protected] (R.G.G.J.); [email protected] (O.Y.E.-P.); [email protected] (D.A.S.) 2 Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá 110231, Colombia * Correspondence: [email protected] (C.J.A.-D.); [email protected] (A.J.E.-M.); Tel.: +57-1-3208320 (ext. 4140) (C.J.A.-D.); +57-1-3208320 (ext. 4099) (A.J.E.-M.) Received: 6 July 2020; Accepted: 7 August 2020; Published: 27 August 2020 Abstract: GM2 gangliosidoses are a group of pathologies characterized by GM2 ganglioside accumulation into the lysosome due to mutations on the genes encoding for the β-hexosaminidases subunits or the GM2 activator protein. Three GM2 gangliosidoses have been described: Tay–Sachs disease, Sandhoff disease, and the AB variant. Central nervous system dysfunction is the main characteristic of GM2 gangliosidoses patients that include neurodevelopment alterations, neuroinflammation, and neuronal apoptosis. Currently, there is not approved therapy for GM2 gangliosidoses, but different therapeutic strategies have been studied including hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, enzyme replacement therapy, substrate reduction therapy, pharmacological chaperones, and gene therapy. -
Differential Gene Expression in Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Cells, Oligodendrocytes and Type II Astrocytes
Tohoku J. Exp. Med., 2011,Differential 223, 161-176 Gene Expression in OPCs, Oligodendrocytes and Type II Astrocytes 161 Differential Gene Expression in Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Cells, Oligodendrocytes and Type II Astrocytes Jian-Guo Hu,1,2,* Yan-Xia Wang,3,* Jian-Sheng Zhou,2 Chang-Jie Chen,4 Feng-Chao Wang,1 Xing-Wu Li1 and He-Zuo Lü1,2 1Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, P.R. China 2Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, P.R. China 3Department of Neurobiology, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China 4Department of Laboratory Medicine, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, P.R. China Oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) are bipotential progenitor cells that can differentiate into myelin-forming oligodendrocytes or functionally undetermined type II astrocytes. Transplantation of OPCs is an attractive therapy for demyelinating diseases. However, due to their bipotential differentiation potential, the majority of OPCs differentiate into astrocytes at transplanted sites. It is therefore important to understand the molecular mechanisms that regulate the transition from OPCs to oligodendrocytes or astrocytes. In this study, we isolated OPCs from the spinal cords of rat embryos (16 days old) and induced them to differentiate into oligodendrocytes or type II astrocytes in the absence or presence of 10% fetal bovine serum, respectively. RNAs were extracted from each cell population and hybridized to GeneChip with 28,700 rat genes. Using the criterion of fold change > 4 in the expression level, we identified 83 genes that were up-regulated and 89 genes that were down-regulated in oligodendrocytes, and 92 genes that were up-regulated and 86 that were down-regulated in type II astrocytes compared with OPCs. -
Proteomic Bioprofiles and Mechanistic Pathways of Progression to Heart Failure: the HOMAGE Study
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Enlighten Ferreira, J. P. et al. (2019) Proteomic bioprofiles and mechanistic pathways of progression to heart failure: the HOMAGE study. Circulation, 12(5), e005897. (doi:10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.118.005897) This is the author’s final accepted version. There may be differences between this version and the published version. You are advised to consult the publisher’s version if you wish to cite from it. http://eprints.gla.ac.uk/186516/ Deposited on: 13 May 2019 Enlighten – Research publications by members of the University of Glasgow http://eprints.gla.ac.uk Proteomic Bioprofiles and Mechanistic Pathways of Progression to Heart Failure: the HOMAGE (Heart OMics in AGEing) study João Pedro Ferreira, MD, PhD1,2* & Job Verdonschot, MD3,4*; Timothy Collier, PhD5; Ping Wang, PhD4; Anne Pizard, PhD1,6; Christian Bär, MD, PhD7; Jens Björkman, PhD8; Alessandro Boccanelli, MD9; Javed Butler, MD, PhD10; Andrew Clark, MD, PhD11; John G. Cleland, MD, PhD12,13; Christian Delles, MD, PhD14; Javier Diez, MD, PhD15,16,17,18; Nicolas Girerd, MD, PhD1; Arantxa González, MD, PhD15,16,17; Mark Hazebroek, MD, PhD3; Anne-Cécile Huby, PhD1; Wouter Jukema, MD, PhD19; Roberto Latini, MD, PhD20; Joost Leenders, MD, PhD21; Daniel Levy, MD, PhD22,23; Alexandre Mebazaa, MD, PhD24; Harald Mischak, MD, PhD25; Florence Pinet, MD, PhD26; Patrick Rossignol, MD, PhD1; Naveed Sattar, MD, PhD27; Peter Sever, MD, PhD28; Jan A. Staessen, MD, PhD29,30; Thomas Thum, MD, PhD7,31; Nicolas Vodovar, PhD24; Zhen-Yu Zhang, MD29; Stephane Heymans, MD, PhD3,32,33** & Faiez Zannad, MD, PhD1** *co-first authors **co-last authors 1 Université de Lorraine, Inserm, Centre d’Investigations Cliniques- Plurithématique 14-33, and Inserm U1116, CHRU, F-CRIN INI-CRCT (Cardiovascular and Renal Clinical Trialists), Nancy, France. -
Adherence of Mycoplasma Gallisepticum to Human Erythrocytes M
INFECTION AND IMMUNITY, Aug. 1978, p. 365-372 Vol. 21, No. 2 0019-9567/78/0021-0365$02.00/0 Copyright i 1978 American Society for Microbiology Printed in U.S.A. Adherence of Mycoplasma gallisepticum to Human Erythrocytes M. BANAI,1 I. KAHANE,' S. RAZINl* AND W. BREDT2 Biomembrane Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Microbiology, The Hebrew University- Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel,' and Institute for General Hygiene and Bacteriology, Center for Hygiene, Albert-Ludwigs- Universitat, D- 7800 Freiburg, West Germany Received for publication 7 February 1978 Pathogenic mycoplasmas adhere to and colonize the epithelial lining of the respiratory and genital tracts ofinfected animals. An experimental system suitable for the quantitative study of mycoplasma adherence has been developed by us. The system consists of human erythrocytes (RBC) and the avian pathogen Mycoplasma gallisepticum, in which membrane lipids were labeled. The amount of mycoplasma cells attached to the RBC, which was determined according to radioactivity measurements, decreased on increasing the pH or ionic strength of the attachment mixture. Attachment followed first-order kinetics and depended on temperature. The mycoplasma cell population remaining in the supernatant fluid after exposure to RBC showed a much poorer ability to attach to RBC during a second attachment test, indicating an unequal distribution of binding sites among cells within a given population. The gradual removal of sialic acid residues from the RBC by neuraminidase was accompanied by a decrease in mycoplasma attachment. Isolated glycophorin, the RBC membrane glycoprotein carrying almost all the sialic acid moieties ofthe RBC, inhibited M. gallisepticum attachment, whereas asialoglycophorin and sialic acid itself were very poor inhibitors of attachment. -
Gene List HTG Edgeseq Immuno-Oncology Assay
Gene List HTG EdgeSeq Immuno-Oncology Assay Adhesion ADGRE5 CLEC4A CLEC7A IBSP ICAM4 ITGA5 ITGB1 L1CAM MBL2 SELE ALCAM CLEC4C DST ICAM1 ITGA1 ITGA6 ITGB2 LGALS1 MUC1 SVIL CDH1 CLEC5A EPCAM ICAM2 ITGA2 ITGAL ITGB3 LGALS3 NCAM1 THBS1 CDH5 CLEC6A FN1 ICAM3 ITGA4 ITGAM ITGB4 LGALS9 PVR THY1 Apoptosis APAF1 BCL2 BID CARD11 CASP10 CASP8 FADD NOD1 SSX1 TP53 TRAF3 BCL10 BCL2L1 BIRC5 CASP1 CASP3 DDX58 NLRP3 NOD2 TIMP1 TRAF2 TRAF6 B-Cell Function BLNK BTLA CD22 CD79A FAS FCER2 IKBKG PAX5 SLAMF1 SLAMF7 SPN BTK CD19 CD24 EBF4 FASLG IKBKB MS4A1 RAG1 SLAMF6 SPI1 Cell Cycle ABL1 ATF1 ATM BATF CCND1 CDK1 CDKN1B NCL RELA SSX1 TBX21 TP53 ABL2 ATF2 AXL BAX CCND3 CDKN1A EGR1 REL RELB TBK1 TIMP1 TTK Cell Signaling ADORA2A DUSP4 HES1 IGF2R LYN MAPK1 MUC1 NOTCH1 RIPK2 SMAD3 STAT5B AKT3 DUSP6 HES5 IKZF1 MAF MAPK11 MYC PIK3CD RNF4 SOCS1 STAT6 BCL6 ELK1 HEY1 IKZF2 MAP2K1 MAPK14 NFATC1 PIK3CG RORC SOCS3 SYK CEBPB EP300 HEY2 IKZF3 MAP2K2 MAPK3 NFATC3 POU2F2 RUNX1 SPINK5 TAL1 CIITA ETS1 HEYL JAK1 MAP2K4 MAPK8 NFATC4 PRKCD RUNX3 STAT1 TCF7 CREB1 FLT3 HMGB1 JAK2 MAP2K7 MAPKAPK2 NFKB1 PRKCE S100B STAT2 TYK2 CREB5 FOS HRAS JAK3 MAP3K1 MEF2C NFKB2 PTEN SEMA4D STAT3 CREBBP GATA3 IGF1R KIT MAP3K5 MTDH NFKBIA PYCARD SMAD2 STAT4 Chemokine CCL1 CCL16 CCL20 CCL25 CCL4 CCR2 CCR7 CX3CL1 CXCL12 CXCL3 CXCR1 CXCR6 CCL11 CCL17 CCL21 CCL26 CCL5 CCR3 CCR9 CX3CR1 CXCL13 CXCL5 CXCR2 MST1R CCL13 CCL18 CCL22 CCL27 CCL7 CCR4 CCRL2 CXCL1 CXCL14 CXCL6 CXCR3 PPBP CCL14 CCL19 CCL23 CCL28 CCL8 CCR5 CKLF CXCL10 CXCL16 CXCL8 CXCR4 XCL2 CCL15 CCL2 CCL24 CCL3 CCR1 CCR6 CMKLR1 CXCL11 CXCL2 CXCL9 CXCR5 -
Review Sialic Acid-Specific Lectins: Occurrence, Specificity and Function
Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 63 (2006) 1331–1354 1420-682X/06/121331-24 DOI 10.1007/s00018-005-5589-y Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences © Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel, 2006 Review Sialic acid-specific lectins: occurrence, specificity and function F. Lehmanna, *, E. Tiralongob and J. Tiralongoa a Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University (Gold Coast Campus), PMB 50 Gold Coast Mail Centre Australia 9726 (Australia), Fax: +61 7 5552 8098; e-mail: [email protected] b School of Pharmacy, Griffith University (Gold Coast Campus), PMB 50 Gold Coast Mail Centre Australia 9726 (Australia) Received 13 December 2005; received after revision 9 February 2006; accepted 15 February 2006 Online First 5 April 2006 Abstract. Sialic acids consist of a family of acidic nine- through specific interactions with lectins, a family of carbon sugars that are typically located at the terminal po- proteins that recognise and bind sugars. This review will sitions of a variety of glycoconjugates. Naturally occur- present a detailed overview of our current knowledge re- ring sialic acids show an immense diversity of structure, garding the occurrence, specificity and function of sialic and this reflects their involvement in a variety of biologi- acid-specific lectins, particularly those that occur in vi- cally important processes. One such process involves the ruses, bacteria and non-vertebrate eukaryotes. direct participation of sialic acids in recognition events Keywords. Sialic acid, lectin, sialoglycoconjugate, sialic acid-specific lectin, adhesin, infectious disease, immunology. Introduction [1, 2]. The largest structural variations of naturally occurring Sia are at carbon 5, which can be substituted with either an Sialic acids (Sia) are a family of nine-carbon a-keto acids acetamido, hydroxyacetamido or hydroxyl moiety to form (Fig. -
SLAM Family Receptor Signaling in Viral Infections: HIV and Beyond
Review SLAM Family Receptor Signaling in Viral Infections: HIV and Beyond Patrick O’Connell 1 , Andrea Amalfitano 1,2 and Yasser A. Aldhamen 1,* 1 Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; [email protected] (P.O.), amalfi[email protected] (A.A.) 2 Department of Pediatrics, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 15 October 2019; Accepted: 13 November 2019; Published: 16 November 2019 Abstract: The signaling lymphocytic activation molecule (SLAM) family of receptors are expressed on the majority of immune cells. These receptors often serve as self-ligands, and play important roles in cellular communication and adhesion, thus modulating immune responses. SLAM family receptor signaling is differentially regulated in various immune cell types, with responses generally being determined by the presence or absence of two SLAM family adaptor proteins—Ewing’s sarcoma-associated transcript 2 (EAT-2) and SLAM-associated adaptor protein (SAP). In addition to serving as direct regulators of the immune system, certain SLAM family members have also been identified as direct targets for specific microbes and viruses. Here, we will discuss the known roles for these receptors in the setting of viral infection, with special emphasis placed on HIV infection. Because HIV causes such complex dysregulation of the immune system, studies of the roles for SLAM family receptors in this context are particularly exciting. Keywords: HIV; SLAM; SAP; EAT-2; SLAMF7; SLAMF6; innate immunity; adaptive immunity; immune-modulation 1. The SLAM Family of Receptors The signaling lymphocytic activation molecule (SLAM) family of receptors are a set of nine conserved cell-surface glycoproteins present on the cell surface of immune cells (Table1). -
Human Lectins, Their Carbohydrate Affinities and Where to Find Them
biomolecules Review Human Lectins, Their Carbohydrate Affinities and Where to Review HumanFind Them Lectins, Their Carbohydrate Affinities and Where to FindCláudia ThemD. Raposo 1,*, André B. Canelas 2 and M. Teresa Barros 1 1, 2 1 Cláudia D. Raposo * , Andr1 é LAQVB. Canelas‐Requimte,and Department M. Teresa of Chemistry, Barros NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829‐516 Caparica, Portugal; [email protected] 12 GlanbiaLAQV-Requimte,‐AgriChemWhey, Department Lisheen of Chemistry, Mine, Killoran, NOVA Moyne, School E41 of ScienceR622 Co. and Tipperary, Technology, Ireland; canelas‐ [email protected] NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal; [email protected] 2* Correspondence:Glanbia-AgriChemWhey, [email protected]; Lisheen Mine, Tel.: Killoran, +351‐212948550 Moyne, E41 R622 Tipperary, Ireland; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +351-212948550 Abstract: Lectins are a class of proteins responsible for several biological roles such as cell‐cell in‐ Abstract:teractions,Lectins signaling are pathways, a class of and proteins several responsible innate immune for several responses biological against roles pathogens. such as Since cell-cell lec‐ interactions,tins are able signalingto bind to pathways, carbohydrates, and several they can innate be a immuneviable target responses for targeted against drug pathogens. delivery Since sys‐ lectinstems. In are fact, able several to bind lectins to carbohydrates, were approved they by canFood be and a viable Drug targetAdministration for targeted for drugthat purpose. delivery systems.Information In fact, about several specific lectins carbohydrate were approved recognition by Food by andlectin Drug receptors Administration was gathered for that herein, purpose. plus Informationthe specific organs about specific where those carbohydrate lectins can recognition be found by within lectin the receptors human was body.