DOCSLIB.ORG

Society and Burials from Central-Western Macedon, 550–300 BCE: Intersections of Gender, Age, and Status

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Society and Burials from Central-Western Macedon, 550–300 BCE: Intersections of Gender, Age, and Status Society and Burials from Central-Western Macedon, 550–300 BCE: Intersections of Gender, Age, and Status by Elina M. Salminen A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Classical Art and Archaeology) in The University of Michigan 2018 Doctoral Committee: Professor Lisa Nevett, Chair Dr. Despina Margomenou Associate Professor Ian Moyer Professor Janet Richards Elina M. Salminen [email protected] ORCID iD: 0000-0003-1944-3779 © Elina M. Salminen 2018 Äidilleni ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS It takes a village, they say, but sometimes it takes two entire continents. I entered the US and the Interdepartmental Program in Classical Art and Archaeology at the University of Michigan with decidedly immature ideas about what this dissertation would look like, and the main credit (but none of the blame) for this dissertation reaching maturity lies with the intellectual, material, and social support I received during my years in the program. First and foremost, Lisa Nevett has been and continues to be a wonderful mentor and advocate. Over the past seven years, she has modeled for me what it means to be a great scholar, a good colleague, and a kind human being. She carefully read and discussed this piece of work in all its iterations, and patiently guided me through my existential angst and sloppy language. (All remaining split infinitives are my own.) Despina Margomenou, Ian Moyer, and Janet Richards contributed their breadth of knowledge thoughtfully and with enthusiasm, helping me see the bigger picture and the relevance of my work to other scholarly questions. This dissertation is better for their perspectives and their impressive ability to engage in work across disciplinary and geographical boundaries. Many people in the US, Greece, and Finland generously shared their expertise on specific topics discussed in this dissertation. Early on, Natalie Abell and Antonis Kotsonas answered some of my questions on ceramics and helped me settle on a typology for my database. Aimee iii Genova provided suggestions for bibliography on early Greek archaeology, and Katherine Harrington did the same for loomweights. Anna Bonnell Freidin kindly shared her insight on maternal mortality, while Chryssa Bourbou answered my questions on child burials. Nicole Scholtz, Tuomo Virolainen, and countless people at Consulting for Statistics, Computing, and Analytics Research at U-M helped with coding, GSI, and statistics. Later on in the process, Elizabeth Carney offered invaluable comments on Chapter 5. I am especially grateful to Anastasia and Pavlos Chrysostomou who answered some of my questions and shared a difficult- to-find publication on the Edessa cemeteries with me. My peers and colleagues in the Interdepartmental Program also deserve a special thank- you. Their brilliance inspires me on a daily basis, and it has been a joy to be a part of such a supportive, kind, and sharing community of young scholars. I can’t wait to see their future journeys and successes. Finally, I am grateful to the people who supported me throughout this journey as a human being as well as a scholar. Of my friends, Heta Björklund deserves a special shout-out for always being there for me, often with her delightfully caustic wit. My extended family in Finland will always see me as Elina rather than as an academic, and for that I am deeply grateful. This dissertation is, as everything I ever do, dedicated to my mother, Anne Salminen. Every day, she – along with our Greek rescue Dalia – continues to teach me how to be a human being in the world. Her constant support of even my more hare-brained ideas, her relentless kindness, and her raucuous laughter at her own jokes have made this dissertation, along with everything else, possible. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Dedication ii Acknowledgments iii List of Tables x List of Figures xiii List of Maps xv List of Abbreviations xvi Abstract xvii Part I: Mortuary theory and Macedonian mortuary behavior Chapter 1: Introduction 1 1.1 The periphery: early scholarship 5 1.2 What is Macedon? A working definition 7 1.3 Toward synthesis: scholarship and fieldwork since 1980 11 1.4 Limitations and future directions 17 1.5 Overview of the dissertation 18 Chapter 2: Theoretical frameworks and methodological approaches to the mortuary record 20 2.1 “Multiply-burdened”: identity theory and intersectional feminism 21 2.1.1 Approaches to identity in archaeology: a brief history 23 v 2.1.2 Gender, feminist theory, and intersectionality 29 2.1.3 The individual in archaeology 37 2.2 Writ in water, carved in stone: mortuary archaeology 39 2.2.1 Agency and the ontology of the mortuary record: a brief history 40 2.2.2 Landscape approaches 47 2.2.3 Mortuary expenditure 50 2.3 Operationalizing identity and feminist theory: methodology 52 2.3.1 Database 56 2.3.2 Analytical methods 58 2.3.3 A note on terminology 59 Chapter 3: Macedonian mortuary behavior 61 3.1 Spatial and chronological boundaries 63 3.2 Key sites 71 3.3 Mortuary customs 84 3.3.1 The location and spatial organization of cemeteries 84 3.3.2 Types of burials 85 3.3.3 Body treatment 95 3.3.4 Assemblages 98 3.3.5 The afterlife and ancestors 100 3.4 Conclusion: narrative of a burial 107 Part II: Social personae Chapter 4: War and wine sacks: Macedonian men 111 4.1 Studies of ancient masculinity and the Homeric model 112 vi 4.2 Osteological evidence 117 4.3 Grave types and orientation 122 4.4 Warriors and military equipment: Homeric warriors and hetairoi? 125 4.4.1 Macedonian warriors in literary sources 126 4.4.2 Prevalence of military equipment 129 4.4.3 Sets of weapons: Archaic Arkhontiko 132 4.4.4 Diachronic change 137 4.4.5 Hellenistic elite warriors 139 4.4.6 Discussion: military equipment 142 4.5 Vessels for drinking and feasting 144 4.5.1 Macedonian drinking in literary sources and scholarship 145 4.5.2 Ceramic vessels 148 4.5.3 Metal vessels 151 4.5.4 Discussion: vessels 153 4.6 Body treatment 154 4.7 In search of athleticism 156 4.8 Observers of the skies, salt of the earth: other aspects of manhood 158 4.8.1 Learned men 158 4.8.2 Farmers and hunters 160 4.9 Conclusions 161 Chapter 5: Phialai and family feeling: women 164 5.1 Textual and other sources: rulers, warriors, priestesses 166 5.2 Osteological evidence 174 vii 5.3 Grave types and orientation 179 5.4 Groupings within and among graves 180 5.5 Beauty and personal adornment 190 5.5.1 Toiletry vessels 190 5.5.2 Jewelry and mirrors 193 5.5.3 Dress 196 5.6 Evidence for religious practices 198 5.6.1 Ritual vessels 198 5.6.2 Figurines 200 5.6.3 Ladies of Arkhontiko and Aegae: Archaic priestesses? 203 5.7 Production and ownership 207 5.8 Encroaching on the male realm: vessels and weapons 210 5.8.1 Ceramic and metal vessels 211 5.8.2 Vase-painting 214 5.8.3 Weapons and feminine jewelry: female warriors? 217 5.9 Conclusion 220 Chapter 6: “Arrows in the hand of a mighty man”: children 224 6.1 Previous scholarship and literary sources 226 6.2 Osteological evidence and spatial distribution 230 6.3 Status and wealth 235 6.4 Gendering 239 6.5 Conclusion 245 viii Part III: Hierarchy and variation Chapter 7: Visible monuments, hidden value: hierarchy 248 7.1 Historians’ approaches 251 7.2 In search of value: cost and rarity 256 7.2.1 Prevalence 257 7.2.2 Cost 259 7.2.3 The intersection of cost and value 268 7.2.4 The cost of grave types 272 7.3 Inequality 274 7.4 Viewsheds 278 7.5 Conclusion 289 Chapter 8: Diachronic and regional variation 292 8.1 Regional variation 295 8.1.1 Balkan or Greek? – Balkan and Greek 295 8.1.2 Local wares versus imports 299 8.1.3 Variation by region 302 8.2 Variation by date 310 8.3 Conclusion 317 Chapter 9: Conclusion 320 Works cited 329 ix LIST OF TABLES 1.1. Chronology of the main textual and archaeological sources 3 2.1. Tendencies and hierarchies in the study of the past 29 3.1. Classification of the sites discussed into groups using two different systems 70 3.2. Overview of the data by site 72 3.3. Prevalence of artifact classes across all burials 99 4.1. Burial types of osteologically studied males 123 4.2. Burial types of osteologically studied females 123 4.3. Real and expected counts for different types of burials across the entire dataset and by gender 124 4.4. Prevalence of weapons by type 131 4.5. Most common sets of weapons 131 4.6. Archaic Arkhontiko warrior burials by category 133 4.7. Summary of weapons sets from Archaic Arkhontiko 135 4.8. Prevalence of military equipment across all the sites by period 137 4.9. Counts of weapons from Classical and Hellenistic graves that are among the top-25% wealthiest graves and which contained more than three items of military equipment 141 4.10. Prevalence of vessel shapes as percentage of graves which contained each given shape 148 x 4.11. Prevalence of metal vessels by period 152 5.1. Graves with multiple individuals 182 5.2. Prevalence of toiletry vessel shapes in percentage 191 5.3. Distribution of askoi and unguentaria 191 5.4. Distribution of jewelry by type of grave 193 5.5. Prevalence of vessel shapes as percentage of graves which contained each given shape 211 5.6.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A New Consideration About the Almopia-Paikon Boundary Based on the Geological Mapping in the Area of Nerostoma-Lakka (Central Macedonia, Greece)
    Δελτίο της Ελληνικής Γεωλογικής Εταιρίας τομ. ΧΧΧΧ, Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece vol. XXXX, 2007 2007 Proceedings of the 11th International Congress, Athens, May, Πρακτικά 11ou Διεθνούς Συνεδρίου, Αθήνα, Μάιος 2007 2007 A NEW CONSIDERATION ABOUT THE ALMOPIA-PAIKON BOUNDARY BASED ON THE GEOLOGICAL MAPPING IN THE AREA OF NEROSTOMA-LAKKA (CENTRAL MACEDONIA, GREECE) Tranos M. D. \ Plougarlis A. P.!, and Mountrakis D. Μ.l 1 Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, School of Geology, Department of Geology, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece, [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Abstract Geological mapping along the boundary of Almopia and Paikon zone in the 'Nerostoma' region, NNW of Lakka village defines mafic volcanogenic rocL·, meta-pelites and radiolarites, thick-bedded to massive micritic limestones and flysch meta-sediments that dip mainly towards SW. Middle-Late Cretaceous fossiliferous limestones overlie unconformably the flysch meta-sediments and are characterised only by a primary foliation SO that dips at shallow angles to the NNW-N. Secondary foliations SI (sub-parallel to SO) and S2 are observed in the meta-clastic rocks. A Dl event caused Fl and progressively F2 folds to which S2 is the axial plane schistosity dipping to SW. This event which has not affected the fossiliferous limestones is related to an oblique convergence or inclined transpression during the Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous. A D2 event dated in Early Tertiary caused an intense NE-thrusting and S-C cataclastic fabric defining top-to-the NE sense-of-shear. At many parts, the unconformity contact between the fossiliferous limestones and the underlying flysch is obliterated by this thrusting event.
    [Show full text]
  • Incised and Impressed Pottery During the Neolithic Period in Western Macedonia
    Incised and impressed pottery during the Neolithic period in Western Macedonia Magdalini Tsigka SCHOOL OF HUMANITIES A thesis submitted for the degree of Master of Arts (MA) in the Classical Archaeology and the Ancient History of Macedonia December 2018 Thessaloniki – Greece 2 Student Name: Magdalini Tsigka SID: 2204150030 Supervisor: Prof. S. M. Valamoti I hereby declare that the work submitted is mine and that where I have made use of another’s work, I have attributed the source(s) according to the Regulations set in the Student’s Handbook. December 2018 Thessaloniki - Greece 3 Preface This study is the completion of the postgraduate course of MA in the Classical Archaeology and the Ancient History of Macedonia at the International University of Thessaloniki. In order for this thesis to be completed, the contribution of some people was important. First of all, I would like to thank Prof. S. M. Valamoti who accepted to supervise my thesis and encouraged me in all its stages. I would also like to thank Dr. A. Dimoula who helped me throughout all the steps for its completion, from finding the subject up to the end of my work. She was always present to direct me and to solve any questions or concerns about the subject. Then I want to thank L. Gkelou, archaeologist of the Ephorate of Florina, for entrusting me material from the excavation of Anargyroi VIIc and made this study possible despite all the adversities. Also, I would like to thank the Director of the Ephorate of Florina, Dr C. Ziota, for the discussion and the information she gave me during my study of the material.
    [Show full text]
  • Artaxerxes II
    Artaxerxes II John Shannahan BAncHist (Hons) (Macquarie University) Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Department of Ancient History, Macquarie University. May, 2015. ii Contents List of Illustrations v Abstract ix Declaration xi Acknowledgements xiii Abbreviations and Conventions xv Introduction 1 CHAPTER 1 THE EARLY REIGN OF ARTAXERXES II The Birth of Artaxerxes to Cyrus’ Challenge 15 The Revolt of Cyrus 41 Observations on the Egyptians at Cunaxa 53 Royal Tactics at Cunaxa 61 The Repercussions of the Revolt 78 CHAPTER 2 399-390: COMBATING THE GREEKS Responses to Thibron, Dercylidas, and Agesilaus 87 The Role of Athens and the Persian Fleet 116 Evagoras the Opportunist and Carian Commanders 135 Artaxerxes’ First Invasion of Egypt: 392/1-390/89? 144 CHAPTER 3 389-380: THE KING’S PEACE AND CYPRUS The King’s Peace (387/6): Purpose and Influence 161 The Chronology of the 380s 172 CHAPTER 4 NUMISMATIC EXPRESSIONS OF SOLIDARITY Coinage in the Reign of Artaxerxes 197 The Baal/Figure in the Winged Disc Staters of Tiribazus 202 Catalogue 203 Date 212 Interpretation 214 Significance 223 Numismatic Iconography and Egyptian Independence 225 Four Comments on Achaemenid Motifs in 227 Philistian Coins iii The Figure in the Winged Disc in Samaria 232 The Pertinence of the Political Situation 241 CHAPTER 5 379-370: EGYPT Planning for the Second Invasion of Egypt 245 Pharnabazus’ Invasion of Egypt and Aftermath 259 CHAPTER 6 THE END OF THE REIGN Destabilisation in the West 267 The Nature of the Evidence 267 Summary of Current Analyses 268 Reconciliation 269 Court Intrigue and the End of Artaxerxes’ Reign 295 Conclusion: Artaxerxes the Diplomat 301 Bibliography 309 Dies 333 Issus 333 Mallus 335 Soli 337 Tarsus 338 Unknown 339 Figures 341 iv List of Illustrations MAP Map 1 Map of the Persian Empire xviii-xix Brosius, The Persians, 54-55 DIES Issus O1 Künker 174 (2010) 403 333 O2 Lanz 125 (2005) 426 333 O3 CNG 200 (2008) 63 333 O4 Künker 143 (2008) 233 333 R1 Babelon, Traité 2, pl.
    [Show full text]
  • For Municipal Solid Waste Management in Greece
    Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity Article Description and Economic Evaluation of a “Zero-Waste Mortar-Producing Process” for Municipal Solid Waste Management in Greece Alexandros Sikalidis 1,2 and Christina Emmanouil 3,* 1 Amsterdam Business School, Accounting Section, University of Amsterdam, 1012 WX Amsterdam, The Netherlands 2 Faculty of Economics, Business and Legal Studies, International Hellenic University, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece 3 School of Spatial Planning and Development, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +30-2310-995638 Received: 2 July 2019; Accepted: 19 July 2019; Published: 23 July 2019 Abstract: The constant increase of municipal solid wastes (MSW) as well as their daily management pose a major challenge to European countries. A significant percentage of MSW originates from household activities. In this study we calculate the costs of setting up and running a zero-waste mortar-producing (ZWMP) process utilizing MSW in Northern Greece. The process is based on a thermal co-processing of properly dried and processed MSW with raw materials (limestone, clay materials, silicates and iron oxides) needed for the production of clinker and consequently of mortar in accordance with the Greek Patent 1003333, which has been proven to be an environmentally friendly process. According to our estimations, the amount of MSW generated in Central Macedonia, Western Macedonia and Eastern Macedonia and Thrace regions, which is conservatively estimated at 1,270,000 t/y for the year 2020 if recycling schemes in Greece are not greatly ameliorated, may sustain six ZWMP plants while offering considerable environmental benefits. This work can be applied to many cities and areas, especially when their population generates MSW at the level of 200,000 t/y, hence requiring one ZWMP plant for processing.
    [Show full text]
  • Alexander's Seventh Phalanx Battalion Milns, R D Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies; Summer 1966; 7, 2; Proquest Pg
    Alexander's Seventh Phalanx Battalion Milns, R D Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies; Summer 1966; 7, 2; ProQuest pg. 159 Alexander's Seventh Phalanx Battalion R. D. Milns SOME TIME between the battle of Gaugamela and the battle of A the Hydaspes the number of battalions in the Macedonian phalanx was raised from six to seven.1 This much is clear; what is not certain is when the new formation came into being. Berve2 believes that the introduction took place at Susa in 331 B.C. He bases his belief on two facts: (a) the arrival of 6,000 Macedonian infantry and 500 Macedonian cavalry under Amyntas, son of Andromenes, when the King was either near or at Susa;3 (b) the appearance of Philotas (not the son of Parmenion) as a battalion leader shortly afterwards at the Persian Gates.4 Tarn, in his discussion of the phalanx,5 believes that the seventh battalion was not created until 328/7, when Alexander was at Bactra, the new battalion being that of Cleitus "the White".6 Berve is re­ jected on the grounds: (a) that Arrian (3.16.11) says that Amyntas' reinforcements were "inserted into the existing (six) battalions KC1:TCt. e8vr(; (b) that Philotas has in fact taken over the command of Perdiccas' battalion, Perdiccas having been "promoted to the Staff ... doubtless after the battle" (i.e. Gaugamela).7 The seventh battalion was formed, he believes, from reinforcements from Macedonia who reached Alexander at Nautaca.8 Now all of Tarn's arguments are open to objection; and I shall treat them in the order they are presented above.
    [Show full text]
  • The Influence of Achaemenid Persia on Fourth-Century and Early Hellenistic Greek Tyranny
    THE INFLUENCE OF ACHAEMENID PERSIA ON FOURTH-CENTURY AND EARLY HELLENISTIC GREEK TYRANNY Miles Lester-Pearson A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of PhD at the University of St Andrews 2015 Full metadata for this item is available in St Andrews Research Repository at: http://research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk/ Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: http://hdl.handle.net/10023/11826 This item is protected by original copyright The influence of Achaemenid Persia on fourth-century and early Hellenistic Greek tyranny Miles Lester-Pearson This thesis is submitted in partial fulfilment for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of St Andrews Submitted February 2015 1. Candidate’s declarations: I, Miles Lester-Pearson, hereby certify that this thesis, which is approximately 88,000 words in length, has been written by me, and that it is the record of work carried out by me, or principally by myself in collaboration with others as acknowledged, and that it has not been submitted in any previous application for a higher degree. I was admitted as a research student in September 2010 and as a candidate for the degree of PhD in September 2011; the higher study for which this is a record was carried out in the University of St Andrews between 2010 and 2015. Date: Signature of Candidate: 2. Supervisor’s declaration: I hereby certify that the candidate has fulfilled the conditions of the Resolution and Regulations appropriate for the degree of PhD in the University of St Andrews and that the candidate is qualified to submit this thesis in application for that degree.
    [Show full text]
  • The Herodotos Project (OSU-Ugent): Studies in Ancient Ethnography
    Faculty of Literature and Philosophy Julie Boeten The Herodotos Project (OSU-UGent): Studies in Ancient Ethnography Barbarians in Strabo’s ‘Geography’ (Abii-Ionians) With a case-study: the Cappadocians Master thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master in Linguistics and Literature, Greek and Latin. 2015 Promotor: Prof. Dr. Mark Janse UGent Department of Greek Linguistics Co-Promotores: Prof. Brian Joseph Ohio State University Dr. Christopher Brown Ohio State University ACKNOWLEDGMENT In this acknowledgment I would like to thank everybody who has in some way been a part of this master thesis. First and foremost I want to thank my promotor Prof. Janse for giving me the opportunity to write my thesis in the context of the Herodotos Project, and for giving me suggestions and answering my questions. I am also grateful to Prof. Joseph and Dr. Brown, who have given Anke and me the chance to be a part of the Herodotos Project and who have consented into being our co- promotores. On a whole other level I wish to express my thanks to my parents, without whom I would not have been able to study at all. They have also supported me throughout the writing process and have read parts of the draft. Finally, I would also like to thank Kenneth, for being there for me and for correcting some passages of the thesis. Julie Boeten NEDERLANDSE SAMENVATTING Deze scriptie is geschreven in het kader van het Herodotos Project, een onderneming van de Ohio State University in samenwerking met UGent. De doelstelling van het project is het aanleggen van een databank met alle volkeren die gekend waren in de oudheid.
    [Show full text]
  • Excavating Classical Amphipolis & on the Lacedaemonian General
    Adelphi University Adelphi Digital Commons Anthropology Faculty Publications Anthropology 12-1-2002 Excavating Classical Amphipolis & On the Lacedaemonian General Brasidas Chaido Koukouli-Chrysanthaki Anagnostis P. Agelarakis Adelphi University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.adelphi.edu/ant_pubs Part of the Anthropology Commons Repository Citation Koukouli-Chrysanthaki, Chaido and Agelarakis, Anagnostis P., "Excavating Classical Amphipolis & On the Lacedaemonian General Brasidas" (2002). Anthropology Faculty Publications. 12. https://digitalcommons.adelphi.edu/ant_pubs/12 This Journal Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Anthropology at Adelphi Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Anthropology Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of Adelphi Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 3 Excavating Classical Amphipolis Chaido Koukouli -Chrysanthaki The excavations carried out by D. Lazaridis between discovered and excavated;5 there is strong evidence 1956 and 1984 uncovered part of the ancient city of that the city's theatre was located next to it. 6 Amphipolis and its cemeteries, 1 [fig. 1] namely the external walls, the acropolis and, within the walls, In the northern part of the city were discovered: the remains of public and private buildings. On the sanctuary of Klio/ founded during the earliest years acropolis, the Early Christian basilicas destroyed the of the colony; further to the west, a small sanctuary city's important sanctuaries - those of Artemis of Attis dating to the Hellenistic and Early Roman Tauropolos,2 Athena3 and Asclepios4 - which literary periods;8 and, outside the north wall, a small sanctu­ sources and fragmentary votive inscriptions locate ary of a nymph.
    [Show full text]
  • Sector Control *MSghrHrrtd
    SECTOR CONTROL *MSGHRHRRTD JUDGE DREDD OLD MAN TIME Mega-City One, 2134 AD. This vast urban nightmare on the east coast of post-apocalyptic EDITOR’S LETTER North America is home to 400 million citizens. Overcrowding is rife, and with crime rampant WELCOME TO THE FIRST MEGAZINE OF 2012, A YEAR WHICH only the Judges can prevent anarchy. Empowered to dispense summary justice, these lawmen PROMISES TO BE MORE THAN A LITTLE EXCITING FOR are judge, jury and executioner, and toughest of them all is Judge Dredd – he is the Law! Judge Dredd created by John Wagner & Carlos Ezquerra DREDD fans everywhere, and we hit the ground running with a high-octane line-up, featuring the start of new supernatu- ARMITAGE THE UNDERGROUND ral series Strange & Darke by John Smith and Colin MacNeil Brit-Cit, 2134 AD. Detective-Judge Armitage is the best plainclothes operative in the Brit-Cit alongside the latest instalments of Armitage and American Justice Department, trawling the seamy underbelly of a rotten state. Often clashing with the Reaper as well as a new Dredd thriller from Michael Carroll bureaucracy that he sees as hindering any CID investigation, he’s also arrogant, opinionated and stubborn. Now, Judge Dredd has arrived in Brit-Cit, tracking stolen technology... and Nick Dyer. Alas, we’ve had to increase the cover price Armitage created by David Bishop, Dave Stone & Sean Phillips by eleven pence (though the cost of a subscription has been AMERICAN REAPER frozen, so take advantage now if you can) but there’ll be no PART FOUR skimping on the quality coming your way over the next twelve New York City, 2062.
    [Show full text]
  • Greece • Crete • Turkey May 28 - June 22, 2021
    GREECE • CRETE • TURKEY MAY 28 - JUNE 22, 2021 Tour Hosts: Dr. Scott Moore Dr. Jason Whitlark organized by GREECE - CRETE - TURKEY / May 28 - June 22, 2021 May 31 Mon ATHENS - CORINTH CANAL - CORINTH – ACROCORINTH - NAFPLION At 8:30a.m. depart from Athens and drive along the coastal highway of Saronic Gulf. Arrive at the Corinth Canal for a brief stop and then continue on to the Acropolis of Corinth. Acro-corinth is the citadel of Corinth. It is situated to the southwest of the ancient city and rises to an elevation of 1883 ft. [574 m.]. Today it is surrounded by walls that are about 1.85 mi. [3 km.] long. The foundations of the fortifications are ancient—going back to the Hellenistic Period. The current walls were built and rebuilt by the Byzantines, Franks, Venetians, and Ottoman Turks. Climb up and visit the fortress. Then proceed to the Ancient city of Corinth. It was to this megalopolis where the apostle Paul came and worked, established a thriving church, subsequently sending two of his epistles now part of the New Testament. Here, we see all of the sites associated with his ministry: the Agora, the Temple of Apollo, the Roman Odeon, the Bema and Gallio’s Seat. The small local archaeological museum here is an absolute must! In Romans 16:23 Paul mentions his friend Erastus and • • we will see an inscription to him at the site. In the afternoon we will drive to GREECE CRETE TURKEY Nafplion for check-in at hotel followed by dinner and overnight. (B,D) MAY 28 - JUNE 22, 2021 June 1 Tue EPIDAURAUS - MYCENAE - NAFPLION Morning visit to Mycenae where we see the remains of the prehistoric citadel Parthenon, fortified with the Cyclopean Walls, the Lionesses’ Gate, the remains of the Athens Mycenaean Palace and the Tomb of King Agamemnon in which we will actually enter.
    [Show full text]
  • Reports on Completed Research for 2014
    Reports on Completed Research for 2014 “Supporting worldwide research in all branches of Anthropology” REPORTS ON COMPLETED RESEARCH The following research projects, supported by Foundation grants, were reported as complete during 2014. The reports are listed by subdiscipline, then geographic area (where applicable) and in alphabetical order. A Bibliography of Publications resulting from Foundation-supported research (reported over the same period) follows, along with an Index of Grantees Reporting Completed Research. ARCHAEOLOGY Africa: DR. JAMIE LYNN CLARK, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, Alaska, received a grant in April 2013 to aid research on “The Sibudu Fauna: Implications for Understanding Behavioral Variability in the Southern African Middle Stone Age.” This project sought to gain a deeper understanding of human behavioral variability during the Middle Stone Age through the analysis of the Still Bay (SB; ~71,000 ya) and pre-SB (>72,000 ya) fauna from Sibudu Cave. In addition to characterizing variation in human hunting behavior within and between the two periods, the project had two larger goals. First, to explore whether the data were consistent with hypotheses linking the appearance of the SB to environmental change. No significant changes in the relative frequency of open vs. closed dwelling species were identified, with species preferring closed habitats predominant throughout. This suggests that at Sibudu, the onset of the SB was not correlated with climate change. Secondly, data collected during this project will be combined with lithic and faunal data from later deposits at Sibudu in order to explore the relationship between subsistence and technological change spanning from the pre-SB through the post-Howiesons Poort MSA (~58,000 ya).
    [Show full text]
  • Agricultural Practices in Ancient Macedonia from the Neolithic to the Roman Period
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by International Hellenic University: IHU Open Access Repository Agricultural practices in ancient Macedonia from the Neolithic to the Roman period Evangelos Kamanatzis SCHOOL OF HUMANITIES A thesis submitted for the degree of Master of Arts (MA) in Black Sea and Eastern Mediterranean Studies January 2018 Thessaloniki – Greece Student Name: Evangelos Kamanatzis SID: 2201150001 Supervisor: Prof. Manolis Manoledakis I hereby declare that the work submitted is mine and that where I have made use of another’s work, I have attributed the source(s) according to the Regulations set in the Student’s Handbook. January 2018 Thessaloniki - Greece Abstract This dissertation was written as part of the MA in Black Sea and Eastern Mediterranean Studies at the International Hellenic University. The aim of this dissertation is to collect as much information as possible on agricultural practices in Macedonia from prehistory to Roman times and examine them within their social and cultural context. Chapter 1 will offer a general introduction to the aims and methodology of this thesis. This chapter will also provide information on the geography, climate and natural resources of ancient Macedonia from prehistoric times. We will them continue with a concise social and cultural history of Macedonia from prehistory to the Roman conquest. This is important in order to achieve a good understanding of all these social and cultural processes that are directly or indirectly related with the exploitation of land and agriculture in Macedonia through time. In chapter 2, we are going to look briefly into the origins of agriculture in Macedonia and then explore the most important types of agricultural products (i.e.
    [Show full text]