Appendix: List of Key Figures Dr. Abdullah Abdurahman (1872–1940) b. Wellington, the Cape. Graduated from the University of Glasgow Medical School in 1893 and practised medicine before becoming the first South African non-white politician in 1904, sitting on the Cape Town City Council till 1940, and founder of the African People’s Organisation (APO). Sir Abe Bailey (1864–1940) b. Cradock, the Cape. Educated in England; arrived on the Rand in 1887 as a stockbroker and independent speculator. He was impris- oned after the Jameson Raid; was an intelligence officer in the South African War, but captured by the Boers. He served in the Cape and Transvaal Parliaments as Progressive in the Cape and an independent in Krugersdorp from 1907. He sup- ported indentured labour importation but was also a leader in Asian exclusion. KCMG, 1911; Union parliament, 1915–24; baronet 1919, and largely made South Africa his home. Alfred Beit (1853–1906), b. Hamburg. He arrived in Kimberley in 1873, becoming a leading diamond expert. Became partner with Wernher in 1880, co- founding Wernher, Beit & Co. in London and H. Eckstein & Co. in Johannesburg in 1889. A life governor of De Beers, though resigned from the board of the British South Africa Company for his involvement in the Jameson Raid. He lived in London. Louis Botha (1862–1919) b. Greytown, Natal. A leading Boer general during the South African War, he went on to co-found Het Volk and be first prime min- ister of the Transvaal (1907) and first prime minister of the Union of South Africa (1910), as head of the South African Party. Joseph Chamberlain (1836–1919) b. London, a manufacturer and radical MP for Birmingham from 1876. He served under the Tories as Secretary of State for the Colonies, 1895–1903. Resigned before approving Chinese labour to campaign full time for tariff reform in 1903. One of his final words was to accuse the government of conniving with the mining magnates over Chinese labour. Francis ‘Drummond’ Percy Chaplin (1866–1933) b. Twickenham. Went to Harrow and University College, Oxford, then became a barrister at Lincoln’s Inn in 1891. He was the Joint Manager of Consolidated Gold Fields of South Africa, Ltd (1900–14), President, Transvaal Chamber of Mines (1905–06) and a frequent Johannesburg correspondent for the London Times. Alfred Child (?–?). Child was the highest-placed Chinese ‘expert’ among the CMLIA staff in South Africa and the most proficient British member of staff in various Chinese dialects, having spent 21 years in China; 17 were with the British Maritime Customs. Winston Churchill (1874–1965) b. Blenheim. He had acted as a Morning Leader correspondent during the South African War, then won a seat in Parliament in 1900. He served as the Liberal Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies from late 1905 and oversaw the dismantling of the Chinese indentured scheme, defending government policy in the Commons. 191 192 Appendix: List of Key Figures Frederick Creswell (1886–1948) b. Gibralter. A mining engineer, trained at the Royal School of Mines, he worked in Venezuela, Armenia, then the Rand (1893–1903), serving in the South African War. In 1902–03, as manager of the Village Main Reef mine, he headed the largest white unskilled labour exper- iment. Was controversially dismissed by Corner House, and then campaigned against Chinese labour in southern Africa and Britain. From 1905, he was leader of the South African Labour Party and served in the Union Parliament from 1910; imprisoned in 1913; served as Lieutenant-Colonel in Great War; Minister of Labour under Hertzog in 1924–25 and 1929–33. Sir Thomas Cullinan (1862–1936) b. Elandpost, Cape. Went to the Rand in 1884 and began his own brick and tile works at Olifantsfontein; found fame with his mine prospecting (the Cullinan diamond was found in 1905). He was elected to North West Pretoria in 1907 as one of the few mining magnates who stood as a Het Volk candidate, winning again in 1910. Lionel George Curtis (1872–1955) b. Derby. After attending New College, Oxford, he became the Private Secretary to the Rt. Hon. Leonard Courtney MP (1896–98) before fighting in the South African War, then becoming one of ‘Milner’s Kindergarten’ as Town Clerk, Johannesburg (1901–03), then Assistant Colonial Secretary, Transvaal (1903–06). Important organiser and planner behind the Union of South Africa and later a campaigner of imperial federation. Also instrumental in pushing through the fingerprinting and registration of all Asians in the Transvaal. Hermann Eckstein (1847–93) b. Hohenheim, Germany. He went to South Africa in 1882, becoming manager of the Phoenix Diamond Mining Company at Dutoitspan. He founded H. Eckstein & Co. on the Rand in 1887. From 1892, he lived in London, with his brother, Sir Friedrich, overseeing Johannesburg business. Hermann was also a partner in Wernher, Beit & Co. (1902–10); chairman of the successor, Central Mining Investment Corporation (1912–14). Baronet 1929. John Emrys Evans, CMG (1853–1931) b. Northern Wales. A banker, he went to South Africa in 1882 as an inspector for the Standard Bank of South Africa, Ltd. In 1897, he became British Vice-Consul for the Witwatersrand Gold Fields, before becoming a financial advisor to Milner’s administration and to Lord Roberts dur- ing the war, then Controller of Transvaal Treasury, August 1900, Auditor General, Transvaal 1901, Vice-Chairman of the National Bank of South Africa and direc- tor of several companies. Created CMG in 1902. From 1902, he was a leading Johannesburg financial advisor, sat on the Johannesburg Hospital Board, served on the Johannesburg Town Council for two terms from 1902 to 1906. In 1907 he was elected Progressive member of the Transvaal legislature for Langlaagte. He was Vice-Chairman of the National Bank of South Africa Ltd (to become Barclays Bank) and a Director of the Johannesburg Consolidated Investment Company. Brother of Samuel. Samuel Evans (1859–1935) b. Northern Wales. A civil servant in Egypt from 1883, he later became Chairman of Glynn’s Lydenburg and Gold Mining Estates and Director at Corner House from 1902 with Lionel Phillips, their leading man in Johannesburg. He was a pioneer of hygiene and safety methods in mining and directed much of the Chamber of Mines’ administrative policies towards the Chinese. Appendix: List of Key Figures 193 Sir George Herbert Farrar, 1st Baronet (1859–1915) b. Cambridgeshire. In 1879 he went to South Africa to represent his family’s engineering firm. He was sentenced to death after the Jameson Raid, served in the South African War, was knighted in 1902 (the baronetcy was in 1911), and after the war, was Chair- man of the East Rand Proprietary Mines (ERPM) from 1893. He became the chief advocate of Chinese labour post-war; sat on the Transvaal Legislative Council, 1903–05; Chairman of the Chamber of Mines in 1904; leader of the Progres- sive Party in Transvaal, representing Boksburg East, then founded the Unionist Party. Sir James Percy Fitzpatrick (1862–1931) b. Kingwilliamstown, the Cape. He was sentenced to death for his part in the Jameson Raid, wrote The Transvaal from Within (1899) arguing for the need to go to war to protect uitlander rights and later wrote Jock of the Bushveld (1907). He was a partner in Eckstein & Co. (1902–07); President, Chamber of Mines (1903), championed white unskilled labour, but supported Chinese importation. In 1906, he retired from min- ing to devote himself to politics, working as Deputy Leader for the Transvaal Progressives and sitting in the Union Parliament (1911–20) for Pretoria, South Central. He was the first man on the Rand to receive a knighthood in 1902. Professor Henry Eardley Stephen Fremantle (1874–1931) b. Hatfield, Herts. After getting an MA at Oriel College, Oxford, he became the first Professor of English and Philosophy at the South African College, Cape Town, between 1899 and 1904. He was editor of South African News (1903–08, 1910–11). He was a Member of the Legislative Assembly in the Cape (1906–10) for Uitenhage. He was founder and first chairman of the National Party, Cape Province in 1915. He helped organise the South African Party campaign against Chinese labour. Mohandas (Mahatma) Karamchand Gandhi (1869–1948) b. Gujarat, India. After qualifying in London as a lawyer in 1891, he went to work in Natal in 1893 and began representing the Indian community against the colony’s anti-Asiatic legislation. He did the same in the Transvaal. He published Indian Opinion,which campaigned against Chinese indentured labour. John Gardiner Hamilton (1859–?) b. Ireland. After working for the Gen- eral Post Office, London, he arrived in the Transvaal in 1899. He served as Vice-President of the Chamber of Mines and Chairman and Director of several Transvaal companies. He fought in the South African War and was sent to China to assist Samuel Evans with negotiations and to generally assess the supply of Chinese labourers available. In 1907, he won the Springs seat in the Transvaal as a Progressive, also standing as the Progressive Whip. William Hosken (1851–1925) b. Hayle, Cornwall. He was a Natal merchant originally (1874–89), then moved to Johannesburg, primarily selling ammuni- tion, dynamite, and arms. He was arrested for his involvement in the Jameson Raid, though fled to Natal during the war. He served as President of the Johannesburg Chamber of Commerce, 1896–1902, then President of the Asso- ciation of the Chamber of Commerce of South Africa, 1904–05. He also was appointed by Milner to sit in the Transvaal Legislative Council, 1903–07. He sat in the Legislature for Von Brandis as a Progressive from 1907 and was also a member of the Liberal Party in Britain.