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Violence in the Media Violenceinthemedia 2/25/04 3:50 PM Page 2 ViolenceintheMedia 2/25/04 3:50 PM Page 1 Violence in the Media ViolenceintheMedia 2/25/04 3:50 PM Page 2 Other Books in the Current Controversies Series: The Abortion Controversy Iraq Alcoholism Marriage and Divorce Assisted Suicide Medical Ethics Capital Punishment Mental Health Censorship Minorities Computers and Society Nationalism and Ethnic Conserving the Environment Conflict Crime Native American Rights The Disabled Police Brutality Drug Legalization Politicians and Ethics Drug Trafficking Pollution Ethics Prisons Europe Racism Family Violence Reproductive Technologies Free Speech The Rights of Animals Gambling Sexual Harassment Garbage and Waste Smoking Gay Rights Suicide Guns and Violence Teen Addiction Hate Crimes Teen Pregnancy and Parenting Hunger Urban Terrorism Illegal Drugs Violence Against Women Illegal Immigration Women in the Military The Information Highway Youth Violence Interventionism ViolenceintheMedia 2/25/04 3:50 PM Page 3 Violence in the Media James D. Torr, Book Editor David Bender, Publisher Bruno Leone,Executive Editor Bonnie Szumski, Editorial Director Stuart B. Miller, Managing Editor CURRENT CONTROVERSIES ViolenceintheMedia 2/25/04 3:50 PM Page 4 No part of this book may be reproduced or used in any form or by any means, electrical, mechanical, or otherwise, including, but not limited to, photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, with- out prior written permission from the publisher. Cover photo: Corbis Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Violence in the media / book editor, James D. Torr. p. cm. — (Current controversies) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-7377-0455-1 (pbk. : alk. paper) — ISBN 0-7377-0456-X (lib. bdg. : alk. paper) 1. Violence in mass media. I. Torr, James D., 1974– . II. Series. P96.V5 V563 2001 303.6'0973—dc21 00-037206 CIP0 ©2001 by Greenhaven Press, Inc., PO Box 289009, San Diego, CA 92198-9009 Printed in the U.S.A. Every effort has been made to trace the owners of copyrighted material. ViolenceintheMedia 2/25/04 3:50 PM Page 5 Contents Foreword 11 Introduction 13 Chapter 1: How Serious Is the Problem of Violence in the Media? Chapter Preface 17 Violence in the Media Is a Serious Problem Popular Culture Glorifies Violence by Kevin Merida and Richard Leiby 18 American popular culture has become obsessed with themes of murder and gruesomeness. Many blockbuster movies and best-selling music albums glamorize violence. Video games are striving for increasingly more realistic portrayals of bloodshed and gore. Many comic books fea- ture extremely dark themes, and even the fashion industry has become enamored with themes of bleakness. Violence on Television Is a Serious Problem by James T. Hamilton 23 Television programmers and advertisers purposely feature violence in their programming in order to attract viewers—mostly males ages eigh- teen to thirty-four. In doing so they unintentionally expose children to adult-themed violence. In this respect, TV violence is similar to the prob- lem of pollution: The manufacturers of this toxic violence do not intend to harm society with it, but neither do they take responsibility for its effects. As with environmental pollution, it is up to communities and the government to clean up the cultural environment. News Coverage of Crime Contributes to the Problem of Media Violence by Derrick Z. Jackson 29 One of the most overlooked aspects of media violence is the coverage of violent crime that is featured so prominently on TV news programs. Although crime is down across America, it is still the subject of approxi- mately one-third of TV news stories. The false message that crime is ram- pant contributes to aggression among viewers, leading to further crime in society. Violence in the Media Contributes to the Violence in Society by Michael Massing 32 For years, liberals have denied the relationship between media violence and real violence, dismissing the idea as an attack on free speech. How- ever, constant exposure to media violence is undeniably harmful, espe- ViolenceintheMedia 2/25/04 3:50 PM Page 6 cially for children. Government leaders must work to oppose media vio- lence—not via censorship, but rather by speaking out against the irre- sponsible practices of Hollywood and the TV industry, as Bill Clinton has already done. The Problem of Media Violence Is Exaggerated The Problem of Media Violence Does Not Justify Censorship by Joan E. Bertin 37 Violence in popular entertainment may be objectionable, but the Supreme Court has consistently ruled that it is nevertheless protected by the First Amendment right to free speech. Carving out an exception in the First Amendment for violent media would subject many valuable works that contain violent imagery—including the Bible and much of classic litera- ture—to censorship. From a constitutional perspective, infringing on the right to bear arms would be a much more logical way to reduce violence than infringing on the First Amendment would be. Guns Are a More Serious Problem than Media Violence by Barry Glassner 44 Since blaming violence on lack of gun control is politically unpopular in America, the news media have instead targeted violence in popular enter- tainment. However, the idea that media violence can make someone com- mit a crime contradicts common sense as well as research showing that people in other countries, who enjoy the same movies and TV shows as Americans, have much lower rates of violence. The step these other coun- tries have taken that America has not is to strictly regulate the availability of guns. Violence in the Media Reflects the Violence in Society by Katha Pollitt 47 There is no arguing with the claim that violence in the media is pervasive, objectionable, and may even inspire some people to commit actual vio- lence. However, a fact that is often overlooked is that Americans in gen- eral enjoy violent entertainment—it has not been foisted upon them by the entertainment industry. Since violent movies and TV shows mirror the violence that is rampant in their society, it is no surprise that Ameri- cans are attracted to them. Chapter 2: Does Violence in the Media Make Children and Teenagers More Violent? Chapter Preface 51 Yes: Violence in the Media Makes Children Violent Movie and Television Violence Makes Children Violent by Gregg Easterbrook 52 Hollywood and the television industries glamorize guns and murder, and market this violent imagery specifically to teens. There is no question that this screen violence has a serious effect on children’s propensity to behave violently later in life. Up until age nineteen, children and teens exposed to violence in the media are more likely to view violence as a normal behavior and to become criminals themselves. ViolenceintheMedia 2/25/04 3:50 PM Page 7 Popular Music Contributes to Teenage Violence by Thomas L. Jipping 61 For young people in particular, music is even more powerful than televi- sion in influencing behavior. Heavy metal, gangsta rap, and other music with destructive themes of homicide, suicide, and satanism are becoming an increasingly dominant part of teen culture. Consumers of these types of music often become obsessed with the violent messages they contain and exhibit aggressive and antisocial behaviors. Violent Video Games Teach Children to Enjoy Killing by Dave Grossman 67 Violent video games such as Doom are strikingly similar to the simula- tors that the military uses to prepare soldiers for combat. Unlike the mili- tary’s simulators, however, these video games reward players for killing their targets quickly and indiscriminately, until pulling the trigger becomes an automatic conditioned response. These mass murder simula- tors should be regulated as harmful substances, just as guns, tobacco, and pornography already are. No: Violence in the Media Does Not Make Children More Violent Violent Movies Do Not Make Children Violent by Jack Valenti 72 Of the hundreds of films produced each year, only a few portray crass, excessive violence. The movie industry should strive to help parents screen out the most violent fare, but the rise in school violence should not be blamed on violent cinema. Other countries enjoy American movies and have much lower crime rates than we do. Similarly, millions of stu- dents view violent movies without imitating what they see on the screen. Popular Music Does Not Make Teenagers Violent by David E. Nantais 75 Ever since Elvis Presley and the Beatles first made rock and roll so popular with teens, parents have sought to blame their children’s problems on the music they listen to. In reality music has a very positive effect on teens—even seemingly violent or depressing music can give therapeutic release to teens dealing with pent-up sadness or anger. Because teenagers face many difficulties, they do need guidance from parents and other elders, but demonizing the music teens enjoy is simply counterproductive. The Effects of Violent Video Games on Children Are Exaggerated by Gary Chapman 79 Placing the blame for school shootings on the video games the shooters played is incredibly simplistic. Video games are not causing children in general to become more violent: Girls do not usually play them at all, and the vast majority of boys and men who do are not violent. For boys who are already angry or obsessed with revenge, playing violent video games may reinforce these angry feelings—but even in those cases, the boys’ problems clearly go far beyond their exposure to video game violence. Teenagers Are Not Becoming More Violent by Mike Males 82 Despite the intense media coverage given to several school shootings in the late 1990s, levels of teen violence have actually been steadily decreas- ing since the 1970s. Adults have far higher levels of murder, criminal ViolenceintheMedia 2/25/04 3:50 PM Page 8 arrest, and violent deaths than teenagers do.
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