Appendix A Periodic Table of the Elements
1 18 IA VIIIA 1H 2He hydrogen 2 13 14 15 16 17 helium 1.008 IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA 4.002602 3Li4Be 5B6C7N8O9F10 Ne lithium beryllium PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS boron carbon nitrogen oxygen fluorine neon 6.94 9.012182 10.81 12.0107 14.007 15.999 18.998403163 20.1797 11 Na 12 Mg 13 Al 14 Si 15 P 16 S 17 Cl 18 Ar sodium magnesium 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 aluminum silicon phosphorus sulfur chlorine argon 22.98976928 24.305 IIIB IVB VB VIB VIIB VIII IB IIB 26.9815385 28.085 30.973761998 32.06 35.45 39.948 19 K 20 Ca 21 Sc 22 Ti 23 V 24 Cr 25 Mn 26 Fe 27 Co 28 Ni 29 Cu 30 Zn 31 Ga 32 Ge 33 As 34 Se 35 Br 36 Kr potassium calcium scandium titanium vanadium chromium manganese iron cobalt nickel copper zinc gallium germanium arsenic selenium bromine krypton 39.0983 40.078 44.955908 47.867 50.9415 51.9961 54.938044 55.845 58.933195 58.6934 63.546 65.38 69.723 72.630 74.921595 78.971 79.904 83.798 37 Rb 38 Sr 39 Y 40 Zr 41 Nb 42 Mo 43 Tc 44 Ru 45 Rh 46 Pd 47 Ag 48 Cd 49 In 50 Sn 51 Sb 52 Te 53 I 54 Xe rubidium strontium yttrium zirconium niobium molybdenum technetium ruthenium rhodium palladium silver cadmium indium tin antimony tellurium iodine xenon 85.4678 87.62 88.90584 91.224 92.90637 95.95 (97.907212) 101.07 102.90550 106.42 107.8682 112.414 114.818 118.710 121.760 127.60 126.90447 131.293 55 Cs 56 Ba 57–71 72 Hf 73 Ta 74 W 75 Re 76 Os 77 Ir 78 Pt 79 Au 80 Hg 81 Tl 82 Pb 83 Bi 84 Po 85 At 86 Rn caesium barium LANTHA- hafnium tantalum tungsten rhenium osmium iridium platinum gold mercury thallium lead bismuth polonium astatine radon 132.90545196 137.327 NIDES 178.49 180.94788 183.84 186.207 190.23 192.217 195.084 196.966569 200.592 204.38 207.2 208.98040 (208.98243) (209.98715) (222.01758) 87 Fr 88 Ra 89–103 104 Rf 105 Db 106 Sg 107 Bh 108 Hs 109 Mt 110 Ds 111 Rg 112 Cn 113 Nh 114 Fl 115 Mc 116 Lv 117 Ts 118 Og francium radium ACTINIDES rutherford. dubnium seaborgium bohrium hassium meitnerium darmstadt. roentgen. copernicium (nihonium) flerovium (moscovium) livermorium (tennessine) (oganesson) (223.01974) (226.02541) (267.12169) (268.12567) (271.13393) (272.13826) (270.13429) (276.15159) (281.16451) (280.16514) (285.17712) (284.17873) (289.19042) (288.19274) (293.20449) (292.20746) (294.21392)
Lanthanide 57 La 58 Ce 59 Pr 60 Nd 61 Pm 62 Sm 63 Eu 64 Gd 65 Tb 66 Dy 67 Ho 68 Er 69 Tm 70 Yb 71 Lu series lanthanum cerium praseodym. neodymium promethium samarium europium gadolinum terbium dysprosium holmium erbium thulium ytterbium lutetium 138.90547 140.116 140.90766 144.242 (144.91276) 150.36 151.964 157.25 158.92535 162.500 164.93033 167.259 168.93422 173.054 174.9668
Actinide 89 Ac 90 Th 91 Pa 92 U 93 Np 94 Pu 95 Am 96 Cm 97 Bk 98 Cf 99 Es 100 Fm 101 Md 102 No 103 Lr series actinium thorium protactinium uranium neptunium plutonium americium curium berkelium californium einsteinium fermium mendelevium nobelium lawrencium (227.02775) 232.0377 231.03588 238.02891 (237.04817) (244.06420) (243.06138) (247.07035) (247.07031) (251.07959) (252.08298) (257.09511) (258.09844) (259.10103) (262.10961)
© Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2018 711 A. De Angelis and M. Pimenta, Introduction to Particle and Astroparticle Physics, Undergraduate Lecture Notes in Physics, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-78181-5 Appendix B Properties of Materials
Material ZA Z/A Nucl.coll. Nucl.inter. Rad.len. dE/dx|min Density Melting Boiling Refract. −3 length λT length λI X0 { MeV {gcm } point point index {gcm−2} {gcm−2} {gcm−2} g−1cm2} ({g −1}) (K) (K) 589.2 nm
H2 1 1.008(7) 0.99212 42.8 52.0 63.05 (4.103) 0.071(0.084) 13.81 20.28 1.11 D2 1 2.014101764(8) 0.49650 51.3 71.8 125.97 (2.053) 0.169(0.168) 18.7 23.65 1.11 He 2 4.002602(2) 0.49967 51.8 71.0 94.32 (1.937) 0.125(0.166) 4.220 1.02 Li 3 6.94(2) 0.43221 52.2 71.3 82.78 1.639 0.534 453.6 1615. Be 4 9.0121831(5) 0.44384 55.3 77.8 65.19 1.595 1.848 1560. 2744. C diamond 6 12.0107(8) 0.49955 59.2 85.8 42.70 1.725 3.520 2.419 C graphite 6 12.0107(8) 0.49955 59.2 85.8 42.70 1.742 2.210 Sublimes at 4098. K N2 7 14.007(2) 0.49976 61.1 89.7 37.99 (1.825) 0.807(1.165) 63.15 77.29 1.20 O2 8 15.999(3) 0.50002 61.3 90.2 34.24 (1.801) 1.141(1.332) 54.36 90.20 1.22 F2 9 18.998403163(6) 0.47372 65.0 97.4 32.93 (1.676) 1.507(1.580) 53.53 85.03 Ne 10 20.1797(6) 0.49555 65.7 99.0 28.93 (1.724) 1.204(0.839) 24.56 27.07 1.09 N 13 26.9815385(7) 0.48181 69.7 107.2 24.01 1.615 2.699 933.5 2792. Al 13 26.9815385(7) 0.48181 69.7 107.2 24.01 1.615 2.699 933.5 2792. Si 14 28.0855(3) 0.49848 70.2 108.4 21.82 1.664 2.329 1687. 3538. 3.95 Cl2 17 35.453(2) 0.47951 73.8 115.7 19.28 (1.630) 1.574(2.980) 171.6 239.1 Ar 18 39.948(1) 0.45059 75.7 119.7 19.55 (1.519) 1.396(1.662) 83.81 87.26 1.23 Ti 22 47.867(1) 0.45961 78.8 126.2 16.16 1.477 4.540 1941. 3560. Fe 26 55.845(2) 0.46557 81.7 132.1 13.84 1.451 7.874 1811. 3134. Cu 29 63.546(3) 0.45636 84.2 137.3 12.86 1.403 8.960 1358. 2835. Ge 32 72.630(1) 0.44053 86.9 143.0 12.25 1.370 5.323 1211. 3106. Sn 50 118.710(7) 0.42119 98.2 166.7 8.82 1.263 7.310 505.1 2875. Xe 54 131.293(6) 0.41129 100.8 172.1 8.48 (1.255) 2.953(5.483) 161.4 165.1 1.39 W 74 183.84(1) 0.40252 110.4 191.9 6.76 1.145 19.300 3695. 5828. Pt 78 195.084(9) 0.39983 112.2 195.7 6.54 1.128 21.450 2042. 4098. Au 79 196.966569(5) 0.40108 112.5 196.3 6.46 1.134 19.320 1337. 3129. Pb 82 207.2(1) 0.39575 114.1 199.6 6.37 1.122 11.350 600.6 2022. U 92 [238.02891(3)] 0.38651 118.6 209.0 6.00 1.081 18.950 1408. 4404. Air (dry, 1 atm) 0.49919 61.3 90.1 36.62 (1.815) (1.205) 78.80 1.0003 Shielding concrete 0.50274 65.1 97.5 26.57 1.711 2.300 Borosilicate glass (Pyrex) 0.49707 64.6 96.5 28.17 1.696 2.230 Lead glass 0.42101 95.9 158.0 7.87 1.255 6.220 Standard rock 0.50000 66.8 101.3 26.54 1.688 2.650
Methane (CH4) 0.62334 54.0 73.8 46.47 (2.417) (0.667) 90.68 111.7 Ethane (C2H6) 0.59861 55.0 75.9 45.66 (2.304) (1.263) 90.36 184.5 Propane (C3H8) 0.58962 55.3 76.7 45.37 (2.262) 0.493(1.868) 85.52 231.0 Butane (C4H10) 0.59497 55.5 77.1 45.23 (2.278) (2.489) 134.9 272.6 Octane (C8H18) 0.57778 55.8 77.8 45.00 2.123 0.703 214.4 398.8 Paraffin (CH3(CH2)n≈23CH3) 0.57275 56.0 78.3 44.85 2.088 0.930 Nylon (type 6, 6/6) 0.54790 57.5 81.6 41.92 1.973 1.18 Polycarbonate (Lexan) 0.52697 58.3 83.6 41.50 1.886 1.20 Polyethylene ([CH2CH2]n) 0.57034 56.1 78.5 44.77 2.079 0.89 Polyethylene terephthalate (Mylar) 0.52037 58.9 84.9 39.95 1.848 1.40 Polyimide film (Kapton) 0.51264 59.2 85.5 40.58 1.820 1.42 Polymethylmethacrylate (acrylic) 0.53937 58.1 82.8 40.55 1.929 1.19 1.49 Polypropylene 0.55998 56.1 78.5 44.77 2.041 0.90 Polystyrene ([C6H5CHCH2]n) 0.53768 57.5 81.7 43.79 1.936 1.06 1.59 Polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon) 0.47992 63.5 94.4 34.84 1.671 2.20 Polyvinyltoluene 0.54141 57.3 81.3 43.90 1.956 1.03 1.58 Aluminum oxide (sapphire) 0.49038 65.5 98.4 27.94 1.647 3.970 2327. 3273. 1.77 Barium flouride (BaF2) 0.42207 90.8 149.0 9.91 1.303 4.893 1641. 2533. 1.47 Bismuth germanate (BGO) 0.42065 96.2 159.1 7.97 1.251 7.130 1317. 2.15 Carbon dioxide gas (CO2) 0.49989 60.7 88.9 36.20 1.819 (1.842) Solid carbon dioxide (dry ice) 0.49989 60.7 88.9 36.20 1.787 1.563 Sublimes at 194.7 K Cesium iodide (CsI) 0.41569 100.6 171.5 8.39 1.243 4.510 894.2 1553. 1.79 Lithium fluoride (LiF) 0.46262 61.0 88.7 39.26 1.614 2.635 1121. 1946. 1.39 Lithium hydride (LiH) 0.50321 50.8 68.1 79.62 1.897 0.820 965. Lead tungstate (PbWO4) 0.41315 100.6 168.3 7.39 1.229 8.300 1403. 2.20 Silicon dioxide (SiO2, fused quartz) 0.49930 65.2 97.8 27.05 1.699 2.200 1986. 3223. 1.46 Sodium chloride (NaCl) 0.47910 71.2 110.1 21.91 1.847 2.170 1075. 1738. 1.54 Sodium iodide (NaI) 0.42697 93.1 154.6 9.49 1.305 3.667 933.2 1577. 1.77 Water (H2O) 0.55509 58.5 83.3 36.08 1.992 1.000 273.1 373.1 1.33
Silica aerogel 0.50093 65.0 97.3 27.25 1.740 0.200 (0.03 H2O, 0.97 SiO2)
© Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2018 713 A. De Angelis and M. Pimenta, Introduction to Particle and Astroparticle Physics, Undergraduate Lecture Notes in Physics, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-78181-5 Appendix C Physical and Astrophysical Constants
Quantity Symbol, Equation Value
Speed of light in vacuum c 299 792 458 m s−1 Planck constant h 6.626 070 040(81)×10−34 Js Planck constant, reduced = h/2π 1.054 571 800(13)×10−34 Js = 6.582 119 514(40) ×10−22 MeV s electron charge magnitude e 1.602 176 6208(98) ×10−19 C conversion constant c 197.326 9788(12) MeV fm conversion constant (c)2 0.389 379 3656(48) GeV2 mbarn
2 electron mass me 0.510 998 9461(31) MeV/c =9.109 383 56(11)×10−31kg 2 proton mass mp 938.272 0813(58) MeV/c 1.672 621 898(21)×10−27kg 12 2 unified atomic mass unit (u) m( C atom)/12 = (1 g)/(NA mol) 931.494 0954(57) MeV/c = 1.660 539 040(20)×10−27kg 2 −12 −1 permittivity of free space 0 =1/μ0c 8.854 187 817 . . . ×10 Fm −7 −2 permeability of free space μ0 4π×10 NA 2 2 −3 fine-structure constant (Q =0) α = e /4π0c 7.297 352 5664(17)×10 1/137 2 2 −15 classical electron radius re =e /4π0mec 2.817 940 3227(19)×10 m − −1 −13 (e Compton wavelength)/2 λe = /mec = reα 3.861 592 6764(18)×10 m 2 2 −10 Bohr radius (mnucleus = ∞) a∞ =4π0 /mee 0.529 177 210 67(12)×10 m wavelength of 1 eV/c particle hc/(1 eV) 1.239 841 9739(76)×10−6m 4 2 2 2 2 Rydberg energy hcR∞ = mee /2(4π0) = mec α /2 3.605 693 009(84) eV 2 Thomson cross section σT =8πre /3 0.665 245 871 58(91) barn −11 −1 Bohr magneton μB = e/2me 5.788 381 8012(26)×10 MeV T −14 −1 nuclear magneton μN = e/2mp 3.152 451 2550(15)×10 MeV T
gravitational constant G 6.674 08(31)×10−11m3kg−1s−2 = 6.708 61(31)×10−39 c (GeV/c2)−2 −2 standard gravitational accel. gN 9.806 65 m s
23 −2 Avogadro constant NA 6.022 140 857(74)×10 mol −23 −1 Boltzmann constant kB 1.380 648 52(79)×10 JK = 8.617 3303(50)×10−5 eV K−1 −3 3 −1 molar volume, ideal gas at STP NAkB × 273.15K/101325 Pa 22.413 962(13)×10 m mol −3 Wien displacement law constant b = λmax T 2.897 7729(17)×10 mK 2 4 3 2 −3 −2 −4 Stefan-Boltzmann constant σ = π kB /60 c 5.670 367(13)×10 Wm K
3 −5 −2 Fermi coupling constant GF /(c) 1.166 378 7(6)×10 GeV 2 ˆ weak-mixing angle sin θ(MZ )(MS) ± 2 W boson mass mW 80.385(15) GeV/c 2 Z boson mass mZ 91.1876(21) GeV/c strong coupling constant αs(mZ ) 0.1182(12)
π 3.141592653589793 e 2.718 281 828 459 045 γ 0.577215664901532
1in≡ 0.0254 m 1 G ≡ 10−4 T 1 eV = 1.602 176 6208(98)×10−19 J −1 ◦ −5 kB T at 300 K = [38.681 740(22)] eV 1 A ≡ 0.1nm 1 dyne ≡ 10 N 1 eV/c2 = 1.782 661 907(11) ×10−36 kg 0 ◦C ≡ 273.15 K 1 barn ≡ 10−28 m2 1 erg ≡ 10−7 J 2.997 924 58×109 esu = 1C 1 atmosphere ≡ 760 Torr ≡ 101 325 Pa
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Quantity Symbol, Equation Value 19 2 −8 Planck mass c/G 1.220 910(29)×10 GeV/c =2.176 47(5)×10 kg Planck length G/c3 1.616 229(38) ×10−35 m
tropical year (equinox to equinox) (2011) yr 31 556 925.2 s ≈ π×107 s sidereal year (fixed star to fixed star) (2011) 31558149.8 s ≈ π×107 s astronomical unit au 149 597 870 700 m parsec (1 au/1 arc sec) pc 3.08567758149×1016 m = 3.262 ...ly light year (deprecated unit) ly 0.3066 pc=0.946053 ×1016 m
30 Solar mass M 1.988 48(9) ×10 kg 2 Schwarzschild radius of the Sun 2GM/c 2.953 km 8 nominal Solar equatorial radius R 6.957 ×10 m −2 nominal Solar constant S 1361 W m nominal Solar photosphere temperature T 5772 K 26 nominal Solar luminosity L 3.828 ×10 W 24 Earth mass M⊕ 5.972 4(3) ×10 kg 2 Schwarzschild radius of the Earth 2G M⊕/2c 8.870 mm 6 nominal Earth equatorial radius R⊕ 6.3781×10 m jansky (flux density) Jy 10−26 Wm−2 Hz−1 −1 −1 Solar angular velocity around the GC Θ0/R0 30.3 ±0.9kms kpc Solar distance from GC R0 8.00 ±0.25 kpc −1 circular velocity at R0 v0 or Θ0 254(16) km s escape velocity from Galaxy vesc 498 km/s
Gauge Bosons
The gauge bosons all have J P = 1−.
Particle Mass Width Decay Mode Fraction (%) g 0 (assumed) stable γ 0 stable W ± 80.4 GeV/c2 2.1 GeV/c2 hadrons 67.41(27) + e νe 10.71(16) + μ νμ 10.63(15) + τ ντ 11.38(27) Z 91.2 GeV/c2 2.5 GeV/c2 hadrons 69.91(6) ν +¯ν(all) 20.00(6) e+e− 3.363(4) μ+μ− 3.366(7) τ +τ − 3.370(8)
Higgs boson (J P = 0+)
Particle Mass Width H 125.09(24) GeV/c2 < 13 MeV/c2 (∼ 4/MeV/c2?)
© Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2018 717 A. De Angelis and M. Pimenta, Introduction to Particle and Astroparticle Physics, Undergraduate Lecture Notes in Physics, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-78181-5 718 Appendix D: Particle Properties
Leptons
P =1+ All leptons have J 2 .
Particle Mass (MeV/c2) Lifetime (s) Decay Mode Fraction (%) −6 νe < 2 × 10 Stable νμ <0.19 Stable ντ <18.2 Stable e± 0.511 Stable ± −6 + μ 105.66 2.197 ×10 e vev¯v ≈ 100 ± −15 τ 1776.84(12) (290.3 ± 0.5) × 10 hadrons +ντ ∼ 64 + e νeν¯τ 17.82(4) + μ νμν¯τ 17.39(4)
Low-Lying Baryons
Particle I, J P Mass (MeV/c2) Lifetime or width Decay Mode Fraction (%)
Unflavored states of light quarks (S = C = B = 0) Quark content:
N = (p, n) : p = uud, n = udd; Δ++ = uuu, Δ+ = uud, Δ0 = udd, Δ− = ddd
+ 1 1 > . × 29 p 2 , 2 938.272081(6) 2 1 10 yr 1 1 + . ( ) −ν¯ n 2 , 2 939.565413(6) 880 2 10 s pe e 100 Δ 3 3 + ( ) π 2 , 2 1232(1) 117 2 MeV N 99.4
Strange baryons (S = -1, C = B =0) Quark content: Λ = uds : Σ+ = uus, Σ0 = uds, Σ− = dds, similarly for Σ∗s.
+ Λ 1 . ( ) × −10 π− . ( ) 0, 2 1115.683(6) 2 632 20 10 s p 63 9 5 nπ0 35.8(5) + Σ+ 1 . ( ) × −11 π0 . ( ) 1, 2 1189.37(7) 8 018 26 10 s p 51 57 30 nπ+ 48.31(30) + Σ0 1, 1 1192.642(24) 7.4(7) × 10−20 s Λγ 100 2 + Σ− 1 . ( ) × −10 π− 1, 2 1197.449(30) 1 479 11 10 s n 99.848(5) Σ∗+ 3 + Λπ 1, 2 1382.8(4) 37.0(7) MeV 87.0(15) Σπ 11.7(15) + Σ∗0 3 1, 2 1383.7(10) 36(5) MeV as above Σ+ 3 + 1, 2 1387.2(5) 39.4(21) MeV as above Appendix D: Particle Properties 719
Strange baryons (S = -2, C = B =0) Quark content: Ξ 0 = uss, Ξ − = dss, similarly for Ξ ∗s.
+ Ξ 0 1 1 . ( ) × −10 Λπ0 2 , 2 1314.86(20) 2 90 9 10 s 99.524(12) + Ξ − 1 , 1 1321.71(7) 1.639(15) × 10−10 s Λπ− 99.887(35) 2 2 + Ξ ∗0 1 3 . ( ) Ξπ 2 , 2 1531.80(32) 9 1 5 MeV 100 Ξ ∗− 1 3 + . ( ) 2 , 2 1535.0(6) 9 9 18 MeV as above
Strange baryons (S = -3, C = B =0) Quark content: Ω− = sss
+ Ω− 3 . ( ) × −11 Λ − 0, 2 1672.45(29) 8 21 11 10 s K 67.8(7) Ξ 0π− 23.6(7) Ξ −π0 8.6(4)
Charmed baryons (S = 0, C = +1, B =0) Λ+ = Σ++ = Σ+ = Σ− = Σ∗ Quark content: c udc : uuc, udc, ddc, similarly for c s.
+ Λ+ 1 . ( ) × −13 + ( ) c 0, 2 2286.46(14) 2 00 6 10 s n X 50 16 p + X 50(16) Λ + X 35(11) Σ± + X 10(5) e+ + X 4.5(17) Σ++ 1 + Λ+π+ ≈ c 1, 2 2453.97(14) 1.89(14) MeV c 100 Σ+ 1 + < . c 1, 2452.9(4) 4 6MeV 2 + Σ0 1 c 1, 2 2453.75(14) 1.83(15) MeV Σ∗++ 3 + Λ+π+ ≈ c 1, 2 2518.41(20) 14.78(35) MeV c 100 Σ∗+ 3 + < c 1, 2 2517.5(23) 17 MeV + Σ∗0 3 c 1, 2 2518.48(20) 15.3(4) MeV
Charmed strange baryons (S = -1, -2, C = +1, B =0) Ξ + = Ξ 0 = Ξ ∗ Ω0 = Quark content: c usc, c dsc, similarly for c s; c ssc 720 Appendix D: Particle Properties
+ Ξ + 1 1 . ( ) × −13 c 2 , 2 2467.87(30) 4 42 26 10 s + Ξ 0 1 1 . ( ) × −13 c , 2470.87(29) 1 12 11 10 s 2 2 + Ω0 1 1 . ( . ) × −14 c 2 , 2 2695.2(17) 6 9 1 2 10 s Ξ ∗+ 1 3 + . ( ) c 2 , 2 2645.53(31) 2 14 19 MeV + Ξ ∗0 1 3 . ( ) c 2 , 2 2646.32(31) 2 35 22 MeV
Bottom baryons (S = C = 0, B =-1) Λ0 = Ξ 0 = Ξ − = Quark content: b udb, b usb, b dsb
+ Λ0 1 Λ+ + ∼ . ( ) b 0, 2 5619.58(17) 1.47(01) ps c X 11 5 2 + Ξ 0 1 1 b 2 , 2 5791.9(5) 1.479(31) ps Ξ − 1 1 + b 2 , 2 5794.5(14) 1.571(40) ps
Low-Lying Mesons
Particle I, J PC Mass (MeV/c2) Lifetime or width Decay Mode Fraction (%)
Unflavored states of light quarks (S = C = B = 0) Quark content: ¯ 1 ¯ ¯ I = 1 states, ud, √ (uu¯ − dd), du¯; I = 0 states, c (uu¯ − dd) + c ss¯(c , are 2 1 2 1 2 constants)
± − −8 + π 1,0 139.57061(24) 2.6033(5) × 10 s μ νμ 99.98770(4) π0 1, 0−+ 134.9770(5) 8.52(18) × 10−17 s γγ 98.823(34) η 0, 0−+ 547.862(17) 1.31(5) keV γγ 39.41(20) π0π0π0 32.68(23) π+π−π0 22.92(28) π+π−γ 4.22(8) ρ 1, 1−− 775.26(25) 149.1(8) MeV ππ ≈ 100 ω0 0, 1−− 782.65(12) 8.49(8) MeV π+π−π0 89.2(7) π0γ 8.40(22) η 0, 0−+ 957.78(6) 0.196(9) MeV π+π−η 42.6(7) ρ0γ 28.9(5) π0π0η 22.8(8) ωγ 2.62(13) φ 0, 1−− 1019.460(16) 4.247(16) MeV K + K − 48.9(5) 0 + 0 K L K S 34.2(4) ρπ + π+π−π0 15.32(32)
Strange mesons (S =±1, C = B = 0) Appendix D: Particle Properties 721
Quark content: K + = us¯, K 0 = ds¯, K¯ 0 = sd¯, K − = su¯, similarly for K ∗s
± 1 − −8 + . ( ) × μ νμ K 2 ,0 493.677(16) 1 2380 20 10 s 63.56 (11) π + π0 20.67(8) π + π+π− 5.583(24) 0 + π e νe 5.07(4) 0 + π μ νμ 3.352(33) 0 ¯ 0 1 − K , K 2 ,0 497.611(13) 0 . ( ) × −11 π+π− K S 8 954 4 10 s 69.20(5) π0π0 30.69(5) 0 . ( ) × −8 π± ∓ν (ν¯ ) K L 5 116 21 10 s e e e 40.55(11) ± ∓ π μ ν¯μ(ν¯μ) 27.04(7) π0π0π0 19.52(12) π+π−π0 12.54(5) ∗± 1 − π ∼ K 2 ,1 891.76(25) 50.3(8) MeV K 100 ∗0 1 − π ∼ K 2 ,1 895.55(20) 47.3(5) MeV K 100
Charmed mesons (S = 0, C =±1, B = 0) Quark content: D+ = cd¯, D0 = cu¯, D¯ 0 = uc¯, D− = dc¯, similarly for D∗s
± 1 − ¯ 0 + D 2 ,0 1869.59(9) 1.040(7) ps K X 61(5) K − + X 25.7(14) K¯ ∗0 + X 23(5) e+ + X 16.07(30) K¯ + + X 5.9(8) 0 ¯ 0 1 − . ( ) × −13 − + D , D 2 ,0 1864.83(5) 4 101 15 10 s K X 54.7(28) K¯ 0 + X 47(4) K¯ ∗0 + X 9(4) e+ + X 6.49(11) K + + X 3.4(4) ∗± 1 − . ( ) 0π+ D , 2 ,1 2010.26(5) 83 4 18 keV D 67.7(5) D+π0 30.7(5) ∗0 ¯ ∗0 1 − < . 0π0 D , D 2 ,1 2006.85(5) 2 1MeV D 64.7(9) D0γ 35.3(9)
Charmed strange mesons(S = C =±1B = 0) + = ¯ − = ¯ ∗ Quark content: Ds cs, Ds sc, similarly for Ds s 722 Appendix D: Particle Properties
± − . ( ) × −13 + + Ds ,0,0 1968.28(10) 5 00 7 10 s K X 28.9(07) 0 + Ks X 19.0(11) φ + X 15.07(10) K − + X 18.7(5) e+ + X 6.5(4) τντ 5.48(23) ∗± − < . +γ D 0, 1 2112.1(4) 1 9MeV Ds 93.5(7) +π0 Ds 5.8(7)
Bottom strange mesons (S =±1, C = 0, B =±1) 0 = ¯, 0 = ¯ Quark content: Bs sb Bs bs
0 ¯ 0 , − − + Bs , Bs 0 0 5366.89(19) 1.505(05) ps Ds X 93(25) − + Ds ν + X 8.1(13)
Bottom charmed mesons (S = 0, B = C =±1) + = ¯ − = ¯ Quark content: Bc cb, Bc bc
± , − . ( ) × −13 Bc 0 0 6274.9(8) 5 07 12 10 s cc¯ mesons
J/ψ(1S) 0, 1−− 3096.900(6) 92.9(28) keV hadrons 87.7(5) e+e− 5.971(32) μ+μ− 5.961(33) bb¯ mesons
ϒ(1S) 0, 1−− 9460.30(26) 54.02(125) keV η + X 2.94(24) τ +τ − 2.60(10) e+e− 2.38(11) μ+μ− 2.48(5) Index
A ATHENA, 191 Abelian symmetry groups, 355 ATLAS experiment, 161 Accelerator, 146, 207 Atmosphere circular, 146 density, 165 linear, 146 Auger, Pierre, 98 ACE experiment, 167 Aurorae, 689 Acoustic peaks, 471 Automatic mirror control (AMC), 190 Active galactic nuclei (AGN), 603 Avalanche photodiodes (APD), 140 Aerogel, 167 Axion, 418, 527 Afterglow, 580 Axion-like-particle (ALP), 528, 659 AGASA experiment, 170 AGILE telescope, 179, 181 Aharonov, Yakir, 275 α particles, 29 B Baikal NT-200 detector, 195 αi matrices, 280 AMEGO, 179 Barn, 39 AMON, 677 Baryon, 8 AMS-02 experiment, 168, 635 Baryon Acoustic Oscillations, 462, 519 Andromeda galaxy, 12 Baryons, 208, 232 Angular diameter distance, 461 baryonic quantum number, 209 Anomalous magnetic moment, 287 BAT, 178 ANTARES detector, 197 BATSE, 178 Anthropic principle, 443, 451 Beam pipe, 147 Antimatter, 5, 95, 538 Beauty, see Bottom discovery, 96 BESS experiment, 167 Antiproton, 209, 637 β matrix, 280 Antiquark, 232 β decay, 31, 474, 567, 568 Arecibo radio telescope, 704 Beta function, 359 ARGO-YBJ detector, 184 Bethe Askar’yan effect, 117, 675 formula, 110 Astrobiology, 683 Bethe, Hans, 110 Astronomical unit (AU), 11 Bhabha scattering, 158, 308 Asymptotic freedom, 361, 371 Big bang, 464, 510 Atacama Cosmology Telescope, 472 Big crunch, 505
© Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2018 723 A. De Angelis and M. Pimenta, Introduction to Particle and Astroparticle Physics, Undergraduate Lecture Notes in Physics, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-78181-5 724 Index
Big European Bubble Chamber (BEBC), Cepheids, 459 131 CERN, 19, 103, 154, 422 Bilinear covariants, 285 Chadwick, James, 31 Binary systems, 599, 651 Chamberlain, Owen, 80 Binding energy, 18 Chandra, space mission, 177 Biosignature, 702 Chandrasekhar limit, 17 Bispinor, 281 Charge conjugation, 224 BL lacertae objects (BL Lac), 606 Charged particle Black disk, 380 detectors, 130 Black hole, 507 interactions, 109 Kerr, 507 Charged weak currents, 326 Schwarzschild, 507 Charm, 236, 336 Schwarzschild radius, 77 charmonium, 237 Blazar, 605, 606 Charpak, George, 133 sequence, 606 Cherenkov Block, Martin, 319 detector, 140 Bohm, David, 275 emission in air showers, 166 Bohm–Aharonov effect, 275 radiation, 116 Bose–Einstein statistics, 5 telescope, 185, 578, 648 Boson, 5 Cherenkov, Pavel, 116 Goldstone, 399 Chirality, 322 Higgs, 403, 415 CKM matrix, 337 Bothe, Walther, 97 Clebsch–Gordan coefficients, 226 Bottom Cloud chamber, 95, 130 ϒ, 240 Cluster model, 362 bottomium, 240 CMB polarization, 471 Bragg curve, 117 CMS experiment, 159 Branching ratio, 46 CNO cycle, 545 Branes, 451, 540 COBE, 468 Breakdown potential, 133 Collection efficiency, 138 Breit frame, 248 Collider, 146 Breit–Wigner distribution, 45 Color, 234, 353 Bremsstrahlung, 113 singlet, 235 Broad line region (BLR), 604 Color factors, 358 Bubble chamber, 130 Color Glass Condensate, 372 Bullet cluster, 484 Compositeness, 451 COMPTEL, 178 Compton C inverse scattering, 587 Cabibbo scattering, 120 angle, 333 wavelength, 77 Cabibbo, Nicola, 335 Compton, Arthur, 4 Callan–Gross relation, 249 Compton-Getting effect, 643 Calorimeter, 142 Concordance model, 520 electromagnetic, 142, 143 Confinement, 362, 363, 371 hadronic, 144 Contravariant representation, 56 homogeneous, 143 Conversi, Pancini and Piccioni experiment, sampling, 143 99 CANGAROO telescope, 185 Cosmic Explorer gravitational wave detec- Casimir tor, 676 effect, 314 Cosmic microwave background (CMB), 15, operator, 219 463, 645 Casimir, Hendrick, 314 Cosmic rays, 19, 90 Index 725
acceleration, 582 baryonic, 525 Hillas plot, 595 cold, 498 arrival directions of charged, 643 decoupling (freeze-out), 522 charged, 576, 631 hot, 527 discovery, 84 Dark noise, 138 electrons and positrons, 634 DarkSide, 537 Extremely High-Energy (EHE), 150 DARWIN experiment, 537 gamma rays, 578, 645 DASI, 471 GZK suppression, 633 Davis, Ray, 193 life and, 689 Daya Bay experiment, 559 photons, 645 De Sitter universe, 499 propagation of Galactic, 619 Decay, 9 spectrum, 632 Deep inelastic scattering, 241 Ultra-High-Energy (UHE), 150 DELPHI experiment, 157 Cosmological constant, 494 Density of final states, 47 Cosmological principle, 496 Deuteron, 227 Coulomb gauge, 273 DGLAP equations, 253 Covariant derivative, 59, 275 Diffusive Shock Acceleration (DSA), 583, Covariant representation, 56 672 CP violation, 340 Dipole anisotropy of CMB, 469 direct, 345 Dipole formula, 51 in 2π modes, 342 Diquark, 236, 365 in neutrinos, 560, 562 Dirac in the B sector, 347 equation, 94, 278 in the standard model, 349 notation, 34 indirect, 346 Dirac, Paul Adrien Maurice, 93 strong CP problem, 418 Distance Crab Nebula, 21, 598, 600, 648 comoving, 458 Photon flux, 182 luminosity, 460 Crane, Richard, 287 proper, 460 CREAM, 168 scale, 459 Critical density, 19, 500 Double β decay, 570 Critical energy, 115 Drake equation, 697 Cronin, Jim, 342 Drell-Yan process, 358, 373 Cross-Section, 39 Drift chamber, 135 Cross-section Dwarf spheroidals, 481, 654 WW cross-section at LEP, 429 ZZ cross section at LEP, 429 differential, 41 E total, 39 e-ASTROGAM, 179 Crossing Symmetries, 308 EAS, 164 CTA observatory, 191, 646 Eddington luminosity, 604 CUORE, 572 Effective area, 176 EGRET instrument, 179 EHS, 152 D Eightfold way, 229 Δ resonances, 229 Eikonal function, 380 Δ++ puzzle, 234 Einasto profile of DM, 480 D’Alembert operator, 59, 272 Einstein DAMA experiment, 536 equations, 494 DAMPE, 179 Einstein Telescope gravitational wave detec- Dark energy, 18, 463, 505 tor, 676 Dark matter, 18, 456, 477, 478, 525 Einstein, Albert, 4 726 Index
Elastic process, 42 scaling, 592 Electromagnetic interaction, 7 Feynman, Richard, 9 Electromagnetic tensor, 69 Field, 9 Electron, 5 Fine structure constant, 300 Electroweak precision measurements, 423 Fireball model, 609 Energy–momentum tensor, 495 Fitch, Val, 342 Equations Fixed target, 146 Dirac, 278 Flash chamber, 134 Drake, 697 Flavor, 232 Euler–Lagrange, 267 Fluorescence, 166 Klein-Gordon, 290 telescope, 170 Maxwell, 270 Form factor, 51 Saha, 465 Four-scalar, 56 Equatorial coordinates, 23 Fragmentation Equivalence principle, 487 functions, 365 Euclidean space, 490 string and cluster model, 362 Euler–Lagrange equations, 267 Free streaming distance, 566 EUSO concept, 172 Freeze-out, 514 EXO, 572 Freeze-out temperature, 474 Exoplanet, 699 Friedman, Jerome I., 246 Extensive air showers Friedmann, Alexander, 496 discovery, 98 Froissart bound, 381 Extra dimensions, 450 FSRQ, 606 Extragalactic background light (EBL), 619 Extragalactic magnetic field (EGMF), 618 Extraterrestrial intelligence G search for, 704 g-2 experiments, 287 Extraterrestrial life Gain, 138 messages from space, 703 Galactic center search for, 702 and dark matter, 654 Extremophiles, 690 PeVatron near the GC, 612 Galactic coordinates, 22 Galaxy clusters, 655 F Galilei, Galileo, 11 FCNC, 336 GALLEX, 546 Fermi GALPROP, 622 constant, 316 γμ matrices, 280 golden rule, 46 Gamma ray, 21, 578, 645 mechanism for CR acceleration, 582 bursts, 580, 608, 649 model of weak interactions, 315, 320 long GRBs, 580, 609 paradox (extraterrestrial life), 701 short GRBs, 580, 609 Fermi detectors, 175 bubbles, 651 emission from Fermi bubbles, 651 Gamma-Ray Burst Monitor (GBM), 178 flares, 648 Large Area Telescope (LAT), 179 horizon, 629 observatory, 180 transients, 648 Fermi, Enrico, 46 Gargamelle, 327 Fermi-Dirac statistics, 4 Gaseous photomultipliers (GPM), 140 Fermion, 5 Gauge Feynman invariance, 393 x (xF ), 592 transformation, 271, 277 diagrams, 9, 265, 300, 304 GCN, 677 rules, 300, 304 Geiger mode, 133 Index 727
Geiger–Müller counter, 90, 133 HAWC observatory, 182, 184 General relativity, 487 HEGRA telescope, 185 Geodesic, 460, 490 Heisenberg equations, 496 principle, 2 Giacconi, Riccardo, 98 Heisenberg, Werner, 2 Giant dipole resonance, 633 Heitler GIM mechanism, 333 model for electromagnetic showers, 125 Glashow, Sheldon Lee, 403 Heitler-Matthews Glasma, 388 model for hadronic showers, 126 Glauber model, 382 Helicity, 53, 284 Glueball, 241 HERD mission, 191, 674 Gluon, 7, 234, 356 Hermitian conjugate, 212 Gordon decomposition, 305 Hertzsprung–Russell diagram, 17 Gottfried sum rule, 253 Hess, Victor, 87 Grand unification, 442 Hexaquark, 241 Grand Unified Theories (GUT), 444, 518 Higgs Gravitational boson, 403, 415, 418 interaction, 7 discovery, 436 lensing, 478 mechanism, 400 radiation Higgs, Peter, 396 detection, 666 High-energy gamma rays, 586 waves, 21, 24 attenuation edge, 629 Gravitational waves, 106, 508 hadronic production, 589 detection, 197 inverse Compton scattering, 587 Graviton, 7, 666 optical depth, 628 Gravity self-synchrotron Compton mechanism, linearized, 508 587 Gray disk, 380 High-z Supernova Search Team, 461 Greenhouse effect, 688 Hillas Gross, David J., 353 parameters, 186 Group, 211 plot, 150, 595 Abelian, 211 HiSCORE, 192 SO(3), 218 Hodoscope, 136 spin rotations, 217 Hofstadter, Robert, 242 SU(2), 217 Homestake mine, 546 SU(3), 220 Horizontal branch stars, 529 SU(n), 217 Hubble U(n), 217 constant, 13, 456, 497 Gyromagnetic ratio, 286 law, 13, 456 GZK Hubble, Erwin, 13 cutoff, 20, 625 Hypercharge, 221, 230, 406 mechanism, 633 Hyperfine splitting, 479 neutrinos, 615 Hypernova, 580
H I H.E.S.S. telescope, 182, 185, 187, 657 IceCube, 195, 663 Hadronic neutrino observations, 615 mechanism, 195 Imaging Atmospheric Cherenkov Telescope Hadrons, 208 (IACT), 185 excited, 236 INDIGO gravitational wave detector, 676 exotic, 241 Indirect CP violation, 346 Hamiltonian, 209, 268 Inelastic interaction length, 123 728 Index
Inflation, 471, 515 Landau–Pomeranchuk–Migdal effect, 123 Inflaton, 515 Larmor radius, 130, 594, 602 INTEGRAL, space mission, 178 Last scattering surface, 468 Interaction, 9 Lattes, Cesare (César), 100 length, 43 Lattice QCD, 362 Intergalactic magnetic field (IGMF), 618 Leaky box model, 622 Interstellar medium (ISM), 621 Lederman, Leon, 544 Inverse Compton, 121, 587 Lemaitre, Georges, 496 Ionization Length contraction, 55 counter, 133 Lepton, 5, 208, 255 energy loss, 110 LHAASO, 184 Isospin, 221, 225 symmetry, 123 LHC, 19, 436 weak, 405 LHCb, 153 ISS-CREAM, 168 Lie algebra, 216 Life, 684 abiogenesis, 691 J ammonia and, 687 J/ψ, 236, 336 carbon-based, 684 anomalous suppression, 387 cosmic rays and, 689 discovery, 236 Drake equation, 697 suppression in QGP, 388 in the solar system, 693 James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), 703, panspermia, 692 709 recipe of, 686 Jarlskog invariant, 350 Schrödinger’s definition, 685 Jet quenching, 384 silicon-based, 685 LIGO observatory, 199, 666, 669 K Linearized gravity, 508 0 K 0 − K Mixing, 340 LISA project, 200 K2K experiment, 560 Livingston plot, 208 KAGRA, 199 LNGS, 534 Kaluza-Kelin, 540 Local group, 12 KamLAND, 553, 554, 563 Lorentz KamLAND-Zen, 572 boost, 63 KATRIN, 568 force, 54, 273 Kendall, Henry W., 246 invariance violation, 656 Kepler mission, 700 Lorentz–Heaviside convention, 271 Kilonova, 671 Lorentz-Invariant Fermi rule, 67 Klein, Oscar, 91 transformations, 55, 63 Klein–Gordon equation, 91, 272, 290 Lorentz, Hendrik, 54 KM3NeT telescope, 196 Lorenz Kobayashi, Makoto, 338 gauge, 71, 272 Koshiba, Masatoshi, 193 Lorenz, Ludvig, 71 Kurie plot, 567 Low Equatorial Orbit (LEO), 204 LPM effect, 123 L LSND, 563 Lagrangian, 267 Luminosity, 41, 148 density, 269 differential, 149 mass term, 270 integrated, 149 ΛCDM model, 503, 520, 522 measurement, 158 Landau pole, 361 Lund symmetric fragmentation function, Landau, Lev, 112 365 Index 729
M N MACHO, 526 Natural units (NU), 74 MAGIC telescope, 182, 185, 187, 189, 657 Navarro, Frenk, and White (NFW) profile of Magnetar, 598 DM, 480 Magnetic field, 618 NEMO experiment, 197 Earth’s, 689 NESTOR project, 197 extragalactic, 618 Neutral weak currents, 327 Galactic, 618 Neutralino, 448, 530 Magnetic moment, 286 Neutrino floor, 536 anomalous, 287 Neutrinoless double beta decay, 570 Neutrinos, 5, 31, 543 Magnetosphere, 689 appearance experiments, 551 Magnitude, 662 disappearance experiments, 551 Majorana, Ettore, 569 accelerator, 560 Mandelstam variables, 65 and hot dark matter, 566 Maskawa, Toshihide, 338 astrophysical, 21, 24, 105, 106, 615, 662 Mather, John, 468 atmospheric, 555, 615 Maxwell equations, 54, 270 beams, 327 Maxwell, James Clerk, 54, 270 CNO cycle, see CNO cycle Mendeleev, Dimitri, 27 constraints from astrophysical data, 566 Meson, 8, 208 cosmogenic, 615 Messaging to extraterrestrial intelligence cosmological, 515 (METI), 706 decoupling, 514 Metallicity, 485 detection, 192, 544 Metric Dirac, 569 Kerr, 494 from SN1987A, see SN1987A Minkowski, 494 from the collapse of supernovae, 614 Robertson–Walker, 493, 494 geo-neutrinos, 563 Schwarzschild, 494, 505 IceCube, see IceCube tensor, 58 Majorana, 569, 570 Microlensing, 468, 472, 526 mass, 543, 563, 565 MILAGRO, 182 mass limits, 566, 567 Milky Way, 11 MSW effect, 552 Millikan, Robert A., 89 number of light species, 427 Mills, Robert, 277 oscillation in a three-flavor system, 557 Minimal coupling, 275 oscillation in a two-flavor system, 549 Minimum ionizing particle (mip), 110 oscillation length, 551 oscillations, 543, 563 Minkowski tensor, 57 resonant, 552 MINOS, 561 reactor experiments Mirror matter, 540 long baseline, 553 Molière radius, 128 short baseline, 559 MOND, 483 solar, 544 Monte Carlo methods, 127 neutrino problem, 546 Mott cross section, 52 sources, 544 Multijet production, 376 sterile, 540 Multimessenger astrophysics, 24, 106, 576, very-high-energy, 663 665, 669, 677 Neutron, 5, 31, 225 Multiple scattering, 117 Neutron star, 597 Muon, 8, 100 Newton, Isaac, 4 decay, 326 Nishimura–Kamata–Greisen (NKG) func- detection at accelerators, 150 tion, 128 in cosmic-ray showers, 170, 637 No-hair theorem, 507, 676 730 Index
Noether Penning trap, 288 theorem, 210, 212, 268 Pentaquark, 241 Noether, Emmy, 210 Penzias, Arno, 463 Non-Abelian symmetry groups, 355 Periodic table, 27 Nuclear emulsion, 131 Perlmutter, Saul, 461 Nuclear suppression factor, 385 Photodetector, 138 Nucleon, 5 Photodisintegration, 625 Nucleosynthesis Photoelectric effect, 4, 119 in stars, 473 Photoluminescence, 113 primordial, 472 Photomultiplier tubes (PMT), 138 NuSTAR, space mission, 177 Photon, 9 interactions, 119 Photon decoupling, 465 O Photonuclear effect, 122 Ω−, 230 Photosensors, 138 Occhialini, Giuseppe, 100 Pierre Auger Observatory, 172 Olbers’ paradox, 486 Pile-up events, 161 OPERA, 562 Pioneer 10, 706 Operator, 34 Planck spectral decomposition, 37 length, 77 Optical depth, 628 mass, 77 Optical theorem, 378 mission, 468 Optically thick source, 588 scale, 3 Optically thin source, 588 time, 77 Orphan flares, 588 Planck, Max, 3 OZI rule, 235 Planets Ozone layer, 689 extrasolar, 701, 709 PLATO (space mission), 709 Point spread function, 176 P POLARBEAR, 472 Pacini, Domenico, 86 Politzer, David , 353 Pair production, 121 Pontecorvo, Bruno, 557 PAMELA effect, 636 Pontecorvo–Maki–Nakagawa–Sakata PAMELA experiment, 168 (PMNS) matrix, 557 PAMELA/AMS Powell, Cecil Frank, 100 anomaly, 636, 652 Preons, 452 Parity, 214, 222, 318 Primakoff effect, 528 4 violation, 318 Primordial abundance of He, 475 Parsec, 12 Propagator, 266, 300, 305, 326, 414 Partial cross section, 42 Proper time, 55 Partial wave amplitudes, 378 Proportional counter, 133 Partial width, 46 Proton, 5 Particle accelerator, 146 Pseudo-rapidity, 155, 370 Particle Data Book, 258 PSR 1913+16, 666 Particle lifetime, 45 Pulsar, 597 Parton density function, 249 Partons, 247 Pauli Q exclusion principle, 4 QCD, 353 matrices, 218, 280 tests at LEP, 430 Pauli, Wolfgang, 4 QED, 270 PDF, see Parton density function Quantum chromodynamics, see QCD PDG, see Particle Data Book Quantum efficiency, 138 Index 731
Quantum electrodynamics, see QED S Quantum Field Theory (QFT), 9 SAGE, 546 Quark, 5, 232 Saha equation, 465 Bottom, 240 Sakharov conditions, 352 Charm, 236 Sakharov, Andrej, 352 constituent mass, 241 Salam, Abdus, 403 current mass, 241 Scattering, 9 families, 240, 241 Schmidt telescope, 172 hadronization, 238 Schmidt, Brian, 461 model, 232 Schrödinger’s quark–parton model, 247 definition of life, 685 Top, 240, 436 equation, 32 Quark–Gluon Plasma (QGP), 372, 383 Schrödinger, Erwin, 32 Quarkonium, 237 Schwartz, Melvin, 544 Quasar, see also Active Galactic Nuclei, 605 Schwarzschild radius, 77, 507 Schwarzschild, Karl, 505 R Scintillators, 136 Radiation length, 114 Sedov-Taylor Radio emission, 166 phase of expansion of a SNR, 601 Range, 117 Segrè, Emilio, 80 Rapidity, 369 SETI, 704 Rayleigh scattering, 122 active, 706 Recombination optical, 705 phase, 465 Showers temperature, 466 electromagnetic, 124 Red giant, 461 extensive air showers Redshift, 13, 456 depth of shower maximum Xmax, 640 Reines, Frederick, 543 muons in, 637 Reionization extensive air showers see also EAS, 164 epoch, 467 hadronic, 128 optical depth parameter τ, 468 SI, 75 Renormalization, 311, 312 Silicon detectors, 135 Resistive plate chamber (RPC), 137 Silicon photomultipliers (SiPM), 140 RICH, 141 Smoot, George, 468 Riess, Adam, 461 SN1987A, 529, 662 Rigidity, 595 SNO, 547, 549 Ring imaging Cherenkov detector, 141 SNR paradigm, 624 Ringdown radiation, 667 SO(3), 218 Rosenbluth formula, 242, 304 Soft processes in QCD, 377 Rossi Solar system, 693 approximation B for the development of South Atlantic Anomaly, 689 electromagnetic showers, 126 South Pole Telescope, 472 Rossi, Bruno, 97 Space-time, 59 Rotation curve, 479 Spallation, 621 Rubbia, Carlo, 147, 329 Special Unitary group, see SU(n) Running coupling Spectral energy distribution (SED), 586 and unification of forces, 444 Spectral resolving power, 177 for α, 313 Spin, 5, 94, 280, 286 for αs , 359 Spin rotations, 217 Rutherford Spin-statistic theorem, 5 experiment, 29 Spinor, 217 Rutherford, Ernest, 29 Spontaneous symmetry breaking, 396, 408 732 Index
SSC mechanism, 587 self-Compton (SSC), 587 Standard candle, 459 Synchrotron radiation, 587 Standard model, 3, 315, 415 Standard ruler, 461 Standard Solar Model, 544 T Star T2K, 560 hypergiant, 16 τ lepton, 240, 256 main sequence, 16 τ − θ puzzle, 102, 318 red dwarf, 15 Taylor, Richard E., 246 white dwarf, 16 Telescope array (TA), 172 Starburst galaxies, 606 Temperature power spectrum, 471 Steinberger, Jack, 544 Tensor, 57 Strain, 509, 617, 667 Tetraquark, 241 Strange particles, 101 Thomson cross section, 76 Strangeness, 229 Tibet-AS, 182 Streamer chamber, 134 Tides, 686 String effect, 368 Time dilation, 55 String model, 362, 363 Time reversal, 224 String theories, 450 Top, 240 Strong CP problem, 527 quark, 436 Strong interaction, 6, 7, 98 Total width, 46 Structure constants, 221 Tracking detector, 130 Structure functions, 245, 253 Transition amplitude, 47 SU(2), 217, 315 Transition radiation, 117 Transition radiation detector (TRD), 142 SU(3), 220 Trigger system, 97, 136 SU(3) flavor , 232 SU(n), 217 Sun U core, 544 U(1), 315, 354 see Super-K, Super-Kamiokande U(n), 217 Super-Kamiokande, 547 UA1, 155, 330 Super proton–antiproton Synchrotron, 155 UA2, 330 Super-proton-Synchrotron, 152 Uncertainty principle, see also Heisenberg Supernova, 16, 595 principle, 38 type Ia, 461, 597 Uncertainty relations, 37 type II (core-collapse), 16, 597 Underlying event, 369, 373 Supernova Cosmology Project, 461 Unitarity Supernova remnant, 580, 595, 600 triangle, 338, 349, 351 particle acceleration in, 580 Unitary group, see U(n) Superstring theories, 451 Universe SUSY, 447 age, 14, 485, 503 Symmetries early, 510 CPT invariance, 224 expansion of the, 456 continuum, 213 UVOT, 178 discrete, 213 flavor, 232 groups of, 211 V Noether’s theorem and, 209 V-A, 321 phase shift invariance, 214 Vacuum, 8 rotation, 215 Vacuum polarization, 311 space translation, 214 Van Allen belts, 689 time reversal, 224 van der Meer, Simon, 147, 329 Synchrotron, 152 Vela, 598 Index 733
Velocity WISP, 527, 659 peculiar, 458 WMAP, 468 Veltman, Martinus, 395 Wolfenstein parametrization (of the CKM VERITAS telescope, 182, 185, 187 matrix), 339 Vertices in QCD, 357 Wulf, Theodor, 86 Virgo observatory, 199 Virtual particles, 9 X Xmax (depth of the shower maximum), 640 W XMM-Newton, space mission, 177 W boson, 7, 315, 402, 410 XRT, 178 Wavefunction, 33, 92 Wavelength shifter, 136 Weak field approximation, 508 Weak interaction, 7, 315 Y Weak isospin, 405 Yang, Chen, 277 Weinberg Yang–Mills theories, 354 angle, 409 Yukawa Weinberg, Steven, 403 potential, 51 WHIPPLE telescope, 185 Yukawa, Hideki, 52 White dwarf, 461 Wilczek, Frank, 353 Wilson, Charles Thomson Rees, 84 Z Wilson, Robert, 463 Z boson, 7, 315, 402, 410 WIMP, 522, 527, 530, 594 asymmetries, 426 miracle, 525, 530 lineshape, 427 WIMPzillas, 540 partial widths of the, 424 Wire chamber, 133 Zero point energy, 313