February 2008 2 Blue Line Magazine February 2008 Volume 20 Number 2

The 108 year old Bridgewater Police Service opened its first stand-alone police facility last year. For more on this unique service, turn to page 6.

6 Success through partnership 39 Supply and Service Guide 2008 The Bridgewater Police Service... the little department that could! 52 Out of the mouths of babes Shattering old myths about children’s testimony 10 Juvenile justice in Canada 56 Tough boss or tyrant? 14 new chief sets a lofty goal Jim Chu aims to make Vancouver Police Department Canada’s police leader

70 Advertisers Index 60 ‘Prosper warning’ not necessary if waiver unequivical 70 Back of Book 61 Inquiry line-up recommendation not binding 68 Blue Pages 62 Warrant provisions constitutional despite lower stand 55 Coming Events 63 Odour, bags and experience justify arrest 49, 53 Dispatches 66 CBSA officer required to demand sample 54 Emergency Services 58 Letters 69 Market Place 56 Media and Public Affairs 59 Odditorials 5 Publisher’s Commentary 50 Technology

Blue L Lineine Magazine Magazine 3 FebruaryFebruary 2008 2008 February 2008 4 Blue Line Magazine No one has the right to run up a bill on the taxpayers

by Morley Lymburner of milliseconds – but when we are dealing with people who owe a debt to society, the entire in- It is time we used human nature and modern frastructure fails us by design. technology to encourage errant citizens to pay Mixing our archaic justice system with mod- their debts to society... voluntarily. ern technology is like mixing oil with water. It was A misunderstanding from years gone by, with carved out of the middle of a previous millennium a tragic outcome, underscores my point. I saw a and is supported by people with a vested interest car blow a traffic light on a wide right turn while in keeping it that way. Slow, stodgy, out of tune on patrol one warm summer evening. Since I had and archaic, it is supposed to mete out justice in the green and was almost on top of him, I activated a timely fashion but is built upon a mountain of my roof lights. Immediately the car accelerated bureaucrats who think they know what is good rapidly. Traffic was minimal so I radioed the for us. dispatcher about the chase about to commence. All warrants from all jurisdictions should be As I gave my location, I was surprised to see the on the Internet for everyone to see and search. vehicle go out of control and slam sideways into There should not be any expectation of privacy a sturdy hydro pole. for anyone who owes a debt to any level of gov- I searched the very nervous driver, handcuffed ernment, since it is a burden that must be carried him and, after noting that he only had minor by all of us. Furthermore, unpaid debts grow and scrapes and wasn’t otherwise impaired, asked exceed the value of the original debt if not settled why he had bolted. He explained there were within a reasonable time. An increasingly heavy warrants out for his arrest for unpaid fines and burden on the offender. he was probably under suspension. I checked my Making this information available to all – computer, discovering there wasn’t and he wasn’t. employers, neighbours and friends – can help The driver stared at me in disbelief. After a few pressure the violator or debtor to pay up and face self denigrating expletives, he explained he had the music. This is not a debt to a private company; been moving frequently, thinking he was wanted they were charged in,” he told them. it’s a debt which requires taxpayers to hire clerks, for careless driving and driving without insurance. Chu’s innovative solution – police would police, inspectors and supervisors who must be A friend told him he would have to do time, as the use donated Air Miles to send scofflaws back to housed in publicly funded buildings which store fines would be too huge and he would be under a where they came from, where local police could mountains of documents, computers, databases driving suspension. deal with them. Although this methodology is and other equipment. I checked later and found all charges had been unique, the concept has dogged the justice system Every day a parking ticket goes unpaid or a withdrawn on lack of evidence more than a year ever since a national railroad joined Canada’s warrant is outstanding, there are overhead costs earlier because neither my errant motorist nor any two coasts. to maintain them. These are not ‘soft costs’ but witnesses showed up for trial. My offender had I wondered about that motorist from many hard, cold cash costs, which comes out of your been looking over his shoulder to keep ahead of a years ago. What if he could check for his own pocket and mine. A scofflaw has no right to run phantom law man, believing he would be thrown outstanding fines on the Internet? If all outstanding up a tab. We all have a right and personal interest in jail if stopped. It was this perceived fear that fines and warrants were treated for what they really to know who the cops are looking for, and to help caused him to take off. Unfortunately for him, my are – public information – offenders, the public find them. In reality the one who is on the run has charges did stick. Fortunately, he decided to face and police would all benefit. In fact, given the em- a benefit as well. They have a chance to clear their the consequences this time. barrassment and other related repercussions, that file and not have to look over their shoulders. This man’s dilemma came to mind last Octo- outstanding list would be comparatively short. ber when I read a remark Vancouver police chief We live in a truly remarkable age, one where Jim Chu made to a business group. “We need some we can travel almost anywhere in a matter of national leadership... people should not be able to hours, instead of months or years, and commu- evade justice just by leaving the jurisdiction that nicate with almost anyone anywhere in a matter

Blue Line Magazine 5 February 2008 by Lisa Brown among members. interrogation rooms and breathalyser rooms. “Our position always had been that we Administration is in another wing, with a third With 20 sworn officers serving a population need to focus on the evidence gathering first, suite of offices for plainclothes investigators. of just over 8,000 residents on Nova Scotia’s creature comfort and attractiveness second,” While Bridgewater currently has 23 sworn South Shore, Bridgewater’s municipal police Crowhurst says. “In other words, we had to officers, through partnerships with the province force recently moved into a new 9,960-square- ensure absolute control of any exhibits and, and the RCMP, 27 officers work out of the foot station. Re-branded, it offers citizens an more particularly, any evidence gathered by station. The local criminal intelligence service array of innovative programs more typically virtue of interrogation or interviews was the includes one seconded Bridgewater officer and found in larger urban centres. highest priority.” one member of the RCMP, funded by the Nova Crime, which has never been particularly For example, impaired driving suspects Scotia government. A four-person integrated high, dropped by eight per cent in the past year. are digitally recorded from the time they ar- street crime enforcement unit, also funded by It is perhaps not surprising that a January, 2007 rive on station property until they eventually the province, includes one Bridgewater officer survey found the majority of citizens are pretty depart. The DVD becomes part of the court and three RCMP members. happy with their police force. brief, showing how the suspect was processed The province also funds an integrated traf- Bridgewater is a growing town known from start to finish. The only exception oc- fic unit comprised of four RCMP members, one as the “Main Street of the South Shore.” An curs when a suspect consults counsel in a member of BPS and a Kentville Police Service hour’s drive from the province’s capital, it is sound-proof booth, when the video continues officer. This new unit is designed to attack im- the commercial centre of the region, offering a without audio. paired driving throughout the southern region combination of tree-lined streets and services The booth is an interesting feature of the of Nova Scotia. The force’s two GIS officers appealing to many. new facility. A person in custody is placed in also work out of that end of the building, mak- The town’s police force began with Bridge- the concrete cubicle, which has a glass door, ing a total complement of eight plainclothes water’s incorporation in 1899. The chief was allowing them privacy while an officer can investigators. also the “sanitary inspector and truant officer,” continue to monitor their safety. A light outside “In the last five years, there’s been much working with a budget of $600. the door indicates the phone is engaged. If the more emphasis on integration and partner- Today, the town’s 22nd chief of police has person attempts a second call, the officer is ships,” Crowhurst says, “We can’t do it alone, a budget of $2.2 million, however finances notified, eliminating any opportunity to contact but by partnering we can provide a much better remain tight. When Chief Brent Crowhurst an accomplice. level of service to the citizens of the Town of stepped into the job in 2002, he knew he’d The interrogation rooms are equipped with Bridgewater.” face a struggle to move the force from the town two cameras. The picture-in-picture format For example, two years ago BPS entered hall basement it had occupied for decades to a allows investigators to capture all movement into a formal contract with the RCMP to house modern facility. in the room while also focusing on facial ex- all of its prisoners. Both agencies benefit since He accomplished that task this past spring, pressions, so an investigator monitoring the it now allows for full-time, scheduled guards. also dropping department from the name – it’s interview can pick up on visual cues. Another example is a school safety now the Bridgewater Police Service (BPS), The station is also equipped with a com- resource officer, a program which began in more fitting to its role in the community. A munity meeting room with an outside entrance, 2006 with the co-operation of the region’s new crest is emblazoned on the new station, which can be secured from the operational ar- school board. A constable works full time in new uniforms and new vehicles, but the force eas of the building. Other agencies and partners the town’s three schools, focusing on every- hasn’t forgotten its roots. are encouraged to use the facility, but the room thing from escape plans to DARE. The station is named the Shirlen L. Sea- can also house up to 10 officers with laptops The police service also partnered with mone Building, in honour of the previous serv- and phones during a major investigation. service organizations in the community to ing chief who died of cancer in 2002. The overall design of the building includes create a Heartsafe program. Groups bought The BPS is understandably proud of its three wings. Patrol officers and dispatch are in defibrillators for each patrol unit and all officers new station, which has generated a new vitality one area with the sally port, evidence rooms, are trained to use the devices.

February 2008 6 Blue Line Magazine Three members were recognized in 2006 for saving the life of an elderly woman involved in a collision after suffering a heart attack. “Because the officers and the equipment were on scene literally in a minute or so, the fact that they were able to deploy the defibrillator has been recognized as saving her life. She’s alive and well today and we’re very proud of the fact that that would not have been the outcome otherwise,” the chief says. Crowhurst also partnered with the Halifax Regional Police Service in 2006 to try to solve a workforce retention problem. In the past decade, more than a dozen young constables have come and gone from Bridgewater, finding employment with larger police agencies. In an effort to attract new personnel who would remain with the town, Bridgewater Police advertised for a local recruit in the fall of 2006, offering to pay for training and wages while the newcomer learned the ropes. In exchange, the cadet had to agree to work for the town for five years and pay back the price of the training from his salary. The successful applicant joined the force in October after graduating at the top of his class. “Our success, if we’re having success, has been a direct result of identifying the need, making sure we identify how we’re going to fill that need and seeking funding from anybody else that will help us,” the chief says. In addition to routine patrols, the service also stays in touch with the community it serves through regular foot and bike patrols. A civilian domestic violence co-ordinator and community

Blue Line Magazine 7 February 2008 Bridgewater Chief enjoying the challenge

Brent Crowhurst has a handful of badges mounted in plastic cases in his office. The funny thing is they’re all his. Bridgewater’s top cop has had so many positions in his policing career that there’s a joke around the Nova Scotia police community that he can’t hold a job. Crowhurst first joined the RCMP in 1966, serv- ing five years in uniform in Nova Scotia before moving to the major crimes unit in Halifax. After three years there, he taught at Depot in Regina for three years. Next, he spent eight years in drug enforcement in Nova Scotia before serving as a detachment commander at posts along the province’s South Shore. In 1992, Sgt. Crowhurst retired from the RCMP to become Lunenburg’s police chief, a position that eventually expanded to also cover nearby Mahone Bay. When the RCMP took over contracts to provide coverage for the two towns in 2002, the chief returned to the national force as the sergeant in charge of the Chester detachment for about 18 months. The position of Bridgewater police chief became available in 2002 after the death of serving chief Shirlen Seamone. Crowhurst retired again to take on that responsibility. “I still thoroughly enjoy the challenge of man- liaison employee works on crime prevention Richard, along with RCMP Cst. Gregory aging a small police unit. It’s still a very positive experience,” Crowhurst says. and community partnerships. Keeler, received Medals of Bravery from the “I’m happy to be in a position where such positive The police service even has access to a Governor General in October, 2006. feedback occurs primarily as a result of the suc- tracking dog. An auxiliary constable has an They risked their lives to protect citizens cesses of partnerships and integration.” RCMP-certified search animal – a Czecho- from a gunman in June 2003. After a day-long slovakian Shepherd named Reba – which manhunt, the officers followed the suspect’s searches for articles and trails suspects. It’s SUV into a gravel pit near an apartment com- the third search dog Aux/Cst Creig Veinot has plex, on a residential street on the outskirts of trained to assist the force. The previous two town. With no protection in the open area and were bloodhounds. people nearby, they returned fire until an RCMP Bridgewater is also on top of technology emergency response team surrounded the pit a with video-equipped Tasers for each patrol of- short time later and fatally shot the gunman. ficer. That allows the service to reproduce the It was a proud moment for Crowhurst. circumstances and scene every time a Taser “They literally were pinned down and is used, ensuring the device was used appro- chose to stay there rather than leave the area,” priately and providing an accurate depiction he says. “They acted exactly as you would for the court in any contested cases. hope they would.” Overall, the police service is doing Lisa Brown is an assistant editor with Lighthouse things right. Three Bridgewater officers, Cst. Publishing in Bridgewater. She can be reached at Ralph Brekker, Daniel MacPhee, and Jerome 902 543-2457. Stats & Facts

Population: 8,069

Officers: 20

POP to Cop: 403

CIV Members: 12

Budget: $2, 216,310 Bridgewater is nestled in the LaHave River bridge was constructed, and even though there Valley. Tree covered slopes and fertile drumlin were shipyards up river from the bridge, its is Cost per Officer: $110, 815 hills made this an ideal location for settlements alleged that the bridge was never raised. to grow and prosper. In 1869, the bridge was replaced with an- It is located at the head of navigation at the other wooden bridge. Late in 1891, the first iron Per Capita Cost: $275 first point where a bridge was erected to cross bridge was constructed along the north end of the the river. It is deduced that the community got wooden bridge. Although repaired in 1971, when Clearance Rate: 60% its name from being the place where the water ice took out the east end section, this bridge was bridged. “built to last 100 years” is still in use. At least five bridges have spanned the La- Vetern’s Memorial Bridge, a concrete struc- Crime Rate Change: -8% Have at Bridgewater, the first bridge, reportedly, ture, was also constructed up river from the “old having been built around 1825. In 1845, a draw bridge” in 1983. Source: Stats Canada - 2007 - www.statscan.ca

February 2008 8 Blue Line Magazine Blue Line Magazine 9 February 2008 Part 1 - Early juvenile justice - A victim of history

The doli incapax defence, “the incapacity York, which later became Toronto. Soon after, garded as serious offences and, on occasion, to do wrong,” was developed under English in the greatest public health crisis in Canada’s were committed by teenage servant girls. Serv- common law. A child under the age of seven history, the Irish famine immigration brought ants who became pregnant were frequently was deemed incapable of committing a crimi- fresh waves of orphaned children during the dismissed and had great difficulty in finding nal act. This same immunity from prosecution mid-1840s. The ranks of the Irish immigrants either re-employment or a husband. The pres- was extended to children aged seven to thirteen were decimated by typhus, and one estimate sure was therefore great to have an abortion inclusive, but the presumption of incapacity suggested that the epidemic had left 500–600 rather than bear social stigma and economic could be rebutted by establishing that the child orphans in Montreal alone. hardship. had sufficient intelligence and experience to Significant numbers of young people Possibly the most widespread source of know the nature and consequences of the immigrated to Canada on their own or were juvenile delinquency in the eighteenth and conduct and to appreciate that it was wrong. sent by agencies or the criminal courts. New early nineteenth centuries was to be found in Thus, while the doli incapax defence afforded France attracted the younger sons of well-to- the fur trade, which often engaged teenage certain protections to children, it could not be do French families. They were sometimes boys. The business was a lucrative one, and applied in every case. As a final result, children troublesome youths who had been sent over to offered many farm boys an easy opportunity who were convicted faced the same penalties carve out a career in Canada. For a long time, to supplement their regular livelihood. A fea- as did adult offenders, including hanging and the colonies were also the dumping grounds ture of the fur trade was the use of liquor as a incarceration in prisons for adults. for society’s unwanted members, ranging from medium of exchange with the natives. Apart Because of the nature of the develop- criminals to poor and abandoned children. from its use as currency in fair payment for ing society in early Canada, an unusually The inhabitants of slums, jails, poorhouses goods, liquor was often used to separate the high percentage of children were at risk for and orphanages were often shipped to the natives from their furs without compensation. delinquency. Up to the turn of the nineteenth colonies, frequently as indentured servants. The volatile combination of fierce competition century and even into the early years of the A 1684 report from Quebec tells of 60 in- for furs together with the generous consump- twentieth century, large numbers of orphaned, dentured servants who had been sent from tion of liquor created a situation wherein theft, neglected or abused children could be found France that year; the oldest was 16, and most assault, brawls and murder were common in many communities. An immediate cause were between 12 and 15 years old. The export features. Consequently, teenage boys often for this situation was the means of travel on of children continued into the early years of became involved in the harsh dealing to which which the country’s growth depended. Before the twentieth century. For example, between the fur trade regularly exposed them. the advent of steamships, the sailing-time from 1873 and 1903 over 95,000 children came to The patterns of delinquency early es- Europe was about two and a half months. The Canada under the sponsorship of British child tablished in New France were replicated in long voyage, overcrowded ships and disease immigration agencies. English Canada as settlement spread. Most all took a heavy toll, and many children who There was thus a very wide pool of chil- juvenile crime was petty in nature but in- had embarked with their parents arrived in dren at risk, since the youth population as a terspersed with some serious offences. For the new world as orphans. One shipload of whole was large, and orphaned, neglected example, most of the 300 young people put 100 colonists coming from France in the mid- and abandoned children were plentiful across in prison in New Brunswick over the period seventeenth century lost 33 of their number the country. Unfortunately, surviving court 1846–1857 were convicted of drunkenness, during the voyage and shortly after their ar- records are not sufficiently detailed to permit theft and vagrancy. The High Bailiff’s report rival. A ship that landed in Halifax in 1752 had a formal assessment of contemporary rates for Toronto for the months of February to De- eight orphans on board whose parents had died of delinquency. Nevertheless, there is no cember 1847 listed 39 convictions of teenage during the voyage; additional deaths — no question that youth crime was common and boys. Their crimes included larceny, assault, doubt all due to shipboard ailments — soon ranged widely from petty theft and vandalism trespass and disorderly conduct. A similar pat- increased this number to fourteen. to murder. Throughout the history of New tern can be seen in the records from Halifax’s Another source for children at risk was France, young people broke the law. However, Rockhead Prison for the period from April to the special social conditions of every military the general level of delinquency appears to be December 1860. The 53 young people incar- garrison to be found at every major settle- low, and documented crimes consist primarily cerated during that period were convicted of ment. In a 1761 report, Jonathan Belcher, of vandalism, petty theft, acts of immorality, the crimes such as assault, being drunk and dis- the Acting Governor of Nova Scotia, made breaking of local ordinances, the abandonment orderly, vagrancy, larceny and vandalism. On a special note of the number of children who of indentured service contracts, brawling and occasion, however, young people showed they had been deserted by their parents due to swearing. But there were also isolated incidents were capable of serious crime. In 1843 Grace the great concourse of dissolute abandoned of more serious crimes. For example, in 1672 a Marks, a 16-year-old servant girl working on women, the regular followers of the Camp, 13-year-old girl helped her parents murder her a farm outside Toronto, helped a male servant Army and Navy. As settlement progressed, husband. She had married the man when she murder the housekeeper and their employer. In the number of children at risk only worsened was 12, against her will. When he turned out to 1849 an 11-year-old adopted boy living on a because of public health and social problems. be a heavy drinker and violent, she persuaded farm in the County of Peterborough hacked his For example, between 1832 and 1834 a single her parents to help her get rid of him. 5-year-old adopted sister to death with a hoe agency cared for 535 orphans in the town of Abortion and infanticide were also re- because he was jealous of the attention paid to

February 2008 10 Blue Line Magazine the little girl by the adoptive parents. was considered to be a very short step on a adult standards. This view applied in matters By the late 1860s, juvenile delinquency direct path to adulthood. Throughout the sev- of crime. The prevailing attitude held that a had long since taken on certain distinguishing enteenth and eighteenth centuries, childhood juvenile delinquent was simply a miniature characteristics. Much of the crime was minor ended at a young age. Life in general was criminal. Accordingly, the punishments that in nature; it was manifested in urban more than harsh for everyone, and little effort was made English courts prescribed for children seem in rural areas; and boys committed crime in to make it easier for children. Children were excessively harsh by any modern standard. larger numbers than girls. The one common expected to accept the difficulties of life very For example, in one session in London’s Old denominator among many young offenders early on, and to take on the responsibilities of Bailey court in February 1814, five children was parental neglect. In any large community adults as soon as possible. They were in fact — one eight years old, one nine, one eleven young boys and girls were to be found loitering considered as little adults. The brutality of the and two twelve — were sentenced to death for around the streets, idle, neglected and undis- parents was paralleled by the brutality of the burglary and stealing a pair of shoes. ciplined. Many children suffered from a lack state. In eighteenth century England, according These and other old-world beliefs and of proper diet, malnutrition, unsanitary living to law and custom, the child was held to be attitudes, together with the laws they gave conditions, drunken and dissolute parents adult if above the age of seven, and therefore rise to, were carried to the new world by the and inadequate or no medical care. Parental responsible for his crimes. Up to 1780, the immigrants. It is therefore no surprise to find neglect also contributed to such personal and penalty in England for over two hundred of- that strict standards governed many aspects of social problems as truancy, lack of interest in fences was death by hanging, and many chil- children’s lives. These were the standards not schooling, mental and emotional difficulties, dren were hanged for trivial offences. There only of the law but also the church. The Roman and crime. are, in fact, instances recorded of two children Catholic Church was a highly influential body As befits a country founded by immi- younger than seven being executed. In Canada, in New France. Its precepts regulated sexual grants, the treatment of delinquent children children were subject to the ever-pressing practices, dress, language and many other in early Canada was based upon the attitudes, physical demands of a primitive and struggling aspects of life for both young and old. The customs and laws that prevailed in the mother society. They were expected to share the bur- church even influenced the law, which took up countries of France and England, subject to den of survival. Part of their importance was matters of morality and formally prohibited a modification under the special circumstances that they provided hands for the many tasks variety of offences, such as swearing. necessary simply to subsist. Consequently, and realities of a pioneer society. In both the NEXT MONTH: old countries and the new colonies, childhood the behaviour of children was governed by Tough Justice - The treatment of delinquents

Blue Line Magazine 11 February 2008 Keeping the peace in the Falklands by Scott Villers

Known mainly as the sub- ject of a brief but bloody 1982 war between Britain and Ar- gentina, the Falkland Islands have been a British Dependant Territory since 1833. Most of its 3,000 residents are descendents of British settlers and live in Stanley, the capital city; smaller settlements are isolated but now connected by a series of all weather tracks and roads. Consisting of two main islands (east and west) and 776 smaller islands, the colony has a total land mass of 4,700 square miles. who had just Area of operations Protected by a large British military garrison arrived to The force operates primarily since the war, it’s governed by English statute take up his in the Stanley area. Officers can law and local ordinances. The main source of duties, was drive to calls in East Falklands income is sheep farming and revenue from d e p o r t e d . settlements or use the local gov- foreign fleets, who pay to fish in the waters A few days ernment air service or military around the islands. later he broadcast a message over the BBC helicopters to answer calls. The force also is The Royal Falkland Islands Police face World Service asking the Argentines to check responsible for policing, on request, the outlying many of the same challenges encountered by on a prisoner jailed at the Stanley police sta- Islands of South Georgia and South Sandwich, Canadian police operating in rural and isolated tion, fearing he had been forgotten during which are both dependencies of the Falklands. communities. The force was established by the the confusion of battle; fortunately for the Probationary constables undergo four island’s first governor, British Army Lt Rich- prisoner, he had been released shortly after weeks of basic training in house, preceded ard Moody, who was appointed in 1841. The the occupation began. and followed by several months of on the Falklands had gained a reputation for being a Argentine military police took over the job training. Specialist training is carried out lawless place and was a port of call for sealers, main police station in Stanley, but didn’t have in the UK through the Devon and Cornwall pirates and criminals of every description. long to enjoy their new digs. The station was Constabulary and includes crime scene inves- The colonial secretary of the day instruct- severely damaged in June by a guided missile tigator, criminal investigation and firearms ed Moody to “turn your attention, immediately fired by a Royal Navy helicopter. instructor courses. upon your arrival, to the means of administer- Falklands police faced a chaotic situation There were 270 crimes on the Falklands in ing law and justice within the colony. You will following the short war. Their main station 2005 and the force had an 84 per cent clearance inform the inhabitants of the Falkland Islands was damaged and officers were dispersed rate. The last recorded homicide was in 1987. by proclamation that the law of England is in around the islands. A four officer team from the force within the islands.” London Metropolitan Police assisted with the Equipment Moody made several attempts to carry rebuilding. Members were rotated every six The force uses four Land Rovers, which out that order but the force wasn’t begun until months and later included officers from police carry officers around Port Stanley and out to the November of 1846 with the appointment of a services in England and Wales. This assistance ‘camps’ across rural dirt and gravel roads. Just chief constable and jailer/night constable. It in- continued through the end of 1985. as in the UK, officers are normally unarmed, vestigated the island’s first recorded homicide The force increased its strength to 12 of- equipped only with expandable batons and rigid in 1854 – the murder of a 19 year old labourer ficers in 1987, allowing the return to 24 hour handcuffs. Eight officers are trained on firearms – and soon made an arrest. The process didn’t service. Queen Elizabeth granted it the “Roy- and can deal with threats to police and public take long – the accused was found guilty and al” prefix in 1992, recognizing its 146 years safety by armed suspects. The force follows the hanged just three weeks after the offence! of loyal service and the professional standards UK manual of guidance on firearms use. One of the force’s more unusual duties was achieved since the Argentine occupation. Current firearms include the CZ75 9mm keeping an eye out for Canadian seal poach- pistol, HK MP 5 9mm carbine and Remington ers. An officer was dispatched to an outlying Today 870 shotgun. The force also has the X26 Taser. island between 1921 and 1926 to keep watch. The Royal Falkland Islands Police cur- Seal oil and skins were a valuable source of rently has one chief police officer (holding Future revenue at the time. the rank of superintendent), one inspector The Royal Falklands Islands Police have The force expanded to seven officers (overall operations manager), three sergeants faced many challenges over the past 25 years, by the beginning of the 20th century and (detective, operations manager and training including rebuilding the service after the war remained at this strength until 1987. The manager), nine general patrol officers, three and expanding during this period of upheaval. first female officer was appointed in 1976 civilian staff (prison officer, licensing clerk Its future is secure, due in no small part to the and her son signed up in 1978, resulting in and senior clerk) and ten reserve constables professionalism of its members, who have the first mother and son team. (called up and paid when required). served the people of the Falklands well for Specialist services include criminal and crime the past 161 years. The war scene investigation and firearms officers. The force The Argentine military invaded the Falk- still operates out of its Stanley headquarters build- Scott Villers is a constable with the Toronto Police Service. He thanks Royal Falklands Islands Police Acting lands on April 2, 1982 and restricted police ing, which dates back to 1873; a new building, Chief Len McGill and Sgt Tom Whistler for their assistance operations. Chief Police Officer Ronnie Lamb, complete with an attached prison, is planned. with this article.

February 2008 12 Blue Line Magazine Blue Line Magazine 13 February 2008 New chief sets a lofty goal Jim Chu aims to make Vancouver Police Department Canada’s police leader by Elvin Klassen services division and overseeing the restructuring of the finance section. Vancouver searched far and He also had responsibility for the wide for candidates to succeed for- human resources and information mer chief constable Jamie Graham technology sections. after he announced his retirement In his role with the CACP in- last February. formatics committee, he helped “The exhaustive search spanned develop and implement the national the country and came down to three police information portal system, internal candidates,” says Vancouver linking operational police records mayor Sam Sullivan. “Chief Graham systems across the country. cultivated an incredible group of Chu looks back with great fond- talented people at the VPD.” ness to his years as a detective hand- Then deputy chief Jim Chu was ling very involved cases, and credits the police board’s unanimous choice, the many issues and challenges faced says Sullivan. “He has high in his five years as a patrol sergeant credentials, an international with teaching him how to work with reputation and he is highly and manage people. He didn’t want regarded at city hall.” to leave patrol but was told he was Chu took over the top job needed in recruiting. in August as the 30th chief Chu is well respected at Van- constable of the Vancouver couver city hall for getting police Police Department (VPD), and Left: Former chief, Jamie Graham; Above: Chief Jim Chu finances in order after high overtime the first of Asian descent. bills and overruns caused major The VPD’s 1,325 sworn Chu began his policing career in May concern. He downplays the significance of officers, including 85 with the 1979, one year after completing high school. being the first Asian-born chief, saying it’s a provincial integrated forces, strive to serve Noteworthy assignments included patrol, bigger deal to the local immigrant community “beyond the call.” Heading the force was a school liaison and planning and research. He than it is to him. real honour, Graham says. was promoted to corporal in 1989 and detec- “I have been in Canada for 45 years in a “Over a 40-year policing career carrying tive in 1990, working in general investigations multicultural environment and always felt that a shield and a firearm, nothing has made me and the robbery squad. first I am a Canadian, second a police officer more proud than my last five years as chief of He became a sergeant in 1991 and took and third a police officer of Asian origin.” this great police department. It has been my charge of the recruiting unit in 1996, where Chu, 48, met his wife Vicki on the job. She honour to serve and lead the civilians and of- he wrote the VPD applicant guide, restruc- retired from the VPD after 29 years and under- ficers of the VPD in their efforts to keep the tured the outreach programs and swearing-in stands the job, Chu says, adding he sometimes citizens of our community safe. That has been, ceremonies and developed the department’s uses her as a sounding board. Father-in-law and always will be, our mission. first website. Tom Markham was also a Vancouver Police “I have held the office in trust until the new He was promoted to inspector in 1997, officer. The couple has four children. chief takes over. I know Jim Chu will leave a working first as a duty officer before becom- Chu holds a bachelor of business admin- great legacy.” ing project manager and managing the VPD istration degree from Simon Fraser University Chu’s family moved to Canada in 1962 transition to the E-Comm radio system, new and an MBA from the University of British when he was three, arriving before the big dispatch facility, PRIME-BC Records Man- Columbia. He was awarded an Order of Merit wave of immigration in the mid-1970s. The agement system and new mobile computing of the Police Forces last May. eldest son of immigrants from Shanghai, he and data access platform. His book, Law enforcement information was one of four children to grow up in a tough, Chu was named commander of patrol dis- technology: A managerial, operational and multi-cultural east-side neighbourhood. His trict four in 2001 and promoted to deputy chief practitioner guide, is a comprehensive guide father repaired business machines. constable in 2003, commanding the support to the many complexities and hurdles associ- ated with information technology systems. Chu has also been a featured speaker at police and technology conferences and seminars throughout North America, Europe and the Middle East. Like most Canadian police forces, the VPD faces a major recruiting challenge. It needs to hire 100 officers over the next year alone and is working on innovative strategies to attract recruits, including a partnership with the University of British Columbia and a foray into Second Life (Internet-based virtual world). It is also adding an interactive mini application to its recruiting website which instantly tells a candidate whether they have what it takes to be one of Vancouver’s finest. It used to be standing room only at VPD recruiting information sessions. Now parents

February 2008 14 Blue Line Magazine are encouraged to bring their 16 and 17 year ive anti-gang education for youth, including a olds to learn about the VPD. Chu says the video to show that a gangsters lifestyle is not sessions are important tools to introduce po- all glamour and glory. tential recruits to the challenges and rewards Chu has received considerable publicity of a policing career, resulting in higher quality from his ‘Home for the Holidays’ plan to applicants. provide a one-way ticket home for criminals. A recent poll indicated that more than half He says that there is a problem in Canada of Greater Vancouver area residents favour the when someone commits a crime, promises amalgamation of the more than a dozen local to appear in court but then skips town. The police jurisdictions. Chu says a core city like jurisdiction issues an arrest warrant but the Vancouver experiences many challenges. person evades the charges by migrating, often “We have an inordinate amount of the from east to west. regions’ problems in our city because citizens Chu admits his plan is partly a way to draw from the whole metropolitan area tend to come public attention to the problem but maintains to party in Vancouver and yet the cost sharing he’s serious about doing something about from taxes is not equal. All the protests happen the dangerous offenders walking Vancouver here and we carry the Downtown Eastside (an streets. It’s cheaper to fly them back to face area rife with addiction, mentally ill and social charges in their home area than to investigate problems) so we plan to talk to the province the crimes they commit in Vancouver, he to see if there are any funding strategies with points out. Local businesses have supported which they can help us to promote equaliza- the plan, Chu says, and it has also captured tion of policing. the federal government’s attention. “There are some policing jurisdictions in The VPD is gearing up to help ensure the region that deliver a “no call is too small” the 2010 Olympics are secure. Chu is part service while Vancouver has the highest emer- of a law enforcement steering committee. gency call response times among large cities The RCMP has the primary responsibility for in the country. Vancouver is next to Victoria games security. in per capita policing costs and these cities “We will put in whatever resources and remain the only core cities in Canada without strategies are necessary to ensure that the games a regional policing structure.” Chu said. are safe,” Chu says. “We are reading world Area police have already began working events to make security appropriate without together, he says, reaching out to reassure the overdoing it. The Olympics will be the biggest public that safety is their number one priority. challenge that the VPD has ever faced. More than 20 police chiefs and commanding “Several planners are now in place and officers representing Metro Vancouver police a deputy chief will spend about 80 per cent forces recently announced the formation of the of his time on this phase. Another concern is Integrated Gang Violence Suppression Team that many officers want to be around for the as proof they are united in fighting gang vio- Olympics and then will retire. We have a 2011 lence. The new unit includes 31 VPD officers and we need to be ready for that as well.” and 14 from other police forces, including the The VPD released its 2006 annual report RCMP, along with 15 support staff. as a four-page insert in the Vancouver Sun. The team’s mandate is to aggressively “We feel the community has a right to know check known gang members at their homes, whether they are safe and what we are doing vehicles and known hangouts such as night- to keep them safe,” Chu explains. clubs, restaurants and gyms. The aim is to stop Among the report’s statistics – property gang-related shootings and the proliferation crime continues to be a major issue, though of guns on city streets and neighbourhoods, the department is on track to achieving its region-wide. 2004 goal of a 20 per cent reduction. Auto Headed by Vancouver Police Gang Crime theft also continues to be a problem, which the Unit Insp Dean Robinson, the team will span the VPD is combatting with its successful bait car Lower Mainland. “We’re looking at taking all of program and other initiatives. the streets away from them,” Robinson says. Chu credits Graham as an inspiration, coach, “We plan on being where they’re going to mentor and great friend. “I will do my best to be, so I think the public needs to be reassured maintain the high morale that he has built in and should be grateful that we’re out there now this organization and to continue building on and we’re applying this.” the many other successes he has achieved. Due Chu says there were only a dozen gun to Chief Graham’s leadership, we are well- cases a year when he began his career and positioned for even greater success in the future officers talked about those cases for weeks. and I’m looking forward to a smooth transition Now there’s a gun incident almost every and to further our vision of being Canada’s leader other day and that translates into violence on in policing, providing safety for all... the streets. “I have been here since I was 19 years old Interdiction teams are another successful and I take a lot of pride in this organization. strategy to combat crime, Chu says. Officers There are so many wonderful dedicated people visit bars at night and, with advanced permis- that work here. It is truly an honour to be chief sion, remove gang members. These specially of the Vancouver Police Department.” trained officers target members known to carry firearms, arresting those who refuse to leave Elvin Klassen is Blue Line Magazine’s West Coast when asked under the Liquor Act. Correspondent. He may be reached by Email to Elvin@ BlueLine.ca The VPD is also developing some effect-

Blue Line Magazine 15 February 2008 Strategies help police manage the emotionally disturbed by Bianca Lauria-Horner M.D. and Sarah Brooks Ph.D.

A police officer and one bystander were hospitalized tonight after a confron- tation with an emotionally disturbed man escalated into violence… Tonight a family mourns the loss of their son, David, who was shot dead ear- lier today by police. David had recently been diagnosed with schizophrenia…

Although most encounters are resolved without injuries, news stories such as the above fictional examples are, unfortunately, not rare. Health Canada estimates that 20 per cent of Canadians will experience mental ill- ness during their lifetime and the remaining 80 per cent are likely to be exposed through a family member, friend or colleague. 1 Between seven and 15 per cent of police contacts are with mentally ill people 2 and to manage EDPs’ behaviours often result in un- 1. A description of mental illness. this figure is increasing. Most police officers necessary and unwarranted ‘criminalization.’ 2. A summary of the Diagnostic & Sta- encounter at least one mentally ill person per The need for specialized training to rec- tistical Manual of Mental Disorders, which month 3, 4 and some encounter as many as one ognize and manage EDPs was acknowledged physicians and mental health professionals use per shift. 4 Encounters with people who could by the Standing Committee on Justice and to diagnose mental health conditions. be described as ‘emotionally disturbed’ (due Human Rights when it reviewed the mental 3. A summary of Nova Scotia’s Involun- to factors such as a pre-existing or emerging disorders provision of the Criminal Code. 6 tary Psychiatric Treatment Act (Bill 203). mental health disorder, extreme situational It recommended that federal, provincial and 4. A simple but useful approach to deter- stress, substance abuse, etc.) are likely to territorial justice ministers ensure that mental mining which of three broad types of behav- become considerably more frequent. health education programs are developed for iours an EDP best fits, which helps an officer A first responder has minimal time to as- law enforcement personnel and other members select the appropriate response strategies and sess and react to a situation. “Although there of the legal/justice system. avoid tactics likely to be ineffective and/or are dangers and unpredictability of police Discussions between members of the have a detrimental impact. A first responder’s encounters with emotionally disturbed persons Nova Scotia Department of Justice and Dal- role is not to identify or diagnose mental ill- (EDPs), they can be significantly reduced by housie University Department of Psychiatry ness, it was strongly felt, but rather to use their 6 training,” notes criminology professor and (DUDOP) in 2002 also indicated a need for strong observation skills to categorize EDPs former New York City police officer James such training, as little or no formal training according to the presenting behaviours. The J. Fyfe, Ph.D. Fyfe has served as an expert was readily available in the province. categories are: witness at more than 40 trials involving police DUDOP responded by establishing a steer- 5 R – Reality impaired (schizophrenia, acute shootings of suspects with a mental illness. ing committee of four mental health experts mania) A – Antisocial, argumentative, abuser Mistakes made in these cases occurred in the and nine law enforcement agency representa- (substance abusers, personality disorders) S – first 90 seconds of the encounter, he suggests, tives. It developed a pilot workshop to improve 5 Suicidal/depressed. stressing that “the first response is critical.” the way first responders recognize, categorize Details of what to watch and listen for, and manage EDPs. Member input was also Poor outcomes are often attributed to the how to interpret this information, suggested used to develop an educational workbook that difficulty first-line officers face in correctly in- general approach strategies and a list of “dos terpreting the causes and/or intentions behind was used in the pilot workshop. and “don’ts” for managing people from each a person’s abnormal behaviour. Some police category were provided. tactics developed for dealing with unlawful Resources 5. Active listening – to increase mutual conduct may be ineffective or even backfire The workshop structure includes pre- and understanding and thereby strengthen com- when used with EDPs. Individuals in crisis post-workshop knowledge assessments, focus munications between officers and EDPs. often experience a distorted sense of reality group discussions, lectures from experts, a and may be incapable of understanding the video, question periods, discussion of case 6. Risk of suicide. simplest commands. Officers can interpret this studies and a workshop satisfaction question- 7. Signs indicative of increased risk of as a threat or the person being uncooperative, naire. East Coast Forensic Hospital (ECFH) violence towards officers/bystanders. leading to the victimization of the suspect or clinical and forensic psychologist Dr. Brad To help retain the new information, par- innocent bystanders. Kelln and clinical and forensic psychiatrist ticipants were given a two-page ‘pocket refer- In encounters where an EDP is killed, first Dr Scott Theriault lectured and led case dis- ence’ guide which included the categories of responders often live with guilt for several cussions. The course was supplemental to an EDP and response strategies, and a CD with months or years following the incident (vic- officer’s primary training and not intended to video scenarios of the three EDP categories. timization of the first responder). Even when supersede standard operating procedures. Referring to these tools as soon as possible injuries and deaths are avoided, the difficulty of The workbook covered several topics, after an encounter encouraged self-assessment determining the causes and knowing how best including: and improvement.

February 2008 16 Blue Line Magazine Blue Line Magazine 17 February 2008 Results pleted and returned. Based on their descriptions spent time discussing practical solutions to Three workshops were held across Nova of behaviour, respondents categorized all EDPs the EDP’s life problems, which the workshop Scotia. Officers from all provincial RCMP appropriately. taught was unhelpful. Forty three per cent said detachments were invited and 38 attended. All they had changed their tactics after the work- completed identical knowledge tests before Category R shop and 89 per cent judged their intervention and after the workshop. They were also mailed Forty three per cent of respondents indi- to have been helpful. three monthly ‘incident report’ questionnaires cated they had encountered one or more of The de-escalation strategies learned were and asked to record specific details of EDP these EDPs. Questions designed to objectively judged helpful in 24 encounters and not helpful encounters. assess whether an officer’s actual efforts/ac- in one. This enabled us to analyze the conditions Satisfaction questionnaire: Participants tions were appropriate indicated the response where these strategies were considered feasible indicated they were satisfied that the workshop was correct in all but one respect – maintaining and potentially beneficial and the outcomes met its objectives, which they rated as “very continuous eye contact with the EDP. This when they were used. The strategies were important, very relevant,” and indicated their was taught as not always being helpful and considered helpful in 13 of 14 encounters with comfort levels in interacting with EDPs after the potentially detrimental, yet was still attempted delusional (Category R) EDPs, who collectively workshop were “much improved.” by most respondents. had initial compliance levels ranging from com- Knowledge tests: These consisted of two The respondents all adopted the key R pliant (rare) to verbally non-compliant/passive sections, the first containing 16 true or false strategy of not playing along with or actively resistive (common). Half were aggressive. The statements referring to ways of recognizing, using an EDPs’ irrational beliefs (only one in 14th EDP was Tazered before most strategies distinguishing or appropriately responding to three indicated they felt that reinforcing delu- could be implemented because he attempted different categories of EDP. The second had 20 sions were detrimental in the pre-workshop to assault an officer. No force was ultimately statements referring to a possible action that first- test). Eighty one per cent indicated that their needed with more than half the EDPs and empty line officers might take when dealing with a par- response strategies changed after the workshop hands techniques and/or handcuffing were suf- ticular type of EDP. Participants were required and 94 per cent judged their post-workshop ficient with the others. to indicate whether they thought the proposed interventions to have been helpful (versus De-escalation strategies were imple- action would likely be ‘helpful,’ ‘detrimental’ detrimental or unsure). mented and considered helpful by respondents (or they could chose ‘unsure’). with 15 aggressive/highly agitated (Category The average (mean) pre-workshop accuracy Category A A) EDPs who were verbally and/or physically rate for the first section was 74 per cent – a rea- Fifty eight per cent of respondents en- non-compliant. Substance abuse was a factor sonably high level of knowledge/understanding. countered one of more of these EDPs and in a third of these cases. Ultimately, no force Nevertheless, the post-workshop score increased most indicated they took appropriate actions/ was needed in a third of cases. One EDP was to 85 per cent, a statistically significant improve- efforts (except for maintaining eye contact). pepper sprayed and subsequently a baton was ment. The average pre-workshop accuracy rate One key strategy – not trying to gain trust/ used. In the other cases, empty hands tech- for the second section was 65 per cent, which favours by agreeing to a person’s demands niques and/or handcuffing was sufficient. increased to 84 per cent on the post-test. The – was answered poorly in the pre-workshop The strategies were implemented with six workshop significantly improved participants’ test but understood and implemented by all suicidal (Category S) EDPs, who collectively ability to recognize/categorize and select ap- incident report respondents. Fifty two per had a wide range of initial compliance levels. propriate means of interacting with EDPs, at cent said they changed their tactics after the One EDP did kill himself but was possibly least ‘on paper.’ workshop and 79 per cent judged their tactics prevented from killing others, the respond- Post workshop ‘incident report’ question- to have been helpful. ent noted. The other incidents were resolved naire: These provided some evidence of actual harmlessly without using force. ‘on the job’ changes in recognition, categoriza- Category S Forty five per cent of officers filling out tion and interaction with EDPs. Participants were Twenty five per cent of respondents the incident reports used the pocket reference asked to describe and categorize the encounter encountered one or more of these EDPs. As- guide at one or more encounters and 18 per and describe the specific actions they took. sessment of actual efforts/actions revealed that cent used the CD. Forty questionnaires (combining across the all except one of the key response strategies three post-workshop time-points) were com- were well implemented. However, 56 per cent Conclusions All participants positively valued the workshop and it was highly valued by many. It achieved immediate, statistically significant improvement in participant ability to recog- nize/categorize and appropriately interact with EDPs on paper, which was evidenced by changed practices on the job. Respondents’ reports of specific tactics used/avoided indi- cated good adherence to most of the workshop guidelines, however the results suggested some participants misunderstood, did not retain or selectively ignored/rejected some specific advice about managing EDPs. A significant number of participants ap- peared to consider the pocket reference guide useful and deemed de-escalation training to have been ‘helpful,’ indicating that work- shop strategies were potentially feasible and beneficial when EDP behaviour ranged from co-operative to active resistive. The numbers of respondents who reported details of Cat- egory R, A and S encounters was relatively small, due partly to few occurrences in the time-frame and the general problem of low response rates to mailed surveys. It would be unwise to assume that the inci- dent report respondents are a truly representa- tive sample of the participants. Nevertheless,

February 2008 18 Blue Line Magazine it is fair to say that the workshop provided useful information and tools on recognizing Make an effort to maintain steady eye-contact: and managing EDPs and that some participants Examples of questions Helpful Detrimental Unsure actually implemented this new knowledge, Section 1 Spend time trying to dissuade the person of their ir- skills and resources on the job. These findings Group A (Antisocial, argumentative, abusers) can rational beliefs: should help improve future workshops. be characterized by the individual being self-centered, Helpful Detrimental Unsure narcissistic, and rarely taking responsibility for self or situation. Inform the person ahead of time what you are going Acknowledgements True False to do and why: This project was supported by: Com- Helpful Detrimental Unsure munity Mobilization Program, Public Safety Section 2 and Emergency Preparedness Canada; Janssen Suppose you encountered someone demon- ‘Play along with’ or actively make use of their irrational beliefs: strating bizarre, irrational beliefs (e.g. “I am Jesus;” Helpful Detrimental Unsure Ortho Pharmaceuticals; Schizophrenia Society “Aliens are trying to catch me;” “My thoughts are being of Nova Scotia; Dalhousie University Depart- controlled by the TV/radio,” etc). Below are listed some Post-workshop incident report ment of Psychiatry; Delta Hotels; Department possible actions that a first-line responder might take. questionnaire. of Justice; Truro PS; Cape Breton Regional Please indicate whether you think each action would Regarding your encounter with someone demonstrat- Police (CBRP); Bridgewater PS (BPS); Police likely be helpful [calming, risk reducing] or detrimental ing bizarre, irrational beliefs and/or hallucinations. (e.g. “I am [exacerbating] in dealing with this kind of person or, if Jesus;” “Aliens are trying to catch me;” “My thoughts are and Victim Services Division, Department applicable, please respond “unsure:” being controlled by the TV/radio,” “I hear voices,” of Justice; Amherst PS; RCMP; and Halifax Regional Police (HRP). The authors especially thank the following people for their involvement: Sheriff Andrew MacDonald and David Horner, Sheriff Serv- ices, Department of Justice; Truro D/Chief Dave McNeil; CBRP S/Sgt Paul Joeb; BPS Chief Brent Crowhurst; George Lahey, Police and Victim Services Division, Department of Justice; NSCPA President and Amherst PS Chief Charles Rushton; RCMP Cst. Gerry LaPierre, Criminal Operations “H” Division; HRP S/Sgt. Robin McNeil, Human Resources. Dr. Brad Kelln and Dr Scott Theriault, ECFH, Debbie Phillips, emergency triage nurse, DU- DOP; Susan Hare, project manager, mobile crisis intervention team, DUDOP; Colleen Cash, project manager, international health office, DUDOP.

References 1. A report on mental illnesses in Canada, Health Canada, October 2002, p. 3. 2. Police response to emotionally disturbed persons: Analyzing new models of police interactions with the mental health system (National Institute of Justice, 1996) by Henry Stedman, Ph.D., Joseph Morrisey, Ph.D, Martha Williams Deane, M.A. and Randy Borum, Psy.D. 3. What do police officers want from the men- tal health system? Hospital and community psychiatry, 41 pp 663-665 (Gillig, P. M., Dumaine, M.. Stammer, J. W., Hillard, J. R. 1990) 4. Data from focus group discussion conducted with six participants with many years expe- rience working as first-line responders in the Nova Scotia justice system (Dalhousie University Department of Psychiatry, 2002). Details available on request. 5. Web MD, When cops confront mental illness, Policing mental illness by Kathy Bunch, April 23, 2001; Rights for all, chap- ter three, Police brutality - A pattern of abuse (refer to endnote 16, p. 8). 6. Policing the emotionally disturbed, James J. Fyfe, Ph.D., Am. Acad. Psychiatry Law 28:345-7, 2000 pp. 346-47. 7. Report of the Standing Committee on Jus- tice and Human Rights (June 2002).

Bianca Lauria-Horner, M.D., Assistant Professor, Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, directed the project. She can be reached at [email protected] or 902-473-5593. Sarah Brooks Ph.D can be contacted at [email protected] .

Blue Line Magazine 19 February 2008 Working with the mental health system Contemporary guidelines for police

Prepared by the CACP HR Police/Mental or units specifically devoted to the task, oth- Health Subcommittee ers may only have one designated person or no formal program, expecting all officers to The following guidelines are intended to share the responsibility. In an ideal world provide a starting point for police programs each organization would have a structure and services related to the mental health sys- to ensure that PMIs are dealt with compas- tem and people with mental illnesses. They sionately and humanely, with attention to are not meant to be prescriptive but rather in- both their rights and best interests, ensuring formative, intended to help police services set not only their safety but that of officers and up systems to use when encountering suspects, the public. offenders, victims and others who require as- The following guidelines provide such sistance and also appear to be experiencing a structure, identifying general principles a mental illness. which any police organization or detachment In Canada, as in many western countries, can implement regardless of size or location. interactions between people with mental ill- The manner in which they are operationalized nesses (PMI) and the criminal justice system will, of course, depend upon the unique culture are increasing. For instance, the number of of the community served, but the principles offenders with mental disorders entering the remain the same. federal correctional system has increased The term ‘person with a mental illness’ significantly in recent years. under mental health acts; is used to denote anyone whose behaviour While it is hard to estimate how much • arrests in which the accused appears to at the time in question appears to be influ- time and money police organizations spend on be mentally ill; enced by the presence of significant mental serving people with mental illnesses, there is • minor disturbances in which a person distress or illness. The person may be ex- no doubt that it is significant. Police are often appears to be mentally ill; periencing a persistent and severe illness the starting point of interactions between PMI • situations in which a PMI is the victim such as schizophrenia or a transitory period and the criminal justice system and have been of crime or threatens others; of distress with temporary symptoms that described as “de facto mental health provid- • circumstances in which the public or may be expected to abate, as with an acute ers” and “the frontline extension of the mental families of PMI ask for help; anxiety problem. health system.” • non-criminal or non-offence situations in For the purpose of these guidelines, the While it is generally thought that this which police become aware that some- essential factor is that, at the time of the police increase is simply a result of deinstitutionaliza- one who has a mental illness appears to interaction, the person’s mental state is im- tion, it is actually a reflection of a variety of be at risk or in need of assistance; paired to the extent that the way they respond factors and trends, including: • suicide interventions; to their environment is negatively affected. • fewer psychiatric hospitals, hospital beds • situations in which a PMI provokes a Also, the term “police organization” refers to and the concomitant deinstitutionalization; reaction from police to harm or to kill a police department, service or detachment • improved treatment for psychiatric them; – and should be taken to reflect the level of disorders, resulting in less need for • circumstances in which police become the organization at which local initiatives and hospitalization; instrumental social support contacts for policies/decisions are made. • increased emphasis on individual rights PMI, providing practical assistance and and freedoms; support to people in need. The central tenet • changes in mental health laws; There is no one-size-fits-all method for Each police organization should foster a • increased societal concern with public police organizations to provide appropriate culture in which mental illness is viewed as a safety. service to this important segment of our popula- disability, not a moral failure, in which PMI are While much of the police organizational fo- tion. Given the variety of needs, sizes of police treated with the same respect and attention to cus on mental illness in the community has been services and geographical factors, the organiza- their rights as other members of our society. on crisis response, there are many other situations tion and scope of programs for PMI will vary, It is incumbent on police leaders to set an where police interact with PMI, including: but there are common denominators. appropriate tone by modelling non-derogatory • apprehensions and other powers of police Whereas some agencies might have teams language, actively combating stigma and en- suring the assignment of police personnel to mental health-related positions in the organiza- tion is considered carefully.

The principles

Principle 1 Each police organization should identify one or more persons as responsible for issues related to people in the community with mental illnesses. The number, role and involvement of these officers will vary depending upon the size of the service or detachment. In large organizations, this responsibil- ity might fall to an entire office or group of people, while smaller agencies might have

February 2008 20 Blue Line Magazine just one person who may also have other with which they do regular business. Principle 4 responsibilities. This may simply be a ‘go to’ This may be the person, or one of the Each police organization should ensure that person so that outside organizations have a persons, identified in Principle 2. its first responders/patrol staff have the ap- place to start – or they may have significant Rationale: Interactions with emergency propriate basic level of knowledge and skill responsibility for developing programs, policy rooms (ER) probably cause more frustration to deal with a PMI. and/or service delivery. and consternation among police officers than Standard training should include: In any case, the person should be recog- any other PMI related interaction. The very na- • understanding and identifying mental nized internally and externally as the contact ture of ER work makes on-the-spot-resolution illnesses; for PMI related issues. At a minimum, they of disagreements between police and hospital • how to communicate with PMI; will be the ‘public face’ of the police organiza- staff almost impossible and often ill-advised. • how to use defusing and de-escalation tion in this context and will serve as the contact Individual disagreements may well reflect techniques; both internally and externally. systemic issues better dealt with outside of the • how to assess suicidality; This position should have a clearly identi- context of a situation with a specific PMI. The • how to assess risk and danger; fiable title that reflects its responsibility and a presence of a pre-existing contact and a rela- • issues related to stigma; defined scope of practice. Ideally, the person tionship with a member of the ER or hospital • the role of the family with PMI; will be a member of appropriate community or staff increases the likelihood that systemic • how to access mental health services; national organizations which provide informa- issues can be addressed and resolved. • the Mental Health Act (MHA); tion and support to others in similar positions (such as the CACP HR police/mental health subcommittee). Rationale: Police organizations are complex organizations, frequently puzzling to outsiders. While a variety of members in a variety of assignments will deal with indi- vidual incidents, a mental health agency, for example, should not have to guess whether to speak to someone in major crimes, community policing, operations or ‘the desk.’ While agencies often maintain that the duty officer or shift commander is the most appropriate person to deal with, this can easily lead to inconsistency, lost information and lack of leadership on developing policy because of the diffusion of responsibility. Conversely, it may appear to outsiders that a small organization may have no one to deal with issues such as those involving a PMI – when it actually is the job of every of- ficer. Whether the service is large or small, the public needs to know that someone is looking after these issues – and who they are.

Principle 2 Each police organization should identify and develop a relationship with a primary contact person within the local mental health system. Ideally, this contact will act as the liaison between police and the system in general and provide links to other agencies. In communi- ties where the mental health system is unde- veloped or fragmented, it may be necessary to develop individual contacts with a variety of mental health services. Rationale: Like police organizations, mental health agencies employ a wide range of people in many functions who may have unclear names and overlapping mandates. Personnel may not offer consistent informa- tion, be aware of precedents or be attuned to the unique needs of outside groups. An identified contact person allows not only for the development of consistent practice and the identification of recurring issues, but might also decrease the amount of time spent sorting out issues related to individual cases.

Principle 3 Each police organization should have an identified contact person in the emergency services department of any and all hospitals

Blue Line Magazine 21 February 2008 • issues related to the use of force with PMI. response team or a co-response team that tally ill, in many cases it WILL be apparent or Rationale: Police officers come into their includes mental health professionals. there may be behaviours or other indications jobs with widely varying levels of knowledge There may simply be a contact person to suggest it. Call takers need to have a basic and experience about mental illness. Thus, it is or agency to phone when necessary, or an awareness of the indicators and symptoms of likely that a variety of learning mediums may agreed-upon sequential response arrangement mental illness and other information that might be appropriate including, but not limited to, whereby police ‘hand off’ a PMI after attend- be useful when alerting first responders about formal training sessions, self-directed learn- ing to danger and criminal issues. The intent is the nature of a call. Those expected to provide ing, college and university courses and job to have readily available mental health exper- support and services after an event need to be sharing with mental health personnel. tise on a case-by-case basis to assist with the aware of the special needs of PMI. It may be neither appropriate nor feasible ‘clinical’ management of the situation and to to mandate a particular course or number of connect the PMI with services as necessary. Principle 8 training hours training for each officer. While Rationale: It is unrealistic to expect all Each police service should have a directory this may be a strategy that a police organiza- police officers to develop the level of knowl- or other printed material available with de- tion chooses to employ, the principle is that edge and skill needed to deal with all PMI scriptive and contact information for area the organization should have a method of interactions. There will inevitably be times mental health agencies – for employees, as assessing the knowledge and competence of when they need specially trained police offic- well as PMI and their families. its personnel working in this area and educate ers or mental health professionals to help sort While some situations involving PMI re- them as appropriate. out issues related to suicidality, appropriate sult in arrest or apprehension under the MHA, One responsibility of the assigned police case disposition and communication. many will involve more informal resolutions mental health officer described in Principle 1, Police officers need to know that certain such as directing PMI and/or their family to for example, might be to assess the organiza- agencies can be contacted and mental health a local mental health, housing and/or social tion’s learning needs and develop appropriate expertise accessed when appropriate. In remote assistance agencies. First responders should, training initiatives. Alternatively, this might areas, this contact may take place by telephone therefore, have a written list or pamphlet, both fall to the training officer/unit. rather than in person but first responders need for their own usage and to be given to PMI to know it is available when required. Likely, and their families. Principle 5 this will involve developing memoranda of Rationale: Social service agencies are Each police service should ensure that agreement with appropriate agencies. These often not well co-ordinated and the needs of specialized assignment officers likely to are best made at a policy level because trying PMI may be diverse and complicated, so it is regularly encounter PMI – such as ne- to obtain such advice and guidance in the face unrealistic to expect first responders to know gotiators, victim services, tactical team of a crisis is generally unworkable and may about all agencies or to be able to locate and members and co-ordinators for Section have liability implications. evaluate this information on a case-by-case 810s and other high risk discharges from basis. A general guide to the local resources the correctional systems – have sufficient Principle 7 and contact persons is expedient and will education and training to understand and Police organizations should ensure that all save time. The people in Principle 2 might work with them. support personnel who may be involved develop this list or it could be handled by Rationale: It is easy to assume that most with PMI, including victim services and victim services. interactions with PMI will occur in the context dispatchers, have enough knowledge and of crises or MHA apprehensions but this is not understanding of mental illness to carry Principle 9 usually the case. It is also important not to out their jobs. For dispatch personnel and Each police organization should participate assume that officers have had specialized train- those taking calls, that means knowing what in a regional liaison committee made up of ing at the police academy or college. While questions to ask and recognizing the signs members of the mental health and criminal this has tended to be the case in recent years, that mental illness may be a factor. justice systems. senior officers in specialized positions may not Ideally, responding officers should know While specific links with mental health have had the benefit of such training. in advance when a call might involve a PMI, system members are, of course, essential, they allowing them to use appropriate internal are not enough. Police organizations should be Principle 6 and external resources. In many cases, prop- part of the larger continuum of human service Each police organization should have a erly trained dispatch can garner this essential and other agencies addressing the issues of clearly defined policy and procedure by information. Police leaders also need to be PMI who become involved with the criminal which personnel can access mental health assured that those conducting follow ups are justice system. That requires co-ordination and expertise on a case-by-case basis. sensitive to these issues and able to provide planning at the community level. There are a variety of ways to realize this appropriate support and information about Co-ordinating committees typically in- principle. The service may have a subset of available resources. volve not only police organizations and mental specially trained officers serving as a resource Rationale: While there often isn’t enough health agencies but also representatives from or consultants to other officers, a mobile information to conclude that a person is men- the Crown, courts, defence bar, social services, other health care agencies and ambulance services. Co-ordinating committees may provide contacts to help deal with specific situations but, more importantly, can develop policy and identify local service needs. In rural areas, such a group could meet – by necessity – through teleconferencing. Rationale: Issues related to the criminali- zation of PMI are not unique to police serv- ices; they are attributable to a complex series of interactions between many community partners, social trends and legislation. Police have a critical role to play in developing and implementing approaches to this broad issue and participating in analyzing local needs and establishing service agreements. Liaison committees can also provide a forum for follow-ups and debriefings after

February 2008 22 Blue Line Magazine Blue Line Magazine 23 February 2008 difficult interactions, developing crisis plans However, in keeping with the principles Principle 12 for PMI who police frequently encounter. and laws of privacy and human rights, Formal policies, procedures and memoranda information NOT associated with criminal of understanding should be in place to sup- Principle 10 activity – such as records of mental health port the work of mental health officers (as Each police organization should establish act apprehensions – should not normally be described in Principle 1), interactions with a data collection system reflecting the included in ‘police record checks’ or similar mental health personnel, hospitals and agen- nature, quantity and outcome of PMI documentation provided for employment, cies (Principles 2, 3 and 9) and the collection interactions, ensuring the information is education or volunteer work. Only in the and release of such data (Principle 10). used only within the appropriate context most extreme circumstances where such Rationale: While informal arrangements and not normally released in conjunction records demonstrate a clear danger should often work very well in many jurisdictions, they with “police record checks” or similar this information be released. leave the police service vulnerable to police or documentation. mental health agency personnel changes, or in Estimates of the time police spend with Principle 11 the worst case scenario, untoward events. For- PMI and the type of interaction are just that Each police organization should have a mal policies provide a level of structure, con- – estimates. We have few data that describe central location where general information sistency and safety that benefit all concerned. their nature and extent; a comprehensive col- about mental illness, local resources and lection system will identify and track this. legislation can be easily accessed. The role of leadership Rationale: The majority of record man- This might be a binder, box or library, As indicated in the central tenet at the agement systems do not provide a sufficient under the auspices of the designated mental beginning of this document, police leaders base for monitoring this type of information, health officer, that first responders can read- have a key role to play in ensuring PWI are so there is a need for leadership in develop- ily access. treated respectfully and pro-actively. ing appropriate standards and processes. Rationale: Information about services Data provide a way of tracking what the and trends changes quickly and it is unre- The challenge problem is, the resources currently used and alistic to expect all first responders to have The single most significant common future requirements, whether policy/proce- access to timely in-service education on denominator shared among communities dure changes are working and identifying these issues. However, officers will usually that have successfully improved the criminal the changes needed and highlighting unmet take advantage of readily available infor- justice and mental health system’s response to service needs. mation when a problem situation arises. A people with mental illness is that each started Only by recording systematically, over small ‘library’ or reference area provides with some degree of co-operation between time, can these questions be addressed and this on an as needed basis and also creates at least two key stakeholders – one from the solutions developed. Such tracking and an atmosphere that encourages continuous criminal justice system and the other from data collection sends a clear message about learning. (This principle does not refer to the mental health system – Consensus Project what is important and whether an organi- information about specific people known report, p. 14 (www.consensusproject.org). zation seeks change or improvement. It is to police but rather general information and an essential planning and evaluation tool. resources.) Visit www.pmhl.ca to learn more.

February 2008 24 Blue Line Magazine Blue Line Magazine 25 February 2008 Insurance investigators can be a big help by Sue Collings only have the ability to thoroughly investigate designated by the insurer or its representative such a claim, they have the time, resources and all documents in the insured’s possession or It’s 3 AM Saturday morning and you’re legislation behind them. control that relates to the matter in question at the scene of a single vehicle accident. The Of course, an insurance company cannot and the insured shall permit extracts and cop- car struck a tree and the driver’s side airbag investigate a claimant or take a statement ies thereof to be made. deployed but there’s no sign of the driver or under the instruction of a police officer with The auto policy also allows insurance passengers. You run the plate, discover the the sole intent of providing it to the officer for companies to “inspect the automobile and its registered owner lives nearby and head to their investigation. Officers can only report equipment at all reasonable times.” These are his home, only to be told he’s been home all their suspicions to the company and nothing two tremendous tools that provide the founda- night. The car must have been stolen from the more – but should the investigation reveal a tion for any successful investigation. driveway while he slept. crime, police can be given the insurance file for So how might an insurance investigator You have your doubts. The owner doesn’t the intent of having criminal charges laid. The handle such a claim as described above? Every appear to have been recently awoken, you can end result may ultimately be the same. company is different and there are no industry smell alcohol on his breath and he has what Insurance investigators have a vast array standards on how an investigation will be con- looks like fresh cuts and scrapes on his face. of tools. The most important in Ontario is the ducted. Some may have restrictions limiting He admits to having had a few drinks before Ontario Auto Policy. An insurance policy is es- certain investigative techniques where others going to bed and says a fall in the bathroom sentially a contract between the company and may use every tool at their disposal, but bottom earlier that day caused the cuts. His spouse policy holder and both parties must abide by line there are several options available. confirms her husband was home all evening. its terms and conditions for it to be effective. One of the first priorities will be to find the Every instinct tells you that the owner Failure to comply may lead to the ultimate vehicle and ensure it’s in a secure location and and his wife are lying but how can you prove denial of a policyholder’s claim. that any evidence is protected. It may be taken it? You’ve got limited time and resources to A suspect may refuse to give police a to a shop or storage area to protect it from the conduct the thorough investigation required to statement but is obligated under insurance elements. The investigator will want to check prove your theory. A good start may be to call legislation to co-operate if he/she intends to it for lock damage, broken glass (indicating a the owner’s insurance company. submit a claim for damages or a loss. Section break-in) or tampering with the ignition. This Most major Canadian insurers have in- 6(4) of the Ontario Auto Policy, Statutory will also give them a chance to check inside house investigators who look into suspicious Conditions states: for evidence of a theft or the owner’s where- insurance claims. Many are former police The insured shall submit to an examina- abouts that night – a receipt or matchbook, officers who transferred their skills to the tion under oath and shall provide for examina- for example. private sector. These trained individuals not tion at such reasonable place and time as is The vehicle itself may offer key physical

February 2008 26 Blue Line Magazine evidence that will either support or refute ance industry have impeccable reputations port or refute the owner’s statement. Friends, the claimant’s version of events. An import- with police agencies across the country. Their employers or coworkers may also have useful ant element will be the reported theft from interviewing techniques quite often result in a information. the driveway. Since it was involved in an claim being withdrawn before the test is even The insurance investigator will review accident, it had to be stolen either with or administered. all of the evidence presented and determine without a key. If the vehicle owner was driving the night if the claim should be paid. Mere suspicion is The investigator will spend considerable of the accident, the question then becomes how not enough for denial and the case file must time with the owner going over the number of did he get home? He may have simply walked withstand scrutiny. Depending on the strength keys and their current whereabouts. If he still if the accident was close enough to his house, of the case, the investigator may return to the has all of the keys, then the investigation will but otherwise he either had to hitch a ride or police to have the owner criminally charged. focus on how the vehicle was stolen in the first someone must have picked him up. The insurance industry has one additional place, or if that theory is even possible. The investigator may acquire a release tool that most law enforcement officials are not Insurance investigators regularly use court form allowing access to the owner’s cell phone aware of. Section 447(2) of Ontario’s insur- certified lock experts, who can determine if a records for the night in question. They would ance act states that any person who directly vehicle was driven with or without a key. In not only reveal any calls made but even the or indirectly furnishes false or misleading some of the newer models, they can use tran- area where they were made. Placing an insured information to obtain payment for goods or sponder records to ascertain the key last used near the scene of the crime through cell site services is guilty of an offence. The penalty is a to operate the vehicle. This evidence may help sectoring has resulted in many successful fine of up to $100,000 for the first offence and prove that the owner or someone he knows was insurance investigations. up to $200,000 for the second offence. driving the vehicle at the time of the accident, The insurance investigator will also con- Law enforcement need to recognize the if he still has the matching key. duct all of the necessary background searches, service insurance investigators offer and open Often people who stage the theft of their not only on the vehicle owner but anyone else the lines of communication. It could be a win- vehicle will damage the ignition to make it who may be a suspect. An insurance history win situation for both parties. appear it was tampered with. Lock experts may reveal prior claims which might be use- Sue Collings is a former Toronto police officer who has can easily determine if such damage is merely ful. A driver’s abstract may reveal a history worked as an insurance investigator for the past 12 years. cosmetic or may actually have started the of drinking and driving convictions. A media Sue will teach a one-half day course at the Blue Line vehicle. Their expertise may also extend to search could uncover past indiscretions or Trade Show April 29th. vehicles burned after a theft. insight into the driver’s activities that night. The insurance investigator will want If the accident occurred near a major highway, to photograph the insured’s facial cuts and the vehicle and driver may have been recorded scrapes. If they were caused by contact with on traffic cameras. The insurance industry has an airbag or windshield, it’s possible DNA was tremendous resources available and knows left where contact was made. An investigator how to access them quickly. may choose to secure the airbags or windshield Everyone involved will have to be inter- section, under the direction of a DNA lab, to viewed, including the wife and investigating secure a profile of the driver at the time of police officer. Neighbours may be asked if they the accident. The owner will then be asked saw or heard anything that evening to sup- to provide a DNA sample to rule themselves out as a suspect. Insurance companies or their investiga- tors cannot demand samples from customers or deny a claim on the mere refusal of such a request – but the owner’s co-operation would be deemed an act of good faith and speed the claim investigation process. A refusal would likely enhance the investigator’s suspicions and encourage further investigation. The polygraph is another option. Most insurers use it toward the end of their investi- gation and only after discrepancies in a claim arise. Again, it will be offered to clear the in- dividual of any involvement in the loss – most companies will offer to pay the entire claim should the individual pass. The claim cannot be denied simply because of a failure but it would raise another red flag and encourage further investigation. It’s not uncommon for an insured to offer to take a polygraph test to clear their name. For example, several years ago an insurance company deemed a house fire suspicious. Realizing they were suspects, the owners offered to submit to a test to clear their name but the company refused. The homeowners, through their lawyer, arranged their own test, which indicated they had no involvement in destroying their home. The results became instrumental in the court’s criticism of the insurance company, which had refused to acknowledge the results. As in criminal proceedings, polygraph results are not admissible but any information gleaned during the interview phase may be used. Polygraph experts used by the insur-

Blue Line Magazine 27 February 2008 Program warms bodies and hearts by Danette Dooley

It’s not unusual for the Royal Newfound- land Constabulary (RNC) to receive boxes and bags filled with clothing to keep poor people warm in the weeks leading up to Christmas. It’s all part of the force’s Warm Hands/Warm Hearts project. A generous gift last year was special, however. Someone dropped off a large green garbage bag at police headquarters in St. John’s filled with one-of-a-kind hand-made gifts destined to become treasured keepsakes for more than two dozen children. The unknown benefactor not only hand- RNC Sgt. Rick Thorne and Const. Char- knit 25 teddy-bear type dolls but also made shoe ity Dodd say a generous stranger who bags for each; no two bags or dolls are exactly made these tiny teddy bears for less alike and all have eyes, noses and mouths made fortunate children embodied the true of brown wool and sport tiny knitted scarves. true meaning of Christmas Some dolls are pink and white, others blue and green, yellow and red and every colour in between. The care, thought and tenderness observed last year, placing one of the dolls for Christmas. The fact that they don’t want any put into the project touched both novice and back into its special cloth bag. credit for it makes it that much more special.” veteran officer alike. Cst. Charity Dodd, a street patrol officer The RNC partners with the community “The individual who did this obviously who graduated recently from the RNC cadet each year on Warm Hands/Warm Hearts to put a lot of time into it,” said RNC supervisor training program, was also touched by the ensure the less fortunate can stay warm. The Sgt. Rick Thorne. “She was good enough to generosity of this stranger. brainchild of Carol Anne Farrell of Marys- come in and pass the bag over to our front desk “This is so thoughtful,” she said, peeking town, Newfoundland, the project has been officers. She didn’t want to give her name or inside several bags. “Whoever made these had overseen through the years by RNC Sgt. get any credit for it. That will tell you a little to be thinking of all the families where there are Paula Buckle. about what such a big heart she has,” Thorne children who probably won’t be getting much The knitted goods come from all over the province. It began with women knitting only mitts but has evolved to now include vests, mittens, scarves and hats. One woman even takes the time to pin a beautiful broach into one of the scarves she knits. Some of the knitted goods are donated by churches and other community groups, while other people take it upon themselves to send in or drop off their own donations. As super- visors, Buckle and Thorne work with officers on street patrol to ensure the donations get to those who need them the most. It’s a project that has taken on its own identity and doesn’t require advertising. Just like the magic of Christmas, the knitted goods begin showing up at the police station well before the cold weather sets in. “We know the people who spend a lot of time on the streets very well,” Thorne said, “and they are so appreciative when we stop our police vehicle and offer them some socks or mitts. They look forward to us coming by every year.” With needy children everywhere, the tiny teddies dropped off in St. John’s could very well find their soul mates in many nooks and crannies of the province, warming the hearts of many small children. “We will have no problem finding a home for any of these little bears,” Thorne said. “We’re just so happy to be able to help get them into some tiny hands,” he added.

Danette Dooley can be reached at [email protected]

February 2008 28 Blue Line Magazine Police shake, rattle and roll with new device High-tech ‘rumbler’ siren emits a low-frequency vibe you can feel by Allison Klein, Washington Post increasingly, motorists weren’t responding to “I heard it, but I didn’t know what it was,” traditional lights and sirens. said Sandra Seegars, a neighborhood activist With his lights and sirens blaring, D.C. “The basic idea is we become more insu- who recently got the full Rumbler experience. police officer Lou Schneider raced to an lated in our vehicles with stereos, iPods and “It makes you pay attention, like, ‘What’s emergency call, past dozens of startled on- telephones,” Morgan said. “We thought it wrong with that car?’ ” lookers standing on the crowded streets of would be helpful if there was something else Police said the Rumbler has been working Washington, DC. along with the traditional siren that would well and believe that it will be helpful for the The ground beneath Schneider’s patrol car reach a different level of awareness.” deaf and hard-of-hearing. “Vibrating sirens is literally was quivering. People are certainly taking notice in DC. an interesting idea, and it could benefit all driv- “You know when this is coming up behind Being near it is like standing next to a car that ers, not just deaf drivers,” agreed Erin Casler, a you,” said Schneider, one of a few dozen is blaring bass-heavy music. spokeswoman for Gallaudet University. D.C. officers who are using the department’s newest sirens – the ones that people can feel as well as hear. “It vibrates everything,” he said. Meet the Rumbler. The high-tech blaster is being used along with the traditional siren. It is aimed at grab- bing people’s attention and getting them to make room for officers responding to emergen- cies, helping police navigate through traffic faster and safer. People can feel it from about 200 feet away. D.C. police have 49 cars equipped with the Rumblers, spread across the city. The Rumbler is part of a lights-and-sirens package the de- partment is phasing in over several years as it gets new cars and retires old ones. In about four years, all of the department’s 767 marked patrol cars will likely have them. With a pair of high-output woofers and an amplifier, the Rumbler is not louder than a regular siren. It gets its message across with low-frequency sound waves that shake every- thing, including rear-view mirrors. The Rumbler is meant to be used judicious- ly, in situations where motorists should pull over to make way for the police. It is timed to turn off automatically after 10 seconds. Still, po- lice officials said, some people might be startled when they first experience it. And it remains to be seen if the public will view all that shaking as a helpful warning or just a nuisance. “Once they see what it’s attached to, they’ll be all right,” Assistant Police Chief Diane Groomes said. “They’ll get used it.” The city is buying the Rumblers at the behest of Chief Cathy L. Lanier, who said she wanted officers to have the newest technology, especially if it improves safety. She said officers at times have had trouble getting traffic to clear. “People can’t say they didn’t hear the siren, because with these, they feel it,” Lanier said. The sirens cost about $350 a car; the technology was developed by Illinois-based Federal Signal Corp. and is being used or tested in a handful of cities, including Alexan- dria and New York. Other customers include police in Plymouth Township and Reading, in Pennsylvania, and Tequesta and Plantation, in Florida, said Federal sales and marketing VP Tom Morgan. Morgan said the Rumbler was developed after police departments complained that,

Blue Line Magazine 29 February 2008 Bringing function to the family Police information portal right on track by Brian Ward for entrepreneurs to develop better RMS pro- grams for law enforcement. Information tech- As an emotional brotherhood, policing is nology vendors came up with solutions for their among the tightest in the professional work police clients. One system was called the Law world – but when it comes down to the every Enforcement Information Portal (LEIP) but it day business of managing what we do for a was unique to a single company, Versaterm. living, the family is often dysfunctional. The CACP and RCMP identified this Commenting during his findings on the problem and proposed in 2005 that a single Bernardo case, Mr. Justice Archie Campbell records query tool be established to connect stated: “There were times during the separate the patchwork of systems operated by Versa- investigations of the Scarborough rapes and term and others, including Niche, Enterpol, the St. Catharine’s rapes and murders that the Sunguard, Module d’information policière and different police forces might as well have been Toronto Police Service’s eCOPS. operating in different countries... The system, now recognized as both LEIP “The work of the most dedicated, skilful and PIP, began at the direction of the CACP and highly motivated investigators and super- and is administered by the RCMP’s National visors and forensic scientists can be defeated Integrated Interagency Information System by the lack of effective case management (N-III). Many jurisdictions across Canada systems and the lack of systems to ensure have already benefited. communication and co-operation among law “Disappearing in another jurisdiction is enforcement agencies.” pretty appealing for those who disregard the law, notes RCMP C/Supt Tom Bennett, OIC No communication completed by the end of this year, is intended of Nova Scotia criminal operations. In a nutshell, police just didn’t talk to each to dramatically expand the way police do “PIP eliminates this option by providing in- other. How many criminals slipped through the business. formation and intelligence that spans the coun- cracks because they roamed across Canada Police officers share an innate curiosity and try. There’s literally nowhere left to hide.” rather than concentrating their efforts in one services actively encourage members to down- geographic area? load a variety of information into their records Benefits The Police Information Portal (PIP), a management systems (RMS), but for decades, With the addition of a nationwide records Canada-wide program of information sharing this inside information wasn’t shared. query tool as a supplement to CPIC, front line among law enforcement agencies slated to be As technology improved, so did the market officers have a much wider range of information from which to query. Public and officer safety is the primary concern of both CPIC and PIP but PIP allows an officer the added ability to query a sus- pect in previously unavailable areas, including: • General occurrences • Tickets(summonses) • Suspect checks made in the streets • Flagged records • Mug shots By doing a separate inquiry on the PIP or LEIP components of their own RMS, investi- gating officers can obtain a broader profile of a suspect’s activities.

Membership growing More than 500,000 queries were made on PIP in July 2007 alone, RCMP C/Supt Ray Lamb noted last year in a presentation to the CACP. Success stories have come in from across the country. • Information shared by Vancouver Police and queried by Ottawa Police played an integral role in the identification of a suspect in a double homicide case. • London Police obtained a PIP hit on a licence plate check that led to charges of credit card fraud relating to the registered owner. Further investigation provided valuable information into gang activity. • Vancouver Police used PIP to delve into active sex crime-related cases, resulting in a suspect arrest. Previous solicitation charges laid by Toronto Police on another offender were also uncovered, and a low risk sex offender’s status was reassessed based on similar crimes reported in an- other jurisdiction.

February 2008 30 Blue Line Magazine There are now 33 Canadian law enforce- that the information we provide is accurate and ment agencies representing more than 31 per complete enough to help other agencies make cent of sworn police officers fully participating quick and effective investigative decisions and in PIP, according to Lamb, including large solve crime. As police agencies participating in a services such as Vancouver, Victoria, various national system, we need to demonstrate that we BC RCMP detachments, London, Toronto, are responsibly managing our records to ensure the Peel Region, Durham Region, Ottawa, Wind- highest level of accuracy and completeness.” sor and Halifax. Smaller services include Central Saanich, E-mail [email protected] for more information about West Vancouver, Nelson, Service de Police de the portal. Gatineau, the Greater Vancouver Transporta- tion Authority Police and municipal New Brunswick services. College offering CSI course Cautionary notes by Brian Ward law enforcement jobs. Students hired by a police Lamb strongly advises PIP practitioners to North Bay Ontario’s Canadore College is adding service who intend to pursue a career in forensic exercise care when acting on results received a one year post-graduate police foundations program identification will still have to meet standards set by from an inquiry, noting the N-III team suggests dealing exclusively with forensic identification. their employers, he acknowledges. CPIC should be used first to establish officer The crime scene investigation (CSI) course is Topics to be covered in the course include photog- safety. During an investigation, checking facts an extensive version of the scenes of crime officer raphy, fingerprints, latent impression techniques, hair on CPIC can provide a starting point, with PIP program already in place with many police services. and fibre evidence, forensic pathology, odontology, acting as a source of less filtered occurrence Approved by the college’s board of governors, the entomology and DNA collection. information that can provide leads and pos- program is scheduled to begin in September, says “We also put in a very detailed course on the pow- sible links between information. professor Mike Lahaie. ers of search that goes way beyond anything I teach in They also encourage investigating officers “As a former cop, I know how difficult my first few my criminal code and statutes classes,” he adds. to “drill down” into information received years were negotiating a crime scene. Our CSI grads, Since the change in Ontario’s high school system, through PIP. Since it’s the product of an indi- in many ways, will be better prepared for something students have been entering post secondary institu- vidual police service’s records management serious than some of the training officers we have out tions at an earlier age. Graduating younger means they process, the team stresses it is incumbent on there,” he told Blue Line. are unable to apply for a law enforcement position. investigators to double check the source and The program is open to police foundations program “I’m of the opinion… that a PFP/CSI graduate accuracy with the originating agency. graduates with a minimum grade point average of 3.75. will be just as marketable, if not more so, to a police “We’ve also quickly recognized that The curriculum has been designed in co-operation with service than a criminology university graduate,” Lahaie with this new resource comes a new level of a forensic identification officer. Students will divide their emphasizes. responsibility,” says Eldon Amoroso, senior time between the laboratory and classroom. For more information, contact Lahaie at mike.lahaie@ director of support services for the London Lahaie is confident his students will be ahead of the rest of the field when applying for public or private canadore.on.ca or call 705 474-7601x 5630. Police Service. “As a contributor to PIP, we need to ensure

Blue Line Magazine 31 February 2008 Balance for strength

by Kelly Keith Most police trainers train officers to fight which is exactly what you may need to their feet or, if they can manage it, fight in a dynamic fight. Balance is defined as the ability to main- from the ground to get the suspect into hand- • Sight has a great deal to do with bal- tain the centre of mass over a base of support cuffing position. The three most common ways ance. Your postural sway will increase and is sometimes referred to as the relationship to wind up on the ground are being pushed, 20-70 per cent simply by closing your between the ears and the hips. Your body’s pulled or tackled. eyes and standing up, so stress your centre of gravity is an inch or two above or All officers should know what to do once balance by doing activities such as safe below your navel. on the ground, however if we understand and standing stretches, easy slow kicks to Balance is important to a police officer train on ‘balance,’ we may not have to deal a bag or any standing exercise with because if we lose our balance when attacked, with the situation in the first place! dumbbells with your eyes shut. we are likely to be in a ground fight. Being on An officer is very stable when their feet • Do dynamic balance training such as the ground does NOT mean losing, but it has are slightly wider than shoulder width and rag doll drills, where each person has a some disadvantages: apart in a traditional ‘interview and/or combat good quality Judo Gi on. Stand within • More susceptibility to injury; stance.’ Real confrontations are dynamic and arm reach and grab onto the collars. • Psychological/physical disadvantage for an officer is likely to be in a position where DO NOT try to torque your partner officer and advantage for suspect; his/her balance is displaced. Balance is a key down to the ground, as this may cause • Increased danger from multiple attackers; component of winning any confrontation; an injury; simply try to displace their bal- • Chance of being disarmed increases; unbalanced position greatly compromises your ance while they try to displace yours. • Extremely exhausting for officer; ability to generate power of any sort. Once balance is displaced – one foot • Harder for officer to use striking tech- The best way to train your balance is by is off the ground, for example – start niques and intermediate weapons; training ‘off balance:’ again. This is enhanced by taking the • Officer cannot immediately disengage • Simply making our base of support interview stance to do these drills, from subject. smaller (standing on one foot or hav- making the training more specific to ing feet close together) challenges your job! our balance. A great way to increase • Your CORE strength (Butt and Gut) is balance and stimulate muscle fibres of the utmost importance in keeping which are generally not stimulated is balance and should be used during all to stand on one foot while exercising. balance training. Medicine and physio For example, do two sets of dumbbell balls are great for dynamic and func- curls on both feet; stand on one foot for tional core strength exercises. the third set, switching to the opposite • Using physio balls for dumbbell chest foot after the first five. You can do this presses instead of a flat secure bench with almost any exercise where you are is a great way to address functional standing, including presses, side raises, strength and balance (use light weights tricep pushdowns, etc. and/or a spotter first). Think about the • Use balance training tools such as bosu benefits of adding balance-challenging balls, balance boards or bongo boards. exercises into every routine! Try doing squats while attempting to Begin varying your routine to address bal- maintain your balance (I do not recom- ance and you will see great results in balance mend squats on physio balls as a fall and strength. Vary your base of support (feet) can easily mean a torn ACL – always and use your imagination (safely) to work with consider whether the risk is worth the these principles. benefit). You do not have to give up power or strength training; simply An Atlantic Police Academy inspector and 19 year polic- ing veteran, Kelly Keith teaches physical fitness, officer add another fitness component – bal- safety, use of force and firearms. A Jiu-Jitsu instructor ance – to your training. A side benefit (second degree black belt and bronze medalist), he has – it will give you more strength and also studied wrestling, boxing, Tae Kwon Do and Judo. power in an unstable environment, He can be reached at 902 888-6417.

February 2008 32 Blue Line Magazine Communities and cops tackle violence by Danette Dooley Prevention can only occur when we un- derstand the problem and commit ourselves to sharing this information with others in the community – from the Burin Peninsula, New- foundland Voice Against Violence website.

Thanks to the provincial government’s Violence Prevention Initiative, Newfoundland and Labrador now has ten regional co-ordinat- ing committees actively working to address the issue in both rural and urban areas. The key to their success is close asso- ciation with RCMP detachments throughout the province. Officers work with committee members to ensure the appropriate messages reach residents. “We have a number of stakeholders on our committee, including RCMP Sgt. Wayne Edgecombe says area police officers are Edgecombe,” says Paula Mallay, co-ordinator divisions in this province.” enthusiastic about the district’s participation of the non-profit Burin Peninsula committee, Police officers play an important role in in the initiative. “We give advice on the law which works to reduce and prevent violence preventing violence, says Mallay, and are and we’ve helped the committee prepare in the region. genuinely concerned about its social implica- some information for the newspaper. We’re “He is very active in what we are doing. tions and effects on the community. in the schools and we’re educating the chil- He attends our meetings and has a valuable “The RCMP on the Burin Peninsula is very dren on bullying and other forms of family input in (our) activities.” busy but they make a point of getting out our violence.” The RCMP’s help is invaluable in ad- meetings and finding out what we are doing. The province’s Violence Prevention Ini- dressing issues, Mallay says, because it has That’s very commendable on their part.” tiative helps police officers get the word out access to crucial information, including areas that violence will not be tolerated, he adds. Visit www.bpvav.com for more information on the Burin where violence-related calls originate. “They “Education, awareness and prevention about Peninsula Voice Against Violence initiative. Contact can help us go about not only finding out more Danette Dooley at [email protected] family violence is a priority for all RCMP about what the issues are that these commu- nities are dealing with, but also in providing support to those who need it.” Youth violence and bullying are among the issues identified in several area communi- ties, she says. “With that information, we developed a presentation that took us into the schools. We’ve done ten sessions at Marystown Central High School and we’ve talked to the students about their role as bystanders in helping and preventing violence.” The committee’s close working relation- ship with the RCMP made it much easier to reach students, she notes, adding the force also played an integral role in launching the committee’s website. It contains a variety of information on family violence, partner abuse, dating violence, abuse of older adults, child abuse and bullying and youth violence. “In order to prevent violence, people have to understand what violence is. Our website provides information on what violence is and where you can get help,” says Mallay. The RCMP and other committee mem- bers were a great help in coming up with the information outlined on the site and other initiatives, she says. “Besides the website, we’ve put together a two-page article to help parents know how they can recognize bullying and what they can do about it. Sgt. Edgecombe provided me with information on things such as intimidation, harassment and assault and what can be done if a youth is doing these acts.”

Blue Line Magazine 33 February 2008 Not a crime of opportunity Preventing jewellery theft key to reducing break-in losses

by Kelly Ross Criminals reveal in interviews that jewellery is one of the most The theft of jewellery and precious commonly stolen items in residen- metals from all sources is increasing in the tial break and enters. It’s also the United States and, while there are no Cana- item most often reported to police dian figures, the situation is similar here. and claimed as an insurance loss. It’s hardly surprising. With just about five One study showed 70 per cent of the world’s population, North per cent of crimi- America buys half of the world’s $60 billion nals incarcerated (U.S.) annual diamond jewellery production. for residential This means virtually every resident is a po- break and enters tential target for criminals looking to acquire had traded stolen diamonds and like commodities (DALC) property for drugs such as gemstones and precious metals. or sold the items FBI statistics show thefts have increased for cash they used dramatically since the turn of the century to to buy drugs. When just over a billion dollars a year, second only DALC wasn’t trad- to automobiles. While these numbers are ed for drugs, it was disturbing, the recovery rate is even more so. often sold to jewellers Police recover 60 per cent of stolen automo- or pawn shops, which put bile but only five per cent of jewellery and it back into the legitimate precious metals – the lowest recovery rate jewellery market. of all commodities. This is because they are The RCMP has already taken so easily concealed, difficult to identify, can steps to address the re-insertion points be melted or re-cut and are liquid cash-like for jewellery in Alberta. The Alberta Jew- commodities that can be disposed of within ellery Industry Crime Watch – www.AJICW. hours of being stolen. ca – keeps the industry informed about sto- they believe are likely to have high value Criminals seek items easy to hide and len DALC in circulation and criminals they items. Most go in alone and spend just two remove, available, valuable, enjoyable, should watch for. It aims to protect jewellers to 10 minutes inside, according to research disposable and that the public craves – and from unknowingly purchasing stolen jewel- – just long enough for a cursory search for DALC fit this bill. Research shows thieves lery, identify those trying to sell the stolen items that can be quickly stolen. like items they can hide easily. Bulky items property and increase recovery rates. Agen- With so little time, thieves usually go like electronics are not only harder to move cies outside Alberta investigating substantial straight to the master bedroom to search for and stash, they are often only “hot” – highly thefts have also found the crime watch and jewellery – there’s not enough time to search sought after – for a relatively short period website useful. the entire house. of time before becoming obsolete or passe. Desktop computers were big in the late Where jewellery is acquired What can be done 1990s, for example; then laptops and more People buy jewellery as young adults There is an opportunity to reduce losses recently iPods caught the public’s fancy, and, as creatures of habit, often continue by making DALC less available and/or however DALC has remained hot and the to store it in their bedroom – often on the more difficult to remove. This can be ac- value of diamonds has continued to increase nightstand or in the closet, regardless of its complished through a process as simple over time. value. Criminals regularly target residences as an awareness campaign showing people

February 2008 34 Blue Line Magazine what they can do to protect their jewellery Reducing losses reduces the amount of illicit from criminals – like hiding it somewhere jewellery available to criminals. other than the master bedroom. Going one Above the obvious value to law enforce- step further and storing items in a residential ment, a plan to reduce losses is beneficial on fixed safe or safety deposit box would be other fronts. Diamonds stolen in residential even better. break-ins are claimed on insurance policies Police could deliver this message at pub- more than twice as often as the next most lic forums and through websites, public an- common item. The rate of residential break nouncements, news releases, client contact and enter in Canada is approximately 518 and pamphlets. The insurance industry can per 100,000 population. Based on Alberta’s insert pamphlets into mailings and policies. present population of 3,375,763, it could Jewellers could also hand out pamphlets and experience about 17,500 break-ins per year, advise customers on proper storage. a tremendous draw on police resources. While the number and value of claims Benefits made is elusive, it could be several tens of Pursuing a crime prevention initiative millions of dollars, based on figures from focused on reducing residential losses of other areas. Even if insurance claims are jewellery may have several tangible and made in only half of the events, a crime pre- intangible benefits. The nexus between jew- vention program could produce substantial ellery theft and the illegal drug trade beyond cost benefits. the street level criminal is illustrated in sev- Perhaps more importantly, personal eral documents/studies. Reducing jewellery jewellery can be difficult to replace and thefts may help disrupt the criminal use of often has a sentimental value beyond other drugs and trafficking. items. Stemming the losses of heirloom Jewellery used to launder money or held and cherished items of jewellery carries a as wealth presents difficulties beyond that of value to the public that supersedes dollars the average proceeds of crime investigation. and cents. The low North American DALC recovery rate means some $950 million dollars worth RCMP Cst Kelly Ross is a gemologist and expert on the of illicit product is stored as proceeds of criminal use of diamonds and jewellery with 10 years ex- crime, laundered through re-insertion into perience as a diamond and jewellery importer/wholesaler. His book, The fifth C: The criminal use of diamonds was the legitimate market or otherwise retained scheduled to be released last month. and used for criminal activities every year.

Blue Line Magazine 35 February 2008 February 2008 36 Blue Line Magazine Blue Line Magazine 37 February 2008 February 2008 38 Blue Line Magazine Blue Line Magazine 39 February 2008 Ca t e g o r y In d e x

Access Control Computer - Forensics Hazmat Equipment Security - Identification Accident Reconstruction Computer - Hardware Helicopters & Equipment Security - Penal Institutions Computer - Software Computer - Laptops Holsters & Accessories Security - Perimeter Accreditation Computer - Records Mgmt General Police Supply Photography Addiction Treatment Computer - Software Weapons - Accessories Surveillance Alarm Devices Computer - Storage Devices HR Consulting & Support Video - Mobile & Surveillance Security Computer - Training ID Holders Security - Training Alcohol Detection Devices Conflict Resolution Inert Explosive Devices Sirens & Emergency Lighting Ammunition Cooling Vests Investigative Support Services General Police Supply Range Supplies Counterfeit & Detections/Fraud Forensic Aids & Investigations Vehicles - Accessories Ammunition Disposal Crime Scene Reconstruction Jewelry Surveillance Architecture & Engineering Data Collection Awards, Badges, Pins Binoculars & Telescopes Police Facilities Data Mining, Data Recovery Promotional Items Cameras Armoured Car Service Defensive Tactics Training Key Control CCTV, Film Asset Tracking Schools & Institutions Laser Rangefinders Security - Perimeter Associations Defibrillators Legal Services Video - Mobile & Surveillance ATM Service Digital Video Licence Plate Recognition Switches & Control Systems Audio/Video Aids Cameras Lights - Portable Systems Integration & Support Training Courses & Services Display Trailers Loading & Unloading Stations Tactical Team Equipment Automated Finger Printing Distance Education Marine Electronics Body Armour Forensic Services DNA Testing Services Marine - Rigid Hull Inflatables General Police Supply Awards, Badges, Pins Dog Training & Supplies Memo Books Telemetry Equipment Emblems & Decals Emblems & Decals Evidence Notebooks Telescoping Masts & Antenna Jewelry Awards, Badges & Pins Motorcycles & Supplies Thermal Imaging Pens Uniforms & Accessories Vehicles - Off Road Ticket Holders Promotional Items Vehicles - Accessories Narcotics Equipment & Drug Tests Training Courses & Services Batons EMS Software Forensic Services & Equipment Audio/Video Aids Weapons - Non-lethal E-Services Needs Assessment Publishers, Books, Printing Bicycles & Supplies Evidence Notebooks Night Vision Equipment Trauma Scene Cleaning Binoculars & Telescopes Memo Books Cameras Uniforms & Accessories Night Vision Equipment Evidence/Exhibit Storage Office Equipment & Supply Clothing & Outerwear Surveillance Exercise Equipment & Clothing Paging Emblems Pens Body Armour Eye, Ear & Skin Protection General Police Supply Gloves Awards, Badges, Pins Tactical Team Equipment Holsters & Accessories Hazardous Material Handling Promotional Items Bomb Disposal Vacations Hazardous Material Handling Range Supplies Photo Identification Vehicles - Accessories Hazmat Equipment Fabric Manufacturer Photo Imaging Fleet Graphics Boots, Shoes & Footwear Financial Planning/Insurance Photography Footwear Firearms - Simulation Training Cameras Sirens & Emergency Lighting General Police Supply Video - Training CCTV, Film Vehicles - Baiting Breathing Apparatus Weapons - Non-lethal Forensic Services & Equipment Vehicles - Lightbars Bullet Traps Firearms - Training Video - Mobile & Surveillance Vehicles - Off Road Cameras Firearms - Training Equipment Surveillance Helicopters Photography Firearms - Training Facility Promotional Items Motorcycles & Supplies Security - Perimeter Control Fleet Graphics Awards, Badges, Pins Vehicles - Restoration Surveillance Vehicles - Accessories Jewelry Vehicles - Specialty Video - Mobile & Surveillance Forensic Accounting Pens Vehicles - Tracking Equipment Cases, Duty Bags, Storage Forensic Aids & Investigations Protective Services GPS & Mapping General Police Supply Investigative Support Services Publishers, Books, Printing Vessels - Accessories CCTV, Film Forensic Services & Equipment Training Courses & Services Video - Mobile & Surveillance Surveillance Form Holders Radar & Speed Equipment Security - Perimeter Cigars & Accessories General Police Supply Range Supplies Surveillance Clothing & Outerwear GPS & Mapping Ammunition Photography General Police Supply Vehicle Tracking Equipment General Police Supply Video - Training Uniforms & Accessories Gloves Real Estate, Relocation VIP Protection Collision Reporting Centres Hazardous Material Handling Records Management Voice Logging Systems Communications - Base Stations General Police Supply Recruitment & Selection Weapons - Accessories Computer - Dispatching Graffiti Eradication Restraining Devices Holsters & Accessories Communications - Consultant Hats & Head Protection Riflescopes Weapons - Maintenance Communications - Hand-Held Hazardous Material Handling Robots Weapons - Non-lethal Communications - Mobile Bomb Disposal Safety & Rescue Equipment Batons Compliance Services Eye, Ear & Skin Protection Hazardous Material Handling Firearms - Simulation Training Computer - Accessories General Police Supply Schools & Institutions Weapons - Security Computer - Dispatching Gloves Defensive Tactics Training Weapons - Training Communications-Base Stations Safety & Rescue Equipment Security - Consulting & Systems Wireless Communications

February 2008 40 Blue Line Magazine Pr o d u c t l i s t i n g

Access Control Bicycles & Supplies ITRONIX Ahearn and Soper Inc Alpine Joe Sportswear Ltd Motorola Cogent Systems Telus Datacard Group Versaterm Deister Electronic Binoculars & xwave Technologies Telescopes Current Corporation Accident Kindermann Canada Inc Henry’s Cameras Compliance Services Reconstruction Impact Cases Digital Boundary Group Prairie Geomatics Ltd Kirkpatrick’s Ltd Body Armour Pacific Safety Products Current Corporation Pelican Products Canada Inc Computer - Accessories Accreditation DuPont Canada Inc Prairie Geomatics Ltd Prairie Geomatics Ltd Schulich Executive Education Centre Gordon Contract UK Products Canada Inc Law Enforcement Training & Supplies MD Charlton Company Ltd Computer - Dispatching Alcohol Detection Cigars & Accessories Cartel Communication Sytems Devices Constable Cigar Inc Motorola DAVTECH Analytical Services (Canada) Versaterm Draeger Safety Canada Citation Issuance Mega-Tech Groupe Techna Computer - Forensics Ammunition Cogent Systems Clothing & Outerwear Cross Match Technologies Inc Remington Arms Co Inc Pacific Safety Products 5.11 Tactical Tetragon Tasse Teijin Twaron 911 Supply Wolverine Supplies Alpine Joe Sportswear Ltd Computer - Hardware Drop Zone Tactical ITRONIX Bomb Disposal DuPont Canada Inc Architecture & ITS Canada Inc Gordon Contract Engineering Securesearch Inc Ingo Global Inc Computer - Laptops CS&P Inc Integral Designs Battery Buyer Parkin Architects Law Enforcement Training & Supplies ITRONIX Rebanks Pepper Littlewood Architects Boots, Shoes & Off Duty OPP Shop Mega-Tech Stantec Architecture Ltd Footwear OLEYLAND Inc. Motorola 5.11 Tactical Original Shoe Co. Asset Management 911 Supply Pacific Safety Products Gordon Contract Pride In Service System Law Enforcement Training & Supplies SEALS Action Gear Groupe Techna Original Shoe Co. Starfield-Lion SEALS Action Gear Tetragon Tasse Asset Tracking STC Footwear The Shoe Network The Shoe Network Ahearn and Soper Inc Deister Electronic Collision Reporting Telus Breathing Apparatus Centres Computer - Records / Draeger Safety Canada Accident Support Services International Management Associations Ferno Canada Accident Support Services International Mine Safety Appliances Company Versaterm Int’l Association for Property & Evidence MSA Canada Communications - Base Pride In Service Stations EADS Secure Networks Canada Computer - Software Audio/Video Aids CCTV, Film Accident Support Services International Bock Optronics Global Traffic Group Ltd Canada Law Book ITS Canada Inc Communications - Securesearch Inc Consultant Cogent Systems WatchGuard Video Panasonic Canada Inc Firetide Precision Camera Inc Dataradio Motorola Dick Buss & Associates LLC Automated EADS Secure Networks Canada WatchGuard Video Fingerprinting Cameras Whitmore & Hobbs Security Inc Battery Buyer Bock Optronics Communications - Digital Ally Inc Handheld Computer - Training Federal Signal Corporation CanCom Sales Inc Canadian Police Knowledge Network Global Traffic Group Ltd Peltor Communications Digital Boundary Group Henry’s Cameras Telus Pentax Canada Versaterm Precision Camera Inc xwave Technologies Data Collection WatchGuard Video Cartel Communication Sytems Winsted Group Inc Datacard Group Cross Match Technologies Inc Communications - Mobile Awards, Badges, Pins Cases, Duty Bags, Battery Buyer Data Mining, Data Off Duty OPP Shop Storage Dataradio Recovery Polar Pin 911 Supply Digital Ally Inc Accident Support Services International Strath Craft Ltd Gunnebo Security EADS Secure Networks Canada Digital Boundary Group

Blue Line Magazine 41 February 2008 Pr o d u c t l i s t i n g

Defibrillators Fabric Manufacturer Gloves Philips Medical Systems DuPont Canada Inc 911 Supply Zoll Canada Best Glove Firearms - Simulation Drop Zone Tactical Digital Imaging Training Ferno Canada Henry’s Cameras Canadian Academy of Practical Shooting OLEYLAND Inc Skana Imaging Solutions Lamperd Less Lethal Strath Craft Ltd WatchGuard Video HR Consulting & Support Display Trailers Firearms - Training Key Control Lamperd Less Lethal Canadian Process Serving Inc Deister Electronic DAVTECH Analytical Services (Canada) Schulich Executive Education Centre Decatur Electronics Remington Arms Co Inc TrueCheck Laser Rangefinders Distance Education Firearms - Training Hats & Head Protection DAV TECH Analytical Services (Canada) Athabasca University - Criminal Justice Equipment Kindermann Canada Inc 5.11 Tactical Wolverine Supplies British Columbia Institute of Technology Canadian Academy of Practical Shooting MSA Canada Canadian Police Knowledge Network Colt Canada Mancom Manufacturing Incorporated Legal Services Hazmat Equipment PrePaid Legal Services Canada Firearms - Training AJ Stone Company Ltd Facility Draeger Safety Canada License Plate MSA Canada Lamperd Less Lethal Recognition Reaction Target Systems Peltor Communications Science Applications Int’l Corp (SAIC) Global Traffic Group Ltd Mega-Tech Lakeland College School of Business Mount Royal College Fleet Graphics Niagara University Artcal Graphics & Screen Printing Inc Lights - Portable Royal Roads University 911 Supply University of Guelph, On-Line MA Forensic Aids & INOVA / Emissive Energy Corp University of Guelph-Humber Investigations Pelican Products Canada Inc Virtual Marine Technology Inc PQI Canada Ltd Seneca College TWB Designs Traffic Safety Management Dog Training & Supplies Whitmore & Hobbs Security Inc Securesearch Inc Forensic Services & Equipment Hazmat Handling Marine Electronics Aearo Canada Door Security Cross Match Technologies Inc Infrared Technologies Canada Glass Protection Solutions Molecular World Ferno Canada KM & Associates Primex Security Systems Memo Books E-Services Form Holders Canadian Police Knowledge Network Triform Business Systems TrueCheck Holsters & Accessories GPS / Mapping 911 Supply EMS Software Dataradio APS Distributors Ltd Ferno Canada Law Enforcement Training & Supplies R Nicholls Distributors Inc Emblems & Decals SEALS Action Gear Artcal Graphics & Screen Printing Inc Motorcycles & Supplies Polar Pin ID Holders Copeland Engineering Inc Datacard Group Deeley Harley-Davidson Canada Evidence Notebooks Kirkpatrick’s Ltd Federal Signal Corporation Triform Business Systems Telus Whelen Engineering Versaterm Inert Explosive Devices Exercise Equipment & Winsted Group Inc xwave Technologies Narcotics Equipment / Clothing Drug Tests MD Charlton Company Ltd General Police Supply DAVTECH Analytical Services (Canada) Eye, Ear & Skin 5.11 Tactical 911 Supply Needs Assessment Protection APS Distributors Ltd PrePaid Legal Services Canada Aearo Canada Battery Buyer AJ Stone Company Ltd Digital Ally Inc Rebanks Pepper Littlewood Architects Best Glove Gordon Contract Investigative Support Bushnell Outdoor Accessories Ingo Global Inc Services Night Vision Equipment CanCom Sales Inc INOVA / Emissive Energy Corp TrueCheck Bock Optronics KM & Associates Kirkpatrick’s Ltd Peltor Communications Off Duty OPP Shop Current Corporation R Nicholls Distributors Inc Pride In Service Jewelry Infrared Technologies Canada SEALS Action Gear R Nicholls Distributors Inc Off Duty OPP Shop Kindermann Canada Inc Strategic Ops Group SEALS Action Gear Polar Pin Wolverine Supplies

February 2008 42 Blue Line Magazine Pr o d u c t l i s t i n g

Office Equipment & Radar & Speed Security - Consulting & Systems Integration / Supply Equipment Systems Support Battery Buyer DAVTECH Analytical Services (Canada) Digital Boundary Group Dick Buss & Associates LLC Dick Buss & Associates LLC Decatur Electronics Gunnebo Security xwave Technologies Panasonic Canada Inc Global Traffic Group Ltd Primex Security Systems Mega-Tech Rebanks Pepper Littlewood Architects Tactical Team Paging Equipment Range Supplies Security - Identification 5.11 Tactical Bushnell Outdoor Accessories Ahearn and Soper Inc Aearo Canada Cogent Systems APS Distributors Ltd Reaction Target Systems Cross Match Technologies Inc Remington Arms Co Inc Bushnell Outdoor Accessories Datacard Group CanCom Sales Inc Colt Canada Records Management Security - Penal HSS International Accident Support Services International Institutions INOVA / Emissive Energy Corp Groupe Techna Integral Designs Parking Permit System Deister Electronic ITS Canada Inc Groupe Techna MSA Canada Recruitment & Security - Perimeter Peltor Communications Selection Primex Security Systems Pens Infrared Technolgoies Canada R Nicholls Distributors Inc Matte Industries TrueCheck Precision Camera Inc

Photo Identification Restraining Devices Security - Training Ahearn and Soper Inc Peerless Handcuff Schulich Executive Education Centre Datacard Group Seneca College Riflescopes Photo Imaging Current Corporation Security Products Global Traffic Group Ltd Kindermann Canada Inc Glass Protection Solutions Starfield-Lion Steelite Tactical Gear Henry’s Cameras L3 EOTech Precision Camera Inc Wolverine Supplies Tetragon Tasse Pentax Canada TWB Designs Skana Imaging Solutions Simulation Training - Whitmore & Hobbs Security Inc Safety & Rescue Marine Photography Equipment Virtual Marine Technology Inc Thermal Imaging Digital Ally Inc AJ Stone Company Ltd AJ Stone Company Ltd Henry’s Cameras CanCom Sales Inc Sirens & Emergency Current Corporation Kindermann Canada Inc CVDS Inc Lighting E.D. Bullard Co Pentax Canada Draeger Safety Canada AJ Stone Company Ltd Infrared Technologies Canada Drop Zone Tactical Code 3 MD Charlton Company Ltd Promotional Items INOVA / Emissive Energy Corp Masterack / Crown Winsted Group Inc Artcal Graphics & Screen Printing Inc Integral Designs Mega-Tech MD Charlton Company Ltd Sterlmar Equipment Constable Cigar Inc Training Courses & Meal Kit Supply Canada Whelen Engineering Off Duty OPP Shop Services MSA Canada Best Glove Pride In Service Pelican Products Canada Inc Small Craft Training Blue Line Magazine Strath Craft Ltd Science Applications Int’l Corp (SAIC) Virtual Marine Technology Inc Canadian Academy of Practical Shooting Traffic Safety Management Canadian Police Knowledge Network Protective Services TWB Designs Surveillance Colt Canada HSS International Bock Optronics Dalhousie U’ty College of Continuing Ed Schools / Institutions Cross Match Technologies Inc Durham College Applied Arts &Tech HSS International Publishers, Books, Athabasca University - Criminal Justice Lakeland College School of Business Printing British Columbia Institute of Technology Primex Security Systems Dalhousie U’ty College of Continuing Ed Schulich Executive Education Centre Durham College Applied Arts & Tech Securesearch Inc Lakeland College School of Business Seneca College Mount Royal College University of Guelph MA Niagara University Virtual Marine Technology Inc Osgoode Prof’l Development York U Infrared Technologies Canada Royal Roads University INOVA / Emissive Energy Corp Uniforms & Accessories Schulich Executive Education Centre ITS Canada Inc Canada Law Book 911 Supply Primex Security Systems Alpine Joe Sportswear Ltd Winsted Group Inc APS Distributors Ltd Drop Zone Tactical Switches and Control Gordon Contract Systems Ingo Global Inc Copeland Engineering Inc Integral Designs Daniels Electronics Ltd Law Enforcement Training & Supplies University of Guelph On-Line MA PQI Canada Ltd MD Charlton Company Ltd Thomson Nelson Learning University of Guelph-Humber Whelen Engineering Peerless Handcuff

Blue Line Magazine 43 February 2008 Pr o d u c t l i s t i n g

R Nicholls Distributtors Inc Vehicles - Off Road Video - Mobile & Weapons - Non-Lethal Starfield-Lion DaimlerChrysler Canada Surveillance APS Distributors Ltd The Shoe Network Masterack / Crown Defense Aerosols William Scully Ltd Cruisercam Decatur Electronics Lamperd Less Lethal Vehicles - Restoration Digital Ally Inc Vehicles - Accessories ITS Canada Inc Weapons - Training Artcal Graphics & Screen Printing Inc DaimlerChrysler Canada Mega-Tech Canadian Academy of Practical Shooting Copeland Engineering Inc WatchGuard Video Colt Canada Decatur Electronics Lamperd Less Lethal Federal Signal Corporation Vehicles - Specialty Whitmore & Hobbs Security Inc Winsted Group Inc Masterack / Crown DaimlerChrysler Canada Weather Monitoring Deeley Harley-Davidson Canada Prairie Geomatics Ltd Ferno Canada Video - Training Masterack / Crown John E Reid & Associates Kinwood Multi-Media Inc Window Films Seneca College Glass Protection Solutions Vehicles - Tracking Equipment Wireless DaimlerChrysler Canada Voice Logging Systems Whelen Engineering Cartel Communication Systems Communications CVDS Inc Aearo Canada Vehicles - Lightbars Vessels - Accessories Cartel Communication Sytems Code 3 Artcal Graphics & Screen Printing Inc Weapons - Accessories Daniels Electronics Ltd Federal Signal Corporation Dataradio Masterack / Crown Bushnell Outdoor Accessories Firetide Mega-Tech Vessels - Simulation Kirkpatrick’s Ltd ITRONIX Sterlmar Equipment L3 EOTech Peltor Communications Whelen Engineering Training Tetragon Tasse Telus Whitmore & Hobbs Security Inc Virtual Marine Technology Inc Wolverine Supplies xwave Technologies

February 2008 44 Blue Line Magazine Co r p o r a t e Listing

See advertiser index page 70 and Bock Optronics Cross Match Technologies Deister Electronic BlueLinks at www.blueline.ca 14 Steinway Blvd Unit 7 3950 RCA Blvd Ste 5001 1099 Kingston Road Ste 212 Toronto ON M9W 6M6 Palm Beach Gardens FL 33410 Pickering ON L1V 1B5 416-674-2804 561-622-1650 905-837-5666 5.11 Tactical 4300 Spyres Way British Columbia Institute Cruisercam Modesto CA 95356 Dick Buss & Associates LLC of Technology 13 Riverview Place SE PO Box 225 209-527-4511 3700 Willingdon Ave Redcliff AB T0J 2P0 Mineral Point WI 53565 Burnaby BC V5G 3H2 403-548-3020 608-987-2100 911 Supply 604-432-8547 4327A Manhattan Road SE CS&P Architects Calgary AB T2G 4B1 Bushnell Outdoor 2345 Yonge St Suite 200 Digital Ally Inc 403-287-1911 Accessories Toronto ON M4P 2E5 7311 W 130th Street Ste 170 25A East Pearce St 416-482-5002 Overland Park KS 66213 Richmond Hill ON L4B 2M9 800-440-4947 905-771-2980 Current Corporation A 2933 Murray Street Digital Boundary Group Accident Support Services Port Moody BC V3H 1X3 4096 Meadowbrook Drive Ste 128 International 604-461-5555 London ON N6L 1G4 111 Toryork Drive C 519-652-6898 Toronto ON M9L 1X9 Canada Law Book CVDS Inc 416-734-3301 240 Edward Street 117 Brunswick Blvd Draeger Safety Canada Aurora ON L4G 3S9 Pointe-Claire QC H9R 5N2 7555 Danbro Crescent Aearo Canada 905-841-6472 514-426-7879 Mississauga ON L5N 6P9 6889 Rexwood Road Units 8 & 9 905-821-8988 Mississauga ON L4V 1R2 Canadian Academy of 905-795-0700 Drop Zone Tactical Practical Shooting (CAPS) CP 246 D 8007 Argyll Road Ahearn and Soper Inc Pierrefonds QC H9H 4K9 Edmonton AB T6C 4A9 100 Woodbine Downs Blvd DaimlerChrysler Canada 780-431-5700 866-559-8591 6500 Mississauga Road Toronto ON M9W 5S6 416-675-3999 Mississauga ON L5N 1A9 DuPont Canada Inc Canadian Police 800-463-3600 Knowledge Network PO Box 2200 STN Streetsville AJ Stone Company Ltd PO Box 8162 STN T Mississauga ON L5M 2H3 141 Bentworth Ave Ottawa ON K1G 3H7 Dalhousie U’ty College 905-821-5858 Toronto ON M6A 1P6 866-357-2756 Continuing Ed 800-205-3473 1535 Dresden Row Suite 201 Durham College Applied Halifax NS B3J 3T1 Alpine Joe Sportswear Ltd Canadian Process Serving Arts & Technology 605 -175 Hunter Street East 902-494-6930 2000 Simcoe St N 1859 Franklin St Vancouver BC V5L 1P9 Hamilton ON L8N 4E7 Oshawa ON L1H 7L7 800-465-7378 Daniels Electronics Ltd 905-721-2000 604-251-3843 43 Erie Street

CanCom Sales Inc Victoria BC V8V 1P8 APS Distributors Ltd 250-382-8268 99 Rocky Lake Dr Unit 11 1889 Birkshire Woods Lane Bedford NS B4A 2T3 Orillia ON L3V 6H2 E 902-835-1819 705-326-5677 Datacard Group 11111 Bren Road E.D. Bullard Co Artcal Graphics & Screen Cartel Communication Minnetonka MN 55343 1898 Safety Way Printing Inc Systems 952-988-2358 Cynthiana KY 41031-9303 779 Industrial Road 9415-202nd Street 877-285-5273 Dataradio London ON N5V 3N5 Langley BC V1M 4B5 604-888-9711 5500 Royalmount Ave Ste 200 519-453-6010 EADS Secure Networks Montreal QC H4P 1H7 Code 3 514-737-0020 Canada Athabasca University - 14845 - 6 Yonge St Ste 384 Criminal Justice Program 10986 North Warson Road 301 - 22 Sir Winston Churchill Ave St Louis MO 63114-2029 DAVTECH Analytical Aurora ON L4G 6H8 St Albert AB T8N 1B4 314-426-2700 Services (Canada) Inc 866-977-3237 780-459-1144 133 Walgreen Road Cogent Systems Ottawa ON L0A 1L0 209 Fair Oaks Avenue 613-831-6009 South Pasadena CA 91030 F B 626-463-6000 Decatur Electronics 715 Bright Street Federal Signal Corporation Battery Buyer Colt Canada 2645 Federal Signal Drive PO Box 954 Decatur IL 62522 1036 Wilson Ave 217-428-4315 University Park IL 60466 Buckhorn ON K0L1J0 Kitchener ON N2C 1J3 708-534-3400 705-657-2749 519-893-6840 Deeley Harley-Davidson Ferno Canada Best Glove Constable Cigar Inc Canada 507 - 1 Knowlton Road 362208 Con 8 RR 2 830 Edgeley Blvd 755 The Queensway E Ste 12 Knowlton QC J0E 1V0 Grand Valley ON L0N 1G0 Concord ON L4K 4X1 Mississauga ON L4Y 4C5 450-242-2036 519-928-2487 905-660-3500 905-615-0909

Blue Line Magazine Copeland Engineering Inc Defense Aerosols Firetide 12A 4981 Hwy 7 E Ste 254 PO Box 120036 PO Box 33020 16795 Lark Avenue Ste 200 Markham ON L3R 1N1 Chula Vista CA 91912-3136 Victoria BC V9B 6K3 Los Gatos CA 95032 905-640-3048 619-575-4600 250-474-4526 408-355-7263

Blue Line Magazine 45 February 2008 Co r p o r a t e Listing

ITRONIX Matte Industries PageNet of Canada 12825 East Mirabeau Parkway 4 Fortecon Drive Unit 1A 1 - 1685 Tech Ave G Spokane Valley WA 99216 Gormley ON L0H 1G0 Mississauga ON L4W 0A7 509-624-6600 888-772-2350 905 614-3111 Glass Protection Solutions 80 Carlauren Rd Unit 14 ITS Canada Inc M D Charlton Company Ltd Panasonic Canada Inc Woodbridge ON L4L 7Z5 6825 Veyaness Road 416-548-4737 109 Portage Trail 5770 Ambler Drive Whitby ON L1N 9N4 Victoria BC V8M 2A7 Mississauga ON L4W 2T3 250-652-5266 Global Traffic Group Ltd 905-665-9921 905-624-5010 104 - 4 Columbia Ave W Meal Kit Supply Canada Devon AB T9G 1Y6 162 Guelph St Suite 233 Parkin Architects 780-914-9720 J Georgetown ON L7G 5X7 1 Valleybrook Drive 877-833-1418 Toronto ON M3B 2S7 John E Reid & Associates 416-467-8000 Gordon Contract 209 W Jackson Blvd Suite 400 303 Norfinch Drive Mega-Tech Chicago IL 60606 6909 76 Avenue Peerless Handcuff Toronto ON M3N1Y7 312-583-0700 416-840-5525 Edmonton AB T6B 0A9 95 State St 800-700-7937 Springfield MA 1103 Groupe Techna 413-732-2156 Molecular World 150 - 400 Boul Henri Bourassa E K Montreal QC H3L 1C4 1 South Cumberland St Pelican Products Canada Inc Kindermann Canada Inc Thunder Bay ON P7B 2T1 16652 117 th Ave 514-953-9898 3 - 361 Steelcase Road West 807-344-7666 Edmonton AB T5M 3W2 Markham ON L3R 3V8 780-481-6076 Gunnebo Security 905-940-9262 Motorola 9 Van der Graaf Court 1301 E Algonquin Rd Peltor Communications Brampton ON L6T 5E5 Kinwood Multi-Media Inc Schaumburg IL 60196 905-827-8401 45 Looker Drive 2835 Argentia Rd Unit 3 800-367-2346 Barrie ON L4N 7V3 Mississauga ON L5N 8G6 705-252-1928 905-812-9663 Mount Royal College 4825 Mount Royal Gate SW Kirkpatrick’s Ltd Pentax Canada H Calgary AB T3E 6K6 1770 Argentia Rd Hardigg Canada 2600 John St Unit 122 403-440-6875 Markham ON L3R 3W3 Mississauga ON L5N 3S7 360 boul du Seminaire N Unit 20 905-286-5598 Sint-Jean-sur-Richelieu QC J3B 5L1 905-475-2206 MSA Canada 2800 Skymark Ave Suite 33 450-348-2753 KM & Associates Philips Medical Systems Mississauga ON L4W 5A6 PO Box 1771 800-672-2222 281 Hillmount Rd Henry’s Cameras Brighton ON K0K 1H0 Markham ON L6C 2S3 119 Church St 613-475-5298 800-291-6743 Toronto ON M5C 2G5

416-868-0872 N Polar Pin Niagara University 1 Birchwood Place L PO Box 1920 Canmore AB T1W 1P9 L3 EOTech Niagara University NY 14109 877-765-2734 I 3600 Green Court Ste 400 716-286-8655 PQI Canada Ltd Impact Cases Inc Ann Arbor MI 48105-1570 734-741-8868 45 Dalkeith Drive 85 Torbay Brantford ON N3P 1M1 Markham ON L3R 1G7 Lakeland College School of O 519-758-1421 905 470-7888 Business Off Duty OPP Shop 5707 - 47th Ave W 777 Memorial Ave Prairie Geomatics Ltd Infrared Technologies PO Box 141 Canada Vermilion AB T9X 1K5 Orillia ON L3V 7V3 800-661-6490 705-329-6280 5 Bison Hills Rd 3440 Bridgeway Street Minnedosa MB R0J 1E0 Vancouver BC V5K 1B6 Lamperd Less Lethal OLEYLAND Inc 888-444-0302 604-294-3944 1200 Michener 345 Ingersoll Street Sarnia ON N7T 7H8 Ingersoll ON N5C 3V7 Precision Camera Inc Ingo Global Inc 866-358-8024 519-485-1975 181 Carlaw Ave 57 Schaefer St Toronto ON M4M 2S1 Waterloo ON N2L 4C4 Law Enforcement Training Original Shoe Company 416-461-3411 519-884-8180 & Supplies 247 Armstrong Ave Unit 10 48 Talbot Street East Georgetown ON L7G 4X6 INOVA / Emissive Energy Corp PrePaid Legal Services Aylmer ON N5H 1H4 905 873 7030 Canada 135 Circuit Drive 888-424-4496 North Kingstown RI 02852 262 Villaire Ave Osgoode Prof’l Windsor ON N8S 2J2 401-294-2030 Development York U 519-251-9625 1 Dundas St W 26th Flr Int’l Association for M Toronto ON M5G 1Z3 Property & Evidence Pride In Service Mancom Manufacturing Inc 416-597-9729 1459 Fleming Court 903 North San Fernando Blvd Suite 4 1335 Osprey Drive Burbank CA 91504-4327 Oshawa ON L1J 8B1 Ancaster ON L9G 4V5 800-535-9735 818-846-2926 905-304-6141 P Integral Designs Masterack / Crown Pacific Safety Products Primex Security Systems 5516 - 3rd Street SE Unit 2 - 2775 Coventry Road 2821 Fenwick Rd 5460 Canotek Rd Unit 112 Calgary AB T2J 0P1 Oakville ON L6H 5V9 Kelowna BC V1X 5E4 Ottawa ON K1J 9H2 403-640-1445 866-402-6838 888-777-2767 613-238-3970

February 2008 46 Blue Line Magazine Co r p o r a t e Listing

Starfield-Lion TrueCheck Whelen Engineering 1550 Bedford Hwy Ste 500 1020 Lawrence Ave West Ste 200 400 Morobel Drive R Toronto ON M9R 3L3 Bedford NS B4A 1E6 Milton ON L9T 4N6 800-473-5553 866-839-3671 905-878-8457 R Nicholls Distributors Inc 2475 rue de la Province STC Footwear TWB Designs Whitmore & Hobbs Longueuil QC V3W 0R8 762 Book Rd W 888-442-9215 341 Sheldon Dr Unit D Security Inc Cambridge ON N1T 1B1 Ancaster ON L9G 3L1 107 Shawglen Way SW 905-977-9899 Reaction Target Systems 888-999-7201 Calgary AB T2Y 1Y9 Po Box 36 403-585-5102 Steelite Tactical Gear Stittsville ON K2A 1A2 613 8201 3016 Bur Oak Ave U William Scully Ltd Markham ON L6B 1E3 UK Products Canada Inc 2090 Moreau Rebanks Pepper Littlewood 416-371-4317 16652 -117 Ave Montreal QC H1W 2M3 Architects Edmonton AB T5M 3W2 514-527-9333 1491 Yonge Street Suite 402 Sterlmar Equipment 780-484-2350 Toronto ON M4T 1Z4 216 Grills Road Windows to Technology Ltd 416-964-7163 Belleville ON K8N 4Z5 University of Guelph 150 Sidney St Ste 200 800-965-4347 On-Line MA Belleville ON K8P 5E2 Remington Arms Co Inc 150 Research Park Suite 205 800 964 8810 870 Remington Drive PO Box 700 Strategic Ops Group Guelph ON N1H 4T2 Madison NC 27025-0700 151 Savage Dr 888-622-2474 Winsted Group Inc 336-548-8558 Cambridge ON N1T 1S6 6436 Hwy 89 East 519-740-8443 University of Guelph- Alliston ON L9R 1V2 Humber Royal Roads University 705-435-2242 2005 Sooke Rd 207 Humber College Blvd Strath Craft Ltd Toronto ON M9W 5L7 Victoria BC V9B 4B3 620 Newbold St Wolverine Supplies 250-391-2600 416-798-1331 London ON N6E 2T6 Box 729 519-686-1891 Virden MB R0M 2C0 V 204-748-2454 S Versaterm Schulich School of T 2300 Carling Ave Business York U’ty Ottawa ON K2B 7G1 X Teijin Twaron 4700 Keele Street 613-820-0311 xwave Technologies Toronto ON M3J 1P3 801-F Blacklawn Rd Conyers GA 30012 Virtual Marine Technology 65 Iber Road 416-736-5079 Stittsville ON K2S 1E7 770-929-0781 PO Box 8282 Science Applications Int’l St. John’s NL A1B 3N4 613-831-0888 Corp (SAIC) Telus 709-738-6306 6108 Edwards Blvd 200 Consilium Place Ste 1600 Mississauga ON L5T 2V7 Scarborough ON M1H 3J3 Z 905-670-7071 416-279-3403 W Zoll Canada SEALS Action Gear WatchGuard Video 1750 Sismet Road Unit 1 Tetragon Tasse 3001 Summit Avenue 4542 Manilla Rd SE 2378 Dunwin Dr Mississauga ON L4W 1Z7 Calgary AB T2G 4B7 Plano TX 75074 Mississauga ON L5L 1J9 972-423-9777 866-442-1011 403-723-0222 905-828-9803

Second Chance Body The Shoe Network Armor Inc 140 Milner Ave Unit 16 7915 Cameron St Scarborough ON M1S 3R3 PO Box 578 877-321-5252 Central Lake MI 49622-0578 800-253-7090 Thomson Carswell Securesearch Inc Publishing 3500 Pharmacy Avenue Unit 4 2075 Kennedy Road Scarborough ON M1W 2T6 Scarborough ON M1T 3V4 416-492-5349 416-609-8000

Seneca College Thomson Nelson Learning 13990 Dufferin Street 1120 Birchmount Road King City ON L7B 1B3 Scarborough ON M1K 5G4 416-491-5050 416-752-9100

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Stantec Architecture Ltd Triform Business Systems 100 - 401 Wellington St West 2075 Kennedy Rd Toronto ON M5V 1E7 Toronto ON M1T 3V4 416-596-6666 416-606-8000

Blue Line Magazine 47 February 2008 February 2008 48 Blue Line Magazine Blue Line Magazine 49 February 2008 Spy vs. spy Counter-surveillance technologies by Tom Rataj

Many facets of police work rely tampering, even after they’re in po- on conducting surveillance on indi- lice hands. Software and services can viduals and groups engaged in illegal be used to remotely erase or retrieve activities. This can be as simple as their data. a uniform officer watching from a discreet location or as complex as Imaging an undercover surveillance team, One of the greatest revolutions in equipped with all sorts of gadgets, surveillance, for both the good and conducting a covert operation. bad guys, is digital imaging. The rapid Until recently, many of the tools price drops and massive increases in of the undercover trade were available resolution seen in just the past two or only to law enforcement or govern- three years now make digital still and ment agencies and well-financed video cameras readily affordable to just private security firms. Thanks to dra- about anyone. matic price drops and technological Numerous makes and models of improvements, consumers can now digital single lens reflex (D-SLR) cam- readily buy surveillance equipment eras are available for $1,000 or less, with capabilities formerly available complete with powerful 75-300mm only to spy and government agencies. zoom lenses. Most feature image Universally affordable and available stabilization, allowing users to take cell phones have removed limits on crisp, clear images from great distan- communications and mobility and the ces. Point-and-shoot digital cameras pervasiveness of the Internet allows are also widely available and offer easy and quick exchange of information The Mike network, operated by Telus many advanced D-SLR features in a smaller and data. Mobility, can easily be used for counter-sur- and simpler package. Most resemble small This hasn’t gone unnoticed by criminals veillance or other criminal operations. Mike D-SLRs and feature powerful 15x optical and criminal organizations, who use these cell phones have a private two-way radio zoom lenses for around $500. Some have tools to conduct counter-surveillance on feature which allows two or more people to basic image stabilization. police and each other. talk in a group in the same manner as police Many higher-end cars and SUV’s now talk on their radio systems. have built-in video cameras to help the driver Communication Family radio service (FRS) and general see what’s behind when backing up. After- Wireless communication is perhaps mobile radio service (GMRS) radios are in- market versions are also available. Both can the single most significant improvement in creasingly popular and affordable ways for usually be easily connected to a recording counter-surveillance technology. Cell phones two or more users to communicate in a system (with audio), allowing individuals to are everywhere and can be used around the simple press-to-talk (PTT), ‘walkie-talkie’ watch and record what police or anyone else world. New phones are cheap or free with a manner. They operate in unlicensed, ultra is doing behind their vehicle. For counter- plan, and airtime is affordable. Data and In- high-frequency (UHF) radio bands. surveillance use, an individual can easily ternet access, while still relatively expensive, The latest generation dual technology park an camera-equipped vehicle across the can be used on most phones, allowing for FRS/GMRS radios offer multi-channels and street from officers and, undetected, record unprecedented access to information. a rated range of up to 40 km (under optimal potentially valuable information about police Pay-as-you-go phones offer complete conditions) for under $100 a pair. They have operations or movements. anonymity, since they and airtime can be huge potential as a counter-surveillance tool Most consumer-grade video cameras bought for cash, without producing any iden- and their popularity allow criminals to use offer powerful zoom lenses and great im- tification. As an added bonus, most phones them without necessarily raising any con- age quality for only a few hundred dollars. offer at least a digital still camera and better cerns. FRS/GMRS radio communications are Slightly more expensive hard-drive based models include video camera capabilities. not private and can be monitored by anyone cameras have more powerful optical zoom These phones can send and receive images with a similar radio. lenses (25x) and record upwards of 40 hours and video to other phones through the cellular Radio scanners capable of receiving po- on lowest quality mode and 15 hours in DVD network or through the Internet, allowing lice communications are easy to obtain and quality. They work well in low light and most criminals to record undercover officers, po- start in the $250 range. Since many Canadian offer very capable still camera features. lice operations and facilities. and US police radios are still unencrypted Discreetly set up in a vehicle parked Photos can be saved and later printed or analogue systems, a scanner can monitor all across the street from a police station, the posted on popular sharing sites such as flickr. police activity, again posing some potentially cameras can be left unattended for days to com. Video can be shared on popular video serious issues for police operations and of- record all the routine comings and goings. sites such as youtube.com . ficer safety. As more police agencies move to Connected to a wireless transmitter, they This process can greatly impact police encrypted digital radio systems, this should could provide a live feed to a criminal wish- operational integrity and officer safety. To become less of an issue. ing to target an individual officer. see the real impact, search for police videos Criminal-owned cell phones can hold a online; you will find a surprising number wealth of important intelligence information The Internet showing police in action, often while making or evidence about their activities but are not A huge source of information on just “difficult” arrests. necessarily secure against outside remote about everything for police and criminals, in-

February 2008 50 Blue Line Magazine cluding a wide variety of counter-surveillance vestigative techniques and forensic science. techniques. Far-flung individuals readily There have been numerous news stories share their “intelligence” about what police or over the past several years about the show’s individual officers are up to. To truly under- effect on the general public’s understanding stand its impact, simply type your own name and expectations about what forensic investi- into a popular search engine such as Google gators can and cannot do. Criminals are also and watch the results pour in. taking notice, modifying their behaviour to Telephone directories for almost every avoid leaving a forensically identifiable trail place with phone service are available on and defeating common police investigative the Internet, so anyone with their name listed and surveillance techniques. can be readily located. Most directory sites allow reverse phone number searches to find Spy shops an address, while other search sites provide Virtually every kind of spy technology information on neighbours. Most sites also and equipment is as close as your computer, offer some type of street mapping feature to available from a wide range of Internet based show precisely where an address is located. retailers. Retail spy shops in many large cities Google Maps and MapQuest also offer offer specialized equipment for all types of street guides, often including digital satel- counter-surveillance, much of it far beyond lite imagery and hybrid maps that transpose ordinary consumer-grade technologies, roads over the satellite imagery. To see how including pin-hole cameras, electronic bug powerful this is, search your home address detectors, cell phone signal jammers and or the local police station. other “Bondesque” spy toys. While the satellite imagery is often not Just as law enforcement has become more up-to-date, it certainly shows the exact prop- sophisticated and leveraged various tech- erty layout of a target address. After just a few niques and technologies to increase effective- minutes of Internet surfing, any individual ness and efficiencies, so too has the criminal can obtain a lot of information about an of- element. With a little creative thinking and ficer and his or her home or place of work. the cash to buy a few items, anyone can effectively conduct surveillance or counter- Global Positioning System surveillance on or against police.

Tom Rataj is Blue Line Magazine’s technology editor and can be reached at [email protected].

Police are increasingly using GPS to locate and attend calls, track the position of police vehicles for officer safety and more efficiently dispatch officers. GPS devices can also track suspects. While not explicitly marketed as a way to conduct counter-surveillance, Anytrack.com offers anyone with Internet access (including on a cell phone or other mobile device) – and a valid credit card – a GPS tracking device easily hidden in a vehicle or clothing. They provide live, real-time location information. One model is about the size of a pager, sells for $229 and could very effectively keep tabs on any subject, including an undercover police officer or criminal acquaintance sus- pected of being a confidential informant. GPS jamming devices are also available on the Internet. The most basic simply plug in to a vehicle’s 12 volt power outlet and broadcast a jamming signal to a range of around four metres, effectively putting track- ing devices out of commission. An individual who suspects they are being tracked by police could use one to easily defeat police GPS equipment.

The CSI effect While some of the science and technol- ogy featured on the various CSI crime dramas takes considerable artistic license, the shows are fairly decent basic training courses in in-

Blue Line Magazine 51 February 2008 Out of the mouths of babes Shattering old myths about children’s testimony by Lisa Hoffe

It was her early research on children’s storytelling and how kids talk about real life events that lead psychologist and Memorial University research professor Carole Peter- son to ponder the credibility of children’s memory. “Traditionally children have been con- sidered very poor witnesses in court. Textbooks up to 1990 said that no child under the age of seven should be allowed in court because they couldn’t tell the difference between fact and fantasy – so essentially, children had no voice and they couldn’t tell their stories.” There was a widespread belief at the time that children involved in an emotionally dis- tressful event couldn’t possibly talk about it with any kind of accuracy. “If they were really upset and crying during the incident, then aren’t they going to make up things?,” Peterson won- dered. “Won’t fantasy get mixed in?” Her inquiry led to a quest to find an ethical way to interview such children as a way to document the accuracy of their memory. She looked to incidents within her own family for the answer. “My own son had broken his arm when he was three, got lacer- ated when he was eight and had to be stitched up. A lot of times children are extremely upset dog attacks or dog bites. The most common account of what happened to them, but in fact by these events, yet these things happen on a incidents are lacerations or bone fractures.” there were pieces that were accurate but there regular basis with children.” Researchers also interview the adult wit- were lots of things that had been brought in She knew that more stories like this nesses. “That is our gold standard of what from other events.” happen every day in the waiting room at the happened” says Peterson. “The adult witnesses As a consequence, Peterson doesn’t have Janeway Children’s Hospital Emergency in occasionally make a mistake, but for the most confidence in their accounts. “Two and half St. John’s, the treatment centre for every child part, when we have multiple adult witnesses year olds forget. It’s also difficult to interview within a 100 kilometre radius of the capital we very seldom found them disagreeing about a two year old. They’re very busy. They’re city. That’s why every summer since 1993 she the incident.” hopping around the room. Children above has posted a member of her team of student A member of Peterson’s team talks to the two and a half were more co-operative in an research assistants in the Janeway emergency child immediately after the event, then again interview situation.” room to wait for preschool aged children with in six months or one, two, even five years later. these kinds of injuries to arrive. Each time the child’s recall of the incident Vulnerable to poor questioning “We approach the child’s parent or guard- is compared with the record kept from adult Peterson is quick to point out that her re- ian and explain the research to the family, witnesses. search study deals with children who are prop- but we don’t interview them at the hospital Carole Peterson says she was astonished erly questioned. “If they are well questioned, because everybody’s upset… the child and at what we found. Though the children might the accuracy is surprising,” she says, stressing the parents. Instead we ask for permission to have missed some of what happened, they the importance of framing questions properly. call them in a couple of days, then go to their were able to provide the main events of the Her research assistants required training for homes and interview both the child and the incident with 90 per cent accuracy. Even five the task, and it’s important for people who parent or guardian.” years later, their accuracy rates were 80 to 85 interview children to keep that in mind. The researcher gives the family reading per cent. “People tend to think ‘yes’ or ‘no’ ques- material about the study before following up “I’m astonished at the accuracy, even tions are simple questions for a preschooler. a few days later by phone. “By the time we though the child is extremely upset. A lot However, children will agree with you because contact the family and explain in much more of children were telling us what colour the they’re trying to be helpful. So if you ask a detail over the phone, they’ve had a chance facecloth was that was used to clean the blood question like “Is the sky purple?” they would to read the information and we can answer from the injury.” often agree. Many of the questions asked by any questions they have. About 80 per cent of Children aged two and a half years of age police officers are often ‘yes’ or ‘no’ questions. families grant their permission and allow us also had ‘reasonable’ memories. Two and five We found these are the wrong kind of ques- to come to their home and interview the child years after their distressful event, their recall tions for young children.” about the incident. The co-operation we’ve was 70 per cent accurate. According to Peterson’s study, children had has been excellent.” Even those under two were recruited for are really vulnerable to poor questioning. Mindful of ethical concerns around the the study, however the majority were found Instead of asking leading or coercive ques- interviewing of distressed children, Peterson to not remember the incident. Those that did tions, she uses questions that start with ‘wh’: only questions those children in non-threat- generally amalgamated it with pieces of other What happened? Who was there? What hap- ening accidents, not ongoing illnesses. “The events. pened next? nature of incidents range from burns, broken “Five years later, these children believed The most accurate recall children have is bones, trauma accidents requiring stitching to that what they were saying was an accurate called ‘free recall’, which can be tapped by

February 2008 52 Blue Line Magazine asking ‘tell me what happened’. Listening to children “Older kids can give you very extensive Peterson says her work is helping give answers. Younger children are not as good children a voice. “Judges used to caution at free recall. It’s better to ask preschoolers juries about how children were inherently supplementalJay Hope has beenquestions appointed such Ontario’s as “Where Deputy Min- were problematic witnesses because they don’t Interpol President steps down you? Who was thereister of when Emergency it happened? Planning andWhat know the difference between lying and tell- The head of Interpol and South Africa’s police chief, was the first thingManagement, that happened? Ministry of Commu-What did ing the truth.” Jackie Selebi, stepped down from you do then? Whonity Safety was andthe Correctionalfirst person Serv- that Now, as a consequence of her research, the both jobs over corruption charges. came to you? Whatices. Mr. were Hope, you a seconded doing? Deputy Where Canadian Supreme Court ruled in 1989 and Prosecutors said they intended did you go? WhereCommissioner did they takewith theyou? Ontario again in 1993 that judges cannot warn juries to charge him with bribery and de- Provincial Police, is currently the about the credibility of children’s testimony. feating the ends of justice over his Commissioner of Community “generally corrupt relationship” with One ofSafety a kind in the research Ministry of Commu- “Essentially, the jury has to come to its own a convicted drug trafficker on trial In eastern Newfoundland,nity Safety and Correctional a number Serv- of judgment about the child’s testimony.” for murder. circumstancesices. He has a BAcombine in psychology to make and criminology Peterson’s Her research is also becoming widely known Selebi told the international po- workfrom onthe childhoodUniversity of memoryToronto. the only research among police agencies. “I’ve been contacted lice agency he was stepping down “in the best inter- ests of Interpol and out of respect for the global law of this kind in the world.•••• by police departments from Tel Aviv to Tokyo. enforcement community” amid further revelations TheEvery new executivesingle child director within of the a Atlantic100 kilometre Police A member of the RCMP called me about the about the charges he is to face. radius of St. John’sAcademy goes towill the be same Chief placeEdgar for possible accuracy of interviewing a child who Interpol secretary general Ronald Noble praised medical treatment,MacLeod, regardless of Sydney, of economic Cape was abused at the age of 29 months and came Selebi’s work and said the allegations had “nothing circumstances orBreton. socio-economic MacLeod graduated status. from It is forward three years later. Our data says yes, the to do with his position as president.” Noble added the Atlantic Police Academy in child can be a very credible witness.” that “corruption is one of the most serious offences a large enough population1973. He has to been sample, chief ofyet police every that any police official can be accused of.” child is directedfor to the one Cape place. Breton Regional Po- Peterson says her team has interviewed Selebi is accused of accepting at least 1.2m rand “I’ve had a licenumber Service of for colleagues the last 12 years. in the about 500 children since 1993 and the research ($180,000 CDN) from Glen Agliotti, a convicted U.S. who have Priortried to to that, replicate he was chief this of kindpolice of continues today with follow up interviews sev- drug trafficker awaiting trial accused of murdering a research, yet thefor kindthe New of Waterfordmedical Police treatment De- en years after a Janeway visit. The results each corrupt mining magnate. In return he is alleged to in partmentthe U.S. and depends served invery the Citymuch of Sydneyon the Police child’s time confirm her findings on believability. have protected narcotics shipments and passed Agliotti confidential intelligence reports about his traf- socio-economicDepartment for 16 status. years. He To has correct also worked that inwith the “Children can be good witnesses. If they police departments in Shelburne, N.S., and ficking operations and information about the Kebble research means covering many different med- are well questioned, with good interviewing murder inquiry. icalCharlottetown centres at throughout the same his 34-yeartime, career.which In is2003, very techniques, children are credible. They are Court papers show payments allegedly made to difficulthe received to ando.” Order of Merit of the Police Forces. reliable. We should believe them.” Selebi through a front company were listed as “cash MacLeod joined the college officially in January. Peterson says she meets colleagues at con- cop” and “cash chief.” Despite Selebi’s denials of •••• a close relationship with Agliotti, the papers show ferencesWaterloo who Regional are constantly Police amazed Services that Board she is Dr. Carole Peterson can be reached at [email protected] he made 223 mobile phone calls to Agliotti over a able to do this research.announced “I’vethe appointment been very of D/for- or 709 737-7682. Former CBC reporter Lisa Hoffe now three-year period, with as many as three calls a tunate with regardChief to Mattthe setTorigian of circumstances as the new works for RCMP media relations. She has written for the week last year. here at MemorialChief and of inPolice St. replacingJohn’s. I’mretiring told RCMP Gazette and currently works with the intelligence Selebi has vigorously denied the accusations that over and overChief in Larry conferences.” Gravill. Chief Torigian analysis section in Burnaby. She can be reached at lisa. against him. has more than 22 years of [email protected] experience with Waterloo Regional Police. Most recently, he served as the Deputy Chief of Administration, providing senior leadership to Support Services, Community and Corporate Services, and Finance and Administration. •••• The Pembroke Police Services Board recently announced the promotion of Acting Chief of Police David Hawkins to the postion of Chief of Police. Hawkins brings 29 years of police experience to the community – all with the Pembroke Police Service. Last May Hawkins was made the Acting Deputy Chief while a search for a new chief was undertaken. In the end the Police Services Board was satisfied with Hawkins balance of knowledge, experience and community understanding and selected him to take the top job on a permanent basis. •••• B.C. Attorney General Wally Oppal says work needs to be done to restore public confi- dence in Canada’s justice system. Oppal pointed to long delays in court proceedings and judges handing suspended sentences to offenders who have 15 to 20 prior convictions. He says the justice system has to operate more quickly and sentences should re- flect public standards. Oppal says everyone in the justice system, including judges, must take note of public opinion on issues like sentencing. •••• Nova Scotia Justice Minister Cecil Clarke has un- veiled a new 15 million dollar crime prevention strategy consisting of a broad range of reforms, including a promise to help offenders with mental illnesses. The province will also develop a mental health court program at a cost of 1.8 million dol- lars by the end of 2009.

Blue Line Magazine 531 February 2008 Managing emergencies within an ethnically diverse population

by Jay C. Hope and direction to ensure diversity issues are not lost among other priorities. Diversity is not a February is Black History month, and I a task to be completed before moving on to find myself reflecting on the significant his- something else, but rather a key consideration torical contributions of minority populations in all of our activities. and their emergency management and disaster I am very proud that diversity is now one response needs. of six core values of Emergency Manage- Approximately half of all people living in ment Ontario (EMO) and an integral part of Toronto were born outside of Canada, accord- our strategic plan, but this is just a start – the ing to recent Statistics Canada information, tougher work is bringing this commitment and other Canadian cities are also becoming to life, often through activities that make a increasingly diverse. There are some 1.5 mil- substantial difference. lion people in Ontario alone with visible or blackout continued, situations such as this I know that many agencies are making excel- non-visible disabilities and/or special needs would have been one of the greatest risks to lent progress on diversity issues and would love – about one in every eight Ontarians. life and safety. to hear of your successes and ideas. Here are Newcomers to Canada and those with dis- Another powerful example of the emer- three initiatives my office has worked on recently abilities/special needs present challenges for gency response challenge posed by our diverse to help ensure our diverse population has access emergency responders. For example, they faced society is the Amsterdam air disaster of 1992. to vital emergency preparedness information: considerable challenges during Hurricane Katrina; An El Al Boeing 747 cargo jet crashed directly • A new guide provides specific emergency it was more difficult for them to evacuate and vital into a neighbourhood with large numbers of preparedness information for people medical interventions or medications they require new residents. Issues such as language barriers with disabilities/special needs and those on a daily basis were not available. and distrust of authorities posed significant who may help them in times of crisis. Closer to home, the blackout of 2003 challenges to responders attempting to assist We highlighted the guide on Dec. 3, the demonstrated that the failure of critical infra- the injured and later trying to determine the International Day of People with Dis- structure can also pose major challenges for number of missing and deceased individuals. abilities, at a forum of public, private those with disabilities/special needs. People We must look closely at our organizations and NGO partners looking at ways to living on the upper floors of multi-story and develop strategies to deal with changing better respond to their emergency needs. dwellings were left without water and basic immigration patterns, an aging population and We heard directly from people with sanitation and the failure of elevators left other factors. It is important to ingrain goals disabilities, including Ontario Lieuten- them stranded, with little assistance. Had the and activities in our organizational culture ant Governor David Onley. I learned

February 2008 54 Blue Line Magazine a great deal and recommend the guide to anyone in policing or security. It can be downloaded in seven languages at February 21, 2008 a wide spectrum of products and services in the law www.ontario.ca/emo or ordered in bulk Pandemic Planning Seminar enforcement industry. Show admission is free by from EMO. University of Toronto Scarborough pre-registration. • We’ve made strong efforts to engage Conference for administrators and front-line personnel, Stay effective in your job. Enhance your professional focusing on the current Pandemic Influenza threat and skills and knowledge by taking a Blue Line course. multicultural media outlets, identify- its affect on business and social climate. Participants Day 1, Choose from: ing the languages they broadcast in, have the opportunity to implement strategies through • Covert Assignment Training which languages staff speak and whether viral threat scenarios. Instructor: Dr. Kirsty Duncan, • Terrorism vs Canada they’re willing to discuss emergency Associate Professor, U of T. Registration: Stan • Detecting Deception by Verbal Analysis preparedness messages on air. A variety O’Brien 416-208-4860 or pandemicseminar@utsc. • Ontario Gang Investigators utoronto.ca Day 2, Choose from: of segments will be shown over the next • Search Warrant Preparation months. We have also specifically invited April 29 & 30, 2008 • Crime Scene Management members of the ethnic print media to our Blue Line Trade Show & Courses • DNA: Evidentiary Uses & Misuses outreach events and announcements. This Markham ON • Managing the Pandemic The 12th annual trade show for law enforcement • In-Depth World of Insurance Investigations has resulted in some very nice stories personnel from across Canada to view and purchase Registration and information at www.blueline.ca highlighting the importance of emergency preparedness for new Canadians. • We are closely looking at our hiring prac- tices. One of the biggest obstacles we’ve faced in becoming a more representative organization is poor awareness of com- munity safety employment opportun- ities. We’ve begun much more assertive and targeted external advertising of all open positions, running postings in the largest newspapers, websites and in the most-read ethnic newspapers. Informa- tion sessions ensure that prospective candidates clearly understand the nature of the work and hiring criteria, which was examined to make sure it doesn’t assume that skills or experience can only be learned or obtained in a certain way – in other words, we switched our focus more strongly toward behavioural competencies and demonstrated ability. This approach has greatly broadened the diversity and quality of candidates apply- ing for positions and the EMO staff. On a personal note, I was appointed deputy minister of emergency planning and manage- ment on Jan.7. This new portfolio reflects the importance of emergency preparedness for all Ontarians. While the new position brings many new responsibilities and challenges, most of my former areas of responsibility remain, includ- ing my legislated role as commissioner of emergency management. New duties include an expanded role in ensuring the continuity of government services during a crisis and an increased profile within government. I look forward to this new role and feel very fortunate to maintain my dual status as a sworn police officer on secondment from the Ontario Provincial Police. I will continue to keep you updated on emergency management develop- ments through this column and appreciate your positive feedback and ideas to date.

Jay Hope can be reached at [email protected]

Blue Line Magazine 55 February 2008 Tough boss or tyrant? Distinguishing between high expectations and behaviour by Mark Giles So where do performance expectations or persistence during a disagreement become My December article on workplace bullying – surely we don’t want high perform- bullying generated some interesting email ers or those simply pushing for information responses: a former OPP officer thanking me to be labelled that way? How does one distin- for “stepping up to the plate;” an anonymous guish between high expectations, or arguing message, which included a clearly abusive for results, and the workplace bully? electronic rant sent by the head of a large law enforcement organization to a subordinate The bully test manager; and a former work colleague sug- In the Canadian Government Executive gesting that claims of bullying are sometimes (May, 2007): “Weeding out Noxious Behav- merely an excuse used by employees looking iour”, the writer reviews a recently published to avoid criticism or unwanted direction. book, “The No Asshole Rule” by Robert I. “I think that sometimes when a boss is Sutton (Warner Business Books), in which critical of an employee’s work, or tries to the author “proposes two tests for spotting guide an employee in the direction that the the malicious species”. The first asks whether, company should be heading, that employees “after talking to the person, does the ‘target’ sometimes ‘hide’ under the guise of ‘bully- feel oppressed, humiliated, de-energized or ing’,” she said. belittled by that person?” The second test is: Although workplace bullying is a reality, “Does the alleged asshole aim his or her venom the term can be misused. Sometimes a super- at people who are less powerful, rather than visor needs to be critical and some individuals those who are more powerful?” do appear to claim they’re being bullied to when pushed, came back with what seemed The first test speaks for itself, and the avoid dealing with tough issues or even those an inappropriate response. second may explain why bullies are still that should be part of their daily routine. “I’m beginning to feel bullied,” she said, promoted. Their superiors are probably not Recently, Blue Line’s publisher called a hinting that he should perhaps back off from aware of the way these individuals treat their fire department in southern Ontario looking his expectation that she release the information subordinates. for information that is normally made public. he was seeking. It was probably an example of The review indicates that Sutton distin- The department’s community relations of- what my former colleague was suggesting – an guishes between the occasional bully – he ficer would not release the information and, employee hiding under the guise of ‘bullying’. admits to acting this way at times and so do I – and the “certified assholes who display a persistent pattern of such noxious behaviour.” He argues against hiring them and for throwing out those who get into your organization, but says the biggest problem is that our society tol- erates them if they are otherwise successful. I’ll add that bullies rarely seem to apolo- gize, and when they do, they’re usually right back at their typical behaviour within hours or days at most. And some bullies appear to have a ‘target audience’ – a former OPP officer says her boss seemed to go after women – while others are ‘equal-opportunity’ bullies. This former OPP officer wrote to me re- cently, indicating that her former sergeant had a target audience and has since been promoted several times (now a superintendent), despite his alleged bullying. “I was a victim of bullying on the OPP and was forced to quit. Every year since I quit, I hear from women that have worked for him and have been subject to the same discriminating acts, but they are too afraid because of his rank,” she said. “I am glad that someone has stepped up to the plate to once again make people aware that this should not be tolerated.” Was this boss just tough or was he a bully? In addition to applying the two tests laid out by Sutton, an observer can also look at other factors. Have other people had similar experiences with this individual? A pattern of similar toxic behaviour with others increases the likelihood that an ‘accused’ is in fact a bully, rather than just a tough boss with high expectations. Allegations gain further credibility when there’s a record – such as tapes of conversa-

February 2008 56 Blue Line Magazine tions, notes or e-mails. The anonymous e-mail man resources consulting firm PRTM: “Is sent to me recently leaves little doubt as to the the job interview more of a conversation abusive nature of the individual in question. If where the boss describes your potential other e-mails like this exist, he should prob- role in the company and then allows you ably be classified as a bully. to discuss your skills, or is it an inquisition with questions being thrown at you? If it Nov 29 2007 Screening the boss seems like the interviewer is interested in Most bosses are reasonable people and power instead of your questions, that’s a NEW WESTMINSTER, B.C. - Court sheriffs many are terrific. I’ve been fortunate to have warning sign.” on the hunt for jurors recently in New some great bosses over the years, but I’ve also The word is spreading about abusive Westminster, B.C., corralled more than experienced a couple of bullies – one who bosses and the issue is grabbing attention 30 unsuspecting people, bringing them in from the street and in front of a judge. was extremely abusive. Another employee in national and international magazines The sheriffs were forced to resort to the with me at the time provided his opinion of – Maclean’s, the Canadian Government unusual procedure last week when the jury pool the situation. Executive, and Forbes Magazine for a start was depleted - the result of what some say is “This is not a healthy work environ- – and is likely to gain further momentum as a rise in the number of claims the Insurance ment,” he said. “I wish that someone could awareness of the problem increases. With Corp. of British Columbia is taking to court. have spoken with you before you accepted awareness comes action and hopefully more Tom Collins, a court services spokesman, this post.” employees looking ahead to avoid finding said the search for jurors on the street only After the now former head of human re- themselves in abusive situations. happens once every couple of years. “It’s sources apologized for not warning me about Let’s not dilute the strength of the term very rare.’’ this workplace bully, I realized the importance “workplace bully” to include the tough boss Collins said 16 people were found at of trying to avoid such toxic work environ- with high expectations or others simply noon that day, three of whom were selected ments. In a recent Forbes Magazine article: pushing for information they’re probably for jury duty. Later in the afternoon, another “Who’s Interviewing Who”, Tara Weiss admits entitled to. Instead, let’s reserve it for de- 17 people were rounded up. it can be difficult to get an accurate impres- serving individuals who make life miserable Personal injury lawyer Wes Mussio was sion of how a potential superior will act on a for those serving under and around them. In in court that day. “They went out to the New daily basis. doing so, the true bullies will be identified, Westminster street, down on Columbia Street, “No matter how much of a jerk they are, more people will refuse to work for them started walking through the shops, and asking managers can put on a good impression during and, hopefully, their superiors will recognize people, ‘Are you a Canadian citizen?’ They say, ‘Yes.’ ‘Are you a B.C. resident?’ ‘Yes.’ an interview,” said one employee interviewed the problem and do something about it. ‘Are you over 19?’ ‘Yes,’ ‘’ he said. for her article. “There were people that were (in) retail, Weiss advises doing your homework by Mark Giles is Blue Line’s correspondent for public and so they were taking the clerks,’’ adding that talking with former and current employees, media relations, military and international issues. He is people had no choice because refusing can and asking some basic questions – such as also a senior communications analyst for defence and land you in contempt of court. what happened to the person previously in foreign affairs at the Privy Council Office in Ottawa. (Globe and Mail) the position. Another indicator, according Contact him at [email protected] to Mary Lyons, a director with the hu-

Blue Line Magazine 57 February 2008 “None are shown wanting and is authorized to perform police duties by in the nation’s capital. the chief of police.” This year will mark our 17th service. of courage” Clearly this Memorial Association policy In looking over the program for our 14th is arbitrary and misguided. service I noted that we did list, among the In conclusion, I wish to draw your atten- many names, (ten that year) Aux. Constable tion to three Auxiliary/Reserve Constables who Glen Evely, Royal Canadian Mounted Police. have been included on the memorial wall in the I also noticed that in 2001 we included a Spe- past. (Taken directly from the Canadian Asso- cial Constable, Timothy J. Nicholson. I know ciation of Chiefs of Police website - www.cacp. that our Auxiliary and Special Constables are With the recent victory in the campaign to ca/english/memoriam/english/default.htm): front line people too, and are, like the rest of get Cobourg Police Constable Chris Garrett our sworn officers, at risk of losing their lives nominated for the Police Cross of Valour, we Auxiliary Constable J.E. Sam Balmer Royal while performing their duties. must not overlook another battle to honour a Canadian Mounted Police - B.C. I certainly encourage others to go online deserving police officer for his service to his “On Aug. 29/92 Cst. Hrehirchuk & to www.surreyauxiliary.org/petition and get country and community. Aux. Cst. Balmer responded to a complaint that roll up to 2000 names. On November 13, 2004, RCMP Auxiliary of domestic dispute. Three weeks earlier to Constable Glen Evely was killed in a motor this complaint a similar complaint was lodge The Rev’d Michael Dunnill, vehicle collision when responding to a call about where firearms were used. While traveling to Chaplain, Thunder Bay Police Service a drunk driver in Vernon, British Columbia. After this complaint and attempting to pass a vehicle, a short high-speed chase, the suspect failed to stop Cst. Hrehirchuk lost control of his vehicle and I am impressed... for a red light and slammed into the police cruiser hit head-on with another northbound vehicle. I have just been given a few recent copies containing Evely. A/Cst. Evely was pronounced Aux. Cst. Balmer was killed instantly. Cst. of your magazine and, frankly, I am impressed dead at the scene. Cst. F. Grenier, who was driving, Hrehirchuk was trapped and injured.” with the variety and quality of the articles. Kind- was hospitalized with serious injuries. ly sign me up for a two year subscription. Auxiliary officers, although uniformed, are Auxiliary Constable Frederick A. Abel considered civilian members and are unpaid vol- Royal Canadian Mounted Police Judge Brian Saunderson unteers. Here was a man who wasn’t doing this On April 4, 1996, “Aux. Cst. Abel was Provincial Court of British Columbia job for money or other financial considerations; he working at the Lethbridge detachment with was doing it to serve his community. Glen didn’t Cpl. Bud Johanson when they received a call Thanks for the tribute need to be on duty that night. He was on his time of a suspected impaired driver in a pick up I would like to thank you very much for off from his regular job and could have been at truck. On their way to investigate this, their car running the tribute to Barry Shane in your home with his family, but he chose to serve his collided with the truck which was driving on January issue of Blue Line. It was beautifully community and paid a heavy price for it. the wrong side of the road. Both officers and done and gave wonderful recognition to a man Normaly when a law enforcement officer the passengers of the truck were killed.” who had spent so many years in our industry. dies in the line of duty, they are honoured by His friends and family greatly appreciate your the Canadian Police and Peace Officers (CP & Inspector (Reserve) Arthur S. Trentham, kindness in publishing the tribute. PO) Memorial by including their name at the Vancouver Police You are doing a tremendous job with Blue national monument on Parliament Hill. On the “On September 16, 1963, at approximately Line Magazine, and without it, our industry last Sunday in September each year, a parade 8:05 pm, Reserve Inspector Trentham was stand- would certainly not have the image developed and ceremony is held in Ottawa, officially ing in the centre of the Windermere and Hastings over the years. It is not only a great place to dedicating the names of all officers who have intersection directing traffic. He was dressed in advertise, but also a source to learn so much lost their lives in the line of duty. a regulation police uniform, wearing a reflective about what is going on with featured articles Occasionally historical research uncovers safety belt and carrying a red lensed flashlight. He and editorials. Keep up the great work and con- other eligible peace officers from past years (usu- had just turned east on Hastings Street when he tinue to be a strong voice for our industry. ally decades old deaths) who were overlooked. was struck by an eastbound vehicle on Hastings Despite losing his life in the line of duty, Aux. Street. Reserve Inspector Trentham was flung Brian J. Gregory Cst. Glenn Evely has been denied inclusion on into the air and came down on the left side of the the national Canadian Police and Peace Officer’s hood and fender. He was carried a short distance Memorial wall. and then rolled off the car onto the road. He was The eligibility requirements listed on the pronounced dead on arrival at the hospital. The CP & PO Memorial Association website lists vehicle fled the scene and the driver turned himself the following requirements: in to police later that evening and was charged “The deceased must have been a sworn paid, with impaired driving and hit and run.” full time peace officer in Canada serving as a regu- I fail to see why Auxiliary Constable Glen lar member or employee of a federal, provincial, Evely falls short of the sacrifices made by any municipal law enforcement agency or service and and all of the officers listed on the memorial. died as a result of an external influence. (For greater clarity, this criteria does not Cst. Bruce Forsyth include private agencies, auxiliary personnel Durham, ON or other volunteers.)” This policy fails to take into consideration that when on duty, all Auxiliary and Reserve Auxiliary officers risk Constables are considered “Sworn Peace Of- their lives too ficers.” For instance, Section 52 (4) of the Po- In 1992 I started holding a service in Thun- lice Service Act of Ontario specifically states: der Bay to coincide with the Annual Memorial “An auxiliary member of a police force has Service in Ottawa. the authority of a police officer if he or she is I knew that most of our officers would accompanied or supervised by a police officer never get the opportunity to attend the service

February 2008 58 Blue Line Magazine KITCHENER, Ont. - Two alleged house Sgt. Roger Morrow says since the pro- the computer consultant was following the thieves who knew they were busted decided gram began late last year, police have made gizmo’s directions a little too closely, and they might as well enjoy themselves after several impaired driving arrests and issued drove right in front of a train. a botched robbery. 215 suspensions. Metro-North railroad spokesman Dan Police in Kitchener, Ont., were called to He says the merchants who are co- Brucker says the man got out of his car just a Saturday night break-in at a townhouse. At operating with police find the program very in time. the back of the home, officers say they spotted entertaining. It had gotten stuck on the tracks, when a stepladder leading to a broken window. the passenger trained slammed into it going As the thieves started walking out the ••• 96 kilometres an hour. front of the house, they were confronted NEW YORK - It was a close call for one The GPS device had told the man to take by one of the officers. Police say the men driver using a GPS satellite navigation a right turn, which he did, right into the path then sprinted back inside and slammed system. of the speeding train. the door. Officials in upstate New York report Officials say no one was hurt. Surrounded, and with a trip to jail look- ing inevitable, police say the two men, ages 48 and 53, decided to help themselves to the home owner’s liquor. Staff Sgt. Kevin Thaler says they started drinking when they saw they were trapped and “were pretty inebriated by time we got them out.’’

••• WEST VANCOUVER, B.C. - A trio of drug trafficking suspects tried to dial their way out of trouble after a roadside bust in West Vancouver, B.C. Police say the three Vancouver men were detained when officers detected a strong marijuana odour coming out of their vehicle during a traffic stop. While the officers spoke with one suspect outside the vehicle, West Vancouver police re- ceived a 911 call with a male voice reporting a robbery in progress at a local bank. The area was quickly contained by other officers and the report was confirmed to be false. Police continued the drug investiga- tion and seized more than 11 kilograms of marijuana from the vehicle, then arrested the suspects on charges of possession of a controlled substance. Officers later determined the 911 call came from a cellphone found on one of the suspects, and now the men - aged 31, 29, and 17 - are facing additional charges of mischief.

••• SURREY, B.C. - The next time you go to a drive-thru fast food restaurant in Surrey, B.C., it may be a Mountie who asks “You want fries with that?’’ In a new twist on efforts to catch impaired drivers, the RCMP is stationing officers inside the drive-thru section of fast food restaurants late at night, with the officers looking for signs that patrons in their cars may be drunk. If an officer hears slurred speech or smells stale liquor, he can warn another Mountie who stops the vehicle as it drives away.

Blue Line Magazine 59 February 2008 ‘Prosper warning’ not necessary if waiver unequivocal

by Mike Novakowski time to refrain from having them participate in any process that would incriminate thim. As a An accused who result, the breathalyzer certificate was excluded made a clear and un- as evidence under s.24(2). equivocal waiver of his The Crown appealed to the Saskatchewan right to counsel wasn’t Court of Queen’s Bench. The appeal judge entitled to a ‘Prosper ruled, in part, that the Crown had proved that warning,’ the Saskatch- when Basko changed his mind and decided not ewan Court of Appeal to obtain legal advice, he gave a clear and un- has held. equivocal waiver. The evidence showed Basko In R. v. Basko, 2007 SKCA 111, the accused chose not to wait for the telephone line to be was detained during a routine traffic stop and dis- available nor to telephone a private lawyer. played signs of impairment. Upon being advised There was no need for the officer to pro- of his right to retain counsel at the scene, Basko vide the ‘Propser warning,’ therefore there responded that he knew of his right to a lawyer was no breach of s.10(b) and the certificate and would love to talk to one. He was taken to of analysis was admissible at trial. The case the police station and booked. was remitted back to provincial court for Shortly after arriving, he asked to speak to continuation. legal aid. The officer dialled the number twice The accused appealed to the Saskatchewan but it was busy each time. After a short interval, Court of Appeal. Justice Wilkinson, writing the he tried a third time. Basko heard the busy sig- court’s decision, first explained the ‘Prosper nal and told the officer, “I know what they are s.10(b) of the Charter had been breached. In warning:’ going to tell me, so I’ll call one tomorrow.” his view, police did not take the opportunity, as The obligation to administer the (Prosper) The officer spent five minutes on the tele- required, to give him additional information. warning arises if a detained person initially phone attempting to contact a legal aid lawyer on This is referred to as the ‘Prosper warning’ and asserts his or her right to counsel and is duly Basko’s behalf before asking him if he would like is required when the detainee has previously diligent in exercising it, (having been afforded to try a different lawyer. “No, let’s get it over,” asserted the right to counsel and indicates they a reasonable opportunity to exercise it), but Basko responded, referring to giving samples, have changed their mind and no longer want has a change of mind and no longer wants to which were then taken. Basko was subsequently that advice. consult counsel. charged with impaired and over 80mg%. Police are required to tell the detainee of In such cases, according to the Supreme At trial in Saskatchewan Provincial Court their right to a reasonable opportunity to contact Court of Canada’s decision in R. v. Prosper… the judge found Bakso’s right to counsel under a lawyer and of the police obligation during this (1994) 3 S.C.R. 236 …, in a jurisdiction where a duty counsel service does exist but is unavail- able at the precise time of detention, s. 10(b) does impose on the police an obligation to “hold off” attempts to elicit incriminatory evi- dence from the detainee until he or she has had a reasonable opportunity to reach counsel. From that flows an additional informa- tional obligation (the Prosper warning) to “tell the detainee of (a) his or her right to a reasonable opportunity to contact a lawyer and (b) the obligation on the part of the police during this time not to take any statements or require the detainee to participate in any pot- entially incriminating process until he or she has had that reasonable opportunity.” The Prosper warning ensures that a de- tainee who wants to waive the right to counsel will know what is being given up. The burden of establishing waiver, which must be un- equivocal, voluntary and free of compulsion, either direct or indirect, is upon the Crown (paras. 2-3). The Prosper proposition did not apply because Basko’s waiver was in “decidedly unequivocal terms.” He simply changed his mind about consulting counsel and was af- forded a reasonable opportunity to contact someone other than legal aid. He refused in no uncertain terms, saying “No, let’s get it over with.” He clearly terminated his efforts and indi- cated a readiness to proceed to the next step. The trial judge failed to consider waiver in his analysis and therefore erred. The accused’s ap- peal was dismissed and the matter remitted back to provincial court to continue with the trial.

February 2008 60 Blue Line Magazine Inquiry line-up recommendations not binding by Mike Novakowski The court dismissed Doyle’s argu- ments. Photo line-ups not conducted fully The Sophonow Inquiry’s recommendations on Disregarding the Sophonow Inquiry’s in accord with the procedures outlined in photo pack line-ups: photo line-up recommendations will not the Sophonow Inquiry are not ipso facto • The photo pack should contain at least 10 subjects; necessarily render identification evidence • The photos should resemble as closely as excluded as evidence. Failure to follow possible the eyewitnesses’ description. If that inadmissible. them will not necessarily result in the is not possible, the photos should be as close In R. v. Doyle, 2007 BCCA 587, a police exclusion of photo line-up identification as possible to the suspect; detective investigating a robbery organized nor subsequent in-court identification. The • Everything should be recorded on video or audio- a photo line-up to show the victim. She ar- Sophonow recommendations, although tape, from the time that the officer meets the wit- ranged a group of six photographs, including sound, sensible and well considered, are ness, before the photographs are shown, through until the completion of the interview. Once again, one of Doyle, selected from part of a larger only recommendations that do not have it is essential that an officer who does not know group depicting persons somewhat similar in the force of law. who the suspect is and who is not involved in the appearance to Doyle. Justice Hall, on behalf of the unanimous investigation conducts the photo pack line-up; A different detective showed the victim the court, wrote: • Before the showing of the photo pack, the officer photos, and instructed the victim using a writ- The recommendations arising from the conducting the line-up should confirm that he does not know who the suspect is or whether his photo is ten sheet translated into Chinese. The instruc- Sophonow Inquiry are not to be viewed as contained in the line-up. In addition, before show- tions noted that any person suspected might or binding legal dictates. The admissibility and ing the photo pack to a witness, the officer should might not be in the line-up, she wasn’t obliged weight of lineup identification evidence will advise the witness that it is just as important to to select anyone and the photographs shown fall to be assessed in individual cases having clear the innocent as it is to identify the suspect. to her might or might not be current. The vic- regard to all the circumstances. The governing The photo pack should be presented by the officer tim picked out Doyle without hesitation, but to each witness separately; consideration must always be whether identifi- • The photo pack must be presented sequentially wasn’t told whether he was a suspect. cation procedures have been fairly conducted and not as a package; At trial in British Columbia Provincial by investigators... • In addition to the videotape or, as a minimum Court the judge admitted the photo line-up I am in respectful agreement with (the) alternative, the audiotape, there should be a form evidence, even though the procedures police comments of the learned trial judge. In my provided for setting out in writing and for signature used did not comply with the recommenda- opinion, this line up was, in its constitu- the comments of both the officer conducting the line-up and the witness. All comments of each tions made by the Inquiry into the Wrongful tion and conduct, a satisfactory procedure witness must be noted and recorded verbatim Conviction of Thomas Sophonow. The judge and I consider that there was no unfairness and signed by the witness; explained her decision this way: occasioned to the appellant by the police • Police officers should not speak to eyewitnesses The line-up appears to me to be a fair procedures utilized in this case. Of course, after the line-ups regarding their identification or test of the recollection of a witness as to the cases will vary infinitely in their facts and it inability to identify anyone. This can only cast suspicion on any identification made and raise appearance of a suspect, in the sense that will always be for the trier of fact to assess in concerns that it was reinforced; it contains six photographs of persons who the individual case the strength or weakness • The interviews of eyewitnesses and the line-up are very similar in their looks and without of the identification evidence. may be conducted by the same force as that any glaring dissimilarities. That the line-up Here the judge properly instructed her- investigating the crime, provided that the officers process wasn’t in accordance with the recom- self concerning eyewitness identification dealing with the eyewitnesses are not involved mendations of the Sophonow Inquiry, as has in the investigation and do not know the suspect and found she could place reliance on the or whether his photo forms part of the line-up. If been made an issue by (the accused’s lawyer), identification of the appellant made by (the this were done and the other recommendations is to my mind neither here nor there. victim). In the circumstances of this case, the complied with, that would provide adequate With great respect to those who think judge was entitled to give due weight to the protection of the process. otherwise, those recommendations are not identification evidence (paras. 13-15). (Source: www.gov.mb.ca/justice/publications/ legal prerequisites for reliance on a line-up, Doyle’s appeal was dismissed. sophonow/recommendations/english.html) or on line-up evidence by a trier of fact. The line-up here was fair and the process by which it was shown to (the victim) discounted any chance that her identification might be tainted by the investigating officers. Doyle was convicted of robbery based in part on the photo line-up identification. He ap- pealed to the BC Court of Appeal, arguing that the trial judge erred in attaching any weight to the witness’ identification evidence from the photo line-up because it wasn’t administered in accordance with the Sophonow Inquiry. This in turn tainted the in court (docket) iden- tification and little if any reliance should have been placed on it. Doyle suggested there were a number of flaws with the photo line-up that didn’t comply with the recommendations: • It wasn’t videotaped; • The line-up contained only six photographs, not the recommended minimum of 10; • The officer showing the line-up was aware that the suspect’s photo was included. Because of these variations from recom- mended practice, Doyle submitted the judge should have placed no reliance on the victim’s identification.

Blue Line Magazine 61 February 2008 Warrant provision constitutional despite lower standard by Mike Novakowski of the conversation, if any, which then ensues. of surveillance than electronic audio or video When an incoming call is made to the mon- surveillance, thus a lower standard such as a The Criminal Code’s digital number re- itored phone, the DNR records only that the “solid ground” for suspicion was a valid basis corder (DNR) provisions are reasonable even monitored telephone is off hook when answered for obtaining authorization to install and use though they can be issued on less than reason- and the length of time it is in that position. such a monitoring device. able belief, Quebec’s top court has ruled. The Crown conceded that there was an ex- Parliament responded by introducing In R. v. Cody, 2007 QCCA 1276, a Quebec pectation of privacy in the information obtained s.492.1, which contemplates the issuance of judge and jury tried Cody on a charge of importing but argued that it was reduced since, unlike tracking warrants based on the standard of “rea- cocaine. Some of the evidence against him includ- wiretaps, actual conversations were not recorded. sonable grounds to suspect,” and also adopted ed information obtained from 17 DNR warrants It contended that a reduced standard, that of rea- the DNR provisions (s.492.2). Hilton found it issued during the investigation. Cody argued that sonable suspicion to obtain judicial authorization difficult to conclude that Parliament acted un- the Code’s DNR provisions authorize search and for a DNR warrant, was therefore compatible constitutionally when it adopted the legislation, seizure on reasonable suspicion only, thereby fail- with the reduced privacy expectation. responding at least partially to clear direction on ing to meet the minimum constitutional require- Justice Hilton, writing the court’s opinion, a related subject from Canada’s highest court. ment of reasonable belief – a breach of s.8 of the ruled that reasonable suspicion was an appro- Citing various cases, the Quebec Court of Charter that cannot be saved by s.1. priate basis for issuing a DNR warrant. In R. Appeal recognized that the criterion for issuing The trial judge dismissed the accused’s v. Wise the majority of the Canadian Supreme warrants, such as reasonable grounds to believe, challenge, found the DNR warrants did not Court held that the unauthorized installation of can vary with the context and level of the pri- offend s.8 and allowed the evidence. Cody was an electronic tracking device on a car consti- vacy expectation in the circumstances. More convicted and appealed to the Quebec Court of tuted an unreasonable search inconsistent with than one interpretation will satisfy s. 8 concerns. Appeal arguing, in part, that the trial judge erred s.8, as did the subsequent monitoring of the Rather than being inflexible, the reasonableness by holding s.492.2 of the Code did not violate s.8. vehicle, since it invaded a domain where one standard fluctuates with the context. The Code section allows police to obtain a DNR had a reasonable expectation of privacy. S.8 does not require that each and every warrant on the basis of “reasonable grounds to Nevertheless, the court found that the in- search and seizure be done only on the basis of suspect” rather than the more stringent standard trusion was minimal since there was a reduced the existence of reasonable grounds, thus the of “reasonable grounds to believe”. expectation of privacy within a car and the reasonableness of a search and the surround- A DNR is activated when the subscriber’s unsophisticated nature of the device used, as ing standards of belief must be assessed in the telephone is taken ‘off the hook.’ Electronic well as its inaccuracy, amounted to nothing context of each case. Since individuals have impulses it emits are recorded on a computer more than a rudimentary extension of physical different expectations of privacy in different printout tape, disclosing the telephone number surveillance. In suggesting that legislative contexts and in different kinds of information dialled. It does not record whether the telephone measures were in order, the majority noted that and documents, it follows that the standard called was answered nor the fact or substance the tracking device was a less intrusive means of review of what is “reasonable” in a given context must be flexible if it is to be realistic and meaningful, Hilton stated: The very fact that judicial authorization is re- quired to obtain a DNR warrant, however, means that section 8 of the Canadian Charter is engaged. Nevertheless, the context in which such warrants are sought does not necessarily require that there be “reasonable and probable grounds” for their issuance. It is an exaggeration to assimilate the information of a telephone number and the dur- ation that a telephone is off the hook with anything that can reasonably be considered so “private” so as to require the highest standard of protection of section 8 of the Canadian Charter, especially when the information does not indicate which person is using the telephone, whether there was a conversation and if so, with whom the conversa- tion is taking place, as well as its details… I also agree with the trial judge that the indication of a target telephone being used to call another number, or the duration of an incoming call, is more akin to information that could be obtained by physical surveillance, such as if a targeted person was seen driving a car to a specific address and entering the prem- ises, or whether someone came and entered the premises occupied by someone under surveil- lance, although such physical surveillance does not require prior judicial authorization. When considered in the context of the poten- tial utility of the information that can be obtained by DNR warrants and the immediacy with which the information can advance criminal investiga- tions, or rule out someone as a suspect, I have no hesitation in concluding that (the accused’s) constitutional challenge fails (paras. 25-26). Cody’s appeal was dismissed.

February 2008 62 Blue Line Magazine Odour, bags and experience justify arrest by Mike Novakowski

An investigative stop made three kilo- metres away from an attempted theft and almost an hour after it was reported was not arbitrary. In R. v. Ingle, 2007 BCCA 445, a woman called police shortly after midnight to report an attempted theft her husband had witnessed about 10 minutes earlier from the back yard of their rural home. The report was that two white males, 16 to 17 years old, one wearing a white T-shirt, had taken a large tool box from a pick-up truck, dropped it and then fled south in the direction of the nearby elementary school. Officers responded to the report by setting up and did not breach s.9 of the Charter. She the area of the reported theft, based on his containment in the area, hoping to intercept found the officer’s decision was reasonably observations. the two suspects. necessary on an objective view of the totality His decision to do so was strengthened by About 35 minutes after the report was of the circumstances. It was the only vehicle the fact that the van contained two individuals received, an officer parked his patrol car at he saw coming up the road in a semi-rural area who he believed to be white males, who he an intersection more than 1.5 km away from near where the offence had been reported, and regarded as engaging in what he called the the residence. His primary responsibility was he believed the two occupants were male. The “thousand-yard stare,” and therefore not monitoring the intersection, northwest of the judge continued: wanting interaction with the police. Although residence where the theft was reported, to Although (the officer) did not have much I appreciate that this stop was based on little locate the two suspects. Another officer mon- information about the alleged suspects, he actual information about those alleged theft itored the next intersection to the east. stopped the van for the purpose of determining suspects, I cannot ignore all the circumstances The officer did not stop any of the vehicles whether its occupants were the theft suspects that I consider to be relevant, including the passing on the main highway, a through road the police were looking for. He wasn’t stop- layout of the roads in the immediate area of running east-west. At about 1 am he saw a ping all vehicles proceeding east/west, but the reported theft and the fact that Bradner northbound van approach – the first north- decided to stop the van proceeding away from Road was a thoroughfare that bounded the bound vehicle he saw. When it passed, the officer saw two occupants who appeared to be male. He made a U-turn, followed the van for about 1.5 kilometres, determined that the vehicle had not been reported stolen and then pulled it over, just short of one hour after the attempted theft had been observed. As the officer approached to speak with the driver, he noticed a strong odour of ma- rijuana; upon reaching the van he noticed a number of large orange garbage bags in the cargo area. Ingle was asked for the vehicle registration and his driver’s licence. When backup arrived, the occupants were asked to get out, told of the marijuana odour coming from their vehicle, frisk-searched for weapons, handcuffed and placed in patrol vehicles. During an initial search the officer opened some of the bags and found they con- tained freshly cut marijuana. He then formally arrested Ingle for possession and possession for the purpose of trafficking and informed him of his s.10 Charter rights. About 37.5 kgs. of marijuana was subsequently seized from the van. At trial in British Columbia Supreme Court the officer testified that he arrested Ingle because he believed there was fresh marijuana in the vehicle. He said he was very familiar with the odour, having investigated over 150 marijuana grow operations during his11 years as a police officer. The trial judge concluded that stopping the van was a valid investigative detention

Blue Line Magazine 63 February 2008 semi-rural area of the alleged theft to the west, wasn’t reasonable (objectively or subjectively) tempted theft three kilometres from the scene; the time of night and the fact that the officer for the officer to believe a clear nexus existed • He was driving on a major road and was had not seen any other vehicles coming up the between the van’s two adult occupants and first noticed stopped at a red light at a major road since assuming his surveillance. the attempted theft. The two teenagers were intersection where at least three to five cars These circumstances strengthened his reported to have fled the scene on foot, in the had already gone through, reflecting normal decision to stop the vehicle. The rural nature opposite direction, 40 minutes earlier and more traffic for that time; of the area increased the likelihood that the than three kilometres away from the stop. • The city, while rural, has a population theft suspects would resort to using a vehicle He further contended that the marijuana of 122,000, with more than 250,000 in the to leave the area. It was a logical place to odour and presence of garbage bags did not immediate area; and the only matching infor- “set up containment of the area,” to use the provide grounds to arrest. The Crown, on the mation was that the suspects were two white words of the officer, and his views were shared other hand, submitted that the stop wasn’t males and the van occupants were “felt” to by other police officers as there was another arbitrary or based on a mere whim or hunch be white males. officer stationed nearby to the east. considering the timing, location and context of The accused’s facts did not match all I also note that had the officer not im- the reported crime. Rather, the circumstances of the facts found by the trial judge, nor the mediately noted the overpowering smell of on a whole gave rise to a reasonable suspicion inferences she drew from them. For example, fresh marijuana coming from the van, he would to justify the roadside stop for investigative the area was rural and only two roads joined have queried the presence of the individuals in purposes the highway in the area of the theft, one of the area and, upon concluding they were not which the officer was containing. The time involved in the reported theft, sent them on The detention of night was also significant, as was the fact their way. His initial investigative detention of “Whether an investigative detention in- the van was the only vehicle driven from the the accused’s van was extremely fleeting, to say fringes s.9 of the Charter generally turns on the containment area. The trial judge did not err the least, given that he was, upon approach- specific facts about the circumstances surround- in concluding the stop was lawful. ing it, assailed by the overpowering odour of ing the detention,” Justice Rowles reasoned, marijuana as he described. writing the judgment for the entire court. The arrest Since the stop was lawful, the officer’s Ingle argued a number of “objective facts” The arrest was also lawful. The officer testified observations of the odour and large orange that he contended could not support the offi- that he smelled fresh marijuana coming from the garbage bags in the cargo area of the van im- cer’s subjective or objective basis to connect van and saw garbage bags in its cargo area. These mediately behind the driver provided reason- him with the reported offence: observations, along with his extensive experience able grounds to arrest Ingle. He was convicted • He was traveling by van northbound from in investigating marijuana cases, provided the of possessing marijuana for the purpose of the scene, whereas the suspects were reported necessary reasonable grounds for arrest, and the trafficking. to be on foot and fleeing southbound; vehicle search was an incident to arrest. Ingle appealed his conviction to the BC • His age did not match that of the suspects Ingle’s appeal was dismissed and his Court of Appeal. He argued, in part, that it and he was detained 40 minutes after the at- conviction upheld.

February 2008 64 Blue Line Magazine Blue Line DAY 1 Trade Show & Courses Covert Assignment Training April 29: 0900-1600 Fee: $225 + GST

This one-day course is a comprehensive examination of the essential skills pre-requisite to effective covert operations. The train- ing regimen includes: Understanding undercover objectives; Identifying operational responsibilities and duties; Covert operations checklist; Counter surveillance techniques; Close quarters combat techniques. Instructor: Detective Steve Walton (retired) was a member of the Calgary Police Service for twenty five years. For the last ten years of his career Steve was attached to the Drug Unit and was responsible for managing a drug undercover street team and high level drug investigations. Steve has supervised more than 120 undercover drug operations, 220 surveillances related to drug enforcement, and 780 undercover drug transactions. He is the author of the First Response Guide to Street Drugs books.

Terrorism vs Canada in the 21st Century April 29: 0900:1600 Fee: $225 + GST

This one-day course is an examination of terrorism and the information an officer needs for effective policing in the midst of this threat. The course will include: An introduction to terrorism including types and infrastructure; How terrorism will change the way police officers do their jobs; Understanding the importance of intelligence and information; Evolution of terrorism. Instructor: Marc Sand, CEO of V.I.P. Protection has a B.A. degree in Law and PhD. in Psychology. He has training in a wide array of commando, martial arts and other special operations disciplines. He is a guest lecturer on terrorism at St. Clair College in Chatham, Mohawk College campuses in Brantford and Hamilton. He has been a guest lecturer with several police services in Canada as well as the American Society of Industrial Security.

Detecting Deception by Verbal Analysis April 29: 0900-1600 Fee: $225 + GST

This one-day course will examine how you can detect a liar every time by analyzing their verbal responses. Liars are frequently caught through their own verbal mistakes. You will learn: Five key words that liars use in their speech; Three words that tell you a liar has left something out; One thing liars always do on paper or in person, and how to turn it around on them; How to look at a statement and know deception is taking place; Two key phrases that signal a liar is skipping over critical or sensitive information. Instructor: S/Sgt Gord MacKinnon (retired) with thirty years in law enforcement, has experience in a multitude of areas including criminal investigation, underwater search and recovery, fraud investigation and, Intelligence. Gord is an acclaimed lec- turer in the techniques of investigative interviewing and is author of the book Investigative Interviewing.

Ontario Gang Investigators Course April 29: 0900-1600 Fee: $225 + GST

The impact of street gangs has reached into every facet of law enforcement. From policing and courts to corrections and immigration, the activities of gang members require law enforcement professionals to be current and knowledgeable in order to maintain their personal safety and the safety of the communities they serve. The Ontario Gang Investigators Association (ONGIA) will be presenting information to attendees that will contribute to the participants’ ability to know the activities of gang and gang members and effectively interact with them, regardless of their current gang knowledge

Course Registration includes free admission to the Blue Line Trade Show and a one year subscription to Blue Line Magazine.

April 29-30, 2008 at Le Parc Conference Centre, 8432 Leslie St., Markham, Ontario Blue Line Magazine 65 February 2008 Register by Phone: 905 640 3048 Register Online: www.blueline.ca CBSA officer required to demand sample by Mike Novakowski The judge found the border officer was a the purpose of taking the samples.” peace officer unders.254 of the Code, even if If customs officers who have not been A “designated” border officer must give he wasn’t a designated customs officer. The designated under s.163.4 had the powers of a a demand for breath samples for it to be certificate of analysis was admissible and “peace officer” under s. 254 to demand that lawful, the New Brunswick Court of Appeal Thibeault was convicted. a person provide breath samples for screening has held. An appeal to the New Brunswick Court purposes, s.163.5(2) of the Customs Act would In R. v. Thibeault, 2007 NBCA 67, a of Queen’s Bench was unsuccessful so he be completely redundant (paras. 17-18). customs officer working at a border crossing appealed to the provincial appeal court. In a A certificate of analysis is admissible as searched the accused’s vehicle. After finding an unanimous judgment, it found the lower courts proof if the Crown establishes that the breath alcoholic beverage and smelling alcohol on his erred in interpreting the definition of a “peace samples were provided pursuant to a valid de- breath, he ordered Thibeault to provide a breath officer” found in s.2 of the Code. mand under s.254(3) made by a “peace officer” sample for screening. The motorist blew into A customs officer is a “peace officer” upon reasonable and probable grounds. Only an ASD four times before providing a suitable under the Code when performing any duty in designated customs officers are peace officers sample, and a positive reading resulted. the administration of the Customs Act. How- for the purpose of s.254, having the power to Samples for a breathalyzer analysis were ever, ss.163.4 and 163.5 of the Customs Act make such a demand. This also applies to ASD demanded and local police called. They took were added in 1998 to “confer upon ‘desig- demands under s.254(2). two breath samples and an analysis showed nated’ officers certain duties and powers which Since the Crown did not establish that Thibeault’s blood alcohol level exceeded the the Customs Act did not attribute to regular the customs officer was a designated officer, legal limit. A qualified technician’s certificate officers,” stated Justice Drapeau: Thibeault’s breath samples were not provided setting out the results was admitted into evidence (Section) 163.5(2) provides that an of- pursuant to a valid demand. The officer’s and was the sole item of proof showing the ac- ficer designated under s. 163.4(1) has, in statement that he was a customs officer did cused’s blood alcohol level exceeded the legal performing the normal duties of a customs not presumptively make him a peace officer limit. He was charged with over 80mg%. At trial officer at a customs office, the powers of a for the purpose of giving breath demands. in New Brunswick Provincial Court the border “peace officer” under section 254 of the The certificate of analysis was inadmissible. officer testified he was a customs officer and, Criminal Code. Section 163.5(2) also provides Thibeault’s appeal was allowed and an acquit- consequently, a “peace officer” for the purposes that a designated officer “may, on demanding tal entered. of the Criminal Code. He did not, however, samples… require that the person accompany claim to be a “designated” customs officer under the officer, or a peace officer referred to in Visit www.blueline.ca/resources/caselaw for complete s.163.4(1) of the Customs Act, nor did the Crown paragraph (c) of the definition of “peace of- cases. You can email Mike Novakowski at caselaw@ attempt to establish that he was. ficer” in section 2 of (the Criminal Code), for blueline.ca

February 2008 66 Blue Line Magazine Blue Line DAY 2 Trade Show & Courses Search Warrant Preparation April 30: 0900-1600 Fee: $225 + GST This one-day course is an invaluable resource for any investigator. Participants will learn the proper way to draft a warrant while avoiding the various hurdles placed in the way. You will learn: Theory and case law; Types of warrants; How to write a “charter proof” warrant; Exceptions when you don’t need a warrant; Telewarrants, and more. Instructor: A/Sgt Wayne van der Laan (retired) has 20 years experience in law enforcement that includes service in Crim- inal Investigation Unit, Public Order Unit, Break and Enter Unit and Auto Squad. Wayne holds a Bachelor of Commerce and a Masters Degree from the University of Guelph.

Crime Scene Management April 30: 0900-1200 Fee: $125 + GST This half-day course will look at crime scenes; Crime Scene management and, Handling of evidence for front line officers. DNA: Evidentiary Uses & Misuses April 30: 1300-1500 Fee: $125 + GST Both of Brian Ward courses may be combined for a fee of $225. This half-day course will examine the history of DNA; A discussion of the national DNA databank and, The importance of Scene preservation for DNA management. Instructor: Brian Ward retired from policing in 2006 in the rank of Staff Sergeant. His career included 20 years with the To- ronto Police Forensic Identification Service. He is forensic technology editor for Blue Line Magazine, teaches at Humber College and Durham College and provides private forensic consulting services.

Managing the Pandemic April 30: 0900-1600 Fee: $225 + GST This one-day conference examines the latest facts used by the medical community to articulate its Pandemic Influenza Doctrine. Then will consider how these facts are analyzed by government ministries and businesses as they prepare for an outbreak; includ- ing considerations that police services must take as they develop their plans, and the challenges faced as the Ministry of Attorney General attempts to ensure the orderly performance of the courts. The conference closes with a presentation of the best practices and innovations being developed and applied by emergency management professional. Moderator: Jay Hope, Ontario’s Commissioner of Emergency Management, is a distinguished police veteran with a career in public service and community safety spanning almost 30 years. Appointed as the OPP’s Deputy Commissioner, Strategic Services, in November 2004, he was responsible for developing the OPP’s strategic vision, including Aboriginal and First Nations policing, and media and corporate relations, policy, municipal policing contracts and training.

The In-depth World of Insurance Investigations April 30: 0900-1200 Fee: $125 + GST This one-half day course will include: Use of experts such as engineers, reconstructionists, ploygraph, DNA, forensic accountants, locksmiths; Use of such experts in arson, auto theft, break & enters and auto accidents; Summary of insurance legislation and how it aids in the investigative process; Police access to insurance investigation file. Instructor: Sue Collings is a former Toronto Police Officer who has worked for the past 12 years as an insurance investigator. Sue is currently the president of the Canadian Association of Special Investigations Units.

Course Registration includes free admission to the Blue Line Trade Show and a one year subscription to Blue Line Magazine.

April 29-30, 2008 at Le Parc Conference Centre, 8432 Leslie St., Markham, Ontario Blue Line Magazine 67 February 2008 Register by Phone: 905 640 3048 Register Online: www.blueline.ca John Arnold retires from CPKN

by Christine Jackson and early support of the CACP. Arnold helped assemble representa- Upon seeing his vision tives from NRC/CPRC, various police for a new police training colleges and major police services in model take shape, John 2003 to build a vision and strategic plan Arnold stepped down for this new learning model. By the fol- as president of the Can- lowing year, the foundation for CPKN was adian Police Knowledge firmly in place. Network (CPKN). Arnold has served as president of “CPKN has no CPKN since 2004, working with the equal in the world to- board, advisory board and other key day,” Arnold told the people to fine tune the model and build board of directors. “It is an all-inclusive support. While earning the respect and Dec 28 2007 opportunity for Canadian police services recognition of his colleagues and as- WINDSOR, Ont. - The Canada Border to participate and learn from one another sociates, he helped propel CPKN to its Services Agency seized more drugs at the and I’m very proud to have played an in- current status. Windsor-Detroit border in 2007 than in the last six years combined. tegral role in its success. Now, with more “We applaud John’s vision and com- The agency seized 456 kilograms of co- than 25 online courses created for police mitment,” says Sandy Sweet, COO of caine alone in the Windsor area, most of that at by police, it is time to move on.” CPKN. “His 30+ years of experience… has the Ambassador Bridge. Agency spokesman As chief scientist of the Canadian opened doors for CPKN. While the journey Danny Yen says two seizures just in November Police Research Centre, Arnold was a from concept to reality has had its challen- netted 20 kilograms of suspected cocaine driving force behind policelearn.com, ges, John’s insight and determination have and 529 suspected tablets of ecstasy. Border the concept that evolved into CPKN. In been key to moving CPKN forward.” services officers also seized 60 kilograms of those early days of 2001, he helped Can- Arnold will continue to work in the cocaine in December. adian police recognize the potential of police technology research field, building Yen credits “good old-fashioned work’’ by officers doing examinations, help from drug- e-learning. The idea earned the attention on opportunities that benefit all police. sniffing dogs and an X-ray system. (The Canadian Press)

February 2008 68 Blue Line Magazine Blue Line Magazine 69 February 2008 Police discretion must be restored by Robert Lunney Despite being cloaked in parliamentary lan- guage, it was a stinging rebuke of the custodial Wanted on criminal charges in Germany, handling of this individual. We can infer from Karlheinz Schreiber was in custody in Toronto the unanimity of the committee and the volume pending deportation when the House ethics of public protest that people overwhelmingly committee summoned him for questioning on objected to this undignified public display. the Airbus affair and his allegations against a What lessons can we learn from this storm former prime minister. of public criticism? It would be wrong to pin Police took him to Ottawa and escorted the blame solely on the agency involved, for him from the detention centre to the House of the same thing could have occurred in many Commons for appearances and to his Ottawa other jurisdictions; policies and practices are home to retrieve documents. Schreiber’s cloth- now relatively uniform across the country. ing was in disarray and he was photographed number of faxes and e-mails from Canadians all In the same vein, dismissal with an ‘Oops, more than once in handcuffs and leg shackles, across the country. They were expressing their we better do something different next time’ suggestive of the commonly observed ‘perp disgust at the failure of the responsible policing response seems to miss the point. A more walks’ of charged or convicted persons. On at authorities to ensure your personal dignity thoughtful appraisal is in order. least one occasion, he wasn’t wearing a belt while being in handcuffs when led to your Ot- The principles of democratic policing have and lost his trousers in full public view. tawa residence to access your documents. their foundation in the common law and are To most viewers, I am sure, there seemed This unacceptable incident was also exploited increasingly influenced by internationally rec- little likelihood that the diminutive Schreiber by some, as you know, who also subjected you ognized principles of human rights, including could elude his much larger police escorts or to ridicule and mockery. This matter was inter- respect for and observance of the principles of harm himself or anyone else, even if he so nationally reported and in our view, the com- legality, proportionality and subsidiarity. wished, which is absurd. The actions of his es- mittee’s view, the shaming of one Canadian has Legality means adherence to laws and to corting officers conveyed all appearance of being shamed all Canadians. The committee members the spirit of the law. Proportionality requires strictly ‘in policy’ at all times, but the Commons sincerely regret that this indignity occurred and we persons exercising lawful authority to use their committee concluded that police performance strongly… encourage those who are responsible powers judiciously, in proportion to the circum- failed to meet the expectations of Canadians in (to) take all necessary steps to ensure that such a stances and threat to the public and themselves. preserving Schreiber’s dignity in public. spectacle will never happen again. Subsidiarity is the quality of carrying out a Ethics committee chair, MP Paul Szabo, read In the days following, media and public lawful duty with the least possible degree of this statement at the opening of the Dec. 4 hearing: attention was drawn to a multiplicity of issues intrusion or damage to persons or property. Let me begin, Mr. Schreiber, by letting you raised during Schreiber’s testimony and the For at least the past two decades front line know that we have received a very, very large apology was relegated to a footnote. police have been increasingly pressured to observe ever more detailed policies and proced- ures influenced by judicial decision, enacted in provincial legislation or devised by chiefs. In every case this is justified by good intentions to install a uniform policy judged to be a best 5.11 Tactical 2 LETS 18 practice and to prevent errors or malpractice. 911 Supply 22 Mega Tech 36, 37 Changes are often introduced to respond to Blue Line Courses 65, 67 Niagara University 31 some perceived systemic failure. There is grow- Blue Line Tradeshow 34 Original Shoe Co 15 ing evidence that strict observance of binding Blue Line Magazine Inc. 38 Panasonic Canada 72 authorities can produce results similar to the Bushnell 11 Peerless Handcuff Co 53 Schreiber incident, where it seems apparent Canada Law Book 28 Pelican Products Canada 29 that compliance with policy took priority over Cdn Academy of Practical Shooting 51 Pentax 23 observing the principle of proportionality. Perhaps the lesson to be learned is that Code 3 Inc 48 Pride in Service 14 police policy and training should be influenced Cogent Systems 57 R Nicholls Distributors Inc 24 in a more penetrating way by the basic prin- Copeland Engineering 61 Ray & Berndtson 66 ciples of human rights. Regulations should not Cruisercam 32 Schulich School of Business 53 be so tightly enforced as to interfere with the CS&P Architects 34 SEALS Action Gear 20 responsibility of supervisors and commanders DaimlerChrysler 17 Seneca College 35 to make decisions based on what is appropriate Dalhousie University 33 Starfield Lion 27 and right under the circumstances. We need to Datacard Group 25 STC Footwear 54 restore recognition and respect for discretionary DavTech Analytical Services 26 Thomson Carswell 35 decision making. The flip side to this proposition is that offi- DuPont 13 Triform 62 cers exercising discretion must justify exceptions Durham College 64 TWB Designs 7 to policy, and managers are responsible for exer- Federal Signal Corp 21, 59 Underwater Kinetics Canada 31 cising sound and reasonable judgment in calling Ferno Canada 49 Victoria Police Department 64 them to account. Policing is an activity fraught Henrys 57 WatchGuard Video 19 with risk – physical, moral and intellectual. Impact Cases 63 Whelen Engineering Co 55 Using common sense and making principled Infrared Technologies Canada 54 Whitmore & Hobbs 51 judgments should be a normal part of the job. Itronix 9 William Scully Ltd 4 Robert Lunney is a consultant specializing in police man- John E. Reid 30 Windows to Technology 68 agement and an occasional writer for Blue Line Magazine. Legislative Assembly of BC 60 Wolverine Supplies 56 He is a former RCMP superintendent and chief of the Edmonton and Peel Regional Police Services, as well as the director of Public Safety for the city of Winnipeg. He may be reached by email to [email protected].

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