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Ground Water Evaluation Study in Dacope, Koyra, Shymanagar and Kaliganj Upazilas of Khulna Division

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Ground Water Evaluation Study in Dacope, Koyra, Shymanagar and Kaliganj Upazilas of Khulna Division Surface - Ground Water Evaluation Study in Dacope, Koyra, Shymanagar and Kaliganj Upazilas of Khulna Division Final Report Nobo Jatra Project World Vision Bangladesh 1 This Surface - Ground Water Evaluation Study is made possible by the generous support of the American people through the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). The contents are the responsibility of World Vision Bangladesh and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID or the United States Government. Cover Photo: The Daily Star 2 Content Chapter 01 Introduction 10 1.1 General 10 1.2 Background of the Project 10 1.3 Location of the Project Area 10 1.4 Project Objectives 11 1.5 Objective of Work 11 1.6 Summary of the Assignment 12 1.7 Major Deliverables paper/documents 12 Chapter 02 Approach and Methodology 13 2.1 Introduction 13 2.2 Consultation with World Vision Bangladesh to finalize work plan 13 2.3 Tools development and finalization 13 2.4 Field visit to the study areas 13 2.5 Technology assessment through questionnaire survey 14 2.6 Sampling and water quality analysis 14 2.7 Financial analysis 14 2.8 GIS mapping 14 2.9 Conduct Test Borehole and Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) 14 2.10 Drilling and Installation Technique of the Test Well 15 2.11 Report preparation and submission 15 Chapter 03 Physical Investigation of Geography, Geology & Hydrogeology 16 3.01 Geography of the Study area 16 3.02 Physiographic Condition 16 3.03 Location of the Study Area 16 3.04 Hydrogeological Condition & Hydrogeological Setting of Bangladesh 17 3.4.1 Lithological analysis of the study area 19 3.4.2 Lithological analysis of different Borehole samples in the study area 19 3.4.3 Subsurface Lithology Cross-section 19 3.4.4 Location, Extent and Accessibility of Kaliganj 23 3.4.5 Location, Extent and Accessibility of Shyamnagar 23 3.4.6 Location, Extent and Accessibility of Koyra 23 3.4.6 Location, Extent and Accessibility of Dacope 23 Chapter 04 Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) Operation in Kaliganj Upazila District 26 4.1 Background of the VES study 26 4.2 Major Objectives 26 4.3 Description of the work and findings of the VES study in Kaligan jUpazila 26 3 Chapter-05 Existing Water Technology and Their Efficiencies 31 5.1 Introduction 31 5.2 Shallow tube-well 31 5.3 Deep tube-well 32 5.4 Arsenic Iron Removal Plant(AIRP) 33 5.5 Desalination plant 34 5.5 Pond Sand Filter(PSF) 34 5.7 Rain Water Harvesting System 35 5.8 Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR) 36 Chapter-06 Assessment and Finding of Water Option 37 6.1 Introduction 37 6.2 Existing Water Supply Technologies at Shyamnagar Upazila 37 6.3 Existing Water Supply Technologies at Koyra Upazila 38 6.4 Existing Water Supply Technologies at Dacope Upazila 40 6.5 Existing Water Supply Technologies at Kaliganj Upazila 41 Chapter-07 Water Quality test and analysis 41 7.1 Introduction 42 7.2 Sampling and Water quality analysis 42 7.3 Water Quality Test & Results analysis 42 7.4 Kaliganj Water Quality test and analysis 43 7.5 Shyamnagar Water Quality test and analysis 44 7.6 Koyra Water Quality test and analysis 46 7.7 Dacope Water Quality test and analysis 47 Chapter-08 Conclusions and Recommendation 49 8.1 Conclusions 49 8.2 Findings of Shyamnagar Upazila 49 8.3 Findings of Dacope Upazila 50 8.4 Findings of Kaliganj Upzila 50 8.5 Findings of Koyra 51 8.6 Recommendation 52 Table: Table-01 Union wise Aquifer condition by VES and Test Well 21 Table-02 Union Wise Northing-Easting, Aquifer position-Kaliganj 27 Table-03 Bangladesh Standard Drinking Water parameter 42 Table-04 Lab. Water Quality test data table-Kaliganj 43 Table-05 Lab. Water Quality test data table- Shyamnagar 45 Table-06 Lab. Water Quality test data table-Koyra 46 Table-07 Lab. Water Quality test data table-Dacope 47 4 Figure Figure-01Assessed Water Technology under Shyamnagar 37 Figure-02Assessed Water Technology under Koyra Upazila 39 Figure-03Assessed Water Technology under Dacope Upazila 40 Figure-04Assessed Water Technology under Kaliganj Upazila 41 Map: Map-02Map of Satkhira District 17 Map-03Map of Khulna District 17 Map-04Map of Shyamnagar,Kligonj,Dacope and Koyra Upazila 17 Map-05Hydrogeological Zone Map of Bangladesh 18 Annexure 1.0 Technology Assessment Form 2.0 Technology (data sheet) list-Dacope-Koyra-Kaliganj-Shyamnagar 3.0 Union Wise Technology Map-Kaliganj 4.0 Union Wise Technology Map-Shyamnagar 5.0 Union Wise Technology Map-Koyra 6.0 Union Wise Technology map-Dacope 7.0 Questionnaire FGD & KII form 8.0 Vertical Electrical Sounding Curve of 12nos union-Kaliganj and Northing & Easting 9.0 Water quality test data (Laboratory & Field test kit)- Kaliganj- Shyamnagar- Koyra- Dacope 10.0 Secondary data from WVB, DPHE Reference 5 Executive Summary Bangladesh depends mainly on groundwater resources to meet its domestic demand for potable water. Rural water supplies are obtained mainly from tubewells fitted with hand pumps. Bangladesh has the potential to achieve almost universal (i.e. about 97%) drinking water supply coverage, but the presence of excessive arsenic in the shallow groundwater and saline water encroachment in coastal aquifers has made this achievement nearly impossible. Nevertheless, further progress in ensuring safe water service delivery in rural areas, particularly in hard to reach (HtR) areas e.g. coastal areas still remain a big challenge in Bangladesh. World Vision Bangladesh has initiated the project titled ‘Nobo Jatra Project’ with the financial support of USAID. The study titled “Conducting surface-ground water evaluation study in Dacope, Koyra, Shyamnagar and Kaliganj upazilas of Khulna and Satkhira districts in Bangladesh” under Nobo Jatra Project has been initiated with a view to the purpose of this study is to identify surface and groundwater sources (shallow and deep aquifer) with appropriate water options of the project area considering its water quality parameters. The objective of this consultancy service is to identify surface and groundwater sources (shallow and deep aquifer) with appropriate water options of the project area considering its water quality parameters aquifer, stratigraphy, water source, ground water flow direction etc. Therefore, the foremost purpose is to prepare water sources (surface and groundwater) map with technology options in the mentioned project area. Mixed method was considered to conduct this study and the technologies were selected by random sampling method. The participatory techniques used in the study process includes, review of available documents and secondary data and information, series of field visits, questionnaire survey, Focus Group Discussions (FGD), Key Informant Interview (KII), test boring, Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES), transect walks and observation of all types of existing water technologies. It is found from the study that more activities and effort is needed to ensure the water facilities for all. In the study areas are vulnerable due to the anticipated impacts of climate changes like sea-level rises and different natural disaster. Saline water in upper aquifers and in few areas, arsenic contamination in shallow groundwater limits the availability of fresh water in the region. Surface water of tidal rivers are also saline to brackish both in wet and dry seasons. Pond Sand Filter (PSF), Shallow Tube-Well (STW) , Deep Hand Tube-Well (DTW) , household (HH) based Rain Water Harvesting System (RWHS), community based Rain Water Harvesting System (RWHS), ground & surface water based piped water supply and desalinization plant has been found for water supply options in study areas. As there is no aquifer (in Dacope) and very limited aquifer in other 3 upazilas - so the choice of options for safe water delivery are very limited like (i) Pond Sand Filter (PSF) (ii) Desalinization plant (iii) Rain water Harvesting System (RWHS) etc. The demerits of ‘Rainwater Harvesting’ is that it is not competent enough to serve community in all over the year and the demerits of ‘Dis-salinity Plant’ is that it is costly and technical knowhow is required. So, considering the cost, technical staff attachment and user-friendliness of the said two options it can be said that PSF is comparatively feasible options in those areas - where reserve pond is available. Considering the said facts and reality PSF is found as most cost effective and suitable option for water service delivery. As coastal water supply as groundwater in upper aquifers is saline – so the RWHS is found most feasible in rainy season and limited use during dry season only for drinking water. Desalinization Plant can be constructed in those areas where preserved pond is not available with careful disposal of remaining untreated high saline water. Deep aquifer (>300 m) may contain fresh water, therefore, DTWs may be installed for community water supply. 6 Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR) by infiltrating fresh precipitated water may improve shallow groundwater quality above arsenic contaminated zone by reducing salinity concentration. It is found from this study that more activities and effort is needed to ensure the safe water. Still it is required to expand and improve safe water supply to the targeted beneficiaries. Based on the analysis of data and information generated as a part of this study and relevant data those collected from secondary sources, the following conclusions could be drawn: (i) The deeper aquifer (150 m- 230 m) in Shayamnagar Upazila appears to be free from arsenic contamination and less contamination of iron and salinity. Installation of deeper wells is reported to be feasible. Groundwater from the very and shallow aquifer of the STWs contains higher levels of arsenic (As), iron and salinity. Therefore, water from very shallow and shallow aquifer using STWs is not groundwater based suitable option.
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