Ground Water Evaluation Study in Dacope, Koyra, Shymanagar and Kaliganj Upazilas of Khulna Division

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Surface - Ground Water Evaluation Study in Dacope, Koyra, Shymanagar and Kaliganj Upazilas of Khulna Division

Final Report

Nobo Jatra Project World Vision Bangladesh

This Surface - Ground Water Evaluation Study is made possible by the generous support of the American people through the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). The contents are the responsibility of World Vision Bangladesh and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID or the United States Government.

Cover Photo: The Daily Star

Content

Chapter 01 Introduction 10

1.1 General 10 1.2 Background of the Project 10 1.3 Location of the Project Area 10 1.4 Project Objectives 11 1.5 Objective of Work 11 1.6 Summary of the Assignment 12 1.7 Major Deliverables paper/documents 12

Chapter 02 Approach and Methodology 13

2.1 Introduction 13 2.2 Consultation with World Vision Bangladesh to finalize work plan 13 2.3 Tools development and finalization 13 2.4 Field visit to the study areas 13 2.5 Technology assessment through questionnaire survey 14 2.6 Sampling and water quality analysis 14 2.7 Financial analysis 14 2.8 GIS mapping 14 2.9 Conduct Test Borehole and Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) 14 2.10 Drilling and Installation Technique of the Test Well 15 2.11 Report preparation and submission 15

Chapter 03 Physical Investigation of Geography, Geology & Hydrogeology 16

3.01 Geography of the Study area 16 3.02 Physiographic Condition 16 3.03 Location of the Study Area 16 3.04 Hydrogeological Condition & Hydrogeological Setting of Bangladesh 17 3.4.1 Lithological analysis of the study area 19 3.4.2 Lithological analysis of different Borehole samples in the study area 19 3.4.3 Subsurface Lithology Cross-section 19 3.4.4 Location, Extent and Accessibility of Kaliganj 23 3.4.5 Location, Extent and Accessibility of Shyamnagar 23 3.4.6 Location, Extent and Accessibility of Koyra 23 3.4.6 Location, Extent and Accessibility of Dacope 23

Chapter 04 Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) Operation in Kaliganj Upazila District 26

4.1 Background of the VES study 26 4.2 Major Objectives 26 4.3 Description of the work and findings of the VES study in Kaligan jUpazila 26

Chapter-05 Existing Water Technology and Their Efficiencies 31

5.1 Introduction 31 5.2 Shallow tube-well 31 5.3 Deep tube-well 32 5.4 Arsenic Iron Removal Plant(AIRP) 33 5.5 Desalination plant 34 5.5 Pond Sand Filter(PSF) 34 5.7 Rain Water Harvesting System 35 5.8 Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR) 36

Chapter-06 Assessment and Finding of Water Option 37

6.1 Introduction 37 6.2 Existing Water Supply Technologies at Shyamnagar Upazila 37 6.3 Existing Water Supply Technologies at Koyra Upazila 38 6.4 Existing Water Supply Technologies at Dacope Upazila 40 6.5 Existing Water Supply Technologies at Kaliganj Upazila 41

Chapter-07 Water Quality test and analysis 41

7.1 Introduction 42 7.2 Sampling and Water quality analysis 42 7.3 Water Quality Test & Results analysis 42 7.4 Kaliganj Water Quality test and analysis 43 7.5 Shyamnagar Water Quality test and analysis 44 7.6 Koyra Water Quality test and analysis 46 7.7 Dacope Water Quality test and analysis 47

Chapter-08 Conclusions and Recommendation 49

8.1 Conclusions 49 8.2 Findings of Shyamnagar Upazila 49 8.3 Findings of Dacope Upazila 50 8.4 Findings of Kaliganj Upzila 50 8.5 Findings of Koyra 51 8.6 Recommendation 52

Table: Table-01 Union wise Aquifer condition by VES and Test Well 21 Table-02 Union Wise Northing-Easting, Aquifer position-Kaliganj 27 Table-03 Bangladesh Standard Drinking Water parameter 42 Table-04 Lab. Water Quality test data table-Kaliganj 43 Table-05 Lab. Water Quality test data table- Shyamnagar 45 Table-06 Lab. Water Quality test data table-Koyra 46 Table-07 Lab. Water Quality test data table-Dacope 47

Figure Figure-01Assessed Water Technology under Shyamnagar 37 Figure-02Assessed Water Technology under Koyra Upazila 39 Figure-03Assessed Water Technology under Dacope Upazila 40 Figure-04Assessed Water Technology under Kaliganj Upazila 41

Map:

Map-02Map of Satkhira District 17 Map-03Map of Khulna District 17 Map-04Map of Shyamnagar,Kligonj,Dacope and Koyra Upazila 17 Map-05Hydrogeological Zone Map of Bangladesh 18

Annexure

1.0 Technology Assessment Form 2.0 Technology (data sheet) list-Dacope-Koyra-Kaliganj-Shyamnagar 3.0 Union Wise Technology Map-Kaliganj 4.0 Union Wise Technology Map-Shyamnagar 5.0 Union Wise Technology Map-Koyra 6.0 Union Wise Technology map-Dacope 7.0 Questionnaire FGD & KII form 8.0 Vertical Electrical Sounding Curve of 12nos union-Kaliganj and Northing & Easting 9.0 Water quality test data (Laboratory & Field test kit)- Kaliganj- Shyamnagar- Koyra- Dacope 10.0 Secondary data from WVB, DPHE

Reference

Executive Summary

Bangladesh depends mainly on groundwater resources to meet its domestic demand for potable water. Rural water supplies are obtained mainly from tubewells fitted with hand pumps. Bangladesh has the potential to achieve almost universal (i.e. about 97%) drinking water supply coverage, but the presence of excessive arsenic in the shallow groundwater and saline water encroachment in coastal aquifers has made this achievement nearly impossible. Nevertheless, further progress in ensuring safe water service delivery in rural areas, particularly in hard to reach (HtR) areas e.g. coastal areas still remain a big challenge in Bangladesh.

World Vision Bangladesh has initiated the project titled ‘Nobo Jatra Project’ with the financial support of USAID. The study titled “Conducting surface-ground water evaluation study in Dacope, Koyra, Shyamnagar and Kaliganj upazilas of Khulna and Satkhira districts in Bangladesh” under Nobo Jatra Project has been initiated with a view to the purpose of this study is to identify surface and groundwater sources (shallow and deep aquifer) with appropriate water options of the project area considering its water quality parameters. The objective of this consultancy service is to identify surface and groundwater sources (shallow and deep aquifer) with appropriate water options of the project area considering its water quality parameters aquifer, stratigraphy, water source, ground water flow direction etc. Therefore, the foremost purpose is to prepare water sources (surface and groundwater) map with technology options in the mentioned project area.

Mixed method was considered to conduct this study and the technologies were selected by random sampling method. The participatory techniques used in the study process includes, review of available documents and secondary data and information, series of field visits, questionnaire survey, Focus Group Discussions (FGD), Key Informant Interview (KII), test boring, Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES), transect walks and observation of all types of existing water technologies.

It is found from the study that more activities and effort is needed to ensure the water facilities for all. In the study areas are vulnerable due to the anticipated impacts of climate changes like sea-level rises and different natural disaster. Saline water in upper aquifers and in few areas, arsenic contamination in shallow groundwater limits the availability of fresh water in the region. Surface water of tidal rivers are also saline to brackish both in wet and dry seasons.

Pond Sand Filter (PSF), Shallow Tube-Well (STW) , Deep Hand Tube-Well (DTW) , household (HH) based Rain Water Harvesting System (RWHS), community based Rain Water Harvesting System (RWHS), ground & surface water based piped water supply and desalinization plant has been found for water supply options in study areas. As there is no aquifer (in Dacope) and very limited aquifer in other 3 upazilas - so the choice of options for safe water delivery are very limited like (i) Pond Sand Filter (PSF) (ii) Desalinization plant (iii) Rain water Harvesting System (RWHS) etc. The demerits of ‘Rainwater Harvesting’ is that it is not competent enough to serve community in all over the year and the demerits of ‘Dis-salinity Plant’ is that it is costly and technical knowhow is required. So, considering the cost, technical staff attachment and user-friendliness of the said two options it can be said that PSF is comparatively feasible options in those areas - where reserve pond is available. Considering the said facts and reality PSF is found as most cost effective and suitable option for water service delivery. As coastal water supply as groundwater in upper aquifers is saline – so the RWHS is found most feasible in rainy season and limited use during dry season only for drinking water. Desalinization Plant can be constructed in those areas where preserved pond is not available with careful disposal of remaining untreated high saline water. Deep aquifer (>300 m) may contain fresh water, therefore, DTWs may be installed for community water supply.

Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR) by infiltrating fresh precipitated water may improve shallow groundwater quality above arsenic contaminated zone by reducing salinity concentration. It is found from this study that more activities and effort is needed to ensure the safe water. Still it is required to expand and improve safe water supply to the targeted beneficiaries.

Based on the analysis of data and information generated as a part of this study and relevant data those collected from secondary sources, the following conclusions could be drawn:

(i) The deeper aquifer (150 m- 230 m) in Shayamnagar Upazila appears to be free from arsenic contamination and less contamination of iron and salinity. Installation of deeper wells is reported to be feasible. Groundwater from the very and shallow aquifer of the STWs contains higher levels of arsenic (As), iron and salinity. Therefore, water from very shallow and shallow aquifer using STWs is not groundwater based suitable option. Where DTW is no feasible and shallow aquifer contains high concentration of arsenic and iron & salinity; AIRP and Reverse Osmosis could be considered as an alternative potential option in this upazila.

(ii) Pond Sand Filters (PSFs) and RWHS are the feasible water facility appears to enjoy user- acceptance, and produce good quality water except for high concentration of fecal coliform (FC). This drawback could be overcome by adding a disinfection system to the PSFs; UV disinfection system has been successfully implemented in PSFs but it bear additional cost and needed extra support for maintenance.

(iii) Rainwater Harvesting Systems (RWHSs) is to be a good and well-accepted technology for potable water supply during wet season but limited to use during dry season. However, in some cases water from RWHSs contains high levels of fecal coliform (FC) due to harvesting water with improper ways by the beneficiaries. This problem could be overcome through introducing of a disinfection system and proper awareness on water handling and storage. UV disinfection and filtration system can been successfully implemented in RWHSs through it is costly and need proper maintenance. Harvesting rain water in following proper instruction/guidance and regular cleaning of this option is not so critical. There is significant scope for improvement in the design of RWHSs, which would further improve their performance and user-acceptance.

(iv) Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR) is a relatively new technology and is still at pilot stage. More data/information are required to assess its suitability. Artificial recharge i.e. managed aquifer recharge (MAR) may be augmented in coastal area to improve shallow groundwater quality above arsenic contaminated layer by reducing salinity concentration and can be used for drinking purpose.

From the conducted study major observations are detailed below:

(i) In Dacope Upazila: Groundwater based water technological option is found with contaminated arsenic, iron and salinity in the Dacope Upazila.

(ii) Kaliganj Upazila: The aquifer (40m – 200m) in Kaliganj Upazila appears to be free from arsenic contamination; water from this aquifer at most locations also contains lower levels of iron (Fe) and Salinity especially in Krishnanagar, Champaphul, Tarali, Bishnupur and Nalta Unions. Water from this aquifer, extracted through DTWs, could be safe for domestic use. However, installation of deep tubewells is reported to be feasible. Groundwater from the very

shallow and shallow aquifer of the STWs in Kaligianj Upazila contains of Arsenic (As), Iron and salinity which varies one area to other. In Kaliganj areas two types of aquifer found; Shallow aquifer to semi deep aquifer which depth 40 m-75 m and deep aquifer which depth greater than 90 m to found up to 200 m depth. (Union wise aquifer details in the VES reports section).

(iii) In Koyra Upazila: The deeper aquifer of Koyra Upazila appears to be free from arsenic contamination; water from this aquifer in most of the locations found that it contains lower levels of iron and salinity. Water from this aquifer extracted through DTWs could be safely used for potable use. However, construction of deeper wells is reported to be feasible. Shallow aquifer is contaminated by arsenic (As), iron and salinity. Therefore, water from STWs at Koyra Upazila is not a groundwater based suitable option. Where DTW is not feasible and shallow aquifer contains of arsenic and iron, AIRP and Reverse Osmosis could be considered as a potential option.

(iv) In Shayamnagar Upazila: The aquifer (as found through the study is lying between 40m – 200m) in Shayamnagar Upazila appears to be free from arsenic contamination. Water from this aquifer at most locations contains lower levels of iron (Fe) and Salinity.

Saline water encroachment in both surface water bodies and groundwater aquifers is the main constraints for fresh water supply in the studied upazilas. Besides salinity problem, the natural disasters are also obstructing for providing safe water facilities. Considering physiographic conditions, water quality as well as socio-economic condition of the inhabitants, pond sand filters (PSF) with and without mechanical pump, household and community based RWHSs, pond water based piped water supply and desalinization plant have been installed as feasible options for safe water supply in the area. Deep tubewells has installed for community based piped water supply. As per provision of the ToR we have survey the water supply option technologies and we have collected water sample of the respective 400 water supply options (like shallow shrouded, semi- deep and deep ground water tubewell, RWHs, PSFs etc. for more than 2000 technological options). Based on the conducted study and result from water quality test of various options we can mention here that very shallow shrouded tubewells may be used to withdraw recently recharged shallow groundwater stored above arsenic and saline affected zone. Fresh precipitation water recharge may be augmented by installing managed aquifer recharge in very shallow subsurface that would improve the quality of groundwater by reducing salinity concentration level of shallow groundwater.

 Deep Tube Well (DTW) is the most preferable water option where suitable deep aquifer with low-salinity water is available at Kaliganj, Koyra (except Bagali Union) and Shyamnagar.

 Pond Sand Filter (PSF) is a promising option for community water supply where suitable dedicated and reserve pond is available. This is relevant to be mentioned that for existing PSFs, it is needed to re-excavation of pond, cleaning, lime mixing on each edge side for protection of saline water intrusion. By using lime in the PSFs – it creates a impermeable

layer which protect on intrusions of any foreign particle from outside in water body of PSF. The lime automatically protect the salinity of PSFs water also.

 Rain Water Harvesting (RWH) system appears to be a suitable option at household and community level. RWHS is effective in Dacope area due to inavailability of aquifer and condition of water quality.

Chapter 1 Introduction

1.1 General

The development of groundwater resources for potable use has increased substantially over the last decades. Bangladesh depends mainly on groundwater sources to meet its domestic demand for potable water. Rural domestic water supplies are obtained mainly from tube wells fitted with hand pumps and dug wells. Different types of groundwater well technology are found /used for water supply like Shallow hand tube well, deep tube well, Tara Pump, Deep set Pump etc. Although groundwater is generally of better quality than surface water, it has the drawback of being complicated and costly to treat once it becomes contaminated. By early 1990's, Bangladesh achieved almost universal (i.e. about 97%) drinking water supply coverage until the success was overshadowed by the presence of excessive arsenic in the shallow groundwater and saline water encroachment in coastal aquifers. Bangladesh has made considerable progress in terms of access to safe drinking water especially in urban areas.

Bangladesh covers an area of 143,998 sq/km and extends from 20-34’-N to 26-38’N and from 88- 01’E to 92-56’. Maximum extension is about 440km in E-W direction and 760km NNW-SSE. Bangladesh is bordered by India in the west, north and east and by the border of Myanmar in the South-east. Bangladesh is the largest deltaic land in the world, its north-eastern portion is attached hilly region (Himalayan and Arkanyeoma hills) and Bay of Bengal is on southern portion of Bangladesh. Few hundred meters depth is very important for groundwater due to alluvium sediments are deposited which contains groundwater. In Bangladesh groundwater flow direction is north to south. Hydrogeologically Bangladesh is divided into six zones and geologically is divided into five zones. Groundwater of Coastal areas of Bangladesh is very critical because fresh aquifer identify is very difficult, some aquifer source is up stream and contain fresh water at different depth. Groundwater of some areas is contaminated by salinity at different depth. Due to global warming and climate changes many area areas are affected by sea water and salinity concentration rate is increasing. Like other coastal areas, the shallow aquifer of ground water of most locations has the presence of iron and salinity higher than the acceptable limit. In few locations, arsenic concentration is very close to the acceptable limit.

1.2 Background of the Project

Under the project titled “Conducting surface-ground water evaluation study in Dacope, Koyra, Shyamnagar and Kaliganj upazillas of Khulna and Satkhira districts in Bangladesh” under Nobo Jatra Project has been initiated with a view to the purpose of this study is to identify surface and groundwater sources (shallow and deep aquifer) with appropriate water options of the project area considering its water quality parameters. Therefore, the foremost purpose is to prepare water sources (surface and groundwater) map with technology options in the mentioned project area.

1.3 Location of Project Area

The Project area is under the coastal areas in Dacope, Koyra, Shyamnagar and Kaliganj Upazilas of Khulna and Satkhira districts in Bangladesh. All study areas are under Coastal deltaic zone. Geologically areas are in coastal area and its sub-surface geology, stratigraphy and hydrogeological system is very critical. Underground geological variation is critical like hilly region where underground stratigraphy is very critical. Study area is situated in coastal deltaic deposited area and area is developed by trans-creation and re-creation.

1.4 Project Objectives

The objective of this consultancy service is to identify surface and groundwater sources (shallow and deep aquifer) with appropriate water options of the project area considering its water quality parameters. Therefore, the foremost purpose is to prepare water sources (surface and groundwater) map with technology options in the mentioned project area. The major objectives

 To prepare a list with proper analysis of beneficiary coverage, installation cost, maintenance cost, operational challenges, sustainability, longevity, water tariff existing water technologies both surface and ground water.  To identify the area-specific multiple water options for providing safe drinking water to the beneficiaries based on collected surface-ground water technologies information.  Identify potential surface water sources/technologies with recommendations as appropriate options for treating the contaminated water.  To identify and assess potential shallow and deep aquifer water sources by conducting Electrical Resistivity Survey employing Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES), for Kaliganj area. Provide a strong analysis on the level of saltwater conductivity and provide recommendations.  Prepare GIS map both groundwater and surface water of proposed project area and conduct GIS training for WASH staff.

1.5 Scope of Work

The scope of work will cover all aspects related to the Conducting surface-ground water evaluation study for the proposed project areas including Focus Group Discussion (FGD), Key Informant Interview (KII), survey of physical features, scientific and environmental, hydrogeological aspects and also review and study of subsurface lithology, groundwater level, functionality, non- functionality, sustainability, socio-economic conditions of the users, accessibility, Operation and Maintenance (O&M) status, affordability and acceptance of the water supply option by users groups, comments on advantages and limitations of the technologies and their suggestion etc. and socio- economic study for the project area. Specifically, the scopes of work consist of:

 Listing and analysis (beneficiary coverage, installation cost, maintenance cost, operational challenges, sustainability, longevity, water tariff/beneficiary) of all water technologies (both surface and ground water) are using/piloting at NJP area for appropriateness to replicate. This is relevant to be mentioned here that the beneficiaries of study are (i) all domestic water users under the scheduled 4 upazilas irrespective of income, education, behavioral pattern etc. (ii) all institutional water users under the scheduled 4 upazilas  Identify the areas specific multiple water options for providing safe drinking water to the beneficiaries based on collected surface – ground water technologies information.  Identify potential surface water sources/technologies with recommendations as appropriate options for treating the contaminated water.  Identify and assess of potential shallow and deep aquifer water source by conducting Vertical Electro-magnetic survey (VES), resistivity log for Kaliganj area. Provide a strong analysis on the level of saltwater conductivity and provide recommendations for areas where tube wells can be constructed without saltwater intrusion.  Identify potential repairable existing water options and conduct water quality (Arsenic, Fecal Coliform, Iron, Manganese, and Salinity) test.  Gather Union/ward level ground water table data on existing tube wells, test bore-hole, from DPHE and/or available secondary sources.

 Prepare GIS map both groundwater and surface water of NJP project area and conduct GIS training for WASH staff.

1.6 Objective of the Assignment

 To prepare a list with proper analysis of beneficiary coverage, installation cost, maintenance cost, operational challenges, sustainability, longevity, water tariff existing water technologies both surface and ground water.  To identify the area-specific multiple water options for providing safe drinking water to the beneficiaries based on collected surface-ground water technologies information.  Identify potential surface water sources/technologies with recommendations as appropriate options for treating the contaminated water.  To identify and assess potential shallow and deep aquifer water sources by conducting Electrical Resistivity Survey employing Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES), borehole resistivity log for Kaliganj area. Provide a strong analysis on the level of saltwater conductivity and provide recommendations.  Prepare GIS map both groundwater and surface water of proposed project area and conduct GIS training for WASH staff.

1.7 Major Deliverables

The assignment of conducting surface-ground water evaluation study in Dacope, Koyra, Shyamnagar and Kaliganj upazilla of Khulna and Satkhira districts in Bangladesh provides Upazila-wise appropriate water supply technology for expansion of different water supply activities as well as needed restructured development of existing areas. As per TOR and agreements, major deliverables are-

 Provide upazila-wise (Dacope, Koyra, Kaliganj and Shyamnager) list of appropriate multiple technology options for potable water.  Provide detail analysis (beneficiary coverage, installation cost, maintenance cost, longevity etc.) of existing water technologies.  Provide Union/ward wise ground water table data from secondary sources and study.  Provide list of existing repairable water options with water quality test reports (Arsenic, Coliforms, Iron, pH, Salinity, Turbidity etc.) showing GPS coordinate.  Provide separate tabular form and GIS map of identified surface and ground water sources/options, water quality in the project area.  Conduct a GIS training for water technology mapping/water quality with interpretation to WASH staff at Khulna.  Presentation of draft study findings to stakeholders (USAID, WVI, Institution, water experts, etc.) for data validation and feedbacks through two validation workshop.  Final report of the study incorporated feedbacks from validation workshop.  A copy of DVD containing softcopy of all reports and map files (shape file, bore log, or others) and hard copy of all lab test results and necessary reference documents as necessary.

Chapter 2 Approach and Methodology

2.1 Introduction

Approach and methodology followed to accomplish the assignment of conducting surface-ground water evaluation study in Dacope, Koyra, Shyamnagar and Kaliganj Upazilas of Khulna and Satkhira districts in Bangladesh. Approach and methodology followed to accomplish the assignment included desktop review to develop a database on water technology, water quality of the study areas, assessed the performance of different available water options mitigating arsenic and salinity contamination in the study areas through primary tests (using field test kits in the field and 10% tests in the laboratory of DPHE, Khulna) and reviewed secondary data sources mainly from DPHE and comparing with Bangladesh standard for drinking water, documenting user’s feedback on different available water options that are currently being used through questionnaire survey, also feedback taken from technology provider through key informant interview (KII). An appropriate methodology containing work plan was developed, shared and finalized with the World Vision Bangladesh to deliver the desired outputs. The approach that was followed and the relevant instruments that were used in the field were finalized in consultation with World Vision Bangladesh before implementation. The approach and methodology followed in this study is summarized in the following Sections.

2.2 Consultation with World Vision Bangladesh to finalize work plan

Islam Geo Soil Engineer (IGSE) developed a tentative work plan with key milestones within one week of signing agreement to carry out the assignment in consultation with World Vision Bangladesh. Several meetings were held between Islam Geo Soil Engineer and World Vision Bangladesh for finalized the work plan, setting out the working modalities, for reviewing the progress of the project and setting out course of action. The approach and methodology for the proposed assignment of conducting surface-ground water evaluation study in Dacope, Koyra, Shyamnagar and Kaliganj Upazilas of Khulna and Satkhira districts in Bangladesh. IGSE completed field works (present water supply technology survey, FGD, KII, secondary data collection, VES operation, test well drilling, lithology developed, surface and underground water quality test and analysis etc.

2.3 Tools development and finalization

Users’ feedback from the surveyed water options in the study areas was gathered through a questionnaire survey. Draft questionnaire for user feedback and key informant interview (KII) were first developed and shared World Vision Bangladesh for their comments; both questionnaires were finalized after incorporating the feedbacks obtained from World Vision Bangladesh. (Questionnaire is given in Annexure.)

2.4 Field visit to the study areas

Several field visits were made in the study areas (i.e., Dacope, Koyra, Shyamnagar and Kaliganj upazilas of Khulna and Satkhira districts) during the study period and collected field samples, carry out questionnaire survey, KII, FGD and meeting with the different government, non-government organization and representatives of organizations who are working in the study areas.

2.5 Technology assessment through questionnaire survey

During field visit in the study areas, users were interviewed to document their feedback on the used water options and their feedback were documented using questionnaire. The questionnaire survey was conducted in the form of consultation for the water options that have multi household users, and in the form of individual interview for water options with up to 3-4 household users. The questionnaire comprised of general information of the respondents, technical information related to the type, depth, efficiency in terms of quality and quantity, O & M.

2.6 Sampling and Water quality analysis

As per agreement IGSE engaged four water sample collection and testing group in four Upazilas (Dacope- Koyra- Shyemnagar and Kaliganj). The Field team members collected total no. of 400 water sample from different types of water supply options and tested by field water test kits (Arsenic-Iron-Chloride-pH-TDS-Mn etc). IGSE have been completed this job as per World Vision instruction and their selected site list.

2.7 Financial analysis

The study methodology comprised both quantitative and qualitative methods. Quantitative methods included a collection of secondary data on programme and financial analysis for conducting existing water supply technology assessment and household survey. The qualitative methods included such as conducted Focus Group Discussion (FGD) and Key Informant Interview (KII) and technology survey at different beneficiaries’ level of the NJP project intervention areas. The financial analyzed including; operation & maintenance costs, level of services to be provided to the beneficiaries, financially viable manner of existing water supply technologies considering the economic assumptions such as population growth rate, average population to get water service facilities and socio-economic conditions of the water service area.

2.8 GIS mapping

Islam Geo Soil Engineer has been developed all maps by Arch GIS 10.3. IGSE engaged GIS expert for preparation of mapping (water supply technology mapping area basis), Field staffs are collected coordinates (longitude-latitude) with GPS and other information as per instruction of ToR/Agreement. (Details GIS Maps in Annexure)

2.9 Conduct Test Borehole and Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES)

The aquifer condition has been identified using by Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) & test borehole especially in the Kaliganj Upazila. Installed the required number (20) with 38 mm well casing dia. boring dia 100-150 mm installed where VES test recommended to do further investigation. As per instruction made through last meeting (presided by Ex. Coordinator) it is needed to be increased up to 3 nos. of VES Test in every union of Kaliganj upazila. For that we conducted the said VES Test to determine stratigraphical condition as well as aquifer condition in different unions of Kaliganj upazila.

2.10 Drilling and installation Technique of the Test Well

The testwell drill done by wash method and test well installed. It is observed that Well depth varied from one to other Union. The well trained and well experienced ‘Drilling Supervisor’ monitor the field work to ensure the quality performance of drilling activities.

2.11 Report preparation and submission

Based on the findings from primary data collected/generated as a part of this study, secondary document and data review, questionnaire survey and stakeholders’ interview, a draft report has been prepared. The draft report would be finalized incorporating feedbacks obtained from World Vision Bangladesh.

Chapter 3 Physical Investigation of Geography, Geology & Hydrogeology

3.1 Geography

Geography of the study area includes mainly its topography and relief, drainage and water supply, population, culture, climate, vegetation etc. are as follows

3.2 Physiographic Condition

Quaternary sediments deposited mainly by Ganges (Padma), Brahmaputra (Jamuna) and Meghna rivers and their numerous distributaries cover about three quarters of Bangladesh. The physiography and the drainage pattern of the alluvial plains in the central, northern and western regions considerable alterations in recent times. As per Rashid (1977) the major physiographic subdivisions are

1) Himalayan Piedmont Plain 2) Flood plains of the Tista Brahmaputra Jamuna Ganges and Meghna rivers 3) Barind Tract 4) Modhupur Tract 5) Foothills of the Shillong massif 6) Hoar Basin 7) Tippera Surface 8) Delta 9) Chittagong Hill Traces

As per physiographic map the project area is situated under Deltaic Plain and soil depositions are deposited by Deltaic & Tidal Deltaic environments. The deltaic deposits are sediments that are deposited on the active delta, which is defined as the area south of the Ganges River and mostly west of the Meghna estuary. Most of the delta is less than 15meters above the mean sea level and the tidal zone is generally less than three (3) meters above the mean sea level. The delta is crossed by parallel south-southeast-trending distributary channels. The land gradient is approximately 1.00 meter per 20km. The historically stable delta front and presence of artefacts found below water table (Morgan and McIntire, 1959) suggest that large areas of the middle and lower delta are subsiding. The project area is under tidal delta deposited area and sea level is within 1.5 to 3.0m (reg. BSO).

3.3 Location of the Study Area

The study area includes Dacope, Koyra, Shyamnagar and Kaliganj Upazillas of Khulna and Satkhira Districts in Bangladesh covering from 22025’N to 22054’N latitude to 89015’E to 89045’E. The physical parameter will be find out including; Topography and Relief, Climate, Rainfall, Temperature, Evaporation, Humidity etc. of the project areas.

Map- 01Satkhira district Map-02 Khulna district

Map-03: Shyamnagar, Kaliganj, Dacope and Koyra Upazilas Maps 3.4 Hydrogeological Condition

Bangladesh is the largest deltaic land in the world, its north-eastern portion is attached hilly region (Himalayan and Arkanyeoma hills) and Bay of Bengal is on southern portion of Bangladesh. Detailed groundwater & hydro-geological investigation is very important for any county to mitigate human water demand. The optimum development and management of groundwater resource for mitigating human water demand, needs a detailed hydro-geological investigation of the water bearing formation, properties and characteristic (Bouwer 1978). Hydrogeological condition of any area depends on many parameters such as topography, geology, drainage pattern/system, rainfall, soil characteristics, recharge, discharge and hydraulic properties of the aquifer. Bangladesh is mostly a flat land formed by the three major/mighty rivers, namely the Ganges, the Brahmaputra and the Meghna.

In the most part of Bangladesh favorable groundwater conditions occur mainly due to relatively high rainfall and recent geological condition and sedimentation. The occurrence, movement and storage of groundwater are influence by the sequence, lithology, thickness and structure of rock formation, the unconsolidated alluvial deposits of probably recent to sub recent age covers nearly

all over the country. These sediments are generally thick most part of the country and as good bearing formation (Pitman 1982), Jones (1972) is recognized four major groundwater areas in Bangladesh which is later modified by Hyde, 1979. According to this classification, following groundwater development areas are:

a) Younger b) Complex geology c) Oldest alluvium d) Coastal area

In Bangladesh, Quaternary sediments deposited by three mighty rivers consist primarily of alluvial and deltaic deposits can be divided into

a. Younger alluvium b. Older alluvium and c. Coastal alluvium

The younger or recent alluvium shows the best possibility for groundwater development. The area consists primarily of unconsolidated sediments with appreciable thickness of sands generally extending to a depth of more than a hundred meters. In Barind and Madhupur tracts the sediments are highly oxidized considered to be Pleistocene age and characteristically have a higher content of clay and silt than alluvial. The Recent and Pleistocene alluvial form the principal aquifers of the country. The recent alluvial, deltaic and marine sediments consist the coastal area are characterized by highly variable ground water conditions.

Hydrogeological setting of Bangladesh

Groundwater occurs in the extensive unconsolidated sedimentary aquifers all over the country and aquifer depth vary area basis. Bangladesh has been divided into various hydrogeological units (Hyde, 1987; UNDP, 1982; MPO, 1987). Ahmed (2003) simply classified whole the Bangladesh in 6 major hydrogeological units, these are:

Zone-01 Holocene Piedmont Plains Zone-02 Holocene Deltaic & Flood Plains Zone-03 Pleistocene Terraces Zone-04 Holocene Depressions Zone-05 Tertiary Hills and Zone-06 Holocene coastal Plains Map-05: Hydrogeological Zone Map of Bangladesh

In Bangladesh, GW level of the shallow aquifer is very close to the surface and fluctuate with the annual recharge and discharge conditions, it also directly related with seasonal weather. It means water level rises during the monsoon (during heavy rain fall, flood, high water flow in the river etc) and declines during summer due to lake of water recharge in the aquifer and large-scale irrigation abstractions.

3.4.1 Lithological analysis of the study area

Hydro stratigraphy: The optimum development and management of groundwater resources for human demands, require a proper investigation of the water bearing formation, its properties and characteristics (Bouwer, 1978). Hydro-geological condition of any area depends on many parameters such as topography, geology, drainage system, rainfall, elevation, soil characteristics, recharge, drainage, discharge and hydraulic properties of the aquifer (Fetter, 1994).

3.4.2 Lithological Analysis of Different Bore Hole samples in the study area:

The distribution and movement of sub-surface geologic formation directly control the occurrence and movement of groundwater. The geologic formation has a marked influence on lateral and vertical movements of groundwater. Evaluation of subsurface geologic formations are useful to understand the occurrence of groundwater bearing zone. The infiltration and percolation of groundwater are governed, in part, by the character of the sub-surface formation. The deposition and thickness of water bearing horizons and the confining aquifers are of particularly important on the development of groundwater exploration zone. In this study, 35 lithologs are used to construct hydrostratigraphic cross-sections, Vertical distributions of groundwater on the basis of their lithological character are also inferred from these lithology information.

3.4.3 Subsurface Lithological Cross-section

As per agreement and inception report IGSE completed detail groundwater study in Kaliganj Upazila under Satkhira district. This Upazila is very close to Indian border and part of Padma river branch run beside Kaliganj Upazila. Under geological and hydrogeological point of view fresh groundwater may found in the Kaliganj area. For this reason, Nobo Jatra project authority is selected Kaliganj is chosen for detail groundwater study. More over in many union parishad areas fresh water technologies area found and local people extracting ground water from various depth. As per ToR and inception report IGSE has completed following works-

a. Collected Secondary data from DPHE of existing water supply system of different areas under Kaliganj Upazila; Shallow and deep tube well depth/water quality/area/technology installation year/maintenance and other relevant issue/data b. Conducted total no. of 36 vertical electrical sounding (resistivity ohm/m) operation and developed VES curve which shows lithological status and we have found out initial subsurface status of the Kaliganj areas. c. IGSE have completed 20 nos, test well drilling, well installation and water quality test for assess the fresh groundwater layer, its thickness, groundwater flow direction, groundwater assessment and sustainability etc. d. Lithological and borelog data prepared for aquifer detection from test well and Vertical Electrical Sounding(VES).

During field survey at Kaliganj, we found that (a) 6 unions groundwater depth is lying within 100m (b) no groundwater (aquifer) is found in 4 union and (c) rest 3 unions aquifer depth is found in two types i.e. one is 60 to 75m depth and another aquifer is 180 to 225 m (Source-VES and test drilling data) [The details of the said information of the mentioned data are provided in the Table 1). Kaliganj is attached with Indian border and one branch of Padma river run south-western side, this river carries fresh water, geological some parts of Kaliganj(sub-surface) carry portable fresh water where salinity and other drinking water parameters percentage are found within Bangladesh Drinking Water limit level. In Kaliganj, two ways were assessed ground water status (depth and quality). Aquifer is find out mainly by Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) and in some area we drill

test well and checked lithology and also checked with VES resistivity result (ohm/m). Worldwide VES is used for aquifer detection, if salinity is high than VES show low resistivity (resistivity is very low, like 3 to 4ohm/m and in fresh water resistivity value is above 25 ohm/m)

SL Area Aquifer depth in m Aquifer thickness Comments/source

1 Krisnonagar Union-Kaliganj 1) 1st aquifer depth 60m to 110m 15 m 30 to 40m (thickness Test well and Vertical electrical 2) 2nd aquifer depth 150m to 230m (deep variable area to area) sounding (VES) aquifer and depth is variable)

2 Bisnopur Union-Kaliganj 1) 91m to 107m -deep aquifer 9m to 12m DPHE and test boring result Village-Hogla

3 Vharasimla union-Brozopatli 1) 60m to 80m-Shallow aquifer 15m to 20m VES and test boring result

4 Moutola Union 1) No deep aquifer(deep aquifer) 15m to 20m Source 2) Shallow aquifer 50m to 75m Test well drilling and VES

Two Test well drilling area- Guru Khamar and Pania area

5 South Sripur union 1) No deep aquifer - Source-Vertical electrical sounding 2) Shallow aquifer 60m to 75m 10m to 15m (VES) and test well drilling. Test well location -Gobindokati school, -Fotepur School

6 Kushulia Union 1) No deep aquifer(greater than - Source-Vertical electrical sounding 100m) 10m to 15m (VES) and test well drilling. 2) Shallow aquifer-75m to 85m

7 Jogodiskhati 1) Deep aquifer- 130m to 160m 20m to 30m Source-Vertical Electrical Sounding Champaful Union Two test well is done (VES) and test well. 1) 158m 2) 130m

8 Tarali Union 1) Deep aquifer 100m to 133m 30m Source- Vertical Electrical Sounding 2) Shallow aquifer 45m to 60m (VES) and test well. 15m Two test well drilling is done VES is more scientific and standard 1) Rabeya cyclone shelter-110m procedure for find out aquifer (Deep aquifer) depth, position, thickness 2) Tarali Union-110m (Deep aquifer) 9 Nolta Union Shallow aquifer 50m to 60m 10m to 15m Source- Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) and test well.

10 Mutherespur Union Deep aquifer: 185m to 213m 10 to 20m Source- Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) and test well. 12 Dholbaria Union Deep aquifer: two One is found within 100m 15m Source- test well and Vertical Second is found within 250m Electrical Sounding (VES)

13 Ratanpur Deep aquifer- two 1st Deep aquifer is found within 100m 15 to 20m Source- test well and Vertical 2nd Deep aquiferis found within 200m to Electrical Sounding (VES) 250m

KALIGANJ UPAZILA

Location, Extent and Accessibility

Kaliganj Upazila one of the Upazila under Satkhira district is situated on southern part of Khulna district which under Coastal region as per hydrogeological zone and geologically in coastal belt of Bangladesh. Kaliganj Upazila is bordered by Debhata Upazila and Assasuni Upazila on the north, Assasuni Upazila on the east, Shyamnagar Upazila on the south and Hingalganj (community development block) in North 24 Parganas district in West Bengal, India on the west. The main rivers here are: Jamuna, Kakshiali, Galghasia, Kalindi, Gutiakhali; Bilgali, Banshtala and Bagarkhali canals are notable. Kaliganj Upazila was turned into an upazila in 1982. Kaliganj has 12 Unions, 244 Mauzas/Mahallas, and 256 villages. The study area includes Kaliganj Upazila of Satkhira District covering from 22.4500°N to 89.0417°E. Annual average temperature is maximum 34.30C and minimum 20.80C.

SHYAMNAGAR UPAZILLA

Location, Extent and Accessibility

Shyamnagar Upazila one of the Upazila under Satkhira district is situated on southern part of Khulna district which under Coastal region as per hydrogeological zone and geologically in coastal belt of Bangladesh. Shyamnagar Upazila is bordered by Kaliganj (Satkhira) and Assasuni upazilas to the north, the Sundarbans and Bay of Bengal to the south, Koyra and Assasuni upazilas to the east and Hingalganj in North 24 Parganas district in the Indian state of West Bengal to the west. The main rivers here are: Raymangal, Kalindi, Kobadak, Kholpetua, Arpangachhia, Malancha, Hariabhanga and Chuna. South Talpatti Island at the estuary of the Hariabhanga is notable. Shyamnagar Upazila was turned into an upazila in 1982. It consists of 12 union parishads, 127 mouzas and 216 villages. The study area includes Shyamnagar Upazila of Satkhira District covering from 22.3306°N 89.1028°E. Annual average temperature is maximum 34.30C and minimum 20.80C.

KOYRA UPAZILA

Location, Extent and Accessibility

Koyra Upazila one of the Upazila under Khulna district is situated on southern part of Khulna district which under Coastal region as per hydrogeological zone and geologically in coastal belt of Bangladesh. It is bounded by Paikgachha upazila on the north, the Bay of Bengal and Sundarbans on the south, Dacope upazila on the east, Assasuni and Koyra upazila on the west. The main rivers here are; Dharla, Pasur, Arpangachhia, Taldhup, Malancha, kobadak, ball; Koyra canal is notable. Koyra Upazila was turned into an upazila in 1983. It consists of 7 Unions, 72 Mauzas/Mahallas, and 131 villages. The study area includes Koyra Upazila of Khulna District covering from 22.3417°N 89.3000°E. Annual average temperature is maximum 34.30C and minimum 20.80C.

DACOPE UPAZILA

Location, Extent and Accessibility

Dacope Upazila one of the Upazila under Khulna district is situated on southern part of Khulna district which under Coastal region as per hydrogeological zone and geologically in coastal belt of

Bangladesh. It is bounded by Batiaghata upazila on the north, Pasur river on the south, Rampal and Mongla upazilas on the east, Paikgachha and koyra upazilas on the west. The main rivers here are; Pasur, Shibsa, Manki, Bhadra; Palashbari, Churia, Nalian and Jugra canals are notable. The southern part of this upazila is surrounded by Sundarban. Dacope Upazila was turned into an upazila in 1983. It consists of 10 union Parishad, 26 mouzas and 107 villages. The study area includes Dacope Upazila of Khulna District covering from 22.5722°N to 89.5111°E Annual average temperature is maximum 34.30C and minimum 20.80C.

The study area is situated in the coastal belt and geologically subsurface is very critical and hydrogeologically four Upazila is under Zone -06 (Tidal delta deposited area) and found different types of hydrogeological character. Shyamnagar and Kaliganj is situated south-western part of Bangladesh. One branch river of Padma falls in to Bay of Bengal in down (southern part) part of Kaliganj Upazila, this river carries fresh water and some areas of Kaliganj bear fresh water. Fresh aquifer found at different depth and aquifer thickness is 10m to 15m and rest of other underground water is contaminated by salinity. Some sea channels are found in Kaliganj area which bear saline water.

In Kaliganj main challenges is to find out fresh aquifer and fresh groundwater flow direction. In the Indian border site located unions named Mothurespur, Dholbaria, Ratanpur and Krisnonagar etc has found fresh groundwater within 150m to 250m depth (deep aquifer). Kusulia, Moutola, Bharasimla, Tarali, Bisnopur (Union) area shallow depth fresh water is found which aquifer depth is 60m to 133m. Main Challenge is find out fresh aquifer zone and depth.

Shyamnagar area is situated south-western part of Bangladesh under Satkhira district. Jamuna, Malancha, Haribhanga and other sea channels are found in Shyamnagar Upazila. Southern part is attached with Sundarbn Forest (mangrove). River and channel systems are very critical, maximum river and channel bear sea water. Fresh groundwater is found only in some areas but most of the part of Shyamnagar area affected by saline water. Main challenge for water supply is to fix up water supply technology. During disaster period, many areas are submersed/flooded by sea water and contaminated surface water (pond, lake) and shallow depth of aquifer (15m to 50m) also contaminated by salinity (percolation of saline water).

Koyra Upazila one of the Upazila under Khulna district is situated on southern part of Khulna district which under Coastal region as per hydrogeological zone and geologically in coastal belt of Bangladesh. It is bounded by Paikgachha upazila on the north, the Bay of Bengal and Sundarbans on the south, Dacope upazila on the east, Assasuni and Koyra upazila on the west. Two main sea channel Malancha River and Pusur River run south-west and southeast side. Annual average temperature is maximum 34.30C and minimum 20.80C. Paikgacha Upazila is situated on the north- western side of of Koyra Upazial. Geologically this the main corridor for underground water source of Koyra Upazila. During assessment of water supply technology through available secondary data and FGD - it is come to our observation that confined aquifer may be available in few areas like: Moharajpur, Koyra sadar, North Betkasi, South Betkasi and Bagali union butin southern part like Amadi and Moheswaripur of the upazila there is no availability of groundwater.

Dacope Upazila under Khulna district is situated on southern part of Khulna district which under Coastal region as per hydrogeological zone and geologically in coastal belt of Bangladesh. It is bounded by Batiaghata Upazila on the north, Pasur river on the south, Rampal and Mongla upazilas on the east, Paikgachha and Koyra Upazilas on the west. The main rivers here are; Pasur, Shibsa, Manki, Bhadra; Palashbari, Churia, Nalian and Jugra canals are notable. The southern part of this

upazila is surrounded by Sundarban. In four study Upazila. Dacope is the most critical and vulnerable area for water supply. Subsurface geology is very critical. No confined aquifer (Shallow and deep aquifer) is found in Dacope Upazila. Shallow sandy layer is contaminated by salinity and PSF also contaminated by salinity. Main challenge to fix up water supply technology. Desalination plant is costly for poor people. Another source Rain Water Harvesting System (RWHS) is accepted technology but its maintenance is very difficult.

Chapter 4 Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) Operation - Kaliganj Upazila

4.1 Background

The quest for good quality water to sustain life on and in the planet earth, has caused a reasonable drift from ordinary search of surface water to prospecting, exploring and exploitation of subsurface or groundwater potentials for steady and reliable supply. Bangladesh is a small country with its large population. Like other countries Bangladesh largely depends on groundwater resources to supply a large fraction of their domestic demand for potable water. With the increasing population, demand of water is also increasing. So, it is an urgent challenge of our present time, to ensure the supply of water to the people with sufficient quantity of appropriate quality. Already a severe problem like water shortage of good quality in many regions has encountered. So, it is an urgent issue to solve the water problem as early as possible. To solve the water issue, it is an urgent task to apply well-proven and modern methods to the exploration and exploitation of groundwater resources as well as to protect water resources and to remediate contaminated soils and aquifers. Electrical resistivity method is one of the most useful techniques in groundwater geophysical exploration, because the resistivity of rocks is sensitive to its ionic content (Alile, et al., 2011).

The method allows a quantitative result to be obtained by using a controlled source of specific dimensions. Records show that the depths of aquifers differ from place to place because of variation in geo-thermal and geo-structural occurrence (Okwueze, 1996). Few available boreholes in the area often fail to sustain regular water supplies, because of the complex sub-surface geology (Okereke, et al., 1998), therefore, the need to study the area for groundwater potential to be properly delineated. Kaliganj Upazila is attached with Indian border(south-western part). For detail groundwater investigation including aquifer thickness-location-grain size-resistivity values and for other water quality issue Vertical Electrical Sounding(VES) is operated in different locations.

4.2 Major Objectives of Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES):

The main objective of the proposed study is to support in delineating subsurface geology and aquifer in conjunction with borehole information in the study area. The specific objectives of the study are as follows:

 To identify lithology of subsurface geologic layers as well as to delineate the lateral extent of these layers in the studied area.  To identify aquifer type, position, thickness and boundary conditions  To identify the suitable aquifer, it`s water quality and conditions.  To give recommendation for the optimum development of the existing water resources.  To give recommendation to ensure the long-term sustainability of the deep aquifers of the studied area.

4.3 Description of the work

A test borehole has been completed at Kaliganj upazila of Satkhira district. Within the scope of work geophysical logging of the test borehole habitation for Kaliganj Upazila for identify of suitable water options have been carried out by the geophysical logging equipment. The support service was provided by the Professor Dr. Quamrul Hasan Mazumder run the logger and complete the logging

work upon completion of the test borehole and necessary reporting. By vertical electrical sounding (resistivity ohm/m) operation in different parts of Kaliganj area we found shallow aquifer, semi deep aquifer and deep aquifer in different union and areas. Aquifer depths are:

a. Shallow aquifer 30m to 60m b. Semi deep aquifer 75m to 100m c. Deep aquifer more than 100m to 230m

Aquifer is identifying by resistivity values. Bangladesh is the largest Deltaic land in the world. Alluvium deposition is found 300 to 400m (sand-silt-clay). Aquifer is found in alluvium deposited strata. Himalayan hills are situated on the northern side and Bay of Bengal is situated on the southern side. Project areas (40 union of Dacope-Koyra-Shamnager-Kaligonh upazila) are situated on southern portion of Bangladesh and groundwater of maximum areas are contaminated by salinity. Kaliganj Upazila is attached with Indian border (south-west). The aquifer depth of 3 unions of studied Kaliganj upazila is furnished below:

SL Union Upazila Aquifer depth Comments

1 Mathurespur Kaliganj Deep aquifer , Kalindi river run from north to Depth: 183m to south which is branch of 213m Ganga river (Indian side) 2 Dhalbaria Kaliganj Deep aquifer , Kalindi river run from north to Depth: 183m to south which is branch of 213m Ganga river (Indian side) 3 Ratanpur Kaliganj Deep aquifer , Kalindi river run from north to Depth: 198m to south which is branch of 228m Ganga river (Indian side)

As per TOR we operated vertical electrical sounding (resistivity ohm/m) at 36nos areas in Twelve Union for find out saline free sandy layer (aquifer). Fresh sandy layer is identifying by ohm/m. In Bangladesh different resistivity values shows for different sediments like below:

Sediments Resistivity values Clay below 20ohm/m Fine sand Above 20 to 30ohm/m Medium sand Above 30 to 45ohm/m Coarse sand Above 45 to 60 or more ohm/m Saline contaminated sandy layer below 10ohm/m

These values are not fixed, it may changes (increases and decreases) depends on Local geology, heavy minerals and other stratigraphic factors.

SL Area Northing-Easting Aquifer position VES result and comments (Union) 01 Ratanpur 22.332660-89.015830 185m to 200m (Deep) Fine to medium size sandy aquifer 02 Ratanpur 22.342550-89.052580 185m to 200m (Deep) Fine to medium size sandy aquifer

03 Ratanpur 22.363670-89.012170 185m to 200m (Deep) Fine to medium size sandy aquifer 04 Champaful 22.478560-89.117390 185m to 200m (Deep) Fine to medium size sandy aquifer 05 Champaful 22.505730-89.141710 185m to 200m (Deep) Fine to medium size sandy aquifer 06 Champaful 22.484670-89.154060 185m to 200m (Deep) Fine to medium size sandy aquifer 07 Bharasimla 22.460710-89.032410 No deep aquifer, shallow Fine to medium size sandy aquifer found, depth aquifer within 50m to 60m 08 Bharasimla 22.473340-89.014710 No deep aquifer, shallow Fine to medium size sandy aquifer found, depth aquifer within 50m to 60m 09 Bharasimla 22.466220-89.010630 No deep aquifer, shallow Fine to medium size sandy aquifer found, depth aquifer within 50m to 60m 10 Bisnopur 22.453860-89.117010 100m to 120m (Deep) Fine with medium sandy layer(aquifer) 11 Bisnopur 22.450630-89.113750 100m to 120m (Deep) Fine with medium sandy layer(aquifer) 12 Bisnopur 22.447350-89.113750 100m to 120m (Deep) Fine with medium sandy layer(aquifer) 13 Dholbaria 22.414410-89.027820 185m to 200m (Deep) Fine to medium size sandy aquifer 14 Dholbaria 22.395980-89.021910 185m to 200m (Deep) Fine to medium size sandy aquifer 15 Dholabaria 22.395830-89.022310 185m to 200m (Deep) Fine to medium size sandy aquifer 16 Kusulia 22.439530-89.094210 No deep aquifer, shallow Fine to medium size sandy aquifer found, depth aquifer within 50m to 60m 17 Kusulia 22.440270-89.096780 No deep aquifer, shallow Fine to medium size sandy aquifer found, depth aquifer within 50m to 60m 18 Kusulia 22.444010-89.092820 No deep aquifer, shallow Fine to medium size sandy aquifer found, depth aquifer within 50m to 60m 19 Motherespur 22.446780-89.022610 185m to 200m Fine to medium size sandy

aquifer 20 Motherespur 22.446200-89.023450 185m to 200m Fine to medium size sandy aquifer 21 Motherespur 22.434620-89.028810 185m to 200m Fine to medium size sandy aquifer 22 Nolta 22.518940-89.034180 No deep aquifer, shallow Fine to medium size sandy aquifer found, depth aquifer within 50m to 60m 23 Nolta 22.522450-89.033620 No deep aquifer, shallow Fine to medium size sandy aquifer found, depth aquifer within 50m to 60m 24 Nolta 22.522490-89.033650 No deep aquifer, shallow Fine to medium size sandy aquifer found, depth aquifer within 50m to 60m 25 Tarali 22.499020-89.095410 100m to 133m (Deep) Fine with medium sandy layer(aquifer) 26 Tarali 22.500140-89.091170 100m to 133m (Deep) Fine with medium sandy layer(aquifer) 27 Tarali 22.503110-89.087630 100m to 133m (Deep) Fine with medium sandy layer(aquifer) 28 Moutala 22.370000-89.080000 No deep aquifer, shallow Fine to medium size sandy aquifer found, depth aquifer within 50m to 60m 29 Moutala 22.386950-89.124770 Same Same 30 Moutala 22.388570-89.126920 Same Same 31 Krisna 22.343650-89.484230 185m to 200m (Deep) Fine to medium size sandy Nagar aquifer 32 Krisna 22.354920-89.472460 185m to 200m (Deep) Fine to medium size sandy Nagar aquifer 33 Krisna 22.439430-89.099870 185m to 200m (Deep) Fine to medium size sandy Nagar aquifer 34 S. Sripur 22.439430-89.099870 No deep aquifer, shallow Fine to medium size sandy aquifer found, depth aquifer within 50m to 60m 35 S.Sripur 22.439020-89.101290 No deep aquifer, shallow Fine to medium size sandy aquifer found, depth aquifer within 50m to 60m 36 S.Sripur 22.461210-89.092870 No deep aquifer, shallow Fine to medium size sandy aquifer found, depth aquifer

within 50m to 60m

Interpretation of surface sounding (resistivity ohm/m) data

Figure-01: Geological Section

Chapter 5 Existing Water technologies and Their Efficiencies

5.1 Introduction

In this study, Dacope, Koyra, Kaliganj and Shyamnagar upazilas under Khulna & Satkhira district has been selected as high saline prone areas. Saline water encroachment is the main problem in these Coastal Plain. Southwest coast has been selected where high salinity and anticipated impacts of sea- level rise are major threats. Villages are located in the active tidal zones and cyclones and tidal surges affect the locality. Different numbers of water supply technologies have been found in the four upazilas study areas. These include Shallow Tubewell (STW), Deep Tube well (DTW), Pond Sand Filter (PSF), Community Based Rainwater Harvesting (RWH), Household Based RWH, Arsenic-Iron Removal Plant (AIRP), Reverse Osmosis (RO), Piped Water Supply Based on Surface Water Treatment. This Chapter presents a brief description of the available technologies based on field visits to the study areas, technology assessment survey, FGD, interview (KII) with the key individuals of each technology provider, and feedbacks from the users. (Details Shown in the Annexure within the locations of study areas and surveyed water options.)

5.2 Shallow Tube-Well (STW)

Shallow Tube-Well (STW) is the most widely used low cost tube-well technology in Bangladesh that operates in suction mode. STW generally consists of no. 6 pump head with 38.0 mm (1.5 inch) diameter well pipes and filters. The foot valve and piston assembly are located into the pump head which is mounted at top of the ground level. This Suction Mode hand tube well lift water by creating vacuum within the cylinder of the pump by raising the piston and allowing water to enter into the cylinder to fill-up the vacuum. This pump can lift water when groundwater table is within 7.5 m from the ground surface. In Bangladesh, the most common and popular technology used for abstraction of groundwater is the No. 6 handpump, because it is very easy to install and small amount of money is required for sinking the pump. Since shallow aquifer in study areas is iron and salinity contaminated.

Shallow tube is found over the entire Upazila and these are typically abstracting water from the different aquifer both very shallow aquifer and semi deep aquifer depth of up to 100m. DPHE, personal and different organization has installed huge of shallow tubewells in entire studied Upazilas. From the assessment, the cost for installing a shallow tubewell varies from BDT 15,000- 25,000. STW is the less feasible and common option for groundwater abstraction, this is widely used only at these areas. But shallow groundwater is not suitable because of iron contamination and salinity in shallow aquifer is the major problem.

Advantages of Shallow tube well-

 A shallow well dug by hand held too.  This technology is applicable in shallow water tables, hence often in soft soil/ sandy formation.  Their biggest advantage is their relatively low cost.

 Shallow wells dry quickly in protracted dry season since the water table of the annually recharged perched water aquifer in the superficial deposits (e.g. the sand, clay formation etc) goes down fast.

Limitations of Shallow tube well

 Vulnerable to surface pollution due to poor disposal of human and industrial waste on the ground.

 Shallow groundwater is not suitable for drinking purpose because of iron & salinity contamination.

Note: As the studied upazilas ground water is complex and not suitable to meet up the demand of the users in a comfortable manner – so the users should be well trained on the identified limitations. If the beneficiaries could able to understand the limitations of the options accordingly then this options can meet up the drinking water demand of the users for the whole year by adding AIRP.

5.3 Deep Tube-Well

Deep Tube-Well (DTW) also operates in suction mode to withdraw groundwater from the deep aquifer where potentiometric surface of groundwater table exists within 7.5 m below ground surface. The deep aquifer is separated from the overlying aquifers by one or more clay layers of varied thickness. The depths of the deep aquifers are generally more than 150m in the basin part. This water bearing zone comprises with medium to coarse sand in places inter-bedded with fine sand, silt and clay. The term of deep aquifer is used in a number of ways depending on the target of its use. The Groundwater Task Force (2002) has defined it geologically and hydro-stratigraphically as deeper aquifer (Holocene/Late Pleistocene) separated by impermeable or leaky clay/silty clay layer from the upper aquifers.

The depths of deep aquifers vary depending on geology and depositional environment of the sediment. Where the deep aquifer is separated from the shallow aquifer by substantially thick (>10m) impervious layer, the aquifer water can sustainably be drawn for drinking purpose. In Bangladesh when a tubewell is deeper than 75-100 m, generally, it is called Deep tubewell. The deep aquifers in Bangladesh have been found to be relatively free from arsenic contamination. Deep tube wells were selected in areas where deep aquifer is separated from arsenic contaminated and saline affected upper aquifers by substantially thick impervious layer. The annular space of the vertically straight bore holes of the deep tube wells were sealed at the level of impermeable strata. Installation of DTWs are expensive and generally out of reach for most of the villagers themselves in the study areas. From the assessment, the cost for installing a deep tubewell varies from BDT 70,000 - BDT 85,000.

Advantages of Deep tube well

 Generally deep groundwater is good quality and no arsenic is noticed in deep wells (>100- 300 m depth).  Hand pumps can be used in most of the areas as groundwater table remains within suction limit of 7.5 m depth from the surface.  Costly for individual household, however can be provided for community water supply.

 Use of deep groundwater must be restricted only for drinking use as recharge rate to deep aquifer is very low.  Popular, user-friendly and effective water supply technology all-round the year ttechnology producing the most safest water  It may be the most suitable technology in the different location of the study areas.

Limitation:

 Deep tube well installation cost is higher than shallow tube well  If water level is ≥ 30 ft, pumping is not possible with suction mode pumps

5.4 Arsenic iron removal plant (AIRP)

Arsenic-iron removal plants (AIRPs) are a relatively inexpensive way of removing/reducing arsenic content from groundwater for access to safer drinking water. Different options are provisionally certified by BCSIR of which most are house hold basis and one is community based. These can be selected as an ultimate option particularly where deep tube well and Dug well is not feasible. Filter media needs to be changed after the media being clogged. Chemical processes that may influence AIRP performance are iron and arsenic oxidation, arsenic co-precipitation with iron, multiple iron additions, interference by organics, and iron crystallization. Overall, AIRPs were shown to possess considerable promise for use in areas with high natural iron where users are concerned about arsenic and/or iron in their drinking water. However, the performance of AIRP is influenced by arsenic speciation, oxidant type, point of oxidant application etc. The total costing of AIRP varies from BDT 60,000 – BDT 80,000.

Advantages

 AIRPs are a relatively inexpensive way of removing arsenic from groundwater for access to safer drinking water.  All AIRPs achieved the Bangladesh standard for arsenic in drinking water of 50 µg/l and AIRP achieved the World Health Organization guideline of 10 µg/l.  AIRPs were shown to possess considerable promise for use in areas with high natural iron where users are concerned about arsenic and/or iron in their drinking water.  The efficiency depends on arsenic speciation and oxidant type.

Limitation:  Need always cleaning, back wash, filter bed change and wash time to time.  Filtration not to be cross of its capacity.

Note: As the studied upazilas ground water is complex and not suitable to meet up the demand of the users in a comfortable manner – so the users should be well trained on the identified limitations. If the beneficiaries could able to understand the limitations of the options accordingly then this options can meet up the demand of both drinking and household water of the the users for whole year.

5.5 Desalinization plant

In the RO desalination process, a pressure greater than the osmotic pressure applied to the saline water will cause fresh water to flow through the membrane while holding back the salts. The higher the pressure above the osmotic pressure, the higher the rate of fresh water transports across the

membranes. Seawater can be drawn from a surface water supply, a beach header-lateral face well system or a borehole well (tube well) system. Typically, seawater well systems are preferred because they provide a low turbidity feed water requiring less pretreatment. Lower quality feed water may require much more pretreatment including infection coagulation, clarification, multi- media filtration, sequestering and dispersant chemical feeds, five-micron cartridge filtration. Shallow groundwater of the coastal belt with moderate salinity concentration (EC 5000-6000 µS/cm) are using as raw water for desalinization plants.

Desalination systems (RO plant) have been installed by DPHE, NGO and private. During desalination process, almost 60% raw water is discharged as brine and 40% is obtained as drinking water. The installation cost was about BDT 16,00,000 to BDT 25,00,000; In addition to monthly O&M cost is so high. Desalinization plant using reverse osmosis method has been installed at Gabura Union and feasible as wells useful for saline prone coastal areas.

Advantages

 RO technology required considerably less energy to operate and considered to be more attainable technology to the saline-prone areas.  As tubewell water is used as raw-water, life time of the membrane is also higher.  Percentage of water loss is very high approximately 50-60%

Limitation:  It is costly and maintenance also costly  Initial installation & high O&M cost is so high  Power supply is essential; without power supply O & M too much expensive

5.6 Pond sand filter (PSF)

A prospective and low cost option for development of surface water based water supply system is the construction of community type Slow Sand Filters (SSFs) commonly known as Pond Sand Filters (PSFs). The PSF is a low-cost technology with very high efficiency in turbidity and bacterial removal. Pond Sand Filter (PSF) has been found to be in use in study upazilas. The surveyed PSFs were of two types: (a) traditional PSF, where water pumped from the pond using No. 6 hand pump; (b) PSF with solar powered pump, where water is automatically pumped to the PSF. The number of estimated users of individual units varied from 15 to 170 households; each unit of traditional PSF is used by about 30 to 50 families, while each unit of PSF with solar powered pumps is used by 120 to 170 families. The cost for traditional PSF varied from BDT 80,000 to BDT 1,70,000 and this amount was about BDT 650,000 for PSF with solar powered pump. PSFs have been constructed in different unions under Shyamnagar upazila and feasible option for other fresh groundwater scarce areas too, if maintained properly. Pond Sand Filter (PSF) has found for supply drinking water but PSF are not fully function due to cause of salinity increase pond water, proper O & M and raise of pond bed etc.

Advantages

 PSF is a low-cost technology with very high efficiency in turbidity and bacterial removal.  Operation and maintenance of PSF is easy and users are able to do it.  Preserved pond water used for PSF delivers 100% safe water and no complain of water borne dieses e.g. diahorea has been noticed drinking PSF water.  May serve a large number of users  Familiar and popular in coastal areas

 Installation cost is relatively low  Easy O&M It is difficult to find an appropriate/reserve pond for installation of PSF.

Limitation:

 Manual labor intensive pumping of water from pond to filter is a hindrance for successful operation of PSF  Periodical cleaning and/or replacement of filter media is quite difficult  Regular pumping is essential for functioning of PSF filter media

Note: As the studied upazilas ground water is complex and not suitable to meet up the demand of the users in a comfortable manner – so the users should be well trained to minimize the identified limitations. If the beneficiaries could able to understand the limitations of the options accordingly then PSF can meet up the both drinking and household water demand of the users for the whole year conveniently.

5.7 Rain water harvesting system

Rainwater harvesting is a technology to collect rainwater for its use in drinking purposes. As the annual rainfall in Bangladesh is about 2300 mm, rainwater harvesting is feasible almost in entire Bangladesh. The rain water is safe if it maintained hygienically. The main limitation of this option is non-availability of rain water round the year. But it can be widely used as supplementary source. There should have required catchment area for rain water harvesting and roof of houses are generally used as catchment area.

Rainwater, available in adequate quantity in Bangladesh, is an alternative source of water supply in water scarce areas of Bangladesh (e.g., drought prone areas, coastal belts and hilly areas), where groundwater and surface water are contaminated. The seasonal high rainfall all over Bangladesh makes RWH system a potential alternative source of safe drinking water, particularly during the wet season. Rainwater harvesting (RWH) system is commonly used in the study areas, where people are suffering from both arsenic and salinity contamination of water from surface and groundwater sources. Different types of RWH systems installed by different organizations.

The RWH systems were provided for use by 1-3 households per unit, and the size of the storage unit of the RWHSs varied from 1,000-7,500 L. The cost for installing a RWH system varied from BDT 10,000/= to BDT 1,50,000/= depending on the size of the storage tank and other facilities. Both household levels and community levels RWHSs are very useful throughout the country as a source for seasonal or round the year use of fresh water and in the groundwater stressed or quality hazardous areas this is the best and low cost feasible option. RWHSs have been constructed at Shyamnagar Upazila.

Advantages

 Relatively cheap materials can be used for construction of containers.  Low maintenance costs and requirements.  Collected rainwater can be consumed without treatment, if a clean collecting surface has been used.  Provides a supply of safe water close to homes, schools or clinics, encourages increased consumption.

 Reduces the time women and children spend collecting water.  Installation cost is relatively low  Familiar and popular in water crisis areas  Simple technology and easy to install Limitation:

 Supplies can be contaminated by bird/animal droppings on catchment surfaces and guttering structures unless they are cleaned/flushed before use. However, added filtration system removes such bacterial contamination.  Water is not sufficient for round the year (Especially, people use rain water randomly in rainy season but in dry season they use preserved rain water only for drinking purpose.)  Mineral free rainwater has a flat taste, which may not be liked by the people  Dependent on rainfall and its intensity and frequency

5.8 Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR)

This water supply technology is steel under research and trial stage. In some sand area is applicable but it is direct related ground water flow, if GWF is high (North to south direction) MAR technology is not feasible. Moreover, it under research stage because yet not established where and in which type of soil area MAR is applicable.

Chapter 6 Assessment and Finding of Water Options

6.1 Introduction

In this study, available water supply options in the project areas (i.e., Dacope, Kaliganj, Koyra and Shyamnagar under the Khulna and Satkhira district have been assessed. The assessed water supply options that are based on “groundwater source” included deep tube well (DTW), shallow tubewell (STW), Arsenic Iron Removal Plant (AIRP). The water supply options assessed also included Pond Sand Filters (PSFs, based on surface water source), Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR, based on surface water and groundwater sources), and Rainwater Harvesting (RWH) systems. The assessment of technologies has been based on water quality analysis of selected units of each type of technology, user feedback, and feedback from local technology providers. This Chapter describes the major findings from this technology assessment initiative.

SHYAMNAGAR UPAZILA

6.2 Existing Water Supply Technologies at Shyamnagar Upazila

The geophysical conditions very often affect the availability, quality and accessibility to safe drinking water. Shyamnagar Upazila of Satkhira district under southwest coast has been selected where high salinity and anticipated impacts of sea-level rise are major threats. Villages are located in the active tidal zones and cyclones and tidal surges affect the locality. In the study areas under the different government, non- government projects and individual has found different types of water supply technologies like Pond Sand Filter (PSF), Community Based Rainwater Harvesting (RWH), Household Based RWH, Shallow Tube well, Deep Tube well, Arsenic-Iron Removal Plant (AIRP) etc. During technologies assessment were found in the Shyamnagar Upazila areas under the different location as follows – (Details in the annexure water technology mapping). Figure-01: Assessed Water Technology under Shyamnagar Upazila

During technologies assessment period are found different water technology in the Shyamnagar Upazila areas under the different location. The ground water supply in the coastal area is based on manually operated shallow tube wells at very shallow aquifer 11m to 75m depth and deep tubewells, 100m to 260m depth. There are some areas where shallow tubewells are not successful due to salinity and iron contaminated water. Due to lack of fresh water (confined shallow & deep aquifer) people use contaminated water from unprotected rivers, ponds, and shallow wells.

Common water supply technologies in Shyamnagar Upazila include: (a) Different types of tubewells (DTW/STW); (b) Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR) systems;

Users of DTWs and STWs are satisfied with the quality (taste, color, smell) of water, and the users did not report any particular problem with O&M; as noted above these technologies are well adapted and local technicians can take care of routine O&M related problems.

The PSFs at Shyamnagar are also community scale installations, and each PSF fitted with no. 6 pumps serves up to 120 families. Users of PSFs appear to be satisfied with the quality (taste, color, smell) of water from the system. Some of the PSFs are fitted with solar pumps for drawing water from pond to the filter, while in others this activity is carried out manually through no.6 pump. Users reported difficulty (time consuming) in carrying water manually from PSFs to their household level. Other than this, no specific O&M related problem were reported by the users.

RWHSs are household-scale units; each unit serves 1 to 3 families during the wet months of the year. There appears to be significant variation in the quality of the RWHSs found in Shyamnagar Upazila. The units provided by DPHE appears to be properly designed and constructed (e.g., with gutters, filtration system). Users of RWHS appear to be satisfied with the quality (taste, color, smell) of water from the system.

KOYRA UPAZILA

6.3 Existing Water Supply Technologies at Koyra Upazila

In the study areas under the different government, non-government projects and individual has found different types of water supply technologies like Pond Sand Filter (PSF), Community Based Rainwater Harvesting (RWH), Household Based RWH, Shallow Tube well, Arsenic-Iron Removal Plant (AIRP), and deep tube well etc. During technologies assessment period are found different water technology in the Koyra Upazila areas under the different location. Local people are collecting drinking water from Pond Sand Filter (PSF), RWHS, and shallow tube well. Shallow tube well is the most widely used low cost tube-well technology in this area that operates in suction mode. Some deep tubewell is found in different union-like Uttar Bedkasi (well depth 200m to250m), Bagali (125m) and shallow tube well is found most of the union, the water of shallow aquifer at 15m to 75m is contaminated with salinity and iron. Arsenic is found in some shallow tube well. Due to scarcity of safe drinking water people are using this contaminated water. Pond Sand Filters (PSF) are found for supply drinking water but PSF are not fully function due to cause of salinity intrusion in pond water, improper O&M and raise of pond bed etc. Maximum PSF has no shed, water collection tap. It is needed to pond re-excavation, cleaning, lime mixing on each edge side for protection of saline water intrusion. Rain Water Harvesting System is also found both community and house hold level. Rain water harvesting is the feasible and good option for drinking water. People are already using rain water for drinking and cooking purpose through traditional system, however some NGOs have provided RWHS with plastic tank and other components which is very effective and acceptable to the community.

In the study areas, different types of water supply technologies like Pond Sand Filter (PSF), Community Based Rainwater Harvesting System (RWHS), Household Based RWHS, Shallow Tube well have been found in Koyra Upazila under different government, non-government projects and individual initiatives. The ground water supply in the coastal area is based on manually operated shallow tubewells at very shallow aquifer 15m to 75m, deep tubewells, 200m to 250m in depth and water is found comparatively less saline concentration and that is within acceptable limit.

Some STW is found with high concentration of salinity and iron. So, shallow ground water is not acceptable in some areas.

DACOPE UPAZILA

6.4 Existing WaterFigure- 0Supply2: Assessed Technologies Water Technology at Dacope under Upazila Koyra Upazila

DACOPE UPAZILA

6.4 Existing Water Supply Technologies at Koyra Upazila

Different types of water supply technologies like Pond Sand Filter (PSF), Community Based Rainwater Harvesting System (RWHS), Household Based RWHS, Shallow Tube well, Arsenic-Iron Removal Plant (AIRP) etc. have been found in the different location of study area under Dacope Upazila. Local people are collecting drinking water from Pond Sand Filter (PSF), RWHS, and shallow Tube well. Shallow Tube-well of 15m to 50m is the most widely used low cost tube-well technology in this areas that operates in suction mode but water is contaminated with salinity and iron, pH value is found more or less 6 to 6.5. No Deep Tube-well was not found. Due to scarcity of safe drinking water, people are collecting this contaminated water. Pond Sand Filter (PSF) are also found for safe drinking water but PSF are not fully functional due to cause of salinity intrusion in pond water, improper O&M and raising of pond bed etc. Maximum PSF has no shed and water collection tap. It is needed to pond re-excavation, cleaning, lime mixing on each edge side for protection of saline water intrusion. Rain Water Harvesting System is also found both community and house hold level. Rain water harvesting is the feasible and acceptable technology of drinking water for community people.

Figure-03: Assessed Water Technology under Dacope Upazila

KALIGANJ UPAZILA

6.5 Existing Water Supply Technologies at Kaliganj Upazila

In the study areas of Kaliganj upazila, different types of water supply technologies like Pond Sand Filter (PSF), Community Based Rainwater Harvesting System (RWHS), Household Based RWHS, Shallow Tube well (55m to 76m, 76m to 110m) & deep tube well (150m to 250m), Arsenic-Iron Removal Plant (AIRP) etc. have been found under different government, non-government projects and individual initiative. People are collecting drinking water from Pond Sand Filter (PSF), RWHS, Desalination plant and deep tube well. Deep tubewell is found at the aquifer depth is 180m to 230m, water is very less contaminated with salinity, iron and arsenic. Pond Sand Filter (PSF) is found for safe drinking water but PSF are not fully functional due to cause of salinity intrusion in the pond water, improper O&M and raising of pond bed etc. Maximum PSF has no shed and water collection tap. It is needed to pond re-excavation, cleaning, lime mixing on each edge side for protection of saline water intrusion. Rain Water Harvesting System is also found both community and house hold level. Rain water harvesting system is the feasible and acceptable option for drinking water. People are using rain water for drinking and cooking purpose.

Figure-04: Assessed Water Technology under Kaliganj Upazila

Chapter 7 Water Quality test and Analysis of Study areas

7.1 Introduction:

The United Nations considers universal access to clean water a basic human right, and an essential step towards improving living standards worldwide. Water-poor communities are typically economically poor as well, their residents trapped in an ongoing cycle of poverty. Bangladesh Govt. declared that fresh drinking is fundamental need moreover it is need like food-health-education- house-cloth. Water is mainly used for:

1) Drinking purposes 2) Agriculture/food production and 3) Industry (for production purposes)

Bangladesh Standard Drinking water parameter and concentration chart is given below-

SL Constituent/Parameters Recommendation Level 01 Chloride 600mg/l 02 Color 15 color Unit (TCU) 04 Iron(Fe) 1.00mg/l 05 Manganese (Mn) 0.05mg/l 06 Arsenic(As) 0.05mg/l 07 pH 6.5 -8.5 08 Total Dissolved Solids(TDS) 500mg/l 09 EC 1000 µS/l 10 Hardness 500 mg/l 11 FC 0 CFU/100ml 12 TC 0 CFU/100ml Table-03

7.2 Sampling and Water quality analysis

In study areas, water samples were collected from different types of water options. Detail information about the location, type of water options, date of water sampling is given in Annexure. After collection, the water samples were tested for the parameters including iron (Fe), arsenic (As), salinity (as Cl-), fecal coliform (FC), Manganese (Mn), EC and TDS in field using field arsenic kit, spectrophotometer for iron, field test box for chloride (Cl-) and a pocket pH meter. To verify the field test data, more than 10% of the samples were tested at DPHE Lab shown in Annexure.

7.3 Water Quality Test & Results analysis

The study area (Dacope-Koyra-Shyamnagar-Kaliganj) is situated in the southern zone and hydrogeological is situated under zone-06 (Coastal deltaic region) where sea water is always contaminated underground fresh water by trans-gyration and re-gyration process. Maximum portion of the study area is contaminated by salinity. Groundwater of some areas under Koyra, Shyamnagar and Kaliganj is found fresh water where Salinity and Iron concentration percentage is within Bangladesh Standard Drinking Water Level and also WHO standard level. Highest and

lowest level concentration of water parameters (during field test and Laboratory test) are shown in the table-

7.4 Kaliganj Water Quality test and analysis

Laboratory test result of PSF Sl Area Chloride Coliform pH EC TDS in mg/l (Faecal) (highest) µs/cm mg/l CFU/100ml 1 Hafiza Morsheda 2760 0 7.3 9320 466 Source-PSF Vill-Kalikapur Union-Krisnanagar 2 Afsar-Source-PSF 26 30 7.5 492 248 Vill-Bandhokathi Union-Bisnopur 3 Salim Moral 375 20 7.8 1989 996 Vill-Sota Union-Krisnanagar 4 Sohid Gazi 23 12 8.0 551 278 Vill-Kalikapur Union-Krisnonagar 5 Sattar 35 18 7.4 687 345 Vill-Faridpur Union-Bisnopur

Laboratory test result of Deep tube well and shallow tube well:

Sl Area Chloride As (mg/l) Mn-mg/l Fe in pH EC TDS in mg/ll mg/l µS/cm 01 Mannan Dali 382mg/l 0.001 0.03 0.18 8.2 1918 DTW-570’-0’’ Vill- Krisnanagar Union-Krisnanagar 02 Belayet Gazi 2280 0.002 2.07 4.86 7.6 7780 STW-70’-0’’ Vill-Krisnanagar Union-Krisnanagar 03 DPHE 48 0.000 0.03 0.37 7.8 821 DTW-720’-0’’ Vill- Kalikapur Union-Dhalbaria 04 Robindra Sarkar 74 0.000 0.25

Union-Mathurespur

Table-04

By detail water quality test and analysis, it is clear in Kaliganj groundwater (100m to 120m and 180m to 225m depth) of some unions are fresh & potable for drinking. Chloride and Iron concentration level is within limit and people are using this water for their cooking, drinking and washing purposes. We also found that some pond selection for PSF was not done properly, we found high concentration of Chloride due to outside saline water intrusion in the pond. For smooth and good condition usages of PSF, the following activities are need to be initiate-

1) Need proper pond embankment 2) Sufficient excavation at least 3.66 to 4.57m or 6m depth 3) Cleaning filter bed, tap, pipe line 4) Develop Strong monitoring system 5) Chemical mixing when as required

7.5 Shyamnagar Upazila Water Quality test and analysis :

Laboratory test result of PSF:

Sl Name of Care taker and Area Chloride Coliform pH EC TDS in mg/l (Faecal) µs/cm mg/l CFU/100ml 1 Abdul Master 54 0 7.9 458 234 Vill- Ishwaripur, Union-Ishwaripur 2 Mizan Sardar 140 32 7.6 812 406 Vill.-Ghumontotola Union-Ishwaripur 3 Shib Babu 80 18 8.4 554 279 Vill.-Nakipur, Shamnagar Sadar 4 Samsur Rahman 472 8 7.8 2105 1056 Vill-Kulkhali Union-Shyamnagar 5 Nasir Uddin 1440 14 7.7 5240 2620 Vill.-Bhurulia, Union-Bhurulia

Laboratory test result of Deep tube well and shallow tube well:

Sl Area Cl- pH EC TDS Fe Mn As Remarks mg/l µS/cm Mg/l Mg/l Mg/l Mg/l 1 Azim Morol 450 7.8 1898 952 0.16

As per detail water quality test and analysis, it is clear that groundwater of (170m to 180m depth) of some union in Shyamnagar upazila is fresh & potable for drinking. Chloride, Arsenic and Iron concentration level is within the standard limit and people are using this water for their domestic purposes. Some PSF condition is good and some are need to cleaning, re-excavation and other works for smooth water supply.

All result sheets are attached in the Annexure.

7.6 Koyra Upazila Water Quality test and analysis:

Laboratory test result of PSF:

Sl Area Cl Fecal EC pH TDS Color Remarks Mg/l Coliform Mg/l Mg/l (TCU) CFU/100ml 01 Muktar Gazi 138 18 969 7.9 490 colorle Need cleaning & Vill-Sholahaia ss proper O&M Union-Bagali 02 Samsuzaman 85 26 653 8.0 330 colorle Need cleaning Vill-Sreefaltola, ss and proper Union-Bagali management

Laboratory test result of Deep tube well and shallow tube well

Sl Area As Cl EC Fe Mn pH TDS Remarks Mg/l Mg/l µS/cm Mg/l Mg/l Mg/l 01 Dulal 0.008 178 1070 0.32 0.03 7.9 530 Safe water Vill-Horiharapur Union- Bedkasi,Depth- 650’-0’’ 02 Adam Ali 0.031 220 1660 0.35 0.05 8.0 834 Safe water but EC Vill-Naksa is high so limited Union-Amadi, water discharge is Depth-50’-0’’ better

03 Masum Sana 0.010 1060 3950 0.49 0.17 7.4 1975 Saline water Vill-Naksa Union-Amadi Table-06

As per detail water quality test and analysis, it is found that groundwater (180m to 200m depth) of some union in Koyra is fresh & potable for drinking. Most of the cases Chloride and Iron concentration level is within the standard limit and people are using this water for their domestic purposes. Some PSF condition is good and some are need to re-excavation, repair etc.

7.7 Dacope Upazila Water Quality test and analysis:

Laboratory test result of PSF

Sl Area Cl Fecal Coli EC pH TDS Color Remarks mg/l form mg/l mg/l (TCU) CFU/100ml 01 Mondol Sheikh 1110 0 3920 8.0 1965 0 Salinity is high. Need Vill-Katabunia, re-excavation, Repair Union-Pankhali all pipe line, cleaning filter bed 02 Gopal Gain 850 0 3200 7.9 1605 0 Salinity is high. Need Vill- re-excavation, Repair Lakshmikhola all pipe line, cleaning Union-pankhali filter bed 04 Bhbunath Roy 203 0 1374 8.0 680 0 Safe, need strong Vill- monitoring Saheberabad, Union-Dacope 05 Bimol Krisno 216 0 1409 7.8 706 0 Good Vill-Dhopadihi Union-Kailasganj 06 Khokon 65 0 633 7.9 319 0 Good Vill-Horintana Union- Kailasgonj 07 Moddopara 46 0 357 7.6 180 0 Good Govt.Pukur Vill-Horin Tana Union- Kailasgonj

Laboratory test result of shallow tube well

Sl Area As Cl EC Fe Mn pH TDS Remarks mg/l mg/l µS/cm mg/l mg/l mg/l 01 Bakkar Molla 0.008 2680 9400 0.21 0.03 7.7 5200 Salinity is high Vill-Pankhaali Union-Pankhali STW-70’-0’’ 02 Anando 0.062 970 3550 0.68 0.03 7.7 1778 Salinity is high, As is Torofdar more than Vill-badalbunia permissible limit Union-Tildanga Table-7

As per detail Geological, Hydrogeological study including water quality test, it is found that the working area of Dacope upazila is really very critical in terms of safe water options. Shallow tube

well water is highly contaminated by salinity. No deep aquifer is found. Most of the people depend on PSF, Rain water, RO and treated water.

Additionally, some water options are identified for water quality test and have been tested using field test kit at the field level and considered the parameters like pH, EC, TDS, Fe, As etc. (tube well, PSF, RWHS etc.) had been considered in four Upazila. As per water quality test results, our findings are-

a. Kaliganj Upazila- Krisnonagar, Bisnopur, Champaful, Tarali Rantanpur, Dholbaria and Motherespur is potential for groundwater and people of other union are using water from PSF, RWHS, treatment plant etc. in the rest of unions. b. Dacope- Groundwater is not potential due to salinity and critical geological formation. People of other union collect water from PSF, RWHS, treatment plant. c. Koyra- Some unions are potential for groundwater. People of other union collect water from PSF, RWHS, treatment plant. d. Shyamnagar- Some unions area potential for groundwater. People of other unions collect water from PSF, RWHS, treatment plant.

Chapter 8 Conclusions and Recommendations

8.1 Conclusions

In the Coastal Areas of the study Upazila, surface and ground water sources are being contaminated with high levels of salinity and iron; cyclones and tidal surges affect water supply and sanitation services. Since surface and ground water sources are contaminated by salinity so the coastal community has to heavily depend on rain water for 6-8 months of the year; sometimes they also use river, canal and pond water for drinking and domestic uses. For about 4-5 months, particularly in the dry seasons, they suffer from severe water crisis. Existing water technologies are being used i.e. Rain Water Harvesting Systems, pond sand filter, and some communities in remote locations also used pond, canal and river water during facing crisis. This Chapter summarizes the important recommendations from the present study, separately different Upazila as below-

8.2 Findings of Shyamnagar Upazila

Based on the analysis of data and information collected as a part of this study from secondary sources, the following conclusions could be drawn:

 The deeper aquifer in Shyamnagar Upazila appears to be free from Arsenic contamination; water from this aquifer at most locations also contains lower levels of Iron and Salinity. Water from this aquifer, extracted through DTWs, could be safe water for potable use. However, installation of deep tube wells are reported as feasible options in some unions like Kasimari, Padmapukur, Atulia, north Atulia, Gabua, Koikhali, Koikhali, Ramjannagar.  Groundwater from the shallow aquifer in Shyamnagar Upazila contains higher levels of Arsenic (As), Iron and salinity. Therefore, water from very shallow and shallow aquifer using STWs at Shyamnagar Upazila is not groundwater based suitable option. Where DTW is not feasible and shallow aquifer contains high concentration of As and Fe; AIRP & Reverse Osmosis could be considered as an alternative potential option.  Pond Sand Filters (PSFs) installed at Shyamnagar Upazila appears to enjoy good user- acceptance, and produce good quality water except for high concentration of fecal coliform (FC). This drawback could be overcome by introducing adequate awareness campaign on water safety plan and essential hygiene practicing, ensuring proper operation and maintenance, etc. In addition, UV disinfection system has been successfully implemented in PSFs but it is costly and difficult for operation and maintenance, so regular filter bed cleaning and washing is best for smooth PSF operation and this procedure is not so critical. Pond Sand Filter (PSF) is found for supply drinking water but PSF are not fully functional due to salinity intrusion in the pond water, improper O&M and raising of pond bed etc. Maximum PSF has no shed, water collection tap. It is needed to pond re-excavation, cleaning, lime mixing on each edge side for protection of saline water intrusion.  Rainwater Harvesting Systems (RWHSs) is to be a good and well-accepted technology for potable water supply during wet season. However, water from RWHSs contains high levels of fecal coliform (FC). This problem could be overcome through introduction of a disinfection system; UV disinfection system has been successfully implemented in RWHSs but it is costly and need proper operation and maintenance, so regular filter bed cleaning

and washing is good and this procedure is not so critical. There is significant scope for improvement in the design of RWHSs, which would further improve their performance and user-acceptance.  Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR) is a relatively new technology and is still at pilot stage. More data/information are required to assess its suitability. Artificial recharge i.e. managed aquifer recharge (MAR) may be augmented in coastal area to improve shallow groundwater quality above arsenic contaminated layer by reducing salinity concentration and can be used for drinking purpose.

8.3 Findings of Dacope Upazila

 Groundwater based water technological option deeper aquifer is not found at Dacope Upazila. Groundwater from some of the STWs in Dacope Upazila contains Arsenic, Iron and salinity.  Pond Sand Filters (PSFs) installed at Dacope Upazila appears to enjoy good user- acceptance, and produce good quality water except for high concentration of fecal coliform (FC). This drawback could be overcome by regular cleaning and backwash. Protection of ponds against contamination is very important part for safe water. Existing PSF are not fully function due to cause of salinity increase pond water, improper O&M and raising of pond bed etc. Maximum PSF has no shed, water collection tap etc. It is needed to pond re- excavation, cleaning, lime mixing on each edge side for protection of saline water intrusion.  Rainwater Harvesting Systems (RWHSs) is to be a good and well-accepted technology for potable water supply during wet season. However, water from RWHSs contains of fecal coliform (FC). This problem could be overcome through maintaining regular cleaning and washing system, and also harvesting water in proper ways. There is significant scope for improvement in the design of RWHSs, which would further improve their performance and user-acceptance.

8.4 Findings of Kaliginj Upazila

 The deeper aquifer (> 91m) in Kaliganj Upazila appears to be free from Arsenic contamination; water from this aquifer at most locations also contains lower levels of Fe and Salinity. Water from this aquifer, extracted through DTWs, could be safely used for potable use. However, installation of deep tube wells is reported to be feasible.  Groundwater from the very and shallow aquifer of the STWs in Kaliganj Upazila contains of Arsenic (As), Iron and salinity (variable area to area). The ground water supply in the coastal area is based on manually operated shallow tube-wells at very shallow aquifer 35’ (10.6 m) to 250’ (78 m) depth but shallow groundwater is contaminated with saline, iron (area basis). Therefore, water from STWs at Kaliganj Upazila is not a groundwater based suitable option  In Kaliganj two types of aquifer found; o Shallow aquifer to semi deep aquifer which depth 60m to 80m o Deep aquifer which depth greater than 100m and found up to 250m depth.  Pond Sand Filters (PSFs) installed at Kaliganj Upazila appears to enjoy good user- acceptance, and produce good quality water except for high concentration of fecal coliform (FC). Maximum PSF has no shed, water collection tap etc. It is needed to pond re- excavation, cleaning, lime mixing on each edge side for protection of saline water intrusion.  Rainwater Harvesting Systems (RWHSs) is to be a good and well-accepted technology for potable water supply during wet season. However, water from RWHSs contains high levels

of fecal coliform (FC). There is significant scope for improvement in the design of RWHSs, which would further improve their performance and user-acceptance.

8.5 Findings of Koyra Upazila

 The deeper aquifer of Koyra Upazila appears to be free from Arsenic contamination; water from this aquifer at most locations also contains lower levels of Fe and Salinity. Water from this aquifer, extracted through DTWs, could be safe water for domestic use. However, construction of deep tube wells is reported to be feasible for some unions in Koyra upazila.  Groundwater from the very and shallow aquifer in Koyra Upazila contains of Arsenic (As), Iron and salinity. Therefore, water from STWs at Koyra Upazila is not a groundwater based suitable option. Where DTW is not feasible and shallow aquifer contains of As and Fe, AIRP & Reverse Osmosis could be considered as a potential option.  Pond Sand Filters (PSFs) installed at Koyra Upazila appears to enjoy good user-acceptance, and produce good quality water except for high concentration of fecal coliform (FC). PSFs not fitted with mechanical pumps require more labor for regular operation; introduction of pumps could overcome this drawback. Pond Sand Filter (PSF) is found for supply drinking water but PSF are not fully functional due to cause of salinity intrusion in the pond water, proper O&M and raise of pond bed etc. Maximum PSF has no shed, water collection tape, need excavation and repair. It is needed to pond re-excavation, cleaning, lime mixing on each edge side for protection of saline water intrusion.  Rainwater Harvesting Systems (RWHSs) is to be a good and well-accepted technology for potable water supply during. However, for avoiding contamination of fecal coliform (FC) in water from RWHS, need to be maintained proper operation and maintenance. This problem could be overcome through introducing of disinfection system; There is significant scope for improvement in the design of RWHSs, which would further improve their performance and user-acceptance.  Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR) is a relatively new technology and is still at pilot stage. More data/information are required to assess its suitability. Artificial recharge i.e. managed aquifer recharge (MAR) may be augmented in coastal area to improve shallow groundwater quality above arsenic contaminated layer by reducing salinity concentration and can be used for drinking purpose.

All available water supply technologies seem to suffer from bacteriological (FC) contamination. This should be addressed through better management and hygiene practices. Studies should be carried out to better understand the causes and remedies of fecal contamination of common water supply options. If there are study areas of Upazila where suitable groundwater sources (e.g., due to high level of As, salinity; difficulty in drilling) and surface water sources (e.g., fecal contamination, salinity) are not available, community based treatment technologies (e.g., AIRP & RO) could be a potential option, provided these are adequately supported by the service/technology providers.

Natural calamities like cyclones, storm surges, tornadoes, seawater encroachment in the coastal eco-system and saline water intrusion in groundwater & surface water are the most common phenomena in the coastal areas of Bangladesh. In addition, coastal areas are also vulnerable to the anticipated impacts of climate changes like sea-level rises. Saline water encroachment in both surface water bodies and groundwater aquifers is the main constraints for fresh water supply in the coastal area of studies upazilas. Besides salinity problem, natural disasters are also obstructing for providing safe water facilities. Considering physiographic conditions, water quality as well as socio- economic condition of the inhabitants, pond sand filters (PSF) with and without mechanical pump, HH and community based RWHSs, pond water based piped water supply and desalinization plant

have been installed as feasible options for safe water supply in the four upazila. Deep tubewells has installed for community based piped water supply. Very shallow shrouded tubewells may be used to withdraw recently recharged shallow groundwater stored above arsenic and saline affected zone. Fresh precipitation water recharge may be augmented by installing managed aquifer recharge in very shallow subsurface that would improve the quality of groundwater by reducing salinity concentration level of shallow groundwater.

8.6 Recommendation:

No single option/technology could be recommended for providing safe water in salinity prone areas like Dacope, Koyra, Kaliganj and Shyamnagar Upazilas; depending on the local situation, a number of technologies could be used in an area for supply of safe drinking water. Where suitable aquifer (i.e., free from chemical and bacteriological contamination) is available, tubewell technology would be first priority; otherwise suitable alternative sources rainwater, surface water or treatment technologies could be utilized. Based on the findings of the present study, the followings are recommended: Safe water options for salinity prone study areas (where groundwater in shallow aquifer is saline):  Deep Tube Well (DTW) is the most preferable water option where suitable deep aquifer with low-salinity water is available at Kaliganj, Koyra and Shyamnagar.  Pond Sand Filter (PSF) is a promising option for community water supply where suitable pond is available.  For existing PSFs; It is needed to pond re-excavation, cleaning, lime mixing on each edge side for protection of saline water intrusion.  Rain Water Harvesting (RWH) system appears to be a suitable option at household and community level. RWHS is effective in Dacope area due to shallow aquifer is contaminated by salinity and iron. Geologically, no chance to get deep aquifer or deeper sand layer which carry saline free water. So PSF, Rain water harvesting, desalination plant is good option for drinking water supply system.

As per detail field survey, secondary data, water quality test result analysis, geological report, hydrogeological information, FGD and KII report we recommendation we have come in to common considerations on proposing feasible options in the studied upazilas. Based upon the above general discussion on recommendation, we provided the specific recommendation for feasible and cost effective water supply options for every single project upazila:

Recommendation for Water Supply options for Kaliganj upazila:

Sl Union Upazila Present water supply Proposed water option supply option 1. Krisnonagar DTW-200m DTW, STW, RWHS STW-30 to 50m and PSF PSF

2. Bisnopur STW-100m STW, PSF, RWHS 3. Champaful DTW-200 m DTW, RWHS 4. South Sreepur Kaliganj PSF PSF, RWHS 5. Tarali DTW 100 to 125m DTW, PSF, RWHS 6. Bharasimla PSF PSF, RWHS

7. Nolta PSF PSF, RWHS 8. Kusulia PSF PSF, RWHS 9. Moutola PSF PSF, RWHS 10.R atanpur DTW-200to225m DTW, RWHS 11.Dholbaria DTW-200 to 225m DTW, RWHS 12.Motherespur DTW-200 to 225m DTW, RWHS

Recommendation for Water Supply options for Koyra upazila:

Sl Union Upazila Present water Proposed water supply supply option option 1. Amadi Koyra STW, RWHS PSF, RWHS 2. Uttar Bedkashi DTW (150 – 200 DTW, PSF, RWHS m), PSF, RWHS Although the Sweet water ponds are very limited. 3. Koyra DTW (200 – 300 DTW, PSF, RWHS. m), PSF, RWHS Although the Sweet water ponds are very limited. 4. Dakshin Bedkashi DTW (150 – 200 DTW, PSF, RWHS m), PSF, RWHS Although the Sweet water ponds are very limited. 5. Bagali STW, PSF, RWHS PSF, RWHS, and DTW (in few cases) 6. Maharajpur DTW (200 – 300 DTW, PSF, RWHS m), PSF, RWHS 7. Maheshwaripur STW, PSF PSF, RWHS

Recommendation for Water Supply options for Shyamnagar upazila:

Sl Union Upazila Present water Proposed water supply option supply option 1) Bhurulia Shyamnaga STW (30 – 150 m), PSF, RWHS r PSF, RWHS 2) Kashimari DTW (150 – 200 m), DTW, PSF, RWHS PSF, RWHS 3) Shyamnagar Sadar STW (30 – 150 m), DTW, PSF, RWHS PSF, RWHS 4) Ishwaripur PSF, RWHS PSF, RWHS 5) Burigowalini STW, PSF,RWHS STW, PSF, RWHS 6) Koikhali DTW (200–300m), DTW, PSF, RWHS PSF, RWHS 7) Munsigong DTW (200–300 m), DTW (200 – 300 m), PSF, RWHS PSF, RWHS 8) Nurnagar DTW (150 – 200 m), DTW, PSF, RWHS PSF 9) Podmopukur DTW (150-300 m), DTW (150-300m), PSF, PSF, RWHS RWHS 10) Ramjan nagor PSF, RWHS PSF, RWHS 11) Atulia DTW (150-300 m), DTW (150-300m), PSF,

STW, PSF, RWHS RWHS 12) Gabura, STW, PSF, RWHS STW, PSF, RWHS

Recommendation for Water Supply options for Dacope upazila:

Sl Union Upazila Present water Proposed water supply option supply option 1. Kamarkhola Dacope STW (contaminated of PSF, RWHS As, Fe & Salinity), PSF, RWHS 2. Kailasganj STW (highly PSF, RWHS contaminated As, Fe & Salinity), PSF, RWHS 3. Chalna Paurasava STW (highly PSF, RWHS contaminated As, Fe & Salinity), PSF, RWHS 4. Tildanga STW (highly PSF, RWHS contaminated As, Fe & Salinity), PSF, RWHS 5. Dacope STW (highly PSF, RWHS contaminated As, Fe & Salinity), PSF, RWHS 6. Bajua STW (highly PSF, RWHS contaminated As, Fe & Salinity), PSF, RWHS 7. Banishanta STW (highly PSF, RWHS contaminated As, Fe & Salinity), PSF, RWHS 8. Laudub STW (highly PSF, RWHS contaminated As, Fe & Salinity), PSF, RWHS 9. Sutarkhali STW (highly PSF, RWHS contaminated As, Fe & Salinity), PSF, RWHS 10. Pankhali STW (highly PSF, RWHS contaminated As, Fe & Salinity), PSF, RWHS

Plan of action for minimizing the TDS, As, Fe and bacterial pathogens:

Name of Related options Identified Problems Recommendation to minimize the parameter problems Arsenic (As) STW and or More than acceptable Firstly, markred red colour in the DTW limit can create spout to the identified high health hazard of the concentrated arsenic affected TW users like skin and Green coloured marking to diseases and cancer. arsenic safe TW. Motivate community people to avoid use of

arsenic affected TW for drinking and cooking purpose. On the other hand, the arsenic concentration can be minimized through inclusion of AIRP or other arsenic removal plant. Total Dissolved PSF Excessive TDS is Proper maintenance and required solid (TDS) harmful for human training to the concerned caretaker health can minimized the risk through cleaning the sourse water pond after certain period regularly, cleaning & cutting down the branches –leafs of trees contributed to making the pollution of pond water; making awareness of users group / community for proper using the maintenance of the sourse pond, etc. Fecal coliform TW/PSF/RWH Micro-biological Proper dosing through desired level (F.C.) S pathogen, bacterial of disinfecting media and required contamination is training to the concerned caretaker harmful for human on O&M can minimized the risk. health which is the Making awareness on probable main cause of sourses of FC contamination and diarhoeal disease. preventive mechanism.

Recommendations for the steps in dry season for PSF and RWHS:

Most of the unions under 3 sub-districts of studied areas, the PSF and RWHS are the most suitable options for safe water service delivery. But the fact is that the two chosen options are usually face lack of water availability in dry season. To mitigate this crisis, we can introduce AIRP (Arsenic Iron Removal Plant) with the existing Sallow Tube well – those are functioned well in dry season also.

Nobo Jatra staffs strength for implementation of this study:

Though great strides have been made to improve water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) conditions in recent years, there are still significant WASH problems in Khulna and Satkhira Divisions that contribute to stunting and poor overall health conditions in the population. Increasing access to clean water for families will benefit the entire community, particularly women and girls who are typically responsible for water collection, storage and treatment. Increasing access to improved sanitation will increase women’s privacy and dignity and reduce the potential for GBV.

Considering all these realities, Nobo Jatra considered WASH as one of the priority components. Therefore, Nobo Jatra designs the components with available Human Resources from the managerial level to facilitation at the ground. Nobo Jatra has significant numbers of facilitators at the ground who mainly responsible for facilitating the behavior change interventions at the community level along with follow up and facilitation supports to different WASH committee at the Ward and Union level. Nobo Jatra includes a number of Union Organizers who mainly play coordinator’s role at the union level. In these group, half of the numbers of staffs have engineering background so that they can take care of the technical issues and ensure qualitative implementation of hardware works related to water and sanitation.

On the top of the staffing, Nobo Jatra project have a coordinator for WASH construction works who mainly responsible for building the capacity of the staffs and ensure technical soundness during implementation.

In addition, Nobo Jatra project maintains close collaboration with the official of Department of Public Health and Engineering (DPHE) both in sub-districts, districts and national level in order to follow the government standard for different issues. Nobo Jatra project also maintains partnership with other non-government organizations (NGOs) and private sectors and apply their expertise in order to utilize the resources in a best possible ways.

Further use of the study findings:

The project data can be easily used in any sorts of local level planning to mitigate the water scarcity in the conducted study upazilas as well as other adjacent upazilas. Certainly the USAID as well as any other donor/development partners can use the study data for their policy level decision as well as implementation of safe water service options in these water scarcity areas. If project staffs can go through this report they can develop different types of sustainable water supply projects in this area for meeting up the needs of drinking water supply. This report can helps the project staff on following issues-

1) Union wise ground water assessment 2) Confined/unconfined aquifer detection, aquifer thickness 3) Groundwater quality assessment 4) Groundwater flow direction 5) Identify shallow and deep aquifer 6) Surface water assessment (pond/lake/river/rain water etc) 7) Water demand calculation 8) Water supply technology costing assessment 9) Different types of water supply technology (shallow/deep tube well/PSF/RWHS/AIRP etc) 10) Water supply technology operation and maintenance etc.

Department of Public Health and Engineering (DPHE) could be the ultimate users for the findings of this study. By this time, Nobo Jatra project already shared the draft version of this report to the DPHE districts and sub-districts officials. Nobo Jatra has plan to organize a dissemination workshop once the report will be finalized.

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