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Commercialization of Bit-Patterned Media Commercialization of Bit-Patterned Media by Ria Esterina S.Si. Physics Universitas Pelita Harapan, 2007 SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ENGINEERING IN MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING AT THE MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY SEPTEMBER 2009 ©2009 Massachusetts Institute of Technology. All rights reserved. Signature of Author: ______________________________________________________ Department of Materials Science and Engineering August 14th, 2009 Certified by: _____________________________________________________________ Caroline A. Ross Toyota Professor of Materials Science and Engineering Thesis Supervisor Certified by: _____________________________________________________________ Adekunle O. Adeyeye Associate Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering, NUS, Singapore Thesis Supervisor Accepted by: ____________________________________________________________ Christine Ortiz Associate Professor of Materials Science and Engineering Chair, Departmental Committee on Graduate Students COMMERCIALIZATION OF BIT-PATTERNED MEDIA by Ria Esterina Submitted to the Department of Materials Science and Engineering on August 14th, 2009 in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Engineering in Materials Science and Engineering ABSTRACT Realm of data storage density has expanded from gigabyte- to terabyte-domain. In such a high areal density, bit-patterned media is a promising candidate to overcome the superparamagnetic limit faced by the conventional continuous media. However, the patterned media concept has not been realized in mass production due to several reasons. Beside the stringent requirement of high-resolution lithography, high production cost is inevitably the major challenging problem. If a low-cost mass fabrication scheme is available, bit-patterned media will be an innovative way in hard disk technology to achieve a storage density beyond 1 Tb/in2. The objective of this thesis is to review the patterned media technology and discuss its challenges and commercialization viability. A possible mass-production scheme is discussed. Electron beam lithography and self assembly process of block copolymer are used to fabricate the master template. To ensure high throughput, template replication as well as disk fabrication are carried out by UV-nanoimprint lithography (UV-NIL). Considering the large opportunity of patterned media to enter the market, a business plan was constructed. Enormous profit was proved to be possible when the barrier of technology, intellectual property, and funding can be surpassed. Therefore, patterned media shows to be superior in terms of performance and cost compared to the conventional media. Thesis supervisor: Caroline A. Ross Title: Toyota Professor of Materials Science and Engineering Thesis Supervisor: Adekunle O. Adeyeye Title: Associate Professor of Electrical & Computer Engineering, NUS 3 Acknowledgements There are a lot of people who have made it possible for me to complete this thesis. First, I would like to thank Prof. Caroline A. Ross for her guidance and advice. Thank you for making this project to be a pleasurable learning experience. I am also deeply indebted to Prof. Adekunle Adeyeye from NUS, Singapore, who has always been encouraging. His advice and critiques have shaped the direction and vision of my thesis. I have also received helpful comments from Prof. Eugene Fitzgerald and Dr. Andreas Wankerl for the technology evaluation aspects. Next, I would like to express my appreciation to Yudi for helpful discussion in developing the business plan. Thanks also to Iongying for introducing me with Zotero software and to Rhea for helping me print the draft. Lastly, for my parents and sister in Bali, thank you for your love, support, and faith in me. Without their support, I would never have achieved what I intended to in life. 4 Table of Contents Abstract ............................................................................................................................. 3 Acknowledgements .......................................................................................................... 4 Table of Contents ............................................................................................................. 5 List of Figures ................................................................................................................... 7 List of Tables .................................................................................................................. 10 Chapter 1 Introduction ................................................................................................. 11 Chapter 2 Bit-Patterned Media Technology ............................................................... 13 2.1. Fundamentals of Magnetic Recordings .................................................................... 13 2.2. Limitations of Conventional Perpendicular Media ................................................... 15 2.3. Prospects of Bit-Patterned Media ............................................................................. 17 2.4. Challenges to Bit-Patterned Media Technology ....................................................... 18 2.4.1. Media Fabrication ........................................................................................... 18 2.4.2. Magnetic Properties Uniformity ..................................................................... 20 Chapter 3 Fabrication of Bit-Patterned Media ............................................................27 3.1. Structures of Recording Media ................................................................................. 27 3.2. Template Fabrication ................................................................................................ 29 3.3. Media Fabrication ..................................................................................................... 35 Chapter 4 Market Opportunity .................................................................................... 40 4.1 Technology Supply Chain .......................................................................................... 40 4.2 Competing Technologies ........................................................................................... 41 4.2.1. Heat-Assisted Magnetic Recording ................................................................ 41 4.2.2 Microwave-Assisted Magnetic Recording ...................................................... 43 4.2.3. Exchange Coupled Composite Media ............................................................ 45 4.2.4. Comparison among HAMR, MAMR, and ECC media .................................. 46 4.2.5. Outer Competitor ............................................................................................ 47 4.3. Complementary Technologies .................................................................................. 48 4.3.1 Head Technology ............................................................................................ 48 4.3.2. Disk Drive Electronics ................................................................................... 53 4.4. Intellectual Property .................................................................................................. 54 5 4.5. Target World Market ................................................................................................ 57 Chapter 5 Business Plan ................................................................................................ 60 5.1 Operational Plan ......................................................................................................... 60 5.2 Capitalization ............................................................................................................. 63 5.3 Financial Plan ............................................................................................................. 64 Chapter 6 Conclusion .................................................................................................... 73 References....................................................................................................................... 75 Appendix 1: Block Copolymers on Chemically Heterogeneous Striped Surface .... 80 Appendix 2: NIL Cost Calculation ............................................................................... 83 Appendix 3: Ion Miller Throughput Calculation ....................................................... 84 Appendix 4: Sputtering and Dry Etching Machine Throughput Calculation ......... 85 Appendix 5: EBL Cost Calculation .............................................................................. 87 6 List of Figures Fig. 1.1. Areal density trend ............................................................................................ 11 Fig. 2.1. Hysteresis loop of a permanent magnet ............................................................. 13 Fig. 2.2. Magnetostatic and domain-wall energies versus particle size ........................... 14 Fig 2.3. Magnetization change of a very small particle (single-domain particle) ........... 14 Fig 2.4. Hysteresis behavior of a single-domain particle with the external field applied along (a) the easy axis, and (b) the hard axis ................................................................... 15 Fig 2.5. Hysteresis behavior of superparamagnetic materials ......................................... 16 Fig 2.6. Coercivity versus size
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