Caring for the Living and the Dead
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CARING FOR THE LIVING AND THE DEAD A Study on the Use of Book of Hours 74 G 35 (The Hague, Koninklijke Bibliotheek) E.C.P.M. Gielen 3729494 RMA Ancient, Medieval and Renaissance Studies TrackE.C.P.M. Medieval Gielen Art History Supervisor:3729494 Dr. M.L. Meuwese SeconRMAd Ancient, reader: MedievalDrs. E.T. van and der Renaissance Vlist Studies Track Medieval Art History 26Supervisor: June 2018 Dr. Martine Meuwese CARING FOR THE LIVING AND THE DEAD A Study on the Use of Book of Hours 74 G 35 (The Hague, Koninklijke Bibliotheek) Thesis RMA Ancient, Medieval and Renaissance Studies Utrecht University With special thanks to Dr. Martine Meuwese and Drs. Ed van der Vlist Table of contents Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 4 State of Research ................................................................................................................................ 5 Nineteenth and early twentieth centuries ..................................................................................... 5 Later twentieth and early twenty-first centuries: Books of Hours ............................................... 6 Later twentieth and early twenty-first centuries: Penwork ......................................................... 7 Later twentieth and early twenty-first centuries: Patronage and Use ......................................... 8 Aim ...................................................................................................................................................... 9 Methodology and structure ............................................................................................................. 11 I. Delft manuscript production ........................................................................................................... 13 1.1. Delft in the late Middle Ages .................................................................................................... 13 1.2. Delft manuscript production: decoration ............................................................................... 14 1.2.1. Delft penwork: schulp and blok borders ............................................................................ 15 1.2.2. Delft border decoration: coloured and kriezel borders ..................................................... 16 1.3. Delft manuscript production: Masters and miniatures ......................................................... 17 1.3.1. The Master of the Morgan Infancy Cycle (ca. 1415-1425) ................................................ 18 1.3.2. The Masters of the Delft Grisailles (ca. 1440-1450) .......................................................... 18 1.3.3. The Masters of the Delft Half-Length Figures (ca. 1450-1480)......................................... 20 1.3.4. The Master of Yolande de Lalaing (ca. 1470-1476) and the Master of Herman Droem (1475-1485) .................................................................................................................................. 22 1.3.5. The Monkey Master (ca. 1480), the Assumption Master (ca. 1480-1485), and the Adair Master (1485-1490) ..................................................................................................................... 22 II. The Production, Patronage, and Early Life of Ms. 74 G 35 ........................................................... 32 2.1. Original production and patronage ......................................................................................... 32 2.1.1. Original texts and decoration in Manuscript 74 G 35 ........................................................ 32 2.1.2. Patronage: clues in Ms. 74 G 35 .......................................................................................... 34 2.1.3. Patronage: clues in family history ...................................................................................... 38 2.2. The early life of Ms. 74 G 35 ..................................................................................................... 41 III. Piety and Devotion in Ms. 74 G 35 ................................................................................................ 53 3.1. The Kriezel border prayers on folios 143r-160r .................................................................... 53 3.1.1. The Mass of St Gregory the Great ....................................................................................... 55 3.1.2. The Anima Christi and Dulcissime domine Ihesu Christe .................................................. 56 3.1.3. The Seven Last Words of Christ .......................................................................................... 57 3.1.4. Prayers at Mass ................................................................................................................... 58 3.1.5. O intemerata ....................................................................................................................... 59 3.2. The Holy Face of Christ in prayer and image .......................................................................... 60 3.2.1. The powers of the Salva sancte facies and the Vera Icon .................................................. 60 3.2.2. The Vera Icon in Ms. 74 G 35............................................................................................... 62 3.2.3. The prayer, the image, and the owner ............................................................................... 65 3.3. St Jerome, an example for the learned .................................................................................... 65 3.3.1. The Jerome miniature in Ms. 74 G 35 ................................................................................. 66 3.3.2. St Jerome: from hermit to monastic scholar ...................................................................... 68 3.3.3. Jerome: a scholarly example? ............................................................................................. 70 IV. Protection, Practice, and Remembrance in Ms. 74 G 35 .............................................................. 86 4.1. Pilgrim badges in Ms. 74 G 35 .................................................................................................. 86 4.1.1. Pilgrimage in the late Middle Ages ..................................................................................... 86 4.1.2. Pilgrim badges in manuscripts ........................................................................................... 89 4.1.3. Pilgrim badges in Ms. 74 G 35 ............................................................................................. 91 4.2. Astronomical features in Ms. 74 G 35 ..................................................................................... 93 4.2.1. Computus: a concise overview ............................................................................................ 93 4.2.2. An astronomical and astrological table: determining the lunar positions ....................... 95 4.2.3. Notes in the calendar: the movements of sun and moon ................................................... 98 4.2.4. Astronomy, astrology, and the owner of Ms. 74 G 35 ....................................................... 100 4.3. Marian prayers and a family record in Ms. 74 G 35 ............................................................. 101 4.3.1. Ave Sanctissima Maria and Ave Maria ............................................................................ 102 4.3.2. Marriages, births, and deaths: a sixteenth-century family record .................................. 104 Bibliography ....................................................................................................................................... 128 Abbreviations ................................................................................................................................. 128 Primary sources ............................................................................................................................. 128 List of cited manuscripts ............................................................................................................... 128 Primary literature .......................................................................................................................... 129 Secondary literature ...................................................................................................................... 129 Websites ......................................................................................................................................... 137 Other ............................................................................................................................................... 138 List of figures .................................................................................................................................. 138 Appendices ......................................................................................................................................... 144 Introduction ‘Bestseller’ is a modern term that refers to books that have been sold in very high quantities. Although the term is generally applied to modern books, it does also occur in the field of medieval studies. In 1974, L.M.J. Delaissé was to first to apply the term to Books of Hours. According to him, ‘Books of Hours were the late medieval bestseller’.1 Since Delaissé, this quote has often been used in publications