Here We Choose to Invest Speaks to What We Value As a Nation

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Budget of the u.s. government

FISCAL YEAR 2022

OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET Budget of the u.s. government

FISCAL YEAR 2022

OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET THE BUDGET DOCUMENTS

Budget of the United States Government, appropriations language; budget schedules for each Fiscal Year 2022 contains the Budget Message of account; legislative proposals; narrative explana- the President, information on the President’s priori- tions of each budget account; and proposed general ties, and summary tables. provisions applicable to the appropriations of entire Analytical Perspectives, Budget of the United agencies or group of agencies. Information is also States Government, Fiscal Year 2022 contains provided on certain activities whose transactions analyses that are designed to highlight specified are not part of the budget totals. subject areas or provide other significant presentations of budget data that place the budget in perspec- BUDGET INFORMATION tive. This volume includes economic and accounting AVAILABLE ONLINE analyses, information on Federal receipts and collec- The President’s Budget and supporting materials tions, analyses of Federal spending, information on are available online at https://whitehouse.gov/omb/ Federal borrowing and debt, baseline or current ser- budget/. This link includes electronic versions of all vices estimates, and other technical presentations. the budget volumes, supplemental materials that are Supplemental tables and other materials part of the Analytical Perspectives volume, spread- that are part of the Analytical Perspectives vol- sheets of many of the budget tables, and a public use ume are available at https://whitehouse.gov/omb/ budget database. This link also includes Historical analytical-perspectives/. Tables that provide data on budget receipts, outlays, surpluses or deficits, Federal debt, and Federal em- Appendix, Budget of the United States ployment over an extended time period, generally Government, Fiscal Year 2022 contains detailed from 1940 or earlier to 2022 or 2026. Also available information on the various appropriations and funds are links to documents and materials from budgets that constitute the budget and is designed primarily of prior years. for the use of the Appropriations Committees. The Appendix contains more detailed financial infor- For more information on access to electronic ver- mation on individual programs and appropriation sions of the budget documents, call (202) 512-1530 accounts than any of the other budget documents. in the D.C. area or toll-free (888) 293-6498. To pur- It includes for each agency: the proposed text of chase the printed documents call (202) 512-1800.

GENERAL NOTES 1. All years referenced for budget data are fiscal years unless otherwise noted. All years referenced for economic data are calendar years unless otherwise noted. 2. Detail in this document may not add to the totals due to rounding.

U.S. GOVERNMENT PUBLISHING OFFICE, WASHINGTON 2021 Table of Contents Page

The Budget Message of the President ��1 Confronting the Pandemic and Rescuing the Economy ��5 Building Back Better ��9 Delivering Results for All Americans through an Equitable, Effective, and Accountable Government ��29 Summary Tables ��35 OMB Contributors to the 2022 Budget ��63

THE BUDGET MESSAGE OF THE PRESIDENT

To the Congress of the United States:

Where we choose to invest speaks to what we value as a Nation.

This year’s Budget, the first of my Presidency, is a statement of values that define our Nation at its best. It is a Budget for what our economy can be, who our economy can serve, and how we can build it back better by putting the needs, goals, ingenuity, and strength of the American people front and center.

The Budget is built around a fundamental understanding of how our economy works and why, for too long and for too many, it has not. It is a Budget that reflects the fact that trickle-down economics has never worked, and that the best way to grow our economy is not from the top down, but from the bottom up and the middle out. Our prosperity comes from the people who get up every day, work hard, raise their family, pay their taxes, serve their Nation, and volunteer in their communities. If we make that understanding our foundation, everything we build upon it will be strong.

And we have already seen how that economic vision is working. When I took office, America was a Nation in crisis. A once-in-a-century pandemic was raging, claiming thousands of American lives each day. A punishing economic crisis had erased 22 million jobs in just 2 months in the spring of 2020 and upended the lives of millions more. The pain these crises caused was visible not just in the data, but in the lives of millions of Americans: Americans who faced an empty chair at the dinner table where a loved one once sat; who had to shut down the family business; who lined up for miles in their cars waiting for a box of food to be put in the trunk; who went to bed staring at the ceiling wondering how they would get through tomorrow.

Through the American Rescue Plan, we answered the emergency and provided desperately needed relief to hundreds of millions of Americans. Immediately, the law began delivering shots in arms and checks in pockets.

The American Rescue Plan is also helping schools reopen safely, helping child care centers stay in business, and helping families pay for child care. In fact, it is providing the largest investment in American child care since World War II. It is delivering food and nutrition assistance to millions of Americans facing hunger. It is providing rental assistance to keep people from being evicted from their homes. It is helping small businesses and restaurants stay open or re-open. It is making healthcare more affordable. It is supporting the recovery of State and local governments. And it is putting us on track to cut child poverty in half this year.

1 2 The Budget Message of the President

With the resources provided by the American Rescue Plan, we are turning the corner on the pandemic, and powering an equitable economic recovery. In my first 100 days in office, our economy created more than 1.5 million jobs, the most in the first 100 days of any President on record. But more work remains—not simply to emerge from the immediate crises we inherited, but to build back better.

The Budget lays out the essential investments that my Administration has proposed through the American Jobs Plan and the American Families Plan.

The American Jobs Plan puts millions of Americans to work to build our Nation back not just to the way it was before the pandemic, but back better. Americans will rebuild America’s transportation infrastructure, water infrastructure, and broadband connectivity infrastructure. Americans will build a clean energy future while investing in communities at risk of being left behind during our energy transition. American workers and American farmers will make unprecedented progress in our effort to tackle climate change. And, thanks to the biggest increase in non-defense research and development spending on record, Americans will boost America’s innovative edge in markets where global leadership is up for grabs—markets like battery technology, biotechnology, computer chips, and clean energy. Finally, the American Jobs Plan will create new and better jobs for caregiving workers who have been underpaid and undervalued for far too long.

The American Families Plan addresses four of the biggest challenges facing American families today, and lays the groundwork for individual, family, community, and national success tomorrow. It guarantees four additional years of education for every American, beginning with 2 years of universal high-quality pre-school for every 3- and 4-year old in America, and adding 2 years of free community college. It would make college more affordable and tackle equity gaps with increased Pell grants and investments in institutions serving low-income, first generation students, and students of color. And it provides access to quality, affordable child care to low- and middle-income families, expanded access to healthy meals because no child in America should be hungry or under-nourished, comprehensive paid family and medical leave, and expanded game-changing tax credits for families and workers.

The Budget complements these historic plans with additional proposals to reinvest in the foundations of our Nation’s strength—expanding economic opportunity, improving education, tackling the climate crisis, and ensuring a strong national defense while restoring America’s place in the world. In the 1950s, our Department of Defense created a Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) to enhance our national security, and DARPA’s work helped lead to the creation of the internet, Global Positioning System, and more. The Budget would create an Advanced Research Projects Agency for Health tasked with developing a new generation of medical breakthroughs—marshalling our Nation’s incredible scientific capacity to help prevent, detect, and treat diseases like cancer, diabetes, and Alzheimer’s. And it calls on the Congress to make progress on healthcare by cutting prescription drug costs and expanding and improving the Affordable Care Act, Medicaid, and Medicare coverage.

The Budget invests directly in the American people and will strengthen our Nation’s economy and improve our long-run fiscal health. It reforms our broken tax code to reward work instead of wealth, while also fully paying for the American Jobs Plan and the American Families Plan over 15 years. It will help us build a recovery that is broad-based, inclusive, sustained, and strong. And it will demonstrate to the American people that we value them and that we recognize that they are the key to our shared prosperity; that their Government sees them, hears them, and is able to deliver for them again. BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2022 3

It will send to the world the message that I shared with a Joint Session of the Congress in April: that America is on the move again, and that our democracy is proving it can deliver for our people and is poised to win the competition for the 21st Century.

There are many challenges ahead. But every time America has faced moments of testing, we have emerged stronger. And I believe this Budget will help us become stronger than ever.

I look forward to working with the Congress to deliver on this agenda this year.

JOSEPH R. BIDEN, JR.

The White House.

CONFRONTING THE PANDEMIC AND RESCUING THE ECONOMY

America has always been defined by the grit The broad failure to control the spread of and determination of its people, and our capacity COVID-19 in the months before the President to come together in common purpose at moments took office had devastating and far-reaching of great challenge. Across the generations, that consequences. Millions of students and par- spirit of resilience has seen us through war and ents were forced to navigate the challenges depression, natural disasters and disease, and of remote learning—straining countless fami- countless crises that have tested the Nation’s lies and disproportionately affecting Black, strength, persistence, and commitment to core Hispanic, Asian, and Native American stu- values and to one another. For more than a year, dents, as well as students with disabilities and we have confronted a confluence of challenges English language learners. Disruptive chang- that have called on that resilience like never es in people’s daily lives also took a signifi- before. cant toll on both mental and physical health. Medically fragile individuals and those with Inheriting Historic Challenges chronic diseases such as hypertension, obesi- ty, and diabetes had to make the decision to When the President took office, America was either protect their health and avoid a nega- in the grips of the worst pandemic in a century tive outcome from COVID-19, or risk losing and a painful economic downturn that had up- their jobs. More Americans reported experi- ended virtually every aspect of American life. By encing symptoms of anxiety, overdose deaths January, more than 24 million Americans across rose, and domestic violence surged. Moreover, the Nation had contracted COVID-19. Infection the COVID-19 pandemic exposed and exacer- rates and hospitalizations were soaring. More bated deeply rooted health inequities in the than 400,000 Americans had lost their lives and Nation and laid bare gaps and weaknesses in thousands were dying every single day. A more America’s public health infrastructure. contagious variant of the virus had begun ap- pearing in communities across America. As the virus tore across America, it left enormous economic damage in its wake. In January, Meanwhile, the Administration inherited a more than 10 million Americans were out of disorganized and ineffective national vaccination work, with a national unemployment rate of effort that was struggling to get off the ground. 6.3 percent. After accounting for workers who When the President took office, only eight per- either dropped out of the labor force or could cent of America’s seniors—and very few work- not find full-time work, the unemployment rate ing-age adults—had received their first shot. At was over 12 percent. More than 52 percent of the same time, more than 10 months into the America’s unemployed had been jobless for COVID-19 pandemic, the Nation still lacked more than 15 weeks, a level of long-term unem- adequate testing capacity and faced shortages ployment unseen since the depths of the Great of supplies like basic protective equipment for Recession. In addition, 1 in 11 Black workers those working on the frontlines. and 1 in 12 Latino workers were unemployed.

5 6 Confronting the Pandemic and Rescuing the Economy

Thousands of small businesses closed their Delivering Immediate Relief: Passing doors—many permanently—with many others the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021 struggling to stay afloat.

The jobs crisis was particularly severe among In the face of these twin public health and eco- women. When the President took office, a stag- nomic crises, the President took immediate, bold gering 2.5 million women had dropped out of action to deliver relief to the American people. the labor force due to the COVID-19 pandemic— The President proposed and signed into law the many to help care for their children, with poten- American Rescue Plan Act of 2021 (the American tial lifetime consequences in terms of economic Rescue Plan)—a historic, comprehensive pack- security. Between February 2020 and January age designed to help change the course of the 2021, the labor force participation rate for wom- COVID-19 pandemic, deliver desperately need- en dropped by 3.7 percent overall, 6.4 percent for ed support to millions of workers, families, and Black women, and 6.6 percent for Hispanic wom- small businesses, and build a bridge to a robust, en, eviscerating more than 35 years of progress equitable economic recovery. in labor force participation in just one year. The economy was hit hardest in female dominated in- The American Rescue Plan advanced three dustries like retail and restaurants. On top of the critical priorities. First, it included urgently job loss in those sectors, women working on the needed resources to help families and businesses frontlines of the COVID-19 pandemic in nursing weather the worst of the COVID-19 pandemic, homes and hospitals—many of whom are often including: $1,400 per-person rescue payments low-paid women of color—risked their health and for households across America; extended unem- scrambled to take care of their own families so ployment insurance; housing and nutrition as- they could care for others. Early childhood and sistance; increased access to safe and reliable child care providers—a significant share of which child care and affordable healthcare; historic are owned by women and people of color—have expansions of middle class tax relief for work- also been devastated by the COVID-19 pandemic. ing families; a solution to the crisis in America’s Estimates suggest that among child care provid- multi-employer pension system; and support for ers open at the beginning of the COVID-19 pan- hard-hit small businesses. Second, it provided vi- demic, as of December 2020, roughly one in four tal resources to help safely reopen K-8 schools in were closed. communities across the Nation and address the needs of students. Third, it provided resources to As a result of this enormous economic disrup- help mount an unprecedented Government-wide tion, countless Americans who were financially effort to defeat the COVID-19 pandemic, includ- stretched even before the COVID-19 pandemic ing funding to: set up community vaccination were plunged into an economic emergency. One sites nationwide; dramatically scale up testing in three households struggled to afford basic and tracing; eliminate supply shortage problems; expenses. Millions of households reported not support community health centers; and address having enough to eat. Millions of Americans health disparities. fell behind on their rent or mortgage payments, with more than 15 million households report- The resources included in the American Rescue ing overdue payments when the President took Plan, coupled with the President’s whole-of-Gov- office. Roughly two to three million people lost ernment response, have already begun to change employer sponsored health insurance between the course of the COVID-19 pandemic and bol- March and September. Further, going into the ster the economy. In a matter of months, the COVID-19 pandemic, about 30 million people Administration turned the slow-moving and un- lacked coverage, limiting their access to the derperforming vaccination effort it inherited into healthcare system when the COVID-19 pan- one of the most effective vaccination systems any- demic struck. where in the world. The Administration exceeded BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2022 7 the President’s initial goal of administering it is projected to reduce poverty by 32 percent, 100 million shots in his first 100 days, ultimately lifting a total of nearly 13 million Americans out administering 220 million shots in the President’s of poverty—this would mean a 38-percent drop first 100 days in office—an unprecedented nation- in the Black poverty rate, a 43-percent drop in al mobilization. As of May 17, nearly 60 percent the Hispanic poverty rate, a 23-percent drop in of American adults had received at least one shot; the Asian American and Pacific Islander poverty nearly 85 percent of all seniors had received at rate, and a 50-percent drop in the child poverty least one shot and nearly 73 percent were fully rate. vaccinated; and daily deaths were down more than 80 percent since January 20. All Americans Emerging from Crises and 12 and older are now eligible for a COVID-19 Focusing on the Future vaccine. In addition, the Administration met the President’s goal to reopen a majority of K-8 While significant challenges remain, the schools within the first 100 days. American Rescue Plan has succeeded by virtually every measure in helping address the im- As the Administration has ramped up the na- mediate economic and public health crises the tional COVID-19 pandemic response, the economy Administration inherited. However, even as the has started to get back on track. The President Administration makes significant strides to get oversaw the creation of more than 1.5 million the Nation back on track, the President believes new jobs in his first 100 days in office—more than it is not enough to go back to the way things were any president on record. Economists have raised before the COVID-19 pandemic struck, or to set- their Gross Domestic Product growth forecasts tle for a shrunken view of what America can be. for 2021 to 6.6 percent, which would be the fast- The President believes this is a moment to build est pace of economic growth in America in nearly back better and to rise to meet the full range of four decades. Consumer confidence and spending challenges and opportunities before us—from re- are on the rise. Business activity is rebounding. building America’s crumbling physical and care infrastructure and creating millions of good-pay- Moreover, the Administration is ensuring the ing jobs, to combatting climate change and revi- American Rescue Plan reaches families, commu- talizing American manufacturing, to expanding nities, and small businesses. The Department of access to both early childhood and higher edu- the Treasury has already delivered more than cation and addressing systemic inequities, and 165 million relief payments of up to $1,400 per more. person. The American Rescue Plan is delivering nutrition assistance to millions of Americans fac- None of this work will be easy. Many of the chal- ing hunger, rental assistance and mortgage relief lenges America faces have been years or decades to help families stay in their homes, and loans to in the making. These challenges do not lend them- small businesses to help keep their doors open. It selves to quick or easy solutions, nor will they be includes the largest investment in child care since fully resolved in a single year or with a single bud- World War II, which will especially benefit wom- get. But it is precisely at the moments of greatest en of color. It is reducing healthcare premiums, consequence that Americans have shown their ca- expanding access to insurance coverage, and ad- pacity to think big and do the hard work of chart- dressing persistent health disparities. It ensures ing a new and better course for the future. Our that millions of American workers and retirees charge now is to carry that legacy forward. will receive the pensions they earned. In addition,

BUILDING BACK BETTER

Under the President’s leadership, America is the coming years. This year’s Budget gives a full getting back on track. We have begun turning accounting of the first, critical steps our Nation the tide on the pandemic. Our economy is grow- must take to begin the work of building back ing and creating jobs. Students are getting back better. into classrooms. And we have shown yet again there is no quit in America. But our work has The American Jobs Plan only begun. The Budget begins with the American Jobs For all of the hard-won progress our Nation Plan—an investment in America that would cre- has made in recent months, we cannot afford to ate millions of good jobs, rebuild the Nation’s in- simply return to the way things were before the frastructure, and position the United States to pandemic and economic downturn, with the old out-compete China. Public domestic investment economy’s structural weaknesses and inequities as a share of the economy has fallen by more still in place. We must seize this moment to rei- than 40 percent since the 1960s. The American magine and rebuild a new American economy— Jobs Plan would invest in America in a way that an economy that invests in the promise and po- has not occurred since the interstate highways tential of every single American; that leaves no were built and the Space Race was won. one out and no one behind; and that makes it easier for families to break into the middle class The United States is the wealthiest Nation in and stay in the middle class. the world, yet ranks 13th when it comes to the overall quality of the Nation’s infrastructure. The Budget details the President’s proposals After decades of disinvestment, America’s roads, to advance that agenda this year. It includes bridges, and water systems are crumbling. The the two historic plans the President has already electric grid is vulnerable to catastrophic out- put forward—the American Jobs Plan and the ages. Too many lack access to affordable, high- American Families Plan—and outlines a pack- speed internet and to quality housing. The past age of discretionary proposals to help restore year has led to job losses and threatened econom- core functions of Government and reinvest in ic security, eroding more than 30 years of prog- the foundations of the Nation’s strength. It also ress in women’s labor force participation. It has calls on the Congress to reduce prescription drug unmasked the fragility of America’s caregiving costs and expand and improve health coverage. infrastructure. In addition, the Nation is falling Enacting the Budget policies into law this year behind its biggest competitors in research and would strengthen our Nation’s economy and development (R&D), manufacturing, and train- lay the foundation for shared prosperity, while ing. It has never been more important to invest also putting the Nation on a sound fiscal course. in strengthening the Nation’s infrastructure and Importantly, even as the Administration pur- competitiveness, and in creating the good-pay- sues this historic agenda, the President also being, union jobs of the future. lieves that there will be more to accomplish in

9 10 Building Back Better

As with great projects of the past, the Builds, Preserves, and Retrofits More President’s plan would unify and mobilize the than Two Million Homes and Commercial Nation to meet the great challenges of our time: Buildings, Modernizes the Nation’s Schools the climate crisis and the ambitions of an auto- and Child Care Facilities, and Upgrades cratic China. It would invest in Americans and Veterans’ Hospitals and Federal Buildings. deliver the jobs and opportunities they deserve. The President’s plan would create good jobs by Unlike past major investments, the plan priori- building, rehabilitating, and retrofitting afford- tizes addressing long-standing and persistent able, accessible, energy efficient, and resilient racial injustice. The plan targets 40 percent of housing, commercial buildings, schools, and child the benefits of climate and clean infrastructure care facilities all over the Nation while also vast- investments to disadvantaged communities. In ly improving the Nation’s Federal facilities, espe- addition, the plan invests in rural communities cially those that serve veterans. and communities impacted by the market-based transition to clean energy. Specifically, the Solidifies the Infrastructure of America’s President’s plan: Care Economy by Creating Jobs and Raising Wages and Benefits for Essential Home Care Fixes Highways, Rebuilds Bridges, and Workers. These workers—the majority of whom Upgrades Ports, Airports, and Transit are women of color—have been underpaid and Systems. The President’s plan would: modern- undervalued for too long. The President’s plan ize 20,000 miles of highways, roads, and main- makes substantial investments in the infrastruc- streets; fix the 10 most economically significant ture of America’s care economy, starting by creat- bridges in the Nation in need of reconstruction; ing new and better jobs for caregiving workers. It repair the worst 10,000 smaller bridges, provid- would provide home and community-based care ing critical linkages to communities; replace for individuals who otherwise would need to wait thousands of buses and rail cars; repair hundreds as many as five years to get the services they of stations; renew airports; modernize ports of badly need. The President also looks forward to entry; and expand transit and rail into new working with the Congress on other policies to communities. improve economic security and access to healthcare for seniors and people with disabilities. Delivers Clean Drinking Water, a Renewed Electric Grid, and High-Speed Broadband Revitalizes Manufacturing, Secures U.S. to All Americans. The President’s plan would Supply Chains, Invests in R&D, and Trains eliminate all lead pipes and service lines in Americans for the Jobs of the Future. The drinking water systems, improving the health of President’s plan would ensure that the best, di- the Nation’s children and communities of color. verse minds in America are put to work creat- It would put hundreds of thousands of people to ing the innovations of the future while creat- work laying thousands of miles of transmission ing hundreds of thousands of quality jobs today. lines and capping hundreds of thousands of or- American workers would build and make things phan oil and gas wells and abandoned mines. It in every part of the Nation, and they would be would also bring affordable, reliable, high-speed trained for well-paying, middle-class jobs using broadband to every household, including the evidence-based approaches such as sector-based more than 35 percent of rural families who lack training and registered apprenticeships. access to broadband infrastructure, the millions of families paying too much for broadband, and Creates Good-Quality Jobs that Pay the millions of low-income and marginalized com- Prevailing Wages in Safe and Healthy munities left behind by digital redlining and the Workplaces while Ensuring Workers Have digital divide. a Free and Fair Choice to Organize, Join a BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2022 11

Union, and Bargain Collectively with Their premiums; and continue the historic reductions Employers. To ensure that American taxpayers’ in child poverty in the American Rescue Plan Act dollars benefit working families and their com- of 2021 (American Rescue Plan). Together, these munities, and not multinational corporations or plans reinvest in the future of the American econ- foreign governments, the plan requires that goods omy and American workers and would help the and materials are made in America and shipped Nation out-compete China and other countries on U.S.-flag, U.S.-crewed vessels. The plan also around the world. Specifically, the President’s would ensure that Americans, especially those American Families Plan: who have endured systemic discrimination and exclusion for generations, finally have a fair shot Adds at Least Four Years of Free Edu- at obtaining good-paying jobs with: a choice cation. Investing in education is a down pay- to join a union; higher and equal pay; safe and ment on the future of America. As access to high healthy workplaces; and workplaces free from school became more widely available at the turn racial, gender, and other forms of discrimination of the 20th Century, it made America the best- and harassment. educated and best-prepared Nation in the world. Yet, everyone knows that 12 years is not enough Restructures the Corporate Tax Code today. The American Families Plan would make to Ensure that Wealthy Corporations Pay transformational investments from early child- Their Fair Share and Invest Here at Home. hood to postsecondary education so that all chil- Alongside the American Jobs Plan, the President dren and young people are able to grow, learn, has put forward a Made in America tax plan that and gain the skills they need to succeed. It would would reward investment at home, stop profit provide universal access to high-quality pre- shifting, and ensure other nations would not gain school to all three- and four-year-olds, led by a a competitive edge by becoming tax havens. The well-trained and well-compensated workforce. It key components of the Made in America tax plan would provide Americans two years of free com- include a 28-percent corporate tax rate and a munity college. It would invest in making col- global minimum tax alongside a strong incentive lege more affordable for low- and middle-income for other countries to enact reasonable minimum students, including students at Historically taxes as well. The plan also includes measures Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs), Tribal to prevent corporate inversions and offshoring, Colleges and Universities (TCUs), and Minority- as well as a new minimum tax on corporate book Serving Institutions (MSIs) such as Hispanic- income to ensure that massive, profitable com- Serving Institutions (HSIs) and Asian American panies can no longer get away with paying no and Native American Pacific Islander-Serving Federal income tax. In addition, the plan also Institutions. It would also invest in America’s eliminates tax preferences for fossil fuels. This teachers and students, improving teacher train- is a generational opportunity to fundamentally ing and support so that schools become engines of shift how countries around the world tax corpo- growth at every level. rations so that big corporations cannot escape or eliminate the taxes they owe by offshoring jobs Provides Direct Support to Children and and profits. Families. The Nation is strongest when everyone has the opportunity to join the workforce and The American Families Plan contribute to the economy. However, many workers struggle to both hold a full-time job and care To complement the American Jobs Plan and for themselves and their families. The American help extend the benefits of economic growth Families Plan would provide direct support to to all Americans, the Budget also includes the families to ensure that low- and middle-income American Families Plan—a historic investment families spend no more than seven percent of to: help families cover the basic expenses that so their income on child care, and that the child care many struggle with now; lower health insurance they access is of high-quality and provided by a 12 Building Back Better well-trained and well-compensated child care producing a larger, more productive, and healthi- workforce. It would also provide direct support to er workforce on a sustained basis, and generating workers and families by creating a national com- savings to States and the Federal Government. prehensive paid family and medical leave pro- A recent review indicates that every dollar in- gram that would bring the American system in vested in early childhood programs resulted in line with competitor nations that offer paid leave an estimated range of $2.50 to $10.80 in benefits programs. A comprehensive paid family and med- as children grew up healthier, were more likely ical leave program would allow workers to take to graduate high school and college, and earned the time they need to bond with a new child, to more as adults. A 2020 study by Nobel Laureate care for their own serious illness, and to care for a James Heckman found that every dollar invested seriously ill loved one. The system would also al- in a high-quality, birth until age five program for low people to manage their health and the health the most economically disadvantaged children re- of their families. The plan would also make in- sulted in $7.30 in benefits. Paid leave has been vestments to improve maternal health and pro- shown to keep mothers in the workforce, increas- vide critical nutrition assistance to families who ing labor force participation and boosting econom- need it most and expand access to healthy meals ic growth. In addition, sustained tax credits for to the Nation’s students—dramatically reducing families with children have been found to yield a childhood hunger. lifetime of benefits, ranging from higher educa- tional attainment to higher lifetime earnings. Extends Tax Cuts for Families with Chil- dren and American Workers. While the Supports Tax Reform that Rewards Work— American Rescue Plan provided critical help to Not Wealth. The American Families Plan also hundreds of millions of Americans, too many fam- includes commonsense reforms to the income tax ilies and workers feel the squeeze of too-low wag- code that would rebalance the tax system away es and the high costs of meeting their basic needs from special preferences for wealth and toward and aspirations. At the same time, the wealthi- fair treatment regardless of the type of income. est Americans continue to get further and further The President’s tax agenda would not only re- ahead. The American Families Plan would ex- verse some of the biggest 2017 tax law giveaways, tend key tax cuts in the American Rescue Plan but would reform the tax code so that the wealthy that benefit lower- and middle-income workers have to play by the same rules as everyone else. and families, including the expansions of the It would ensure that high-income Americans pay Child Tax Credit, the Earned Income Tax Credit, the tax they owe under the law—ending the un- and the Child and Dependent Care Tax Credit. In fair system of enforcement that collects almost addition to making it easier for families to make all taxes due on wages, while regularly collecting ends meet, tax credits for working families have a smaller share of business and capital income. been shown to boost child academic and economic The plan would also eliminate long-standing loop- performance over time. The American Families holes, including lower taxes on capital gains and Plan would also extend the expanded health in- dividends for the wealthy, which reward wealth surance tax credits in the American Rescue Plan. over work. Importantly, these reforms would also These credits are providing premium relief that rein in the ways that the tax code widens racial is lowering health insurance costs by an aver- disparities in income and wealth. age of $50 per person per month for more than nine million people, and would enable millions of Reinvesting in the Foundations of the uninsured people to gain coverage. Nation’s Strength

Leading economic research has shown that the The American Jobs Plan and the American investments proposed in the American Families Families Plan represent once-in-a-generation in- Plan would yield significant economic returns— vestments in the Nation’s future that would cre- boosting productivity and economic growth, ate jobs, grow the middle class, and expand the BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2022 13 benefits of economic growth to all Americans. To depends on helping communities transition to a truly build back better, the Nation must also be- cleaner future. Instead of investing in climate gin to reinvest in core functions of Government science and technology at the Environmental and the foundations of the Nation’s strength— Protection Agency (EPA), funding has been re- and that is exactly what the Budget does. duced by 27 percent since 2010, adjusted for inflation. Over the past decade, due in large measure to overly restrictive budget caps, the Nation signifi- The President believes now is the time to be- cantly underinvested in crucial public services, gin reversing this trend—and the expiration of benefits, and protections. Since 2010, non-defense nearly a decade of budget caps presents a unique discretionary funding has shrunk significantly as opportunity to do so. That is why the Budget in- a share of the economy. cludes targeted discretionary investments across a range of key areas—from improving America’s The consequences of this broad disinvestment public health infrastructure and improving edu- are plain to see. Anticipating, preparing for, and cation, to tackling the climate crisis and foster- fighting a global pandemic requires a robust ing economic growth and security, to restoring public health infrastructure. Yet, going into the America’s global standing and confronting 21st COVID-19 pandemic, funding for the Centers Century security challenges. for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) was 10 percent lower than a decade ago, adjusted Overall, the Budget would restore non-defense for inflation. Creating an economy that works discretionary funding to 3.3 percent of Gross for everyone—including rural, urban, and tribal Domestic Product, roughly equal to the histori- communities—requires investments in work- cal average over the last 30 years, while providing families who drive growth and prosperity. ing robust funding for national defense as well as However, the Government has chronically under- for other instruments of national power—includ- invested in crucial programs such as Head Start, ing diplomacy, development, and economic state- which serves 95,000 fewer children today than it craft—that enhance the effectiveness of national did a decade ago. Responding to the climate crisis defense spending and promote national security.

EXPANDING OPPORTUNITY

The American Jobs Plan and the American in education is both a moral and economic im- Families Plan would boost worker productivity, perative. That is why the Budget proposes a his- invest in American ingenuity, create good-paying toric $36.5 billion investment in Title I grants, a jobs, and provide real opportunity and security $20 billion increase from the 2021 enacted level. for millions of families. Those plans are comple- This investment would provide under-resourced mented by the Budget’s additional foundational schools with the funding needed to deliver a investments. Together, this suite of policies would high-quality education to all of their students contribute to a stronger, more inclusive economy by ensuring teachers at Title I schools are paid over the long term by: advancing economic digni- competitively, providing equitable access to a rig- ty, equity, and security for all Americans; expand- orous curriculum, increasing access to preschool, ing opportunity; and creating good-paying jobs. and providing meaningful incentives for States to examine and address inequalities in school fund- Improving Education ing systems.

Makes Historic Investments in High-Pov- Expands Access to Affordable Early Child erty Schools. Addressing entrenched disparities Care and Learning. To lay the foundation for 14 Building Back Better the major long-term investments in the American Increases Pell Grants and Expands Families Plan, the Budget includes $7.4 billion Institutional and Student Supports. The for the Child Care and Development Block Grant, Budget provides discretionary funding to increase an increase of $1.5 billion from the 2021 enacted the maximum Pell Grant by $400—the largest level, to expand access to quality, affordable child one-time increase since 2009. This increase, to- care for families across the Nation, as well as an gether with the $1,475 Pell Grant increase in $11.9 billion investment in Head Start, a $1.2 bil- the American Families Plan, represents a signifi- lion increase, which would ensure more children cant first step to deliver on the President’s goal start kindergarten ready to learn on day one. to double the grant. The Budget also increases The Administration would also work with States discretionary funding, and provides funding first to ensure that these resources support increased proposed under the American Families Plan, to wages for early educators and family child care expand institutional and student supports at providers, the majority of whom are women of community colleges, HBCUs, TCUs, and MSIs. color. The Administration also looks forward to working with the Congress on changes to the Higher Boosts Support for Children with Dis- Education Act of 1965 that ease the burden of abilities. To ensure that children with disabili- student debt, including through improvements to ties have the opportunity to thrive, the Budget the Income Driven Repayment and Public Service includes $16 billion, a $2.7 billion increase from Loan Forgiveness programs. the 2021 enacted level, for Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) grants that Advancing Dignity, Equity, and Security would support special education and related services for more than 7.6 million preschool through Expands Opportunities for Minority-Owned grade 12 students. This is a significant first step Businesses. To help address longstanding ra- toward fully funding IDEA. The Budget also pro- cial inequity and eliminate barriers for minori- vides $732 million for early intervention services ty-owned firms, the Budget includes $70 million, for infants and toddlers with disabilities or de- an increase of $22 million, to fund investments lays, funding services that have a proven record in economic development grants and research of improving academic and developmental out- to ensure policies effectively support the minor- comes. The $250 million increase for early inter- ity business community. In addition, the Budget vention services would be paired with reforms to provides $330 million, an increase of 22.2 percent expand access to these services for underserved above the 2021 enacted level, to support ex- children, including children of color and children panding the role of Community Development from low-income families. Financial Institutions (CDFIs), which offer loans to start-ups and small businesses to promote the Prioritizes the Physical and Mental production of affordable housing and community Well-Being of Students. Recognizing the revitalization projects. This investment builds on profound effect of physical and mental health an unprecedented level of support for the CDFI on academic achievement, the Budget provides industry in 2021, including more than $3 billion $1 billion in addition to the resources in the in direct funding, $9 billion for investments in American Rescue Plan, to increase the number depository and credit union CDFIs and Minority of counselors, nurses, and mental health profes- Depository Institutions, and provisions in the sionals in schools. In addition, the Budget pro- American Rescue Plan encouraging CDFI par- vides $443 million for Full Service Community ticipation in the $10 billion State Small Business Schools, which play a critical role in provid- Credit Initiative. ing comprehensive wrap-around services to students and their families, from afterschool Increases Rural Outreach and Connec- programs, to adult education opportunities, to tivity. The Budget provides $32 million for a health and nutrition services. renewed and expanded initiative, StrikeForce, to BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2022 15 help people in high poverty rural communities The Administration is also committed to ending tap into Federal resources. The Budget also pro- the abusive practice of misclassifying employees vides an increase of $65 million from the 2021 en- as independent contractors, which deprives these acted level for the Rural e-Connectivity Program workers of critical protections and benefits. In “Reconnect” for rural broadband. The Budget also addition to including funding in the Budget for includes $318 million for regional commissions, stronger enforcement, the Administration in- which provide economic development assistance tends to work with the Congress to develop com- in distressed, rural communities through infra- prehensive legislation to strengthen and extend structure investments, workforce development, protections against misclassification across ap- and other activities. propriate Federal statutes.

Spurs Infrastructure Modernization and Strengthens the Unemployment Insur- Rehabilitation in Marginalized Com- ance System. The COVID-19 pandemic trig- munities. The Budget provides $3.8 billion gered an economic crisis that has left millions for the Community Development Block Grant of Americans relying on unemployment insur- program, which includes a targeted increase of ance and exposed major flaws and gaps in how $295 million for the modernization and reha- the system is administered. To correct for these bilitation of public infrastructure and facilities, weaknesses and address chronic delays, the such as recreational centers and commercial cor- Budget includes significant support to modern- ridor improvements, in historically underfunded ize and improve States’ administration of the and marginalized communities facing persistent program and to help unemployed workers return poverty. to work, building on investments included in the American Rescue Plan and setting the stage for Supports Transportation Equity. The broad changes to modernize the program. This Budget includes significant funding for major includes reforming the unemployment insurance discretionary competitive grant programs, in- system so it provides adequate benefits in every cluding Rebuilding American Infrastructure State, automatically responds to downturns, re- with Sustainability and Equity transit Capital flects the modern economy and labor force, uses Investment Grants, and Port Infrastructure more equitable and progressive financing mecha- Development grants. In addition, the Budget in- nisms, and provides expanded reemployment ser- vests in rail as a down-payment to the President’s vices. Reform must also ensure that unemploy- commitment to passenger rail. The Budget ment insurance benefits are both more accessible also proposes $110 million for a new Thriving and less vulnerable to fraud, including from so- Communities initiative, which would foster trans- phisticated criminal rings. portation equity by providing capacity building grants to underserved communities. These Advances Equity in Child Welfare. The programs would ensure that more communities Budget proposes $100 million in new competitive have cleaner, robust, and affordable transporta- grants to advance racial equity in the child wel- tion options, including high-quality transit, eq- fare system and reduce unnecessary child remov- uitable transit-oriented development, and other als. The Budget also increases funding for State enhancements to improve neighborhood quality and local child abuse prevention programs by over of life and address climate change. 30 percent compared to the 2021 enacted level. The Administration is also interested in working Ensures Workers’ Health, Safety, and with the Congress to enact further child welfare Rights Are Protected. The Budget provides in- reforms that advance equity, improve children’s creased funding to the worker protection agencies well-being, and ensure all children, birth fami- in the Department of Labor to ensure workers are lies, and prospective kinship, foster, and adoptive treated with dignity and respect in the workplace. parents are served equitably and with dignity. 16 Building Back Better

Expanding Housing Opportunity and Invests in Affordable Housing in Tribal Reducing the Racial Wealth Gap Communities. Native Americans are seven times more likely to live in overcrowded condi- Extends Housing Vouchers to 200,000 tions and five times more likely to have plumb- More Families. At a time when millions of fami- ing, kitchen, or heating problems than all U.S. lies are struggling to pay their rent or mortgage, households. The Budget helps address the poor the Budget proposes to provide $30.4 billion for housing conditions in tribal areas by providing Housing Choice Vouchers, expanding vital hous- $900 million to fund tribal efforts to expand af- ing assistance to 200,000 more families with a fo- fordable housing, improve housing conditions and cus on those who are homeless or fleeing domestic infrastructure, and increase economic opportuni- violence. The President looks forward to working ties for low-income families. with the Congress to build on this investment and achieve the long-term goal of providing housing Creating Jobs and Growth—Now and vouchers to all eligible households, while increas- for the Future ing the program’s impact on equity and poverty alleviation. Supports a Future Made in America. The President is committed to ensuring the future Accelerates Efforts to End Homelessness. is made in America by all of America’s workers. The Budget builds on important provisions in- The American Jobs Plan proposes transformative cluded in the American Rescue Plan by providing new funding for manufacturing programs at the a $500 million increase for Homeless Assistance National Institute of Standards and Technology Grants to support more than 100,000 house- (NIST), and the Budget complements those invest- holds—including survivors of domestic violence ments with additional discretionary funding, en- and homeless youth, helping prevent and reduce abling the establishment of two new Manufacturing homelessness. Innovation Institutes, in addition to institutes pre- viously launched by the Departments of Defense Enhances Household Mobility and Neigh- (DOD) and Energy (DOE). The Budget also nearly borhood Choice. In addition to expanding doubles funding for the Manufacturing Extension the Housing Choice Voucher program to serve Partnership to boost the competitiveness of small 200,000 more families, the Budget includes and medium manufacturers. funding for mobility-related supportive services to provide low-income families who live in con- Renews America’s Commitment to R&D. centrated areas of poverty with greater options The Budget proposes historic increases in to move to higher-opportunity neighborhoods. funding for foundational R&D across a range of scientific agencies—including the National Supports Access to Homeownership and Science Foundation (NSF), the National Pandemic Relief. The Budget supports access Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), to homeownership for underserved borrowers DOE, NIST, and others—to help spur innova- through the Federal Housing Administration’s tion across the economy and renew America’s (FHA) mortgage insurance programs. FHA is global leadership. These investments would: a crucial source of mortgage financing for first- accelerate discoveries that would transform time and minority homebuyers, who accounted America’s understanding of the solar system for 83 percent and 37 percent, respectively, of and universe; launch the next generation of sat- FHA home purchase loans in 2020. In addition, ellites to study and improve life on Earth; and through its expanded and streamlined loss miti- support upgrades to cutting-edge scientific user gation program, FHA continues to provide urgent facilities at DOE national laboratories to build relief to homeowners suffering financially due to climate and clean energy research programs the COVID-19 pandemic. and train the next generation of scientists at HBCUs and MSIs. This funding, combined BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2022 17 with the investments proposed as part of the Promotes State and Local Efforts to Pre- American Jobs Plan, would firmly reestablish vent and Redress Housing Discrimination. the United States as a global leader in R&D. The Budget provides $85 million in grants to support State and local fair housing enforcement Committing to Criminal Justice Reform organizations and to further education, outreach, and Redressing Longstanding Injustice and training on rights and responsibilities under Federal fair housing laws. The Budget also in- Reforms the Federal Criminal Justice vests in the Department of Housing and Urban System. The Budget supports key investments Development (HUD) staff and operations ca- in First Step Act of 2018 (FSA) implementation, pacity to deliver on the President’s housing pri- advancing the provision of high-quality sub- orities, including commitments outlined in the stance use disorder treatment, reentry services, Presidential Memorandum on Redressing Our and recidivism reduction programming. Building Nation’s and the Federal Government’s History on the bipartisan FSA, the Budget also incorpo- of Discriminatory Housing Practices and Policies. rates savings from prison population reduction measures that prioritize incarceration alterna- Makes Major Investments in Environ- tives for low-risk offenders. mental Justice. For decades, low-income and marginalized communities have been overbur- Invests in Community Policing, Police dened with air pollution and other environ- Reform, and Other Efforts to Address mental hazards. The Budget includes a 44-per- Systemic Inequities. The Administration will cent increase in funding for EPA’s Brownfields take bold action to root out systemic inequities program, which would enable States to clean in the Nation’s justice system. In addition to up contaminated properties and assist them in investing in programs that support community- turning idle properties into hubs for economic oriented policing and practices, the Budget also revitalization. The Budget provides $400 mil- proposes to expand grants that support efforts to lion for HUD’s Lead Hazard and Healthy reform State and local criminal justice systems, Homes grants, which enable State and local including funding to support juvenile justice governments and nonprofits to reduce lead- programs, drug courts and alternative court pro- based paint and other health hazards in the grams, public defenders, and Second Chance Act homes of low-income families with young of 2007 programs. children. The Budget provides $5 million to the Department of Justice (DOJ) to allow the Invests in Civil Rights Offices across Environment and Natural Resources Division Government. The Budget supports signifi- to increase affirmative casework related to en- cant increases for civil rights offices and activi- vironmental justice. ties across Federal agencies to ensure that the Nation’s laws are enforced fairly and equitably.

INVESTING IN PUBLIC HEALTH INFRASTRUCTURE

The United States faces no more urgent task reopen schools. The Budget builds on this founda- than defeating the COVID-19 pandemic. That tion by proposing investments to build a healthier, is why the American Rescue Plan included vital more resilient Nation over the long term, including funding to set up community vaccination sites na- funding to ensure the Nation is better positioned tionwide, scale up testing and tracing, reduce sup- to prevent and respond to future public health cri- ply shortage problems, support community health ses, help defeat other diseases and epidemics, and centers, address health disparities, and safely invest in cutting-edge medical research. 18 Building Back Better

Strengthening Public Health Infra- The Budget also provides a significant increase in structure and Meeting Crisis-Related funding at the Department of Health and Human Needs Services (HHS) for domestic violence shelters and community-based programs, hotlines, cash Improves Readiness for Future Public assistance for survivors, medical support, and in- Health Crises. The Budget includes $8.7 billion tegrated healthcare services. The Administration in discretionary funding for CDC—the largest also looks forward to working with the Congress budget authority increase in nearly two decades— to expand the new cash assistance program for to restore capacity at the world’s preeminent pub- survivors of domestic violence by providing addi- lic health agency. Building on the investments in tional resources beyond 2022. the American Rescue Plan, CDC would use this additional funding to support core public health Promotes Health Equity for American capacity improvements in States and Territories, Indians and Alaska Natives. To begin redress- modernize public health data collection nation- ing long-standing, stark health inequities experi- wide, train new epidemiologists and other public enced by American Indians and Alaska Natives, health experts, and rebuild international capac- the Budget proposes to dramatically increase ity to detect, prepare for, and respond to emerging funding for the Indian Health Service (IHS) by global threats. $2.2 billion. In addition, to ensure a more pre- dictable funding stream for IHS, the Budget for Expands Access to Mental Healthcare. the first time includes an advance appropriation The COVID-19 pandemic has helped expose the for IHS in 2023. strain on the Nation’s mental healthcare system and the need for additional sustained resources. Addresses Racial Disparities in Health- The Budget builds on mental health resources in- care. Building on efforts in the American Rescue cluded in the American Rescue Plan by: calling Plan to advance equity and reduce health dispar- for historic investments, including $1.6 billion, ities in all healthcare programs, the Budget in- more than double the 2021 enacted level, for the cludes additional funding to expand access to cul- Community Mental Health Services Block Grant; turally competent care. The Budget also includes additional funding to support the needs of those $153 million for CDC’s Social Determinants of who are involved in the criminal justice system; Health program to support States and Territories resources to partner mental health providers in improving health equity and data collection for with law enforcement; and funds to expand sui- racial and ethnic populations. The Administration cide prevention activities. also looks forward to working with the Congress to advance the President’s goal of doubling the Invests in Efforts to End Gender-Based Federal investment in community health centers, Violence. The COVID-19 pandemic has exacer- which would help reduce health disparities by ex- bated domestic violence and sexual assault and panding access to care. has compounded the barriers to safety and economic security, creating a “shadow pandemic” for Reduces Maternal Mortality Rate and many women and girls who are largely confined Ends Race-Based Disparities in Maternal to their home with their abuser. To help address Mortality. The United States has the highest this growing crisis, the Budget provides $1 bil- maternal mortality rate among developed na- lion for DOJ Violence Against Women Act of 1994 tions, with an unacceptably high mortality rate programs, nearly double the 2021 level, including for Black, American Indian/Alaska Native, and funding for new programs to expand restorative other women of color. To help end this high rate justice efforts, protect transgender survivors, and of maternal mortality and race-based dispari- support women at HBCUs, HSIs, and TCUs to en- ties in outcomes among birthing people—and in sure these institutions have the same resources addition to the investment in maternal health as other schools to address this pervasive issue. included in the American Families Plan—the BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2022 19

Budget includes more than $200 million to: re- Prevention and Treatment programs, including duce maternal mortality and morbidity rates programs in support of the Jason Simcakoski nationwide; bolster Maternal Mortality Review Memorial and Promise Act. Committees; expand the Rural Maternity and Obstetrics Management Strategies program; Combats the Gun Violence Public Health help cities place early childhood development ex- Epidemic. The Budget includes $2.1 billion, perts in pediatrician offices with a high percent- an increase of $232 million above the 2021 en- age of Medicaid and Children’s Health Insurance acted level, for DOJ to address the gun violence Program patients; implement implicit bias train- public health crisis plaguing communities across ing for healthcare providers; and create State the Nation. Investments include $401 million in pregnancy medical home programs. State and local grants, an increase of $162 million or 68 percent. This level supports existing Defeating Other Diseases and Epidemics programs to improve background check systems, and invests in new programs to incentivize State Launches Advanced Research Projects adoption of gun licensing laws and establish vol- Agency for Health (ARPA-H). The Budget untary gun buyback pilot programs. In addition, includes a major investment of $6.5 billion to a total of $1.6 billion is provided to the Bureau of launch ARPA-H, which would provide signifi- Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives, an in- cant increases in direct Federal R&D spending in crease of $70 million or five percent over the 2021 health. With an initial focus on cancer and other enacted level, to oversee the safe sale, storage, and diseases such as diabetes and Alzheimer’s, this ownership of firearms and to support the Agency’s major investment in Federal R&D would drive other work to fight violent crime. The Budget transformational innovation in health research request for HHS doubles funding for firearm and speed application and implementation of violence prevention research at CDC and NIH. health breakthroughs. This funding is part of Combined, the Budget includes $200 million in a $51 billion request for the National Institutes discretionary resources for DOJ and HHS to sup- of Health (NIH) to continue to support research port a new Community Violence Intervention ini- that enhances health, lengthens life, and reduces tiative to implement evidence-based community illness and disability. violence interventions locally, which may include hospital-based interventions. In addition to these Makes a Major Investment to Help End amounts, the Budget supports the American Jobs the Opioid Epidemic. The opioid epidemic Plan proposal for $5 billion in total mandatory has shattered families, claimed lives, and rav- resources from 2023 to 2029 to provide long-term aged communities across the Nation—and the support for the Community Violence Intervention COVID-19 pandemic has only deepened this cri- initiative. sis. That is why the Budget includes a historic investment of $10.7 billion in discretionary fund- Commits to Ending the HIV/AIDS Epi- ing in HHS, an increase of $3.9 billion over the demic. To help accelerate and strengthen ef- 2021 enacted level, to support research, preven- forts to end the HIV/AIDS epidemic in the United tion, treatment, and recovery support services, States, the Budget includes $670 million within with targeted investments to support populations HHS to help aggressively reduce new HIV cases with unique needs, including Native Americans, while increasing access to treatment, expanding older Americans, and rural populations. The the use of pre-exposure prophylaxis, also known Budget also includes $621 million specific to the as PrEP, and ensuring equitable access to servic- Department of Veterans Affairs’ (VA’s) Opioid es and supports. 20 Building Back Better

TACKLING THE CLIMATE CRISIS

Climate change is one of the greatest chal- the electric sector to be carbon-pollution free by lenges of our time. It is also an opportunity to 2035 while creating good-paying union jobs. create new industries and good-paying jobs with a free and fair choice to join a union, revitalize Invests in Climate Resilience and Disaster America’s energy communities and the economy, Planning. The Budget provides $815 million—a and position America as the world’s clean energy $540 million increase above the 2021 enacted lev- superpower. In addition to the American Jobs el—to incorporate climate impacts into pre-disas- Plan, the Budget includes more than $36 billion ter planning and projects to ensure that the Nation of investments to combat climate change—an is rebuilding smarter and safer for the future. The increase of more than $14 billion compared to Budget also provides more than $1.2 billion above 2021—by investing in resilience and clean ener- the 2021 enacted level to increase the resilience of gy, enhancing U.S. competitiveness, and putting ecosystems and communities across the Nation to America on a path to achieve net-zero emissions wildfires, flooding, and drought, including an addi- no later than 2050—all while supporting commu- tional $100 million for CDC’s Climate and Health nities that have been left behind and ensuring program. Consistent with the President’s national that 40 percent of the benefits from tackling the conservation goal and the America the Beautiful climate crisis are targeted toward addressing the initiative, the Budget also makes critical invest- disproportionately high cumulative impacts on ments to help communities conserve important disadvantaged communities. lands and waters, expand access to the outdoors for underserved communities, and deploy natural Building Clean Energy Projects and solutions to climate change. Investing in Resilience Helps Tribal Nations Address the Climate Improves Energy Efficiency, Safety, and Crisis. Tribal communities are particularly vul- Resilience of Low-Income Homes and nerable to the impacts of climate change, which Public Buildings. The Budget invests $1.7 bil- threatens their cultural and economic well-being. lion in energy saving retrofits to homes, schools, The Budget provides an increase of more than and Federal buildings. This investment includes $450 million to facilitate climate mitigation, re- $800 million in new investments across HUD silience, adaptation, and environmental justice programs for rehabilitation and modernization projects in Indian Country, including investment to further climate resilience and energy efficien- to begin the process of transitioning tribal colleg- cy, which would lower the costs and improve the es to renewable energy. quality of public and HUD-assisted housing, and $400 million at DOE for the weatherization of Increases Demand for American Made, low-income homes. Zero-Emission Vehicles through Federal Procurement. To provide an immediate, clear, Creates Good-Paying Jobs Building and stable source of demand to help accelerate Clean Energy Projects. Transforming the U.S. American industrial capacity to produce clean electricity sector—and electrifying an increasing vehicles and components, the Budget includes share of the economy—represents one of the big- $600 million for electric vehicles and charging gest job creation and economic opportunity en- infrastructure in the individual budgets of 18 gines of the 21st Century. That is why the Budget Federal agencies, including dedicated funds at provides $2 billion to put welders, electricians, the General Services Administration for other and other skilled laborers to work building clean agencies and for the United States Postal Service energy projects across the Nation. This invest- charging infrastructure. This discretionary in- ment supports a historic energy efficiency and vestment is one component of an overarching clean electricity standard that would transform effort—combined with funding in the American BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2022 21

Jobs Plan—to leverage Federal procurement to Jobs Plan would replace every lead service line create good-paying union jobs, and enable a clean in America. The Budget also includes significant transportation future. funding—$3.6 billion—that could be used to advance water infrastructure improvement efforts Helping Communities Left Behind for community water systems, schools, and households. These water infrastructure improvement Makes the Largest Investment in En- efforts include repairing up to 180,000 septic sys- vironmental Justice in History. To support tems, as well as broader efforts to improve drink- marginalized and overburdened communities ing water and waste water infrastructure, while across the Nation, the Budget invests more than creating good-paying construction jobs that pay $1.4 billion, including $936 million toward a at least the prevailing wage across the Nation new Accelerating Environmental and Economic and in tribal communities. Justice initiative at EPA. The initiative would create good-paying union jobs, clean up pollu- Partners with Rural America to Grow tion, and secure environmental justice for com- Rural Economies and Tackle Rural Poverty. munities that have been left behind. In order The Budget includes a number of proposals to hold polluters accountable, the initiative in- to invest in and create opportunities for rural cludes $100 million to develop a new community Americans. This includes more than $300 mil- air quality monitoring and notification program, lion in new investments in the next generation of which would provide real-time data in the places agriculture and conservation, including support with the highest levels of exposure to pollution. for voluntary private lands conservation as part of the America the Beautiful initiative, renew- Propels an Effort to Create 250,000 Jobs able energy grants and loans, and the creation of Remediating Abandoned Wells and Mines. a Civilian Climate Corps to create a new path- The Budget includes over $580 million to reme- way to good-paying jobs in rural America. The diate thousands of abandoned oil and gas wells Budget also supports $6.5 billion in lending to and reclaim abandoned mines. This more than support additional clean energy, energy storage, triples the current annual discretionary fund- and transmission projects in rural communities. ing, building on the President’s commitment to create 250,000 good-paying union jobs for Increasing Competitiveness through skilled technicians and operators in some of the Investments in Innovation and Science hardest hit communities in the Nation, while cleaning up hazardous sites. In line with the Advances Climate Science and Sustain- stated goals of this Administration, the Budget ability Research. The Budget proposes more than doubles funding for the Economic over $4 billion to fund a broad portfolio of re- Development Administration’s (EDA) Assistance search across multiple agencies including the to Coal Communities program. EDA’s efforts are Department of the Interior, NASA, NSF, and part of the work of the new Interagency Working others to improve understanding of the chang- Group on Coal and Power Plant Communities ing climate and inform adaptation and resilience and Economic Revitalization, and complement measures. other targeted investments across the Federal Government to help spur economic revitalization, Spurs Innovation in Clean Energy Tech- create jobs, and support workers in hard-hit coal, nologies. The Budget invests more than $10 bil- oil and gas, and power plant communities. lion—a nearly 30-percent increase over 2021—in clean energy innovation across non-defense agen- Creates Jobs Improving Critical Water cies. These investments would help transform Infrastructure. Clean, safe drinking water the Nation’s electric, transportation, buildings, should be a right in all communities—rural and and industrial sectors to achieve a net-zero car- urban, rich and poor. That is why the American bon economy by 2050. 22 Building Back Better

Drives Breakthrough Solutions in Cli- invest in modern infrastructure to enable these mate Innovation. The Budget includes a total critical efforts. of $1 billion to create a new Advanced Research Projects Agency for Climate and invests in the Leading the World toward Achieving existing Advanced Research Projects Agency- the Objectives of the Paris Agreement on Energy. Together, these initiatives would support Climate high-risk, high-reward solutions for adaptation, mitigation, and resilience against the climate Supports Global Emissions Reductions. crisis and enable robust investments in clean en- To accelerate progress toward the Paris Agreement ergy technology R&D. targets, the Budget includes a $1.2 billion contribution to the Green Climate Fund—the first American Expands Observations, Research, and Cli- contribution since 2017—to help developing mate Services. The Budget includes $7 bil- countries reduce emissions and adapt to climate lion for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric change. The Budget also proposes $485 million to Administration (NOAA), an increase of $1.5 bil- support other multilateral climate initiatives, in- lion from the 2021 enacted level. These additional cluding $100 million for international climate ad- funds would allow NOAA to: expand its climate aptation programs. The Budget provides approxi- observation and forecasting work and provide mately $700 million for the Department of State better data and information to decisionmakers; and U.S. Agency for International Development to support coastal resilience programs that would assist developing countries in adapting to climate help protect communities from the economic and disruptions, expanding clean energy production, environmental impacts of climate change; and and reducing landscape emissions.

CONFRONTING 21ST CENTURY SECURITY CHALLENGES

From the COVID-19 pandemic to climate provides $1 billion in foreign assistance to bring change, from the growing ambitions of China to an end to the COVID-19 pandemic and expand the many global threats to democracy, success- global health security activities, including to es- fully addressing global challenges will require tablish Global Health Security Agenda capacity- working alongside and in partnership with other building programs in additional nations and in- nations. After years of neglect, the Budget makes crease investments in crosscutting research and critical investments in diplomacy and develop- viral discovery programs to detect and stamp out ment that would restore the health and morale future infectious disease outbreaks. These funds of the Nation’s foreign policy institutions, as well would also support a new health security financ- as America’s relationships with key partners and ing mechanism, developed alongside U.S. partners allies. Diplomacy would once again be a center- and allies, to ensure global readiness to respond to piece of American foreign policy, and America the next outbreak. In addition, recognizing that would once again be a leader on the world stage. no single nation can meet the challenge of climate change alone, the Budget provides $2.5 billion Renews American Leadership and Mobil- for international climate programs to help rally izes Global Action. The Budget proposes re- the world against this urgent threat, restore U.S. investing in the Nation’s diplomatic corps and leadership, and catalyze new climate pledges. providing funding to support U.S. commitments to the World Health Organization, the United Counters 21st Century Challenges and Nations (UN) Population Fund, and the UN High Threats. The Budget prioritizes the need to coun- Commissioner for Human Rights, while continu- ter the threat from China while also deterring de- ing to press for needed reforms. The Budget also stabilizing behavior by Russia. Leveraging the BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2022 23

Pacific Deterrence Initiative and working togeth- includes resources to address the naturalization er with allies and partners in the Indo-Pacific re- and asylum backlogs, support non-profit legal gion and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, service providers to help vulnerable populations, DOD would ensure that the United States builds and fund non-profit case management programs. the concepts, capabilities, and posture necessary The Budget would also revitalize U.S. leadership to meet these challenges. To ensure the United in Central America as part of a comprehensive States plays a lead role in defending democ- strategy to address the root causes of irregular racy, freedom, and the rule of law, the Budget migration from Central America to the United also includes a significant increase in resources States, providing $861 million in assistance to to: strengthen and defend democracies through- the region. These specific investments comple- out the world; advance human rights; fight cor- ment the President’s legislative efforts to provide ruption; and counter authoritarianism. In ad- a path to citizenship for undocumented immi- dition, to support agencies as they modernize, grants and implement an immigration system strengthen, and secure antiquated information that welcomes all communities systems and bolster Federal cybersecurity, the Budget provides $500 million for the Technology Upholds the Nation’s Sacred Obligation Modernization Fund, an additional $110 million to America’s Veterans. Building on significant for the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security investments included in the American Rescue Agency, and $750 million in additional invest- Plan, the Budget proposes $97.5 billion to im- ments tailored to respond to lessons learned from prove access to VA healthcare, an increase of the SolarWinds incident. $3.3 billion above the 2022 enacted advance appropriations level, including increases in funding Strengthens the Nation’s Immigration for women’s health, mental health, suicide pre- and Asylum Systems. The Budget proposes re- vention, and veterans’ homeless programs. The sources to implement a fair, orderly, and humane Budget also proposes $882 million for medical immigration system. This includes resources and prosthetic research—including the largest necessary to fulfill the President’s commitment increase in recent history—to advance VA’s un- to rebuild the Nation’s badly damaged refugee derstanding of traumatic brain injury, the effects admissions program and support up to 125,000 of toxic exposure on long-term health outcomes, admissions in 2022. In addition, the Budget pro- and the needs of disabled veterans. In addition, vides over $10 billion in humanitarian assistance the Budget includes $394 million to ensure veter- to support vulnerable people abroad, including ans and their families have access to world-class refugees and conflict victims. The Budget also memorial benefits.

THE PRESIDENT’S HEALTHCARE AGENDA TO LOWER COSTS AND EXPAND AND IMPROVE COVERAGE

The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act poverty level—for two years. These improve- (ACA) made historic progress in expanding and ments are lowering premiums for more than improving health coverage and lowering health nine million current enrollees by an average of costs. The American Rescue Plan built on that $50 per person per month, and would enable mil- progress with the most substantial improvement lions of uninsured people to gain coverage. in healthcare affordability since 2010. For people who obtain coverage through the ACA market- The American Rescue Plan was only a first places, the American Rescue Plan increased pre- step to lowering costs and expanding cover- mium tax credits—and extended them to families age. Building on that progress, the American with incomes above 400 percent of the Federal Jobs Plan invests $400 billion in strengthening 24 Building Back Better home- and community-based services for older for marketplace plans. The President also sup- people and people with disabilities and strength- ports eliminating Medicaid funding caps for ening the workforce that provides this vital care. Puerto Rico and other Territories while aligning The American Families Plan makes permanent their matching rate with States (and moving to- the American Rescue Plan’s expansion of premi- ward parity for other critical Federal programs um tax credits and makes a historic investment including Supplemental Security Income and the to improve maternal health and mortality. Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program). Further, evidence shows that we can reform Beyond these steps, the President also calls on Medicare payments to insurers and certain pro- the Congress to take action this year to reduce viders to reduce overpayments and strengthen in- prescription drug costs and to further expand centives to deliver value-based care, extending the and improve health coverage. The President’s life of the Medicare Trust Fund, lowering premi- healthcare agenda in these areas includes the ums for beneficiaries, and reducing Federal costs. following additional policies: Creating Additional Public Coverage Op- Lowering the Costs of Prescription Drugs. tions. The President supports providing Amer- The President supports reforms that would bring icans with additional, lower-cost coverage choices down drug prices by letting Medicare negotiate by: creating a public option that would be avail- payment for certain high-cost drugs and requir- able through the ACA marketplaces; and giving ing manufacturers to pay rebates when drug pric- people age 60 and older the option to enroll in es rise faster than inflation. These reforms would the Medicare program with the same premiums lower drug costs and save money for Medicare and benefits as current beneficiaries, but with- fi beneficiaries and people with job-based insurance. nancing separate from the Medicare Trust Fund. The reforms could also yield over half a trillion in In States that have not expanded Medicaid, the Federal savings over 10 years, which could help President has proposed extending coverage to pay for coverage expansions and improvements. millions of people by providing premium-free, Medicaid-like coverage through a Federal public Improving Medicare, Medicaid, and ACA option, paired with financial incentives to ensure Coverage. Medicare, Medicaid, and the ACA States maintain their existing expansions. marketplaces provide critical coverage to tens of millions of Americans, but should be strength- Healthcare is a right, not a privilege. Families ened through measures like improving access to need the financial security and peace of mind that dental, hearing, and vision coverage in Medicare, comes with quality, affordable health coverage. In making it easier for eligible people to get and stay collaboration with the Congress, the President’s covered in Medicaid, and reducing deductibles healthcare agenda would achieve this promise. BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2022 25

THE IMPACT OF THE PRESIDENT’S POLICIES ON THE NATION’S ECONOMIC AND BUDGET OUTLOOK

The Budget makes the investments needed for increase the total number of American jobs and economic growth and shared prosperity, while ensure more of them are good-quality union also putting the Nation on a sound fiscal course. jobs. A generational investment in America’s caregiving infrastructure would enable millions Generating Economic Growth of Americans—disproportionately women—to and Shared Prosperity succeed in the workforce and receive the better pay they deserve as they raise children or care The Budget makes historic investments that for ailing parents. Long overdue paid family and would increase economic prosperity over the com- medical leave would ensure that no American ing decade and beyond by increasing American worker is one pregnancy or illness away from los- productivity and the number of good-paying ing their paycheck and reduce racial disparities American jobs. The President’s investments are in paid leave. Expanding the Earned Income Tax targeted to the everyday Americans who drive the Credit would make it possible for more people to economy forward. The Budget reflects the basic join and remain in the workforce. Health invest- understanding that workers and families all over ments—from providing clean water to upgrading the Nation are the engines of America’s prosper- the public health system to expanding health in- ity and including more people in that prosperity surance tax credits so that millions of people gain is how the Nation thrives. coverage and access to care—would lower mortality and disability and enable more Americans to The Budget’s investments in infrastructure, work long healthy fulfilling careers. research, and other areas would make American businesses and workers more productive, and The Budget also makes historic investments more productive businesses would increase hiring in children that would improve their health and and pay higher wages. Rebuilding the Nation’s well-being in the near term while contributing to infrastructure would bridge income and racial economic growth and shared prosperity in the long gaps in transportation and housing opportuni- term. Universal preschool, child nutrition expan- ties, create good union jobs, and enable business- sions, and tax cuts that lift millions of families with es to deliver goods and services more affordably children out of poverty would ensure that all chil- and operate anywhere, including in rural areas dren—not only those from privileged backgrounds that currently lack broadband. Investments in or advantaged communities—are set up for suc- R&D would ensure that the technologies of the cess in school and beyond. Historic investments in future would be created in America by American Title I school funding would help millions of chil- businesses with American workers. Investments dren in low-income families to compete through in manufacturing supply chains would make it high school and beyond. Free community college more profitable to produce critical goods here at and Pell Grants, along with investments in regis- home and put more Americans to work in good tered apprenticeships, other labor-management jobs. In addition, investments to reverse climate training programs, and other workforce training change and develop climate resilience would drive investments in the American Jobs Plan, would technology growth, create millions of well-paying give students the support to build skills directly jobs with a free and fair choice to join a union, applicable to good-paying jobs. A large and grow- and mitigate the risk of electricity blackouts and ing body of research shows that these and similar other environmental disasters that disrupt work investments not only yield immediate benefits for and cause enormous economic damage. children and their families but also improve children’s health and well-being and increase their In addition to raising workers’ wages, the earnings when they reach adulthood, strengthen- Budget makes critical investments that would ing America’s future economy. 26 Building Back Better

Overall, the Budget represents a comprehen- anticipates that real interest rates would likely sive strategy to build an economy that works for rise over the coming decade, using projections everyone, not only the wealthy and well-connect- in line with private forecasters. Nonetheless, ed. These investments would pay dividends for under the President’s policies, including the decades to come and would help build a high- American Jobs Plan and the American Families skilled workforce, spur faster growth, and create Plan, real interest would remain at or below more jobs, higher wages, more security, less pov- 0.5 percent of the economy throughout the next erty, less racial inequity, and broader prosperity. 10 years, well below the historical average.

Putting the Nation on a Fiscally In the current economic environment, the Responsible Path Federal Government has the fiscal space to make critical investments to expand the pro- The Budget charts a fiscally responsible ductive capacity of the economy, while also path for delivering a stronger, more prosperous keeping real interest cost burdens low by economy. Under the Budget’s proposals, the historical standards. In fact, failing to make cost of Federal debt payments would remain investments now that support growth and well below historical levels throughout the shared prosperity would leave future genera- coming decade. In response to the Nation’s tions worse off. longer-term fiscal challenges, the Budget’s proposals would reduce the deficit in later years. Over the long term, the United States does face fiscal challenges, driven principally by un- Over the past several decades, interest rates derlying demographic pressures on health and have fallen, even as debt has risen. This has retirement programs and inadequate revenue been a widespread, persistent, and global phe- levels. There is also uncertainty about the in- nomenon, and it has meant that the burden as- terest rate outlook. The Budget’s proposals sociated with debt has decreased. Given these prudently address these future challenges by structural dynamics, the level of interest pay- making sure that new proposals are not only ments, rather than the size of the debt, is the fully offset, but reduce deficits in the long run most relevant benchmark for whether debt is and improve the long-term fiscal outlook. burdening the economy. The Budget achieves this through reforms to Real interest—the Federal Government’s an- the tax system. The Budget provides reforms nual interest payments after adjusting for in- to the corporate tax code to incentivize job cre- flation—directly measures the economic cost ation and investment in the United States, stop of the debt: the real resources that are going unfair and wasteful profit shifting to tax ha- toward paying off old debt, instead of investing vens, ensure that large corporations are paying in the future. their fair share, and stop a race-to-the-bottom in corporate tax rates around the world. The Real interest has averaged about one percent Budget also proposes to revitalize tax enforce- of the economy since 1980 and was about two ment to ensure that high-income Americans percent in the 1990s. Since then, the effective pay the tax they owe under the law—ending real interest rate on Federal debt has fallen 10- the unfair system of enforcement that collects fold, from over 4 percent to 0.4 percent. almost all taxes due on wages, while regularly collecting a smaller share of business and As a result, real interest has fallen. capital income. The plan would eliminate Strikingly, in 2021, real interest costs are ex- long-standing loopholes, including lower taxes pected to be negative, due to negative real in- on capital gains and dividends for the wealthy, terest rates. The Budget’s economic forecast which reward wealth over work. BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2022 27

Over time, the savings from these reforms A Budget that added to long-term deficits would would exceed the cost of the investments, and by worsen fiscal health, while a Budget that reduced large and growing amounts. The American Jobs deficits today by underinvesting in the American Plan and American Families Plan together are people would result in slower, more stratified paid for over 15 years. The full set of proposals in growth that would cause more damage than one the Budget reduce the annual deficit by the end of that invests appropriately. The Budget respon- the 10-year budget window and every year there- sibly balances these needs and risks by charting after. In the second decade, the Budget’s propos- an economically and fiscally sound course for the als reduce deficits by over $2 trillion. near term and the long term.

DELIVERING RESULTS FOR ALL AMERICANS THROUGH AN EQUITABLE, EFFECTIVE, AND ACCOUNTABLE GOVERNMENT

In order to build back better and meet the my whole-of-[G]overnment [E]xecutive [O]rder full range of challenges and opportunities be- that will, for the first time, advance equity for fore us, the Nation needs an equitable, effective, all throughout our [F]ederal policies and insti- and accountable Government that delivers re- tutions.” Through this action, the President has sults for all Americans. The President is com- made embedding equity in Government decision- mitted to ensuring the Government works for all making a mandate for the leadership and staff of Americans—and the Budget makes crucial prog- every department and agency. At the President’s ress toward achieving that goal. The Budget en- direction, agencies are working to recognize and sures Federal agencies are sufficiently resourced redress inequities in their systems, policies, pro- and effectively equipped to carry out their grams, and processes. Agencies are directed to missions. The Budget would help bolster the review policies and activities to assess whether Administration’s efforts to: center equity across underserved communities and their members the Federal Government; empower, rebuild, and face systemic barriers in accessing benefits and protect the Federal workforce; restore public opportunities available pursuant to those poli- trust in the Federal Government; deliver ser- cies and programs. The President also issued vices effectively and efficiently; enhance Federal an Executive Order creating the Gender Policy information technology (IT) and cybersecurity; Council and laying out a whole-of-Government advance America’s clean energy future; and help approach to ensure that all policies and programs ensure the future is made in America by all of promote gender equity and advance rights and America’s workers. Taken together, these ac- opportunity for women and girls. As discussed tions will support the President’s Management in the previous chapter, the Budget makes wide- Agenda as it takes shape in the coming months. ranging investments in improving the delivery of Government programs for all Americans, in- Centering Equity in Management cluding funding for critical work to redress long- and Policymaking Processes standing inequities in health, education, housing, and other areas. The Administration is committed to delivering on the President’s promise to advance equity Empowering, Rebuilding, and across the entire Federal Government, including Protecting the Federal Workforce for people of color and other underserved communities that have been historically denied fair, The Administration is committed to respecting just, and equitable treatment. and partnering with career civil servants who form the backbone of the Federal Government. On January 26, 2021, the President said, “we That is why during his first month in office, the need to make the issue of racial equity not just an President restored collective bargaining rights issue for any one department of [G]overnment; it and worker protections for Federal employees. has to be the business of the whole of [G]overn- The President eliminated Schedule F, which ment. That’s why I issued, among the first days, threatened the foundations of the civil service,

29 30 DELIVERING RESULTS FOR ALL AMERICANS and made clear that the Administration will pro- Revitalizing America’s Foreign Policy and National tect scientists and other career civil servants Security Workforce, Institutions, and Partnerships from political interference. The President also ordered a series of actions agencies must take to signed an Executive Order to ensure that the ensure that the national security workforce reflects Federal Government interprets Title VII of the and draws on the richness and diversity of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 as prohibiting workplace Nation it represents. discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation and gender identity. Modernizing the Personnel Vetting Sys- tem. The Administration is leading efforts to The Budget builds on these efforts to empower reform how the Executive Branch conducts and protect the Federal workforce by: background checks for its workforce through the Security Clearance, Suitability, and Credentialing Supporting Career Civil Servants as the Performance Accountability Council (PAC). The Backbone of the Federal Workforce. To help PAC is spearheading several transformative re- departments and agencies recruit and retain a di- forms through the Trusted Workforce 2.0 initiative verse and inclusive Federal workforce, the Budget that will introduce continuous vetting, reduce the ensures more Federal employees are eligible for time required to conduct background checks for a $15 per hour wage, and provides funding for new hires, and improve the mobility of the work- a pay increase averaging 2.7 percent across the force, all while ensuring the Nation’s security. Federal civilian workforce, in parity with the mil- itary pay increase. The President also took steps Promoting Public Trust in the on his first day in office to protect the health and Federal Government safety of Federal employees and contractors during the COVID-19 pandemic, including enforcing As the President has said, “[w]e have to prove the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s to the American people that their [G]overnment science-based guidelines and directing agencies can deliver for them...” The Administration is to finalize and implement workplace health and making important progress in promoting trust in safety plans. The President also made clear that Government, and the Budget advances these efforts. he encourages union organizing and collective bargaining by revoking Executive Orders 13836, Recommitting to Good Government. As 13837, and 13839 that made it harder for Federal part of the Administration’s commitment to good workers to unionize and bargain. The President’s government, Federal agencies are working with Executive Order on Protecting the Federal external stakeholders and their own workforces Workforce also directs agencies to bargain over to develop goals and track progress to improve additional subjects of bargaining, so that workers the delivery of Government services in key pri- have a greater voice in their working conditions. ority areas. As the President’s Management Agenda takes shape and agency goals are es- Achieving Better Hiring Outcomes. The tablished and pursued, the public will be able to Budget supports agency efforts to expand and en- follow progress on Performance.gov, which will hance recruitment and hiring of top talent, and to be updated quarterly. By being clear about the deploy more effective qualifying assessments to im- Administration’s goals, showing the public plans prove hiring outcomes. Specifically, agencies would to get there, and being transparent about results, be required to revitalize their internship programs the Administration will continue building trust to begin to reverse the decline in the percentage of with the American public. the workforce under 30, create and fund agency talent teams, and contribute funding to a new office that Ensuring Effective Implementation of would support centralized Government-wide hiring COVID-19 Pandemic Relief Funds and actions that improve hiring outcomes for critical po- Stewardship of Taxpayer Resources. The sitions. Further, the President’s Memorandum on Administration will administer COVID-19 BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2022 31 pandemic relief funding—including funding pro- human, customer-focused mindset—preventing vided through the American Rescue Plan Act of these programs from reaching all those they are 2021 (the American Rescue Plan)—with maxi- intended to benefit and serve. The Administration mum accountability and transparency and a fo- is implementing a comprehensive approach to cus on achieving results. This requires design- improving the access, equity, and overall deliv- ing programs and service delivery models that ery of Federal services, which includes improving achieve equitable results while promoting trans- customer experience management. The Budget parency and supporting long-term outcomes that supports the Nation’s highest impact service pro- benefit the American people. These goals can be viders across a variety of agencies to deliver on achieved while minimizing burden to agencies their annual Customer Experience Action Plans. and recipients through sound financial manage- This includes, for example: increasing the use ment, a focus on program integrity, and accurate of remote inspection capabilities to enable fami- and timely reporting on data about the use of tax- lies to send the Federal Emergency Management payer funds. Agency digital video and images of disaster property damage for verification and validation; Fostering Scientific Integrity and Evi- making it possible for individuals to request a dence-Based Decision-Making. The President call back, rather than waiting on the phone, for has made clear that it is the policy of this more Internal Revenue Service functions; collect- Administration to make decisions guided by the ing customer feedback on interactions with the best available science and data. On January 27, Transportation Security Administration from 2021, when signing a Presidential Memorandum passengers that experience secondary screen- charging agencies to advance scientific integrity ing; and adapting the design of new “journey to and evidence-based policymaking, the President discharge” approaches at the Veterans Health committed that his Administration would “pro- Administration for patient information to reduce tect our world-class scientists from political in- preventable adverse events within three weeks of terference and ensure they can think, research, discharge. and speak freely and directly to me, the Vice President, and the American people.” Evidence- Delivering Better Services through based policy-making and program evaluation Design and Technology. Too often, outdated are critical in addressing systemic inequities and tools, systems, and practices make interacting injustices and maintaining the public’s trust. with the Federal Government cumbersome and The Administration’s commitment to evidence- frustrating. The COVID-19 pandemic laid bare based policy-making and program evaluation is and exacerbated the Government’s technology reflected in the prioritization and design of the and service delivery challenges in a time of imme- Budget’s historic investments in addressing cli- diate need. Recognizing this, the Administration mate change, environmental justice, health se- requested and received $200 million through curity, and pandemic preparedness and will be the American Rescue Plan for the United States equally central to implementing these initia- Digital Service (USDS) for a multiyear invest- tives. Agencies’ Learning Agendas and Annual ment in the USDS mission to use design and tech- Evaluation Plans should reflect their plans to nology to deliver better services to the American build evidence in these and other priority areas. people. USDS quickly deployed teams of seasoned operational engineers, service designers, product Delivering Government Services managers, and procurement experts to bring best Effectively and Efficiently practices and new approaches to these technology challenges, ensure access and equity are integrat- Improving Customer Experience. The ed into products and processes, and help agencies Federal Government administers a wide array modernize their systems for long-term stability. of programs on behalf of the American people, USDS is integrally engaged on American Rescue but implementation efforts often fail to adopt a Plan projects and Administration priorities for 32 DELIVERING RESULTS FOR ALL AMERICANS

COVID-19 pandemic vaccines and testing, eco- cybersecurity practices, implement supply chain nomic rescue and recovery, environmental justice, risk management programs, develop coordinated and immigration reform. vulnerability disclosure programs, and improve cyber threat intelligence analysis. The Budget Enhancing Federal IT also provides $15 million to support the Office of and Cybersecurity the National Cyber Director established in the William M. (Mac) Thornberry National Defense Modernizing Federal IT Systems. In a Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2021. world of constantly evolving technology and expanding cybersecurity threats, the Administration Improving the Federal IT Workforce. To recognizes the critical need for additional invest- support the Federal IT and cybersecurity portfo- ment in enhancing Federal IT to improve ser- lio, the Budget proposes to identify and address vice delivery to the American public. To sup- critical skills gaps across the IT and cybersecu- port agencies as they modernize, strengthen, rity workforce. The Budget invests in innovative and secure outdated information systems, the programs that improve the Government’s ability Budget includes $500 million for the Technology to recruit, retain, and train a workforce that can Modernization Fund (TMF). This builds on build, maintain, and secure Federal information the substantial down-payment provided by the and information systems. The Administration is Congress in the American Rescue Plan to address focused on continuing the use of reskilling and urgent IT modernization challenges, bolster cy- upskilling training programs to address critical bersecurity defenses, and improve the delivery knowledge skills gaps by reinvesting in existing of COVID-19 pandemic relief. The TMF would employees. Moreover, the American Rescue Plan continue to serve as the predominant vehicle for includes resources for USDS and CISA to hire in- delivering improvements to public-facing digital formation technology and cybersecurity experts. services, enhancements to cross-government collaboration, and modern technology designed with Ensuring the Future Is Made in All of security and privacy in mind. America by All of America’s Workers

Bolstering Federal Cybersecurity. Cyber- Supporting America’s Workers and Amer- security will continue to be a key focus in pro- ica’s Clean Energy Future through Federal tecting this Nation’s security, and recent, sig- Contracting. The Administration will leverage nificant cybersecurity incidents highlight the over $600 billion in annual Federal contracting long-standing need to modernize Federal IT and other Federal assistance—nearly $260 bil- systems and augment cybersecurity capabili- lion of which is spent on manufactured goods each ties. The Budget contains $9.8 billion in cyber- year—to provide good-quality jobs to American security funding to secure Federal civilian net- workers in manufacturing by strengthening do- works, protect the Nation’s infrastructure, and mestic sourcing requirements. This includes the support efforts to share information, standards, establishment of a Made in America Office within and best practices with critical infrastructure the Office of Management and Budget that works partners and American businesses. This fund- with the Office of Federal Procurement Policy to ing includes $110 million for the Cybersecurity ensure taxpayer dollars support American manu- and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA) and facturing. Agencies will also leverage their vast $750 million to agencies affected by recent, sig- buying power to advance racial equity using pro- nificant cyber incidents to address exigent gaps curement strategies to expand and strengthen in security capability. These resources would the Government’s contracting base, especially better enable Federal agencies to protect technol- in underserved communities, and drive forward ogy and safeguard citizen’s sensitive information America’s clean energy future. For example, from the threats posed by cyber criminals and the Budget invests $600 million to assist agen- adversaries. Agencies will continue to improve cies in transitioning to clean and zero-emission BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2022 33 vehicles for Government fleets and associated in- high-quality products and services with strong frastructure, leading the way for a cleaner trans- customer satisfaction. The purchasing power portation network across America. The President of the Federal Government has the potential to also issued an Executive Order on April 27, 2021 have a transformative impact on women-, vet- requiring Federal contractors pay their employ- eran-, and minority-owned small businesses and ees—hundreds of thousands of workers who are create generational wealth for business owners working on Federal contracts—a minimum wage from traditionally underserved communities. of at least $15 per hour. These workers are criti- To meet this dual challenge, the Administration cal to the functioning of the Federal Government: will pursue agile, innovative, outcome-based, from cleaning professionals and maintenance and equity-focused, acquisition processes. This workers who ensure Federal employees have safe will include a dedicated effort to eliminate bar- and clean places to work; to nursing assistants riers that small businesses in underserved com- who care for the Nation’s veterans; to cafeteria munities face when competing for contracts. In and other food service workers who ensure mili- addition, the Administration will provide the tary members have healthy and nutritious food acquisition workforce with supplier and market to eat; to laborers who build and repair Federal intelligence data at the point of need, so they can infrastructure. work productively with contractors from across the Nation to achieve more for each taxpayer dol- Providing for a Modern and Diverse lar by, among other things, promoting buying as Federal Acquisition System. The Federal an organized entity and using strategic business Government’s ability to effectively meet its practices. Additional emphasis will be placed on many missions requires support from a diverse partnering with entities that leverage domestic and resilient contractor base of small, medium, supply chains, and sources that apply climate- and large entities that consistently produce friendly and sustainable practices.

Summary Tables

BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2022 37

5.2% –442 19.3% 24.5% –0.2% 54,665 69,196 14,531 2031 2022-

Totals 5.9% –737 7,452 18.8% 24.7% –0.6% 24,013 31,465 2026 2022- 164 4.7% 0.5% 6,643 8,211 1,568 19.9% 24.6% 39,059 36,216 33,391 2031 117.0% 108.5% 108 4.6% 0.3% 6,370 7,847 1,477 19.8% 24.4% 37,481 34,643 32,094 2030 116.8% 107.9% 50 4.2% 0.2% 6,119 7,425 1,307 19.8% 24.1% 35,996 33,167 30,867 2029 116.6% 107.5% * 9 4.8% 5,888 7,312 1,424 19.8% 24.6% 34,691 31,860 29,697 2028 116.8% 107.3% –36 4.6% 5,632 6,935 1,303 19.7% 24.3% –0.1% 33,266 30,437 28,590 2027 116.4% 106.5% –86 5.1% 5,332 6,746 1,414 19.4% 24.5% –0.3% 31,958 29,134 27,533 2026 116.1% 105.8% 5.5% –136 5,038 6,508 1,470 19.0% 24.5% –0.5% 30,539 27,720 26,516 2025 115.2% 104.5% 5.3% –186 4,828 6,187 1,359 18.9% 24.2% –0.7% 29,062 26,250 25,537 2024 113.8% 102.8% Budget Totals Budget Totals

5.6% –189 4,641 6,013 1,372 18.9% 24.5% –0.8% 27,683 24,892 24,563 2023 112.7% 101.3% 7.8% –139 4,174 6,011 1,837 17.8% 25.6% –0.6% 26,265 23,520 23,500 2022 111.8% 100.1% n billions of dollars and as a percent GDP) Table S–1. Table (I –53 3,581 7,249 3,669 16.3% 32.9% 16.7% 98.4% –0.2% 24,167 21,684 22,030 2021 109.7% 134 0.6% 3,421 6,550 3,129 16.3% 31.2% 14.9% 85.8% 21,017 18,024 21,000 2020 100.1% ��

�� 1 �� Deficit Deficit The estimated deficit for 2021 is based on partial year actual data and generally incorporates actuals through March. The estimated deficit for 2021 is based on partial year actual data and generally incorporates actuals through March. Receipts Outlays Debt held by the public Debt held by the public net of financial assets Receipts Outlays Debt held by the public Debt held by the public net of financial assets Real net interest in billions of dollars Real net interest as a percent of GDP *0.05 percent of GDP or less. 1 Budget totals in billions of dollars: Gross domestic product (GDP) Budget totals as a percent of GDP: real net interest: Memorandum, 38 Summary Tables

529 270 393 163 1,355 –1,726 –1,012 13,176 14,531 2031 2041 2022- 2022-

27 Totals Totals 645 312 241 406 –297 6,226 1,226 7,452 Cumulative 2026 2036 2022- 2022- –2 10 31 –93 5.0% 4.7% –133 –313 –323 1,660 1,568 2031 2041 –5 23 30 –40 –87 4.7% 4.6% –299 –302 1,517 1,477 2030 2040 –9 32 27 15 –35 4.2% 4.2% –285 –282 1,291 1,307 2029 2039 28 40 25 76 –17 4.5% 4.8% –272 –264 1,348 1,424 2028 2038 –9 48 22 110 170 4.0% 4.6% –260 –246 1,134 1,303 2027 2037 53 54 15 177 299 4.0% 5.1% –248 –229 1,115 1,414 2026 2036 9 78 56 152 294 4.4% 5.5% –238 –213 1,176 1,470 2025 2035 3 88 59 141 291 4.2% 5.3% –228 –198 1,068 1,359 2024 2034 * 92 79 53 224 4.7% 5.6% –217 –183 1,148 1,372 2023 2033 * 84 16 19 118 7.3% 7.8% –165 –126 1,719 1,837 2022 2032

–* –1 –1 ...... 3,670 3,669 16.7% 16.7% 2021

...... 3,129 3,129 eficit increases (+) or decreases (–) in billions of dollars) 14.9% 14.9% 2020 (D Effect of Budget Proposals on Projected Deficits ��

Table S–2. Table ��

�� 1 �� Plan, second decade effect Plan, robust funding for national defense Includes mandatory effects of discretionary policy and other conforming technical adjustments mandatory effects of discretionary policy and other conforming technical Includes Enact the American Jobs Plan and the American Families Plan and the American Jobs Enact the Percent of GDP Percent Plan American Jobs Enact the Plan American Families Enact the Restore non-defense discretionary spending and provide Debt service and other interest effects of GDP Percent second decade effect proposals in the 2022 Budget, Total *$500 million or less 1 Projected deficits in the baseline Memorandum: Proposals in the 2022 Budget: proposals in the 2022 Budget Total Resulting deficits in the 2022 Budget BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2022 39

577 140 910 323 506 814 501 8,221 8,810 6,528 8,885 5,563 4,062 3,799 5,563 7,613 1,873 17,031 15,553 10,654 41,620 64,215 27,053 12,352 51,038 11,303 2031 13,176 2022-

62 Totals 294 439 116 242 448 218 516 3,895 4,329 8,224 6,694 4,414 2,823 4,510 1,935 1,902 5,568 1,703 1,935 4,291 5,710 6,226 18,441 28,600 11,382 22,374 2026 2022- 56 17 97 46 57 79 60 903 931 828 938 883 438 456 883 778 354 1,834 1,969 1,415 5,149 7,866 3,431 1,467 6,205 1,307 1,660 2031 58 17 97 43 55 75 59 884 913 783 900 798 433 437 798 718 312 1,797 1,868 1,328 4,879 7,475 3,275 1,410 5,958 1,205 1,517 2030 57 16 94 41 53 75 57 865 896 741 846 717 432 418 717 574 270 1,760 1,769 1,181 4,537 7,015 3,128 1,355 5,724 1,021 1,291 2029 57 15 92 39 51 71 55 846 880 698 877 649 433 402 649 699 226 1,122 1,726 1,673 1,229 4,478 6,854 2,986 1,305 5,506 1,348 2028 55 14 92 38 49 65 52 828 862 654 813 581 424 383 581 553 938 195 1,689 1,580 1,087 4,135 6,405 2,852 1,247 5,272 1,134 2027 55 13 91 25 48 68 49 811 851 621 806 509 425 368 509 606 955 160 1 1,661 1,493 1,016 3,935 6,106 2,646 1,202 4,991 1,115 2026 57 13 90 25 47 77 46 796 849 948 592 784 436 432 353 436 739 135 1,645 1,410 3,735 5,816 2,347 1,153 4,640 1,041 1,176 2025 60 12 90 24 45 99 44 99 778 842 842 563 795 365 412 341 365 703 969 1,621 1,333 3,533 5,519 2,210 1,113 4,451 1,068 2024 61 12 85 22 45 40 74 756 874 842 529 870 319 367 326 103 319 829 1,630 1,261 3,503 5,453 2,174 1,068 4,304 1,074 1,148 2023 59 11 82 21 57 39 48 754 913 767 518 305 266 314 102 305 1,667 1,196 1,255 3,735 5,707 2,005 1,032 3,988 1,414 1,670 1,719 Baseline by Category n billions of dollars) 2022 (I

55 10 74 18 85 97 37 73 735 960 709 521 303 268 944 287 303 1,696 1,135 2,886 5,251 7,249 1,704 3,580 3,367 3,597 3,670 2021 43 10 87 18 69 82 36 714 913 769 458 345 212 965 292 345 –13 1,627 1,090 2,260 4,578 6,550 1,609 3,421 2,784 3,142 3,129 2020 Table S–3. Table �� Subtotal, discretionary programs Subtotal, mandatory programs Subtotal, Defense Non-defense Social Security Medicare Medicaid Other mandatory programs outlays Total taxes Social Security payroll taxes Medicare payroll Unemployment insurance Other retirement receipts Total Baseline estimates are on the basis of the economic assumptions shown in Table S-9, which incorporate the effects of the Administration’s fiscal policies. fiscal policies. Administration’s incorporate the effects of which S-9, Table Baseline estimates are on the basis of economic assumptions shown in Discretionary programs: Mandatory programs: Net interest Individual income taxes Corporation income taxes Social insurance and retirement receipts: Excise taxes Estate and gift taxes Customs duties Reserve System Federal Deposits of earnings, Other miscellaneous receipts Net interest Primary deficit On-budget deficit Off-budget deficit/surplus (–) 1 Outlays: Receipts: Deficit 40 Summary Tables

576 140 948 274 506 814 501 8,052 9,426 6,926 5,726 6,330 4,478 5,726 8,805 1,813 2031 17,478 15,542 10,633 12,891 45,992 69,196 27,694 12,403 54,665 12,718 14,531 2022-

62 99 Totals 293 455 242 448 218 496 3,881 4,601 8,482 6,691 4,407 3,088 6,835 1,962 2,933 5,587 1,995 1,962 5,490 6,956 7,452 2026 21,021 31,465 11,680 24,013 2022- 56 17 39 57 79 60 851 837 914 693 540 102 914 654 345 1,002 1,854 1,966 1,412 1,228 5,444 8,211 3,526 1,474 6,643 1,223 1,568 2031 58 17 37 55 75 59 843 984 801 829 681 518 101 829 649 303 1,827 1,866 1,325 1,200 5,191 7,847 3,354 1,417 6,370 1,174 1,477 2030 56 16 98 34 53 75 57 835 964 768 744 678 496 744 562 262 1,799 1,767 1,178 1,168 4,882 7,425 3,194 1,361 6,119 1,045 1,307 2029 57 15 96 33 51 71 55 826 947 734 674 679 476 674 749 219 1,773 1,672 1,227 1,232 4,865 7,312 3,044 1,311 5,888 1,205 1,424 2028 55 14 96 32 49 65 52 816 927 698 603 666 453 603 701 189 1,743 1,579 1,085 1,227 4,589 6,935 2,896 1,252 5,632 1,115 1,303 2027 55 13 95 21 48 68 49 804 917 674 524 664 436 524 890 154 1,721 1,492 1,014 1,321 4,501 6,746 2,676 1,207 5,332 1,260 1,414 2026 57 13 94 20 47 77 46 791 914 947 645 445 673 418 445 129 1,704 1,410 1,357 4,358 6,508 2,436 1,159 5,038 1,025 1,341 1,470 2025 60 12 93 19 45 99 44 95 775 909 840 616 368 649 400 368 991 1,683 1,333 1,347 4,136 6,187 2,288 1,118 4,828 1,264 1,359 2024 61 12 89 18 45 40 71 756 930 841 582 320 577 383 103 320 1,685 1,261 1,324 4,008 6,013 2,242 1,072 4,641 1,052 1,301 1,372 2023 59 11 84 21 57 39 48 756 932 766 571 305 371 359 102 305 n billions of dollars) 1,688 1,196 1,486 4,018 6,011 2,039 1,033 4,174 1,532 1,789 1,837 2022 (I 55 10 74 18 85 97 37 73 Proposed Budget by Category 735 960 709 521 303 268 944 287 303 1,696 1,135 2,886 5,251 7,249 1,705 3,581 3,366 3,595 3,669 2021

43 10 87 18 69 82 36 714 913 769 458 345 212 965 292 345 –13 1,627 1,090 2,260 4,578 6,550 1,609 3,421 2,784 3,142 3,129 2020 Table S–4. Table �� Subtotal, discretionary programs Subtotal, mandatory programs Subtotal, Defense Non-defense Social Security Medicare Medicaid Other mandatory programs outlays Total taxes Social Security payroll taxes Medicare payroll Unemployment insurance Other retirement receipts Total Discretionary programs: Mandatory programs: Net interest Individual income taxes Corporation income taxes Social insurance and retirement receipts: Excise taxes Estate and gift taxes Customs duties Reserve System Federal Deposits of earnings, Other miscellaneous receipts Net interest Primary deficit On-budget deficit Off-budget deficit/surplus (–) Outlays: Receipts: Deficit BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2022 41 *

2.9 3.4 6.2 5.5 3.7 2.4 4.7 2.0 9.7 2.2 4.4 1.6 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.2 2.0 3.3 4.6 0.6 5.2 16.3 24.5 19.3 2031 2022- *

3.0 3.6 6.7 5.2 3.4 2.4 5.4 1.5 9.1 2.3 4.4 1.6 0.2 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.2 1.5 4.4 5.5 0.4 5.9 16.5 24.7 18.8 Averages 2026 2022- 2.5 3.0 5.6 5.9 4.2 2.5 3.7 2.7 2.1 4.4 1.6 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 2.7 2.0 3.7 1.0 4.7 16.3 24.6 10.6 19.9 2031 2.6 3.1 5.7 5.8 4.1 2.5 3.7 2.6 2.1 4.4 1.6 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 2.6 2.0 3.7 0.9 4.6 16.2 24.4 10.4 19.8 2030 2.7 3.1 5.8 5.7 3.8 2.5 3.8 2.4 2.2 4.4 1.6 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 2.4 1.8 3.4 0.8 4.2 15.8 24.1 10.3 19.8 2029 * 2.8 3.2 6.0 5.6 4.1 2.5 4.1 2.3 2.3 4.4 1.6 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 2.3 2.5 4.1 0.7 4.8 16.4 24.6 10.3 19.8 2028 * 2.9 3.2 6.1 5.5 3.8 2.4 4.3 2.1 2.3 4.4 1.6 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 2.1 2.5 3.9 0.7 4.6 16.1 24.3 10.1 19.7 2027 * 2.9 3.3 6.3 5.4 3.7 2.4 4.8 1.9 9.7 2.4 4.4 1.6 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 1.9 3.2 4.6 0.6 5.1 16.3 24.5 19.4 2026 * 3.0 3.4 6.4 5.3 3.6 2.4 5.1 1.7 9.2 2.5 4.4 1.6 0.2 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.2 1.7 3.9 5.1 0.5 5.5 16.4 24.5 19.0 2025 * 3.0 3.6 6.6 5.2 3.3 2.4 5.3 1.4 9.0 2.5 4.4 1.6 0.2 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.2 1.4 3.9 5.0 0.4 5.3 16.2 24.2 18.9 2024 * 3.1 3.8 6.9 5.1 3.4 2.4 5.4 1.3 9.1 2.3 4.4 1.6 0.2 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.2 1.3 4.3 5.3 0.3 5.6 16.3 24.5 18.9 2023 * 3.2 4.0 7.2 5.1 3.3 2.4 6.3 1.3 8.7 1.6 4.4 1.5 0.3 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.2 1.3 6.5 7.6 0.2 7.8 17.1 25.6 17.8 s a percent of GDP) 2022 (A * 3.3 4.4 7.7 5.2 3.2 2.4 1.4 7.7 1.2 4.3 1.3 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.4 0.4 0.2 1.4 0.3 13.1 23.8 32.9 16.3 15.3 16.3 16.7 2021 * 3.4 4.3 7.7 5.2 3.7 2.2 1.6 7.7 1.0 4.6 1.4 0.2 0.4 0.1 0.3 0.4 0.2 1.6 10.8 21.8 31.2 16.3 13.3 15.0 –0.1 14.9 2020 Proposed Budget by Category as a Percent of GDP Proposed Budget by Category as a Percent

�� Table S–5. Table �� Subtotal, discretionary programs Subtotal, mandatory programs Subtotal, Defense Non-defense Social Security Medicare Medicaid Other mandatory programs outlays Total taxes Social Security payroll taxes Medicare payroll Unemployment insurance Other retirement receipts Total Discretionary programs: Mandatory programs: Net interest Individual income taxes Corporation income taxes Social insurance and retirement receipts: Excise taxes Estate and gift taxes Customs duties Reserve System Federal Deposits of earnings, Other miscellaneous receipts Net interest Primary deficit On-budget deficit Off-budget deficit/surplus (–) *0.05 percent of GDP or less. Outlays: Receipts: Deficit 42 Summary Tables 300 250 250 6,000 8,000 3,000 2,000 1,200 1,000 6,000 1,000 4,000 2,500 19,022 76,640 73,600 20,000 25,000 23,996 41,543 112,295 137,367 546,463 2022–2031 Totals 150 250 250 650 1,090 8,000 1,610 9,319 1,700 1,020 1,000 4,200 2,800 1,250 77,201 11,054 28,625 27,036 48,998 17,000 17,925 14,720 262,578 2022–2026 30 746 375 150 250 ...... 2,408 4,540 5,279 1,723 1,242 2,636 19,099 2031 30 30 948 855 335 250 ...... 3,310 7,455 7,898 2,244 4,118 13,685 40,848 2030 30 30 12 60 200 615 150 240 160 250 ...... 4,523 1,174 1,230 3,219 5,878 10,855 10,453 20,952 59,249 2029 80 30 48 800 475 600 100 400 250 ...... 1,696 1,360 1,705 3,868 7,133 7,895 13,400 11,725 25,397 75,454 2028 30 765 190 120 960 160 640 250 ...... 3,404 2,000 1,090 4,270 4,104 7,058 11,765 11,209 26,612 89,235 16,958 2027 5 30 680 635 750 460 240 200 800 250 ...... 3,872 9,395 4,000 4,630 3,575 6,185 1,200 10,209 25,971 91,528 21,626 2026 8 30 60 15 310 515 600 240 170 800 250 3,062 7,090 7,497 4,000 4,455 1,060 2,684 4,496 1,200 13,468 68,287 19,650 2025 95 30 90 20 22 250 420 228 960 140 640 250 2,279 6,085 4,880 6,436 3,800 4,145 1,406 1,860 2,658 51,310 17,416 2024 5 80 30 964 180 192 580 195 145 600 100 400 250 1,427 4,225 2,850 2,328 3,200 3,460 1,411 1,014 13,385 34,349 2023 15 40 30 22 68 40 414 795 236 367 120 270 240 160 250 Mandatory and Receipt Proposals ...... 5,124 1,830 1,600 2,000 1,235 3,488 17,104 2022

eficit increases (+) or decreases (–) in millions of dollars) (D ...... 2021 �� Table S–6. Table �� infrastructure (EVs) Entry portfolio transform our crumbling transportation Total, infrastructure partnerships Spark widespread adoption of electric vehicles Spark widespread adoption of electric vehicles buses Invest in electric school Invest in ports Make our airports the best in world Improve coastal ports and inland waterways of owned Land Ports Invest in the Federally Restore and reconnect thriving communities Accelerate transformational projects cyber including Enhance electric grid resilience, infrastructure Deploy green and conservation-based Tribal fuels management Invest in Invest in natural resource restoration grants and Improve coastal resilience Improve road safety for all users Modernize public transit Invest in reliable passenger and freight rail Create good jobs electrifying vehicles: and airports: waterways, Improve ports, Redress historic inequities and build the future of transportation infrastructure: Safeguard critical infrastructure and services: Map heat stress Mitigate heat stress Increase resilience of hospitals and critical Fund health emergency preparedness effects Build resilience against climate Tribal and partner lands: and conservation on Federal, green infrastructure, Ecosystem resilience, Repair roads and bridges Make our infrastructure more resilient: Urban Heat Stress: Community health and hospital resilience: resources to protect communities and the environment: Maximize the resilience of land and water Transform our crumbling transportation infrastructure: Build world-class transportation infrastructure: Build world-class American Jobs Plan American Jobs BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2022 43 820 432 500 300 500 200 800 200 500 3,000 2,500 1,980 2,485 2,399 4,586 4,544 2,000 2,000 1,000 49,246 595,709 2022–2031 Totals 340 629 320 182 430 300 250 200 560 170 250 870 2,000 2,300 1,415 2,200 1,649 1,740 1,400 30,475 293,053 2022–2026 30 50 50 50 120 146 295 626 100 ...... 1,747 20,846 2031 65 50 50 50 200 284 378 587 100 ...... 2,074 42,922 2030 2 50 80 50 32 50 200 460 160 420 438 591 100 ...... 3,415 62,664 2029 8 50 20 50 80 50 400 480 330 487 475 568 100 200 ...... 4,806 80,260 2028 50 50 50 20 50 380 485 433 800 523 100 260 320 128 130 400 200 ...... 6,729 95,964 2027 99 48 50 30 40 50 300 470 320 825 471 100 400 400 160 200 400 500 ...... 8,048 99,576 2026 40 96 44 30 50 40 40 50 435 197 613 400 100 400 400 160 200 400 500 7,568 75,855 2025 91 90 40 50 40 38 50 340 425 349 100 400 320 105 128 200 400 500 ...... 6,466 57,776 2024 21 30 32 80 50 50 80 32 50 400 500 165 262 235 400 200 105 200 ...... 5,564 39,913 2023 5 5 75 18 50 80 60 50 40 32 20 50 70 400 300 194 140 ...... 2,829 19,933 2022 eficit increases (+) or decreases (–) in millions of dollars) (D ...... Mandatory and Receipt Proposals—Continued 2021

�� Table S–6. Table �� infrastructure resilient transportation build world-class Total, disadvantaged communities collection mapping change communities respond to climate monitoring/modeling make our infrastructure more Total, the Building Resilient Infrastructure in Communities grant program for resilience challenge (PROTECT grants) National Flood Insurance Program prevention resilience for agricultural producers Tribes and insular areas improve irrigation for infrastructure assistance Update flood and hazard maps in Expand ocean and coastal mapping Improve digital high-resolution elevation Provide localized information to help quality Improve local air and water Develop decision support tools Invest in resilience financing mechanisms ecosystems Invest in disadvantaged communities through Grants Provide Community Development Block Invest in a National resilient communities Improve transportation infrastructure resilience Establish an affordability program for the protection and flood Invest in watershed to increase drought Invest in technology Support agriculture resource management and Provide pre-development grants for resilient Provide community transition and relocation Hazard mapping: change: forecast capabilities and information products for the public monitoring impacts of climate Improve climate Increase the resilience of large landscape resilience Increase western water Support disadvantaged community investment in hazard mitigation projects, including incentives for building above existing codes and standards: including Support disadvantaged community investment in hazard mitigation projects, Flood and drought resilience for vulnerable communities: better: Support resilience tools to build back Community resilience and equity: 44 Summary Tables 250 251 994 992 6,500 3,500 9,300 1,000 5,000 1,500 1,000 2,500 2,994 2,000 2,000 45,000 56,000 20,000 10,000 16,000 10,000 12,000 97,781 111,000 100,000 308,781 2022–2031 Totals 250 196 566 704 4,160 2,975 7,900 1,000 4,250 9,000 1,455 1,000 2,125 1,320 1,910 1,960 38,250 47,600 92,985 18,000 10,560 10,000 10,200 82,396 100,000 275,381 2022–2026 12 36 10 58 58 ...... 2031 50 26 22 162 320 580 580 ...... 2030 35 50 64 25 56 450 560 100 360 800 180 ...... 1,045 1,635 2,680 2029 85 140 450 500 200 132 100 534 480 ...... 2,240 4,180 1,760 4,241 8,421 1,800 2028 45 55 90 40 350 800 500 194 250 582 115 ...... 2,340 5,600 1,500 1,000 2,560 1,140 8,871 4,500 12,790 21,661 2027 22 62 700 300 188 500 564 200 180 129 ...... 1,755 8,000 2,430 3,500 1,000 2,000 3,200 1,400 2,760 9,000 11,200 22,655 18,435 49,090 2026 25 58 700 300 358 174 500 438 670 620 105 ...... 1,300 8,000 2,400 5,000 1,000 2,000 2,880 1,200 3,600 9,000 11,200 22,200 21,328 51,528 2025 55 58 650 665 400 950 300 250 136 475 240 500 580 104 1,700 4,500 2,000 2,400 1,800 2,520 8,550 10,640 20,505 23,000 18,968 62,473 2024 18 66 66 260 560 990 200 800 270 110 250 400 340 430 194 7,200 8,960 3,500 2,000 1,440 3,200 1,080 16,980 48,000 15,354 80,334 2023 2 38 12 195 350 380 100 500 227 500 250 200 150 640 240 172 ...... 4,500 5,600 1,500 1,000 2,400 8,311 10,645 13,000 31,956 2022 eficit increases (+) or decreases (–) in millions of dollars) (D ...... Mandatory and Receipt Proposals—Continued 2021

�� Table S–6. Table �� infrastructure, a renewed electrical grid, a renewed electrical grid, infrastructure, Americans and high-speed broadband to all in all communities drinking water rebuild clean Total, substances (PFAS) substances (PFAS) systems and stormwater wastewater, is a right safe drinking water ensure clean, Total, sequestration capacity Development Administration communities program facilities distribution lines power infrastructure America’s reenergize Total, lines Invest in Rural Clean Water infrastructure Water Invest in Rural Clean polyfluoroalkyl including new contaminants, Tackle drinking water, America’s Upgrade and modernize and carbon capture, Invest in hydrogen, grants for early action energy block Provide clean Provide community solar and storage assistance Remediate and redevelop brownfield sites Mobilize the Civilian Climate Corps Program at the Economic Works Expand the Public Expand rural Main Street revitalization grants Provide Main Street grants to small communities Provide support for biofuels Appalachian Support economic development in Small Grants Expand the Environmental Justice Invest in lead remediation and healthy homes Provide grants to convert and retool manufacturing Provide grants to replace leaking natural gas abandoned mines and wells Reclaim energy support to rural co-ops Accelerate clean Employ electrical workers upgrading the grid Increase adoption of net-zero agriculture technology Replace 100 percent of the Nation’s lead service Replace 100 percent of the Nation’s Digital infrastructure, adoption, and affordability adoption, Digital infrastructure, power infrastructure: America’s Reenergize Ensure clean, safe drinking water is a right in all communities: safe drinking water Ensure clean, Rebuild clean drinking water infrastructure, a renewed electrical grid, and high-speed broadband to all Americans: and high-speed broadband to all a renewed electrical grid, infrastructure, drinking water Rebuild clean BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2022 45 500 1,960 1,930 1,960 2,000 4,990 5,000 4,293 3,000 27,000 13,000 17,500 12,000 44,550 40,000 10,000 34,300 25,000 12,000 50,000 87,000 15,000 27,293 211,690 325,983 2022–2031 Totals 425 750 930 750 650 2,000 2,870 8,000 7,992 3,400 4,362 9,719 27,000 12,100 17,500 12,000 12,330 38,800 13,125 21,250 33,300 62,542 18,131 148,580 229,253 2022–2026 72 72 30 58 70 38 200 –90 ...... 2,160 1,260 3,794 3,832 2031 64 160 200 160 140 –13 231 282 ...... 4,860 2,800 8,320 8,602 2030 10 67 266 200 266 320 200 250 336 150 116 419 752 ...... 7,740 4,655 1,400 1,986 13,657 16,395 2029 20 200 342 200 400 342 670 600 550 752 –150 ...... 8,820 5,985 1,000 1,512 6,300 8,812 1,319 2,471 17,579 28,862 2028 45 700 370 200 800 370 960 900 117 878 ...... 8,640 1,200 6,475 2,500 2,160 9,000 3,724 5,619 19,760 13,660 39,039 2027 100 328 200 328 220 970 410 –133 ...... 1,600 1,200 2,400 6,840 4,400 2,000 5,740 5,000 2,400 1,000 3,894 5,171 26,326 10,000 17,400 48,897 2026 100 240 200 240 350 860 133 149 ...... 2,900 3,400 2,400 4,140 7,200 2,000 4,200 5,000 2,400 1,000 4,222 5,504 28,230 10,000 17,400 51,134 2025 90 62 134 200 134 485 680 850 470 ...... 3,200 6,100 2,400 1,260 1,800 2,345 4,750 2,064 8,600 1,132 2,514 14,000 32,828 15,414 50,756 2024 80 90 46 46 23 200 485 330 805 888 450 511 ...... 2,800 5,050 2,400 1,400 4,000 3,700 8,588 2,264 3,248 12,000 25,732 37,568 2023 Century care: st 2 2 6 55 30 35 130 460 800 240 100 966 622 ...... 1,600 1,750 2,400 1,200 2,500 1,000 3,740 1,694 27,000 35,464 40,898 2022 eficit increases (+) or decreases (–) in millions of dollars) (D ...... Mandatory and Receipt Proposals—Continued 2021

�� Table S–6. Table �� than two million homes and commercial schools, aodernize our Nation’s buildings; and early learning community colleges, and upgrade veterans’ hospitals facilities; buildings and Federal Total, build, preserve, and retrofit more preserve, build, Total, million homes and commercial buildings to address the affordable housing crisis learning facilities hospitals and buildings upgrade Federal Total, multifamily properties Indian Country and loan guarantees Efficiency (HOPE) for homes and retrofit more than two preserve, build, Total, and early schools modernize our Nation’s Total, Buildings portfolio Federal Revolving Fund Recapitalize long-term facilities short-term upgrades to facilities Perform Provide efficiency/electrification block grants Provide efficiency/electrification block Expand weatherization Retrofit Housing and Urban Development Expand the Capital Magnet Fund Trust Fund Increase the Housing Support housing and community development in Provide project-based rental assistance Invest in the public housing stock Construct housing for the elderly loans, Stimulate additional rural housing grants, Incentivize zoning reform Energy- Invest in Home Online Performance-Based Provide HOME grants care infrastructure Invest in child Invest in community college infrastructure infrastructure Invest in K–12 school Administration Invest in the General Service Capital Establish and capitalize the Federal Affairs facility maintenance and modernization to deliver 21 Veterans Capitalize a clean energy accelerator Capitalize a clean Modernize our Nation’s schools and early learning facilities: schools Modernize our Nation’s hospitals and buildings: Upgrade Federal veterans’ hospitals and Federal buildings: veterans’ hospitals and Federal and retrofit more than two million homes commercial buildings to address the affordable housing crisis: preserve, Build, Build, preserve, and retrofit more than two million homes and commercial buildings; modernize our Nation’s schools, community colleges, and early learning facilities; and upgrade and early learning facilities; community colleges, schools, modernize our Nation’s and retrofit more than two million homes commercial buildings; preserve, Build, 46 Summary Tables 5,000 5,000 5,000 1,000 40,000 30,000 50,000 15,000 15,000 10,000 10,000 50,000 50,000 30,000 24,000 400,000 400,000 180,000 2022–2031 Totals 875 3,780 6,010 6,010 3,278 5,000 29,500 18,030 30,960 12,750 11,400 50,000 37,500 28,615 22,740 265,000 265,000 121,718 2022–2026 48 240 360 560 120 120 ...... 1,448 10,000 10,000 2031 80 640 840 280 280 116 ...... 1,320 3,556 18,000 18,000 2030 180 300 530 530 226 ...... 1,340 1,590 2,520 7,216 27,000 27,000 2029 30 330 500 900 446 390 360 ...... 2,740 3,090 4,920 1,030 1,030 4,000 36,000 14,986 36,000 2028 95 630 886 995 900 ...... 5,540 6,090 9,720 1,750 2,400 2,030 2,030 8,500 44,000 31,076 44,000 2027 185 7,100 6,630 1,230 3,750 3,000 2,210 2,210 1,018 5,000 5,815 4,380 1,250 53,000 10,760 37,908 13,000 53,000 2026 880 270 7,400 5,100 8,600 1,250 4,000 3,000 1,700 1,700 7,520 6,000 1,250 53,000 33,630 10,000 12,000 53,000 2025 800 720 255 7,200 3,600 6,400 3,250 2,700 1,200 1,200 7,750 7,145 5,640 1,250 53,000 27,070 20,000 53,000 2024 400 700 700 500 135 5,800 2,100 4,000 1,250 2,100 4,000 6,485 5,100 1,250 53,000 53,000 17,550 10,000 2023 30 600 100 500 600 200 200 160 750 ...... 2,000 1,200 5,560 5,000 1,650 1,620 53,000 53,000 2022 eficit increases (+) or decreases (–) in millions of dollars) (D ...... Mandatory and Receipt Proposals—Continued 2021

�� Table S–6. Table �� the future Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) (non-add) Department of Defense (non-add) Department of Energy (non-add) Historically Black Colleges and Universities Historically Black (HBCU) set-aside programs directorate adding a technology programs Climate Minority Serving Institutions (MSIs) (STEM) centers of excellence of invest in R&D and the technologies Total, manufacturing and research future pandemics– Americans for Prepare future pandemics– Americans for Prepare future pandemics– Americans for Prepare economy by creating jobs and raising wages and economy by creating jobs and raising wages benefits for essential home care workers including infrastructure, Fund research and development for existing Increase research by Transform the National Science Foundation research Increase climate-focused Increase demonstration funding at energy Advanced Launch Research Projects Agency- and development grants at HBCUs/ Fund research Math Engineering, Technology, Create Science, Fund STEM education and training Create a Critical Supply Chain Resilience Fund Provide incentives for semiconductor Americans for future pandemics Prepare Total, solidify the infrastructure of our care Total, infrastructure: research America’s and upgrade leadership in critical technologies Advance U.S. and R&D: innovation, science, Establish the United States as a leader in climate and math: engineering, technology, and development science, Eliminate racial and gender inequities in research for critical goods: Strengthen manufacturing supply chains and strengthen the home care workforce Invest in R&D and the technologies of the future: Invest in R&D and the technologies American manufacturers and small businesses: Retool and revitalize Expand Medicaid home and community based services Invest in research and development (R&D), revitalize manufacturing and small businesses, and train Americans for the jobs of future: and train revitalize manufacturing and small businesses, and development (R&D), Invest in research Solidify the infrastructure of our care economy by creating jobs and raising wages and benefits for essential home care workers: Solidify the infrastructure of our care economy by creating jobs and raising wages BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2022 47 500 600 400 5,000 5,000 2,400 3,000 4,000 7,000 8,440 4,000 1,000 5,000 16,000 20,000 10,000 22,000 10,000 14,500 30,000 17,600 298,840 2022–2031 Totals 500 431 252 500 3,500 3,000 2,400 3,000 4,000 7,000 1,120 9,850 2,720 5,000 5,628 10,300 13,600 10,000 19,250 14,500 12,000 239,038 2022–2026 20 100 ...... 1,340 1,460 2,400 2031 8 25 100 ...... 1,640 1,773 2,400 2030 30 20 24 300 800 160 100 ...... 1,920 7,125 2,400 10,479 2029 35 49 48 250 550 400 100 ...... 1,000 2,000 1,400 6,000 2,400 2,400 18,622 2028 40 68 720 100 100 ...... 1,000 3,600 1,020 2,200 4,875 2,372 1,250 3,000 27,468 2027 5 45 80 300 800 700 750 660 800 580 100 100 150 ...... 1,000 4,000 4,400 3,750 2,200 2,500 3,000 47,535 2026 50 20 72 600 800 750 360 800 100 100 500 ...... 1,000 4,000 1,400 5,500 1,740 2,625 1,650 1,944 2,900 54,487 2025 80 55 56 500 800 800 640 100 100 250 3,200 1,200 2,800 3,500 4,950 3,055 3,190 2,250 1,500 1,288 2,200 66,121 2024 20 80 32 150 250 800 600 800 400 200 100 196 1,800 2,000 1,400 1,500 3,300 3,050 4,060 1,875 1,050 43,952 2023 80 51 12 100 400 250 800 400 300 800 700 220 100 650 ...... 3,500 1,100 3,650 4,930 1,500 26,943 2022 eficit increases (+) or decreases (–) in millions of dollars) (D ...... Mandatory and Receipt Proposals—Continued 2021

�� Table S–6. Table �� manufacturers and small businesses the necessary charging infrastructure the necessary charging buildings (NIST) labs Technology Standards and Partnership loans biobased product manufacturing private sector investment to counter Development Finance change–U.S. climate Corporation job creation–USAID Development S. U. Assistance Program Administration the Small Business through the Minority Business Development Agency American retool and revitalize Total, Electrify the Federal vehicle fleet and support vehicle Electrify the Federal Service fleet Electrify the Postal Procure carbon-free power and sustainable Expand Manufacturing USA at the National Institute of Invest in research Expand the Manufacturing Extension Establish regional innovation hubs Invest in a community revitalization fund Modernize the auto supply chain Establish a manufacturing financing facility energy manufacturing clean Finance Increase business and industry guaranteed chemical and renewable Increase biorefinery, companies abroad and mobilize Support U.S. Develop vibrant global markets to support Support small business manufacturing through Support small business manufacturing Create a new rural partnership fund Training for Occupational Readiness (SECTOR) Procure advanced nuclear power Procure advanced nuclear Procure low carbon materials Make it in all of America: Make it in all of Increase access to capital for domestic manufacturers: Create a national network of small business incubators and innovation hubs: America: Tribal communities to create jobs and economic growth in rural with rural and Partner Scale Sectoral Employment through Career Jumpstart clean energy manufacturing through Federal procurement: energy manufacturing through Federal clean Jumpstart Pair job creation efforts with next generation training programs: Pair Invest in workforce development: 48 Summary Tables 800 870 –86 –516 –901 ...... 4,000 2,000 4,445 2,223 2,223 7,500 1,500 1,000 8,700 7,232 6,560 8,200 16,272 86,679 –7,798 –9,172 565,519 –10,486 2022–2031 Totals 300 795 398 398 370 322 215 –47 –461 –294 ...... 7,272 2,400 1,800 1,875 3,700 3,232 1,640 2,814 32,363 –2,905 –7,626 –3,960 393,119 2022–2026 –7 300 100 720 360 360 100 337 228 800 –976 –536 –105 ...... 1,800 1,260 1,000 1,050 1,014 11,109 14,017 –1,132 2031 –8 300 100 880 440 440 100 296 193 800 –974 –585 –119 ...... 1,800 1,235 1,000 1,060 1,086 11,250 16,579 –1,093 2030 –3 –8 300 100 795 398 398 100 237 157 800 –975 –591 –132 ...... 1,800 1,175 1,000 1,010 1,100 10,974 28,669 –1,045 2029 –8 300 100 685 343 343 100 175 114 800 950 –14 –980 –586 –996 –134 ...... 1,050 1,000 1,100 1,800 10,574 44,182 2028 93 –8 400 200 100 570 285 285 100 905 133 800 850 –38 –988 –562 –946 –117 ...... 1,000 1,086 1,800 10,409 68,953 2027 76 –9 400 300 100 420 210 210 100 740 117 800 780 –78 –99 –951 –747 –890 ...... 1,000 1,014 9,847 1,800 95,290 2026 85 92 60 –9 400 400 260 130 130 100 560 800 510 972 –80 –808 –116 –831 ...... 1,000 8,983 1,800 97,100 –1,174 2025 70 50 50 95 67 43 –9 400 400 100 375 950 800 280 716 –60 –599 –128 –794 ...... 7,384 1,800 –1,569 2024 100,575 8 8 45 15 70 46 36 70 600 400 200 700 752 112 –10 –39 –389 –100 –767 ...... 1,638 4,880 66,382 –1,954 2023 5 50 80 234 600 300 –39 –10 –16 –158 –678 ...... 1,269 33,772 –2,182 2022 eficit increases (+) or decreases (–) in millions of dollars) (D ...... Mandatory and Receipt Proposals—Continued 2021

�� Table S–6. Table �� manufacturing and small businesses, and manufacturing and small businesses, Americans for the jobs of future train of Justice (non-add) of Justice add) revitalize invest in R&D, Total, efforts Community violence intervention–Department Community violence intervention–HHS (non- Commission enforcement enforcement students school apprenticeship invest in workforce development Total, marginal wells working interests in oil and natural gas gas wells equipment Workers (CSDW) Workers Support subsidized jobs Support the phase out of 14(c) Expand reentry training and violence prevention Invest in community violence intervention Expand adult education Bolster Department of Labor enforcement Bolster Equal Employment Opportunity Bolster National Labor Relations Board for middle and high Expand career pathways Expand career services Fund community college training partnerships Apprenticeship and pre- Scale Registered Repeal enhanced oil recovery credit Repeal deduction for tertiary injectants Repeal credit for oil and gas produced from Repeal expensing of intangible drilling costs Repeal exemption to passive loss limitation for Repeal percentage depletion for oil and natural Repeal amortization of air pollution control Provide Comprehensive Supports for Dislocated Target workforce development opportunities in underserved communities: Target Build the capacity of existing workforce development and worker protection systems: Eliminate fossil fuel tax preferences: Prioritize clean energy: Prioritize clean Made in America Tax Made Plan: in America Tax BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2022 49 –911 –455 –395 9,750 7,932 6,636 4,128 8,428 1,674 3,205 5,407 4,039 6,058 –1,985 –1,311 –1,027 38,619 16,096 23,796 10,644 18,714 –35,043 210,591 265,306 2022–2031 87 Totals –897 –663 –567 –241 –187 ...... 8,434 7,158 7,326 4,750 4,831 5,364 3,505 1,129 7,794 1,347 1,450 3,533 2,047 95,060 14,124 –17,848 110,652 2022–2026 2 –46 –31 –44 392 131 117 354 110 466 332 –195 –161 –300 ...... 8,802 3,447 1,000 3,634 –3,533 11,642 20,836 2031 5 8 58 11 –51 –37 –42 199 351 229 588 415 –201 –156 –259 ...... 7,730 1,342 3,420 1,000 2,082 –3,525 18,540 27,612 2030 63 25 53 –51 –44 –41 576 376 445 350 344 719 415 –217 –149 –216 ...... 6,267 1,933 3,246 1,000 –3,472 23,061 31,261 2029 72 –51 –50 –41 743 350 454 876 415 101 –142 –169 –233 ...... 4,606 2,425 3,239 1,000 1,396 1,178 1,570 –3,404 26,833 33,864 2028 –49 –52 –83 –40 940 979 634 220 350 737 415 101 –136 –242 2,780 2,846 3,118 1,000 4,028 1,696 1,941 –3,261 35,455 41,081 2027 27 –65 –51 –39 824 548 337 350 415 –127 –246 ...... 1,903 2,538 2,863 1,000 2,692 1,313 1,056 1,007 2,750 –3,302 31,149 35,590 2026 19 –49 –39 988 693 358 313 346 867 415 –102 –119 –247 ...... 1,429 2,256 2,280 1,000 1,471 1,940 3,466 –3,574 30,423 34,108 2025 10 –48 –39 937 835 633 156 298 328 736 415 –136 –114 –227 ...... 1,594 1,746 1,000 1,492 2,460 3,822 –3,723 26,324 28,855 2024 53 10 –47 –39 480 250 295 503 271 280 606 411 –139 –170 –110 ...... 5,767 2,106 8,353 1,000 1,102 1,806 2,963 –3,764 2023 71 14 21 –38 –97 –46 –31 290 187 750 425 363 532 128 146 317 391 –190 ...... 1,397 2,059 3,746 1,123 –3,485 2022 eficit increases (+) or decreases (–) in millions of dollars) (D ...... Mandatory and Receipt Proposals—Continued 2021

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1 �� Table S–6. Table ��

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1 �� 1

1 ��

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1 1 �� alternative energy incentives and electrification incentives costs fossil fuels corporations rock bitumen and kerogen-rich eliminate fossil fuel tax preferences Total, Credit Credit Production Tax Property Credit and extend and enhance renewable Total, property credit manufacturing credit for new energy efficient new homes deduction insulation mechanical extend and enhance energy efficiency Total, period for independent producer Repeal expensing of exploration and development Repeal percentage depletion for hard mineral Repeal capital gains treatment for royalties traded partnerships as C Treat publicly Excise tax exemption for crude oil derived from Extend and modify the Energy Investment Energy Extend and modify the Renewable Extend and modify the Residential Efficient investments power facilities from existing nuclear energy manufacturing zero emission vehicles hydrogen Extend and modify the nonbusiness energy Extend and increase the tax credit for Extend and increase the commercial buildings Provide tax credits for the installation of Sequestration Credit Increase geological and geophysical amortization Extend and enhance renewable and alternative energy incentives: Extend and enhance renewable Provide tax credit for electricity transmission Provide allocated credit for electricity generation Establish new tax credits for qualifying advanced and medium-duty Establish tax credits for heavy- fuel Provide tax incentives for sustainable aviation Provide a production tax credit for low-carbon Extend and enhance energy efficiency electrification incentives: Provide disaster mitigation tax credit Extend and enhance the Carbon Oxide 50 Summary Tables 112 –513 –112 –436 ...... 6,267 4,328 –1,429 31,927 13,034 –24,783 307,259 –84,781 –86,210 –18,588 –857,817 –533,503 –390,051 –148,344 –2,034,949 2022–2031 48 Totals 399 –48 –248 –576 –191 ...... 5,572 5,073 2,963 –9,348 –11,433 130,257 –35,046 –35,622 –68,942 –406,537 –247,707 –185,806 –954,153 2022–2026 14 –33 –53 –14 –51 –183 ...... 1,584 7,356 2,001 –2,787 25,141 –1,956 2031 –90,330 –59,830 –10,638 –10,821 –39,453 –16,217 –218,658 13 –35 –53 –13 –50 –178 ...... 1,022 6,339 2,035 –2,723 30,076 –1,900 2030 –88,798 –58,223 –10,358 –10,536 –38,990 –15,775 –214,272 13 –26 –53 647 –13 –49 –173 ...... 5,362 2,083 –2,670 32,580 –1,846 2029 –89,357 –56,988 –10,051 –10,224 –39,425 –16,158 –214,047 12 18 –53 409 –12 –48 –165 ...... 4,370 2,063 –2,610 38,742 –9,633 –9,798 –1,795 2028 –90,730 –56,056 –41,914 –16,049 –216,390 12 –53 267 –12 –47 771 –154 ...... 3,427 1,889 –2,560 50,463 –9,055 –9,209 –1,743 2027 –92,065 –54,699 –44,463 –15,203 –217,429 11 –53 178 –11 –45 –143 ...... 2,527 1,512 2,599 –2,517 44,927 –8,393 –8,536 –1,690 2026 –91,784 –55,283 –47,655 –14,561 –219,554 11 –53 113 –11 –43 944 –134 ...... 1,592 1,457 –2,455 40,286 –7,834 –7,968 –1,638 2025 –89,385 –57,030 –51,111 –13,812 –220,987 66 10 –53 –10 –41 707 398 848 –128 ...... –2,406 33,696 –7,468 –7,596 –1,586 2024 –88,059 –54,192 –53,796 –14,588 –219,858 32 10 99 432 –51 –10 –39 212 –123 ...... 9,249 –2,340 –7,173 –7,296 –2,334 2023 –86,182 –51,386 –33,244 –15,245 –195,726 6 10 –6 35 10 236 –38 –48 –23 ...... 2,099 –1,715 –4,178 –4,226 –2,100 2022 –51,127 –29,816 –10,736 –98,028 eficit increases (+) or decreases (–) in millions of dollars) (D ...... Mandatory and Receipt Proposals—Continued 2021

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1 �� income and business activity in the United States and remove tax deductions for shipping jobs overseas (FOGEI) and foreign oil related income (FORI) rules reform taxation of foreign fossil fuel Total, United States provide tax incentives for locating jobs Total, EVs energy prioritize clean Total, percent and deductions attributable to exempt income, limit inversions Modify foreign oil and gas extraction income Modify tax rule for dual capacity taxpayers Provide tax credit for onshoring jobs to the Remove tax deductions for shipping jobs overseas Income (FDII) and provide additional support for and experimentation expenditures research with the Stopping Harmful Inversions and Developments (SHIELD) Rule Ending Low-Tax of financial reporting groups for disproportionate borrowing in the United States of large corporations reform corporate taxation Total, Credit station credit Modify Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund financing Modify Oil Spill Liability Reinstate Superfund excise taxes Revenue effect of sparking widespread adoption Increase the domestic corporate tax rate to 28 disallow regime, Tax Revise the Global Minimum Reform taxation of foreign fossil fuel income: Provide tax incentives for locating jobs and business activity in the United States remove deductions shipping overseas: Derived Intangible Repeal deduction for Foreign (BEAT) Tax Anti-Abuse Replace the Base Erosion Limit foreign tax credits for sales of hybrid entities Restrict deductions of excessive interest members Impose 15 percent minimum tax on book earnings Credit Tax Expand Low-income Housing Tax Provide Neighborhood Homes Investment Extend and enhance the electric vehicle charging charging Extend and enhance the electric vehicle Reform corporate taxation: Support housing and infrastructure: BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2022 51 343 802 3,905 1,398 4,300 1,720 2,406 1,180 1,600 1,616 7,947 11,776 60,642 25,684 83,713 53,320 39,377 139,158 108,524 –20,199 436,995 224,960 225,049 528,944 –1,667,048 2022–2031 97 Totals 790 720 143 352 519 616 5,247 1,800 1,006 1,600 4,236 13,380 29,606 11,432 55,748 –4,579 37,806 22,320 15,794 58,390 51,782 171,437 645,290 –810,516 2022–2026 67 40 90 500 200 280 136 200 746 ...... 1,204 2,965 9,558 6,200 5,016 1,294 11,855 33,501 10,349 –4,031 64,325 49,270 48,918 2031 –181,662 –132,909 79 40 90 500 200 280 134 200 744 ...... 1,257 2,906 9,372 6,200 4,860 1,006 10,637 25,638 10,092 –3,590 56,257 40,090 41,546 2030 –86,876 –173,559 40 90 736 136 500 200 280 133 200 743 ...... 1,308 9,489 2,849 9,193 6,200 4,710 20,323 10,418 –3,094 51,435 31,820 36,438 2029 –34,570 –171,978 40 90 492 162 500 200 280 130 200 740 ...... 8,282 2,794 8,987 6,200 4,567 1,357 16,417 10,864 –2,662 48,029 24,480 25,626 28,359 2028 –169,366 40 90 164 500 200 280 128 200 738 280 ...... 6,999 2,738 8,797 6,200 4,430 1,403 13,673 11,053 –2,243 45,512 20,910 20,739 2027 109,650 –159,967 40 90 48 97 187 500 200 280 127 200 785 5,575 2,685 8,648 6,200 4,347 1,439 11,158 12,892 –1,847 44,970 17,230 15,362 2026 176,801 –169,052 39 90 206 485 194 271 125 400 194 ...... 3,994 9,637 2,633 8,664 6,014 4,180 1,119 1,458 17,496 –1,354 48,155 13,760 13,909 2025 151,910 –176,707 37 88 206 470 188 263 123 560 144 –901 ...... 2,397 6,306 2,580 8,608 5,828 4,078 1,215 1,292 15,399 42,762 11,820 12,406 2024 140,815 –183,765 26 80 74 767 146 330 132 184 120 560 –455 ...... 1,078 2,203 2,530 9,532 8,336 4,092 3,050 1,044 8,860 9,355 29,896 91,798 2023 –185,399 6 8 1 4 4 45 15 24 32 73 291 336 302 429 –22 186 139 750 ...... 1,004 3,550 5,654 6,720 83,966 2022 –95,593 eficit increases (+) or decreases (–) in millions of dollars) (D ...... Mandatory and Receipt Proposals—Continued 2021

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�� 1

1 �� Table S–6. Table �� education Total, support housing and infrastructure Total, interaction with free community college Grants recipients eligible for Pell (DACA) Titles III/V and Universities (TCUs)/MSIs in programs HBCUs/TCUs/MSIs add at least four years of free public Total, families make permanent for schools for infrastructure including Total, Made in America Tax Plan Tax America Made in Total, grants to States Provide universal preschool Provide Head Start educator fund Fund free community college Credit Tax American Opportunity Account for Grant Increase the Pell Arrivals Action for Childhood Make Deferred Create completion grants for student supports Fund Advancing Affordability for students Increase funding to HBCUs/Tribal Colleges Create or expand health care graduate programs at (IDEA) personnel preparation funding College and Higher Education (TEACH) grants education and preparation for teachers Total, American care program for Establish a new child Provide universal paid family and medical leave Expand New Markets Tax Credit (NMTC) and Tax Expand New Markets Provide federally subsidized State and local bonds Total, American Jobs Plan American Jobs Total, Universal preschool: community college and other postsecondary education investments: Free Quality Partnerships Teacher Expand Centers of Excellence Create Hawkins Act Increase Individuals with Disabilities Education Assistance for Education Teacher Reform and expand credentials Invest in teacher leadership and development Invest in teacher Add at least four years of free public education: Education and preparation for teachers: and families: Provide direct support to children American Families Plan American Families 52 Summary Tables 882 260 302 1,000 3,000 25,844 17,271 –1,468 498,266 449,061 105,219 104,198 –22,527 163,048 799,301 –19,550 –42,860 –131,920 –322,485 –236,500 –754,783 2022–2031 Totals 445 135 143 –657 ...... 9,087 7,263 1,000 1,890 41,513 47,246 –7,238 60,897 –8,448 129,992 435,933 578,494 –98,940 –131,920 –136,263 –376,228 2022–2026 92 25 33 –176 ...... 3,511 2,104 2,420 13,032 11,761 –4,093 23,334 46,487 –2,354 –6,619 2031 103,920 –45,693 –29,402 –84,244 90 25 18 32 –169 ...... 3,430 2,051 2,512 87,250 12,908 11,573 –3,531 21,704 45,198 –2,285 –6,836 2030 –37,937 –28,416 –75,643 88 25 96 32 –162 ...... 3,348 2,007 2,611 73,822 12,745 11,391 –2,992 20,149 43,936 –2,218 –7,627 2029 –36,064 –27,559 –73,630 85 25 31 420 –155 ...... 1,951 2,725 3,271 55,858 12,576 11,195 –2,474 18,888 42,941 –2,154 2028 –34,276 –26,719 –11,782 –75,086 82 25 31 576 –149 ...... 1,895 2,860 3,197 47,424 12,445 11,032 –2,199 18,076 42,245 –2,091 –9,996 2027 –32,252 –25,464 –69,952 82 25 29 600 –143 ...... 1,847 3,123 38,269 62,060 12,145 12,303 –1,934 17,215 –2,030 2026 101,818 –11,532 –33,947 –24,205 –71,857 84 25 29 582 –141 ...... 1,798 2,538 32,696 11,970 10,633 –1,680 16,513 –1,971 2025 107,190 144,655 –36,525 –36,303 –23,038 –97,978 86 25 29 504 –138 ...... 1,746 1,980 28,567 11,782 10,588 –1,437 15,679 –1,914 2024 108,559 145,200 –33,278 –32,906 –20,779 –89,015 87 30 28 180 –135 ...... 1,446 1,662 5,589 21,620 10,588 –1,205 11,490 –1,857 2023 110,999 137,489 –30,594 –25,451 –19,535 –77,572 0 30 24 27 28 210 106 –982 –100 –676 ...... 1,000 8,840 3,134 47,125 49,332 –7,656 2022 –19,991 –11,383 –39,806 eficit increases (+) or decreases (–) in millions of dollars) (D ...... Mandatory and Receipt Proposals—Continued –1,241 –1,241 2021

�� Table S–6. Table ��

1 ��

�� 1, 2 ��

1 ��

1 �� individuals through Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) eligibility families loopholes and close EBT) to all eligible children nationwide EBT) to all eligible children Expand school meal programs Expand school a healthy food incentives demonstration Launch re-entry for formerly incarcerated Facilitate centers and provide direct support to children Total, Child Credit through 2025 and make permanent full refundability Credit for workers Tax expansion to Earned Income without qualifying children Credit Tax to the Child and Dependent Care (CDCTC) American families program for expansion of premium tax credits for businesses security taxes Act (SECA) Employment Contributions noncorporate taxpayers strengthen taxation of high-income taxpayers Total, Expand Summer Electronic Benefit Transfer (Summer Expand Summer Electronic Benefit Place family coordinators at Veterans Affairs medical Veterans Place family coordinators at Invest in maternal health to the American Rescue Plan changes Extend the American Rescue Plan Make permanent the American Rescue Plan changes Make permanent the care Account for CDCTC interaction with new child American Rescue Plan Make permanent the tax credit childcare Increase the employer-provided and economic families, support workers, Total, Increase top marginal tax rate for high earners Reform taxation of capital income Rationalize Net Investment Income and Self- carried (profits) interest as ordinary income Tax Repeal deferral of gain from like-kind exchanges Make permanent excess business loss limitation of Nutrition: Support workers and families strengthen economic security: loopholes: and close Strengthen taxation of high-income taxpayers BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2022 53 60 –575 –242 –817 –661 ...... 6,616 71,057 –1,811 –1,811 –4,735 –5,396 –1,907 –1,847 –50,280 –265,896 –245,119 –462,646 2022–2031 26 Totals –261 –102 –363 –655 –655 –297 –998 –972 ...... 2,969 15,360 –2,141 –2,438 –14,306 –25,342 –24,288 –166,839 2022–2026 7 767 –73 –30 –70 –103 –252 –252 –560 –630 –186 –179 ...... –8,451 14,499 2031 –74,937 –68,889 –62,742 7 749 –68 –29 –97 –71 –241 –241 –539 –610 –179 –172 ...... –7,796 13,894 2030 –62,253 –56,155 –61,886 7 729 –61 –28 –89 –73 –231 –231 –518 –591 –173 –166 ...... –7,243 11,222 2029 –46,941 –42,962 –61,024 7 710 –57 –27 –84 –74 –221 –221 –498 –572 –174 –167 ...... 9,035 –6,595 2028 –34,081 –31,641 –57,123 6 692 –55 –26 –81 –76 –211 –211 –479 –555 –197 –191 ...... 7,047 –5,889 2027 –22,342 –21,184 –53,032 6 676 –58 –25 –83 –77 –202 –202 –462 –539 –222 –216 ...... 5,441 –4,894 2026 –13,837 –13,290 –46,980 5 657 –59 –24 –83 –79 –193 –193 –444 –523 –248 –243 ...... 4,069 –7,562 –7,548 –4,055 2025 –42,517 5 641 –57 –21 –78 –66 –141 –141 –428 –494 –245 –240 ...... 2,938 –3,312 –3,539 –3,165 2024 –36,551 5 620 –52 –19 –71 –83 –83 –52 –631 –530 –412 –464 –254 –249 ...... 1,959 –1,858 2023 –32,413 0 5 953 375 619 –35 –13 –48 –36 –36 –23 –29 –24 –334 –395 –418 ...... –8,378 2022 eficit increases (+) or decreases (–) in millions of dollars) (D ...... Mandatory and Receipt Proposals—Continued 2021

��

1 Table S–6. Table ��

1 preparers adjustment and provide additional resources for tax administration increase oversight of paid tax return Total, Revenue Service (IRS) funding for compliance discretionary tax administration, adjustment for outlays (non-add) implement a program integrity allocation Total, preparers reportable payments enhance accuracy of tax information Total, income taxes of applicable corporations noncompliance address taxpayer Total, to provide for the carryover of non-refundable reporting year amounts that exceed the income tax liability of a partner in notice included modify tax administration rules Total, allocation adjustment for tax administration Increase revenues by providing mandatory Internal Provide mandatory IRS funding for compliance Implement a program integrity allocation information reporting tax return Allow IRS to regulate paid Federal Increase penalties on ghost preparers E-file of forms and returns Identification Numbers certification for Taxpayer cryptocurrency assets Extend statute of limitation Impose liability on shareholders to collect unpaid Amend centralized partnership audit regime (BBA) Modify requisite supervisory approval of penalty Increase revenues through program integrity Introduce comprehensive financial account Increase oversight of paid tax return preparers: Enhance accuracy of tax information: Expand broker information reporting with respect to noncompliance: Address taxpayer Modify tax administration rules: Implement a program integrity allocation adjustment and provide additional resources for tax administration: Improve tax compliance and administration: 54 Summary Tables 372 –945 ...... 5,230 1,197 3,239 1,463 2,136 6,312 –6,776 72,068 16,643 –6,175 11,140 –37,313 –53,956 –13,088 –53,672 745,362 270,090 –717,636 2022–2031 2022–2031 Totals Totals 494 618 157 807 ...... 8,154 1,939 4,707 1,268 2,939 –1,059 –7,836 –3,067 25,126 –2,998 –6,006 –15,990 –16,943 940,723 312,376 –195,555 2022–2026 2022–2026 45 685 113 147 411 176 277 712 –783 –572 ...... 1,760 1,338 –7,324 10,895 –9,084 –1,495 –8,757 –1,561 2031 2031 –132,795 –143,227 44 671 352 142 403 172 272 693 –762 –319 ...... 1,724 1,312 –6,632 10,557 –8,356 –1,455 –7,785 –5,355 2030 2030 –119,161 –100,016 1 43 658 142 394 169 265 674 –741 –657 ...... 9,749 1,692 1,286 –5,590 –7,282 –1,415 –7,055 –8,757 2029 2029 –50,382 –105,063 42 646 138 387 166 260 656 –117 –722 –763 ...... 8,574 1,659 1,261 3,960 –5,527 –7,186 –1,378 –7,073 2028 2028 –89,808 –17,326 41 631 134 376 162 255 638 –235 –701 –866 ...... 7,167 1,654 1,236 –4,404 –6,058 –1,339 –6,059 –9,287 94,304 2027 2027 –75,254 40 605 134 365 159 250 621 –330 –683 –935 ...... 6,530 1,593 1,212 –3,698 –5,291 –1,304 –5,370 52,675 2026 2026 –61,310 224,106 40 –17 528 135 354 156 245 604 –664 –545 ...... 5,895 1,583 1,188 –2,914 –4,497 –1,268 –4,192 77,540 2025 2025 –51,107 225,258 39 424 153 344 153 197 587 –292 –617 –716 ...... 4,703 1,726 1,165 –1,702 –3,428 –1,204 –3,297 87,686 2024 2024 –41,043 225,204 72 38 252 205 150 115 571 –876 –260 –573 –512 ...... 1,653 4,582 1,142 –2,529 –1,144 –2,463 78,667 2023 2023 –33,810 168,002 130 556 –160 –530 –245 –290 ...... 1,599 1,354 3,416 –8,285 –1,086 –1,621 98,153 15,808 2022 2022 eficit increases (+) or decreases (–) in millions of dollars) (D ...... Mandatory and Receipt Proposals—Continued –1,241 –1,241 2021 2021

��

4 �� Table S–6. Table ��

�� 3 �� proposals discretionary outlays (non-add) mandatory effects of discretionary Total, discretionary outlays (non-add) add) discretionary outlays (non-add) Tax Credit Tax Administration (SSA) allocation adjustment Implement SSA allocation adjustment, Net effect of SSA allocation adjustment (non-add) Implement RESEA allocation adjustment, Implement RESEA allocation adjustment, Net effect of RESEA allocation adjustment (non- cap and index it for inflation improve tax compliance and administration Total, Service (IHS) Affairs (BIA) Abuse Control (HCFAC) and Health Care Fraud allocation adjustment allocation adjustment, Implement HCFAC allocation adjustment (non-add) Net effect of HCFAC Assessment Reemployment Services and Eligibility (RESEA) allocation adjustment information to measure the economy more accurately Extend and Modify the Renewable Energy Production Extend and Modify the Renewable Capturing savings from Social Security Capturing savings mandatory and receipt proposals Total, Increase Low Income Taxpayer Clinic (LITC) grant Taxpayer Increase Low Income Plan American Families Total, contract support costs Indian Health Reclassify contract support costs Bureau of Indian Reclassify (IHS) Tribal lease payments Reclassify (BIA) Tribal lease payments Reclassify Settlements Tribal Water Reclassify to Medicare and Medicaid from Capturing savings to Unemployment Insurance from Capturing savings Authorize limited sharing of business tax return The estimates for this proposal include effects on outlays. The outlay effects included in the totals above are as follows: effects included The outlay effects on outlays. The estimates for this proposal include 1 Increase the Pell Grant discretionary award by $400 Grant discretionary award Increase the Pell Reclassifications: Program integrity proposals: Mandatory effects of discretionary proposals BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2022 55 –25 –279 1465 8,775 7,141 9,579 3,716 1,847 23,187 23,417 14,746 –7,505 93,740 50,109 556,675 –10,151 116,091 1,196,720 2022–2031 2022–2031 Totals Totals 963 –10 582 –152 7,358 4,275 4,359 4,914 4,099 1,703 6,645 –1,954 37,724 25,937 –3,664 44,857 543,592 815,784 2022–2026 2022–2026 –3 900 117 –29 109 ...... 3,375 6,520 1,488 2,411 4,977 –1,459 11,409 –1,732 16,094 67,530 2031 2031 39 –3 900 –27 423 ...... 3,308 5,018 1,554 2,503 4,908 –1,271 11,304 –1,497 15,052 71,775 2030 2030 –3 900 518 419 –24 151 ...... 3,105 2,950 1,620 2,602 4,835 –1,095 11,163 –1,270 14,073 74,073 2029 2029 –3 900 992 –23 117 –940 ...... 1,261 1,495 2,767 1,686 2,716 4,758 3,071 11,018 –1,052 13,247 79,506 2028 2028 –3 83 900 847 839 144 –24 –786 –936 3,673 2,063 1,753 2,851 4,694 2,970 11,122 12,768 88,052 2027 2027 –3 59 900 735 469 540 –30 –790 2,462 1,206 1,819 6,554 2,801 54,147 10,984 –1,030 12,327 2026 2026 133,642 –3 900 889 313 939 412 –34 399 –579 1,346 1,880 6,486 2,295 10,839 –1,025 12,244 2025 2025 134,880 211,478 –2 900 768 128 752 334 –35 109 –380 –876 1,350 1,637 6,455 1,789 10,670 11,666 2024 2024 135,741 204,834 42 –2 15 270 900 272 655 259 964 –34 –205 –733 1,000 5,231 6,442 8,620 2023 2023 137,868 175,151 0 66 11 203 675 385 547 158 345 –19 ...... 80,956 90,679 2022 2022 0 eficit increases (+) or decreases (–) in millions of dollars) (D ...... Mandatory and Receipt Proposals—Continued 2021 2021

�� Table S–6. Table �� existing nuclear power facilities existing nuclear energy manufacturing emission vehicles hydrogen Credit station credit for schools infrastructure including Community College interaction with Free the Child Credit and make permanent full refundability Credit for workers Tax expansion to Earned Income without children Credit Tax to the Child and Dependent Care (CDCTC) American families program for expansion of premium tax credits preparers effects of receipt proposals outlay Total, investments Provide allocated credit for electricity generation from Establish new tax credits for qualifying advanced and medium-duty zero Establish tax credits for heavy- Provide a production tax credit for low-carbon Extend and enhance the Carbon Oxide Sequestration charging Extend and enhance the electric vehicle Provide federally subsidized State and local bonds for Credit Tax American Opportunity Account for to American Rescue Plan changes Extend the American Rescue Plan Make permanent the American Rescue Plan changes Make permanent the care Account for CDCTC interaction with new child American Rescue Plan Make permanent the tax return Allow IRS to regulate paid Federal Increase penalties on ghost preparers score. American Families in the Child Care for interaction removes costs already included RESEA allocation adjustment effects participants remain eligible to receive benefits. Provide tax credit for electricity transmission Individuals will not be able to claim both the Child and Dependent Care Tax Credit and participate in the new Child Care for American Families program for the same care. This program for the same care. American Families Credit and participate in the new Child Care for Tax both the Child and Dependent Care Individuals will not be able to claim in the totals above are as follows: The receipt effects included effects on receipts. The estimates for this proposal include for program integrity activities to confirm through a discretionary allocation adjustment, associated with continuing to provide dedicated funding, Represents the savings 2 3 4 56 Summary Tables 2.5 –2 . 3 –1 . 8 34.8 24.5 ...... –14 . 6 –18.8 –26.0 110.3 146.1 8,169 . 3 8,497 . 6 2031 2022- 16,666.9 16,794.3 2.5 Totals Analytical Analytical –1 . 0 –0 . 8 –6 . 2 –7.9 15.9 59.5 12.3 64.3 ...... –26.0 3,934 . 9 4,017 . 7 7,952.6 8,009.0 2026 2022- s (DOI) Bureau of 3.9 2.5 –0 . 3 –0 . 2 –1 . 8 –2.3 10.1 16.5 ...... 863 . 8 935 . 5 +1 . 0% +2 . 2% +1.6% 2031 1,799.3 1,813.5 3.8 2.5 –0 . 3 –0 . 2 –1 . 7 –2.2 10.1 16.4 ...... 855 . 3 915 . 3 +1 . 0% +2 . 2% +1.6% 2030 1,770.5 1,784.8 3.8 2.5 –0 . 3 –0 . 2 –1 . 7 –2.2 10.1 16.4 ...... 846 . 8 895 . 6 +1 . 0% +2 . 2% +1.6% 2029 1,742.4 1,756.6 3.7 2.5 –0 . 3 –0 . 2 –1 . 7 –2.1 10.1 16.3 ...... 838 . 4 876 . 2 +1 . 0% +2 . 2% +1.6% 2028 1,714.7 1,728.8 3.6 2.5 –0 . 3 –0 . 2 –1 . 6 –2.1 10.1 16.2 ...... 830 . 1 857 . 4 +1 . 0% +2 . 2% +1.6% 2027 1,687.5 1,701.7 Outyears 3.5 2.5 0.2 –0 . 3 –0 . 2 –1 . 6 –2.0 10.1 16.3 ...... 821 . 9 838 . 9 +2 . 2% +2 . 2% +2.2% 2026 1,660.8 1,675.0 3.4 2.5 0.2 –0 . 2 –0 . 2 –1 . 6 –2.0 10.1 16.1 ...... 804 . 0 820 . 6 +2 . 2% +2 . 2% +2.2% 2025 1,624.7 1,638.8 3.4 2.5 0.5 –0 . 2 –0 . 2 –1 . 5 –2.0 10.1 16.4 ...... 786 . 6 802 . 9 +2 . 2% +2 . 2% +2.2% 2024 1,589.5 1,604.0 3.1 2.5 1.1 –0 . 2 –0 . 2 –1 . 5 –1.9 10.1 16.9 ...... 769 . 5 785 . 7 +2 . 2% +2 . 1% +2.1% 2023 1,555.2 1,570.2 udget authority in billions of dollars) (B 2.5 2.5 0.5 –1.5 18.9 ...... 752 . 9 769 . 6 –26.0 +1 . 6% +8.6% 2022 +16 . 5% 1,522.5 1,521.0 Request

1 1.9 2.4 0.5 17.3 ...... 740 . 7 660 . 7 –26.0 194.9 4 191.0

1,401.3 1,592.3 2021 Enacted �� Funding Levels for Appropriated (“Discretionary”) Programs by Category Funding Levels for ��

��

3 ��

�� 2 Table S–7. Table �� volume of the Budget for more information on these proposals. �� any changes in mandatory programs (CHIMPs) enacted in appropriations bills. The 2021 levels are adjusted to include OMB’s scoring of CHIMPs enacted in 2021 appropriations OMB’s The 2021 levels are adjusted to include in mandatory programs (CHIMPs) enacted appropriations bills. any changes Acts for a better illustrative comparison with the 2022 request. After 2022, extrapolations. out-year defense funding levels in the 2022 budget are mechanical Because these strategy documents are currently under development, strategies. Administration a proxy for long-run efficiencies the defense programs are provided with current services growth through 2026 followed by one-percent increases 2031, in the defense budget. be achieved believes may Support Costs and Section 105(l) lease accounts in the Department of Health Human Services’ Indian Service Interior’ The Budget proposes to offset the increase in mandatory funding resulting from water rights settlements funding. Indian DOI’s The second proposal reclassifies Affairs. Indian chapter of the See the Budget Concepts by reducing base discretionary funding amounts equal to current services inflation of the programs. both reclassifications Perspectives as emergency Funds for anomalous or above-base activities such Administration shifts funds that had been designated as Overseas Contingency Operations (OCO) to the base. In addition, and 21st Century Cures appropriations continue to be presented outside of base allocations. wildfire suppression, disaster relief, program integrity, requirements, in mandatory programs are also presented outside of the base. major offsets resulting from proposed changes The 2021 enacted level includes changes that occur after appropriations are enacted that are part of budget execution such as transfers, reestimates, and the rebasing as mandatory reestimates, as transfers, that occur after appropriations are enacted part of budget execution such changes The 2021 enacted level includes policy judgments and National Security Defense Administration’s Defense Program that reflects this Years The 2023 Budget will be accompanied by a Future the appropriations for Contract This first proposal reclassifies been funded as discretionary. of programs that historically have The 2022 Budget proposes two reclassifications The 2022 Budget presents funding differently than under the recent discretionary cap framework. Administration’s the the expiration of discretionary caps in 2022, With Defense Allocation Non-Defense Allocation Total Defense Allocation Non-Defense Allocation Rights Settlement Funding Water Indian Section 105(l) Leases Contract Support Costs Change in Mandatory Program Offsets Supplemental Funding Emergency and COVID–19 Program Integrity Disaster Relief Suppression Wildfire Appropriations 21st Century Cures 1 2 3 4 Base Discretionary Funding Allocation Base Discretionary Funding Proposed Growth in Base Discretionary Programs: Non-Defense Reclassifications Non-Base Discretionary Funding (not included above): Non-Base Funding Total, Discretionary Budget Authority Grand Total, BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2022 57 1% 2% 8% . . . N/A N/A N/A N/A +1.6% +5.3% +8.2% +6.6% +9.5% +9.3% +8.8% +0 +8.6% –12.9% +16.7% +29.4% +10.4% +16.7% +14.0% +11.0% +11.3% +21.6% +19.8% +40.8% +15 +14 +23.4% Percent 0 6 3 3 9 . . . . . +* –2 –2 –1.0 +4.0 +9 +4 +3 +2.6 +4.3 +2.5 +1.8 +1.7 +6.3 +1.5 +8.5 +2.0 +1.5 +1.7 +0.1 +0.8 +2.1 +2.5 +11.3 +29.8 +25.3 +121.1 2021 Enacted 2022 Request Less Dollar 9 7 7 5 7 . . . . . 6.8 0.9 9.8 1.5 –2 54 68 25 27.9 11.5 46.2 17.4 35.3 14.2 63.6 15.0 11.2 24.8 10.2 25.5 ...... –10 715.0 102.8 133.7 113.1 1,522.5 2022 Request 9 5 6 1 4 9 ...... 8.9 2 7.8 9.2 8.5 0.8 9.0 1

–0 23.9 73.0 41.8 54 59 15.0 33.5 12.5 57.3 22 13.5 –1.0 23.3 23.4

–15 703.7 108.4 104.6 1,401.3 2021 Agency Enacted (B udget authority in billions of dollars) 2022 Discretionary Request by Major

��

Table S–8. Table ��

�� 2,5

��

�� DOT Discretionary Programs Transportation Security Administration Fees Administration Fees Security Transportation HUD receipts to Mandatory Programs Transfer DOT General Fund HUD program level DHS program level Commerce Defense Justice Transportation (DOT): Affairs Veterans General Services Administration Small Business Administration Education Labor National Science Foundation Other Agencies National Aeronautics and Space Administration Agriculture Energy (DOE) Health and Human Services (HHS) State and International Programs Treasury Corps of Engineers (Corps) Social Security Administration Housing and Urban Development (HUD): Interior Environmental Protection Agency Homeland Security (DHS): Base Discretionary Funding: Cabinet Departments: Major Agencies: Authority Base Discretionary Budget Subtotal, 58 Summary Tables N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A ...... +9.7% +9.6% +3.9% +6.5% +4.3% +12.1% +60.2% +10.2% +35.1% Percent +* –1.0 –0.3 –2.8 –0.7 –0.4 –0.6 –0.7 –5.3 –0.5 –2.0 –0.4 +2.3 +0.1 +0.1 +0.4 +0.1 +0.7 +1.7 +1.7 +0.1 +0.1 ...... –81.6 –73.8 –27.0 –194.9 2021 Enacted 2022 Request Less Dollar 0.6 0.1 0.4 1.4 2.5 0.1 2.1 0.3 2.5 18.8 18.9 ...... –26.0 2022 Request 1.0 0.3 2.8 0.7 0.4 0.6 0.7 5.3 0.5 2.0 0.4 0.5 0.1 1.3 1.9 0.1 2.0 0.3 2.4 1 81.6 –2.3 73.8 27.0 17.1 17.3

...... –26.0 194.9 2021 Enacted udget authority in billions of dollars) (B 9

2022 Discretionary Request by Major Agency—Continued 2022 Discretionary Request by Major

��

8 �� Table S–8. Table �� Agriculture Commerce Education Energy Health and Human Services Homeland Security Housing and Urban Development Interior Justice Labor State and International Programs Transportation Treasury Small Business Administration Other Agencies Health and Human Services Labor Treasury Administration Social Security Homeland Security Small Business Administration Agriculture Interior Changes in mandatory program offsets Supplemental Funding: Emergency Requirements and COVID–19 Subtotal, Emergency Requirements Subtotal, Program Integrity: Program Integrity Subtotal, Disaster Relief: Disaster Relief Subtotal, Suppression: Wildfire Wildfire Suppression Subtotal, Non-Base Discretionary Funding: BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2022 59 –4.5% +15.2% –100.8% Percent +0.1 –71.3 –192.5 2021 Enacted 2022 Request Less Dollar 0.5 –1.5 1,521.0 2022 Request 0.5 1

191.0 1,592.3 2021 Enacted udget authority in billions of dollars) (B 2022 Discretionary Request by Major Agency—Continued 2022 Discretionary Request by Major

�� Table S–8. Table �� Health and Human Services scoring of CHIMPs enacted in 2021 appropriations OMB’s The 2021 levels are adjusted to include in mandatory programs (CHIMPs) enacted appropriations bills. any changes Acts for a better illustrative comparison with the 2022 request. Agency for International Development (USAID). funds are administered by the U.S. regular operations and not emergency purposes. Administration total. in the Health and Human Services total not Social Security the Medicare program are included International Programs. Treasury’s excludes and Airport Trust and Airway Funds. 10-percent decrease to the Corps non-defense budget. bulk of these offsets. The division N amounts were not designated as emergency but are considered non-base funding. here along with other emergency requirements provided in 2021. included The 2021 enacted level includes changes that occur after appropriations are enacted that are part of budget execution such as transfers, reestimates, and the rebasing as mandatory reestimates, as transfers, that occur after appropriations are enacted part of budget execution such changes The 2021 enacted level includes the Agriculture, Although the funds are appropriated to Department of in the State and International Programs total. Title II Grants is included for Peace Funding for Food 116-260 since the activities were for an appropriation of $2.3 billion that had been designated as emergency in Public Law The Department of Energy base total in 2021 includes Administration that support Funding from the Hospital Insurance and Supplementary Medical In surance trust funds for administrative expenses incurred by Social Security Treasury total and 11 international agencies while the Treasury International, USAID, funding for the Department of State, The State and International Programs total includes Transfer to Mandatory Programs line reflects General Fund appropriations programs that traditionally receive mandatory funding out of the Highway The DOT General Fund from 2021 is a the change setting aside the FUSRAP shift, Action Program (FUSRAP) from the Corps to DOE; Utilized Sites Remedial The 2022 Budget shifts the Formerly Health Insurance Program in HHS make up the Fund program and cancellations in the Children’s Victims Crime Department’s The limitation enacted and proposed in the Justice 116-260) for otherwise discretionary programs has been rebased from mandatory and is 2021 (Public Law Act, Appropriations Funding enacted in division N of the Consolidated 21st Century Cures appropriations: * $50 million or less. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Subtotal, Non-Base Discretionary Funding Subtotal, Authority Discretionary Budget Total, 60 Summary Tables 4.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.3 2.2 2.8 3.8 33,723 2031 4.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.3 2.1 2.8 3.8 32,414 2030 3.9 1.9 1.9 2.0 2.3 1.8 2.8 3.8 31,166 2029 3.9 1.9 1.9 2.0 2.3 1.7 2.8 3.8 29,986 2028 volume of the Budget. 3.8 1.8 1.8 2.0 2.3 1.6 2.7 3.8 28,860 2027 3.8 1.8 1.8 2.0 2.3 1.5 2.6 3.8 27,794 2026 3.8 1.8 1.8 2.0 2.3 1.2 2.4 3.8 Analytical Perspectives Analytical Projections 26,767 1 2025 3.9 1.9 1.8 2.0 2.2 0.8 2.1 3.8 25,778 2024 4.2 2.2 2.0 2.0 2.2 0.4 1.7 3.8 24,808 2023 6.2 4.3 3.2 1.9 2.1 0.2 1.4 4.1 23,799 2022 7.1 5.2 5.2 1.8 2.1 0.1 1.2 5.5 alendar years) (C 22,411 2021 Economic Assumptions

1.2 1.2 0.4 0.9 8.1 –2.3 –3.5 –2.5 20,933 2020 4.0 2.2 2.3 1.8 1.8 2.1 2.1 3.7 21,433 2019 Actual Table S–9. Table ��

3 �� percent change, year/year percent change, �� 2 3

��

4 Based on information available as of mid-February 2021. as of mid-February Based on information available Seasonally adjusted CPI for all urban consumers. Annual average. secondary market (bank discount basis). rate, Average Nominal level, billions of dollars Nominal level, year/year nominal GDP, change, Percent year/year percent change, Real GDP, Q4/Q4 percent change, Real GDP, year/year percent change, price index, GDP chained Treasury 91-day bills 10-year Treasury notes in the Assumptions and Overview,” “Economic A more detailed table of economic assumptions appears in Chapter 2, Note: 1 2 3 4 Gross Domestic Product (GDP): Consumer Price Index, percent: Interest rates, percent civilian, Unemployment rate, BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2022 61 8 5 25 47 –1 –1 11 –1 11 654 914 4.7% –273 ...... 1,578 1,304 1,578 1,568 44,821 44,846 44,821 44,868 2031 134.3% 5 5 8 7 24 47 –1 –1 –1 649 829 4.6% –234 ...... 1,485 1,250 1,485 1,477 43,517 43,541 43,517 43,564 2030 135.7% * 5 23 47 –4 –2 –1 –1 –1 562 744 4.2% –120 ...... 1,305 1,185 1,305 1,307 42,267 42,290 42,267 42,314 2029 137.0% * 5 2 1 22 46 –2 –2 –1 749 674 4.8% –209 ...... 1,425 1,216 1,425 1,424 41,083 41,105 41,083 41,129 2028 138.4% 1 6 1 5 5 22 45 –2 –1 –93 701 603 4.6% ...... 1,308 1,216 1,308 1,303 39,867 39,889 39,867 39,912 2027 139.5% * 3 5 6 5 22 44 –2 65 –1 890 524 5.1% ...... 1,419 1,485 1,419 1,414 38,652 38,673 38,652 38,696 2026 140.5% Estimate 4 5 7 7 –* 22 44 –2 –1 106 445 5.5% ...... 1,476 1,582 1,476 1,025 1,470 37,167 37,189 37,167 37,211 2025 140.3% 6 1 22 44 17 –2 21 –1 20 202 991 368 5.3% ...... 1,379 1,582 1,379 1,359 35,586 35,607 35,586 35,630 2024 139.4% 5 1 22 43 44 –2 47 –1 46 163 320 5.6% ...... 1,418 1,582 1,418 1,052 1,372 34,005 34,026 34,005 34,048 2023 138.5% 1 –* 22 42 –2 110 154 121 262 261 305 7.8% ...... 2,098 2,220 2,098 1,532 1,837 32,423 32,445 32,423 32,465 2022 138.1% * 1 21 41 –1 159 354 173 303 –518 –519 ...... 3,150 3,325 3,150 3,366 3,669 16.7% 30,204 30,226 30,204 30,245 –1,032 2021 137.2% ollar amounts in billions) (D 1 –* –* 21 39 17 198 –11 345 –499 1,399 4,216 4,234 1,087 1,087 4,216 2,784 3,129 14.9% 26,881 26,902 26,881 26,920 2020 128.1% Actual

Federal Government Financing and Debt Government Financing Federal ��

��

�� 2 ��

3 �� 1

Table S–10. Table

4 �� 5

�� equity purchase accounts equity purchase As a percent of GDP Direct loan and Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP) Asset Relief Program (TARP) Troubled Direct loan and Guaranteed loan accounts Trust (NRRIT) Railroad Retirement Investment Subtotal, changes in financial assets and liabilities changes Subtotal, debt held by the public) As a percent of GDP Total, gross Federal debt gross Federal Total, Change in Treasury operating cash balance Change in securities by the National of non-Federal Net purchases in other financial assets and liabilities Net change Net disbursements of credit financing accounts: other transactions affecting borrowing from the public Total, in requirement to borrow from the public (equals change Total, Unified budget deficit Debt issued by Treasury Debt issued by Debt issued by other agencies Total, debt subject to statutory limitation Total, Total, change in debt subject to statutory limitation change Total, Changes in financial assets and liabilities: Seigniorage on coins Primary deficit Net interest Gross Federal debt: Gross Federal Debt issued by Treasury Debt issued by and coverage premium, Adjustment for discount, Change in debt held by the public Change in debt held by Government accounts Change in other factors Other transactions affecting borrowing from the public: Unified budget deficit: Debt Outstanding, End of Year: End of Debt Outstanding, Debt Subject to Statutory Limitation, End of Year: End of Debt Subject to Statutory Limitation, Changes in Debt Subject to Statutory Limitation: Financing: 62 Summary Tables 7 8 86 109 –73 750 1,957 2,843 5,786 36,216 39,059 39,059 2031 108.5% 117.0% 9 82 12 109 –73 750 1,950 2,837 6,060 34,643 37,481 37,481 2030 107.9% 116.8% 77 12 10 109 –73 750 1,945 2,830 6,294 33,167 35,996 35,996 2029 107.5% 116.6% 72 12 11 109 –73 750 1,949 2,830 6,414 31,860 34,691 34,691 2028 107.3% 116.8% 68 12 13 109 –73 750 1,951 2,829 6,622 30,437 33,266 33,266 2027 106.5% 116.4% 62 13 15 109 –73 750 1,949 2,824 6,716 29,134 31,958 31,958 2026 105.8% 116.1% Estimate 57 13 17 109 –73 750 1,947 2,819 6,651 27,720 30,539 30,539 2025 104.5% 115.2% 52 13 18 109 –73 750 1,943 2,812 6,545 26,250 29,062 29,062 2024 102.8% 113.8% 46 13 20 109 –73 750 1,926 2,791 6,343 24,892 27,683 27,683 2023 101.3% 112.7% 41 13 22 109 –73 750 1,883 2,744 6,180 23,520 26,265 26,265 2022 100.1% 111.8% 13 24 109 –73 750 –112 1,773 2,483 6,059 98.4% 21,684 24,167 24,167 2021 109.7% ollar amounts in billions) (D 5 24 109 –73 volume of the Budget. –467 1,613 2,993 1,782 5,886 85.8% 18,024 21,017 21,017 2020 100.1% Actual Federal Government Financing and Debt—Continued Government Financing Federal ��

�� Analytical Perspectives Analytical

8 ��

7 �� Table S–10. Table ��

6 �� As a percent of GDP Debt held by the public net of financial assets Direct loan and TARP equity purchase accounts equity purchase TARP Direct loan and Guaranteed loan accounts financial assets net of liabilities Total, As a percent of GDP Government-sponsored enterprise stock and notes Air carrier worker support warrants securities held by NRRIT Non-Federal Other assets net of liabilities available in changes to the operating cash balance is More information on the levels and is a liability) also means of financing deficit and therefore has negative sign. in the Borrowing and Debt” “Federal Chapter 4, and profit on sale of gold. other asset accounts, Treasury operating cash balance), cash and monetary assets (other than the an offset, and the unrealized discount on Government account series securities. (other than zero-coupon bonds), Treasury securities in the Government account series are otherwise measured at face value less Agency debt securities are almost all measured at face value. premium. unrealized discount (if any). not estimated for future years. to expire by the end of 2031. and $5.3 billion are scheduled expire by the end of 2027, Treasury operating cash balance Credit financing account balances: Debt held by Government accounts Debt held by the public A decrease in the Treasury operating cash balance (which is an asset) is a means of financing a deficit and therefore has a negative sign. An increase in checks outstanding (which outstanding (which checks An increase in is an asset) a means of financing deficit and therefore has negative sign. Treasury operating cash balance (which A decrease in the as and, and other liability accounts; rights, allocations of special drawing uninvested deposit fund balances, Treasury debt, on accrued interest payable outstanding, checks Includes Treasury notes and bonds the unamortized discount (less premium) on public issues of is not subject to limit), Bank (which Financing Consists mainly of debt issued by the Federal 2021. 31, temporarily suspends the debt limit through July 116-37), 2019 (P.L. August 2, Legislation enacted Treasury securities held by the public and zero-coupon bonds Government accounts are almost all measured at sales price plus amortized discount or less Reserve Banks is Debt held by the Federal securities and the rest of public held $16,571.2 billion. Reserve Banks held $4,445.5 billion of Federal the Federal At the end of 2020, were valued at $13 billion the end of 2020. The warrants 2028. of the enterprises expire after September 7, 79.9 percent of the common stock to purchase warrants Treasury’s to $0.6 billion are scheduled to expire by the end of 2026, $0.5 billion are scheduled support program), Air carrier worker support (Payroll issued under Of the notes and warrants * $500 million or less. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Debt held by the public Less financial assets net of liabilities: Held by: Debt Held by the Public Net of Financial Assets: Debt Held by the Public Net of Financial OMB CONTRIBUTORS TO THE 2022 BUDGET

The following personnel contributed to the preparation of this publication. Hundreds, perhaps thousands, of others throughout the Government also deserve credit for their valuable contributions.

A Joseph J. Berger Kevin Carpenter Pennee Cumberlander Lindsay Abate Danielle Berman Curtis M. Carr Jr. C. Tyler Curtis Andrew Abrams Elizabeth A. Bernhard Christina S. Carrere William Curtis Chandana L. Achanta Katherine Berrey Matthew Carroll Matthew Cutts Laurie Adams William Bestani William S. S. Carroll Shagufta Ahmed Samuel J. Black Scott D. Carson D P. Joseph Ahn Sharon Block Corryne C. Carter Benjamin Aidoo Kate Bloniarz Mary I. Cassell J. Alex Dalessio Lina Al Sudani Mathew C. Blum David Cerrato D. Michael Daly Joseph Albanese Tia Boatman Dan Chandler Rody Damis Isabel Aldunate Patterson Anthony Chase Neil B. Danberg Jason Alleman Sharon A. Boivin James Chase Elisabeth C. Daniel Victoria Allred Amira C. Boland Nida Chaudhary Kristy L. Daphnis Aaron Alton Cassie L. Boles Erin Cheese Alexander J. Daumit Michaela Amos Melissa B. Bomberger Anita Chellaraj Joanne C. Davenport Kimberly Anoweck Derick A. Boyd Jr. Damon Clark Kelly Jo Davis Nickole M. Arbuckle William J. Boyd Michael Clark Kenneth L. Davis Rachel Arguello Michael Branson Sean Coari Margaret B. Davis- Alison Arnold Alex M. Brant Alyssa Cogen Christian Aviva Aron-Dine Joseph F. Breighner Jordan Cohen Karen De Los Santos Anna R. Arroyo Andrea M. Brian Pamela Coleman Tasha M. Demps Emily Schultz Askew Candice M. Bronack Victoria W. Collin Paul J. Denaro Lisa L. August Ashley A. Brooks Debra M. Collins Kimberly A. Denz Katherine W. Broomell Kelly T. Colyar Catherine A. Derbes B Dustin S. Brown Jose A. Conde Christopher DeRusha Sheila Bruce Alyson M. Conley Suzy Deuster Samuel Bagenstos Michael T. Brunetto David C. Connolly John H. Dick Drew Bailey Nicole Budzinski Kyle Connors Jamie Dickinson Jessie W. Bailey Pearl Buenvenida Mary Rose Conroy Amie Didlo Ally P. Bain Tom D. Bullers Shila Cooch Rachel M. Diedrick Paul W. Baker Scott H. Burgess LaTiesha B. Cooper Jean Diomi Kazadi Steven Bakovic Ben Burnett Benjamin E. Coyle Angela M. Donatelli Carol A. Bales Jordan C. Burris Drew W. Cramer Paul S. Donohue Caroline Ball John C. Burton Ayana Crawford Cristin Dorgelo Pratik S. Banjade Nicholas S. Burton William Creedon Vladik Dorjets Avital Bar-Shalom Mark Bussow Jill L. Crissman Michelle Dorsey Zachary Barger Dylan W. Byrd Rose Crow Celeste Drake Carl Barrick Jefferson Crowder Megan Dreher Jody Barringer C James Crowe Lisa Cash Driskill Alexander Barron Juliana Crump Mark A. Dronfield Amy Batchelor Steven Cahill Craig Crutchfield Abigail Drucis Sarah Belford Greg Callanan David M. Cruz- Vanessa Duguay Jennifer Wagner Bell Amy Canfield Glaudemans Nathaniel Durden Sara Bencic Eric D. Cardoza Lily Cuk Ryan Durga

63 64 OMB Contributors to the 2022 Budget

Reena Duseja Daniel Giamo Elke Hodson-Marten Christopher Keller Carolyn Gibson Jennifer E. Hoef Mary W. Keller E Brian Gillis Stuart Hoffman Nancy B. Kenly Jacob Glass Troy Holland Moses I. Kennedy Matthew C. Eanes Joshua S. Glazer Brian Holm-Hansen Jung H. Kim Jacqueline A. Easley Porter O. Glock Javay C. Holmes Maria Kim Calie Edmonds Andrea L. Goel Michele Holt Michael B. Kim Jeanette Edwards Jeffrey D. Goldstein Jack Hoskins Rachael Y. Kim Matthew Eliseo Christopher Gomba Clinton T. Hourigan Kelly C. King Michelle Enger Anthony A. Gonzalez Aaron B. House Kelly A. Kinneen Diana F. Epstein Oscar Gonzalez Peter Hoy Marina Kirakosian Brede Eschliman Alex Goodenough Grace Hu Jessica Elizabeth Robert Etter Michael D. Graham Rhea A. Hubbard Kirby Beatrix Evans David M. Gratz Kathy M. Hudgins Robert T. Klein Gillian Evans Aron Greenberg Shristi Humagai Ellen Knight Patrick Evans Brandon H. Greene Ashley Hungerford Bobby Kogan Robin J. Griffin Sally J. Hunnicutt Nick Koo F Justin Grimes Alexander T. Hunt Andrea G. Korovesis Hester C. Grippando Lorraine D. Hunt Katelyn V. Koschewa Farnoosh Faezi-Marian Stephanie F. Grosser James C. Hurban A. Faride Kraft Robert Fairweather Andrea L. Grossman Veta Hurst Charles Kraiger Edna Falk Curtin Kerry Gutknecht Lori A. Krauss Hunter Fang I Megan K. Kruse Christine E. H Steven B. Kuennen Farquharson Tae H. Im Jennifer J. Kuk Louis Feagans Michael B. Hagan Christine J. Kymn Iris R. Feldman James R. Hagen J Christopher M. Felix Jessica K. Hale L Kelsi Feltz Tia Hall Scott W. Jackson Lesley A. Field Victor Hall Manish Jain Christopher D. LaBaw Sean C. Finnegan William F. Hamele Harrison M. Jarrett Sherry Lachman Mary Fischietto Christine E. Hammer Ames R. Jenkins Leonard L. Lainhart John J. Fitzpatrick Brian Hanson Carol Jenkins Chad A. Lallemand Cleones Fleurima Jennifer L. Hanson Connor Jennings Lawrence L. Lambert Daniel G. Fowlkes Dionne Hardy Julie Jent Michael Landry Nicholas A. Fraser Deidre A. Harrison Carol Johnson Daniel LaPlaca Rob Friedlander Edward Hartwig Michael D. Johnson Eric P. Lauer Laurel Fuller Paul Harvey Danielle Y. Jones Jessie L. LaVine Steven Furnagiev Abdullah Hasan Denise Bray Jones Daniel Lawver Laurel Havas Lauren H. Jones Jessica Lee G Nichole M. Hayden Lisa M. Jones Susan E. Leetmaa Mark Hazelgren Shannon Maire Joyce Carmine Leggett Abigail P. Gage Kelly Healton Hursandbek Bryan P. León Scott D. Gaines Gary Hellman Jumanyazov Kerrie Leslie Christopher D. John David Henson Hee Jun Ariel Leuthard Gamache Matthew A. Herb John Levock-Spindle Joseph R. Ganahl Rachel Hernández K Sheila Lewis Kyle Gardiner Alex Hettinger Andrew Lieberman Mathias A. Gardner Michael J. Hickey Kosta Kalpos Jennifer Liebschutz Arpit Garg Michael Hildner Daniel S. Kaneshiro Jane C. Lien Marc Garufi Amanda M. Hill Jacob H. Kaplan Kristina E. Lilac Anthony R. Garza Jonathan Hill Jenifer L. Karwoski Erika Liliedahl Anna M. Gendron Walter F. Hill Regina L. Kearney Michael Linden Mariam Ghavalyan Michelle Hilton Benjamin R. Keffer John E. Lindner BUDGET OF THE U. S. GOVERNMENT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2022 65

Jennifer M. Lipiew Emily A. Mok Michael Pauls Tamia Russell Adam Lipton Kirsten J. Moncada Brian Paxton Erika H. Ryan Kim Lopez Claire Monteiro Casey Pearce Sara R. Lopez Joseph Montoni Michael D. Pearlstein S Adrienne Lucas Andrea J. Montoya Liuyi Pei Julia C. Moore Falisa L. Peoples-Tittle Adam N. Salazar M Betty T. Morrison Emma C. Perron John Asa Saldivar Josephine Morse Michael A. Perz Mark S. Sandy Ryan MacMaster Savannah M. Moss Whitney L. Peters Nathan T. Sanfilippo Christian MacMillan Austin B. Mudd William C. Petersen Ruth Saunders Claire A. Mahoney Robin McLaughry Andrea M. Petro Gregoire F. Sauter Mayur Manchanda Mullins Amy E. Petz Joel Savary Dominic J. Mancini Daenuka Stacey Que-Chi Pham Jason K. Sawyer Caroline Manela Muraleetharan Alec Pharris Rio Schondelmeyer Noah S. Mann Jonathan J. Murphy Carolyn R. Phelps Daniel K. Schory Iulia Z. Manolache Christian G. Music Karen A. Pica Mariarosaria Roman Manziyenko Hayley W. Myers Brian Pickeral Sciannameo Chris Marokov Kimberley L Myers Brian Pipa Kristi Scott Italy Martin Joseph Pipan Jasmeet K. Seehra Rochelle Martinez N Maggie Polachek Kimberly Segura Nicole Martinez Moore Mark J. Pomponio Robert B. Seidner Clare Martorana Jeptha E. Nafziger Ruxandra Pond Andrew Self Kimie Matsuo Larry J. Nagl Julianne Poston Megan Shade Joshua May Barry Napear Larrimer S. Prestosa Shabnam Steven McAndrews Robert Nassif Jamie M. Price Sharbatoghlie Jessica Rae McBean Kimberly P. Nelson Alanna B. Pugliese Amy K. Sharp Alexander J. Michael D. Nelson Robert B. Purdy Dianne Shaughnessy McClelland Anthony Nerino Paul Shawcross John L. McClung Melissa K. Neuman R Andrew B. Shea Malcolm P. McConnell Joanie F. Newhart Gary F. Shortencarrier Jeremy P. McCrary Kimberly Armstrong Lucas R. Radzinschi Matthew Sidler Anthony W. McDonald Newman K. Sabeel Rahman Leticia Sierra Christine A. McDonald Christine Nguy Houman Rasouli Sara R. Sills Katrina A. McDonald Tim H. Nusraty Johnnie Ray Angela Simmons Renford McDonald Joseph B. Nye Alex Reed Celeste Simon Michael McManus Thomas M. Reilly Daniel Liam Singer William McNavage O Bryant D. Renaud Sarah Sisaye Christopher McNeal Keri A. Rice Robert Sivinski Andrea Medina-Smith Erin O’Brien Natalie Rico Benjamin J. Skidmore Edward Meier Kerry Clinton O’Dell Kyle S. Riggs Evan C. Skloot Barbara A. Menard Melanie Ofiesh Jamal Rittenberry Curtina O. Smith Flavio Menasce Matthew J. O’Kane Maria Roat Sarah B. Smith Margaret Mergen Kathryn Olson Beth Higa Roberts Stannis M. Smith P. Thaddeus Brendan J. O’Meara Donovan Robinson Silvana Solano Messenger Matthew Oreska Marshall J. Rodgers Roderic A. Solomon William L. Metzger Lydia H. Orth Jung M. Roh Timothy F. Soltis Lauren Michaels Jared Ostermiller Samantha Romero Amanda R.K. Sousane Daniel J. Michelson- Meredith B. Romley Candice G. Spalding Horowitz P Renee Rosa Rebecca L. Spavins Eric Mill Jeffrey R. Ross Valeria Spinner Jason Miller Heather C. Pajak David J. Rowe Christopher Spiro Kimberly Miller Farrah N. Pappa Amanda Roy John H. Spittell Sofie Miller Jacob A. Parcell Danielle Royal Sarah Whittle Spooner Susan M. Minson John C. Pasquantino Brian Rozental Travis C. Stalcup 66 OMB Contributors to the 2022 Budget

Scott R. Stambaugh Serita K. Thornton W Brian Widuch Nora Stein Parth Tikiwala Jeremy D. Williams Ryan Stoffers Thomas Tobasko James A. Wade Alex O. Wilson Gary R. Stofko Gia Tonic Brett Waite James Wolff Terry W. Stratton Gil M. Tran Nicole Waldeck Minzy Won Vanessa D. Studer Vy Tran Joseph Waldow Alegra Woodard Thomas J. Suarez Susanna Troxler Traci Walker Sophia M. Wright Kevin J. Sullivan Austin Turner Heather V. Walsh Bert Wyman Patrick Sullivan Tim Wang Jessica L. Sun U Ben Ward Y Ariana Sutton-Grier Peter H. Waterman Katherine M. Sydor Nicholas J. Ufier Gary Waxman Danny Yagan Shraddha A. Bess M. Weaver Melany N. Yeung T Upadhyaya Jacqueline K. Webb David Y. Yi Darrell J. Upshaw Daniel Week Christian T. Yonkeu Jamie R. Taber Taylor J. Urbanski William J. Weinig Xia You Naomi S. Taransky David Weisshaar Frank Young Myra L. Taylor V Lillian Welch Rita Young Jay F. Teitelbaum Philip R. Wenger Shalanda D. Young Emma K. Tessier Matthew J. Vaeth Max West Janice Yun Amanda L. Thomas Candace Vahlsing Arnette C. White Barbara E. Thomas Areletha L. Venson Ashley M. White Z Judith F. Thomas Alexandra Ventura Curtis C. White Payton A. Thomas Cesar Villanueva Kim S. White Eliana M. Zavala Will Thomas Megha Vyas Sherron R. White Erica H. Zielewski

EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20503