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Study on Geothermal Resources of South Asia Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka

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Study on Geothermal Resources of South Asia Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka Newly Discovered Geothermal Spring in Polonnaruwa, Sri Lanka Study on Geothermal Resources of South Asia Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka December 2011 SAARC ENERGY CENTRE [email protected] www.saarcenergy.org STUDY ON GEOTHERMAL RESOURCES OF SOUTH ASIA Supervision Mr. Hilal A. Raza Director SAARC Energy Centre Islamabad, Pakistan Regional Expert Mr. Shaji Alam Islamabad, Pakistan External Reviewer Dr. Md. Nehal Uddin Director Geological Survey of Bangladesh, Energy and Mineral Resources Division, Ministry of Power, Energy and Mineral Resources, Dhaka, Bangladesh Programme Coordinator and Internal Reviewer Dr. Muhammad Pervaz Programme Leader, Technology Transfer SAARC Energy Centre Islamabad, Pakistan Published by SAARC Energy Centre 697, Street 43, NPF, E-11/4, Islamabad, Pakistan Tel: + (92 51) 222 8802&4; Fax: + (92 51) 222 1937 [email protected] www.saarcenergy.org December, 2011 CONTENTS Executive Summary..............................................................................................................................xi Chapter – 1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background ....................................................................................................................................1 1.2 Objectives of the Study .................................................................................................................2 1.3 Methodology and Terms of Reference ..........................................................................................2 1.4 List of Geothermal Related Institutions in SAARC Countries ........................................................3 Chapter – 2 Understanding Geothermal Energy .................................................................................. 7 2.1 Internal Structure of Earth ............................................................................................................7 2.2 Heat Expulsion ...............................................................................................................................8 2.3 Geothermal Fields ...................................................................................................................... 10 2.4 Geothermal Energy for Power Generation ................................................................................ 11 2.5 Types of Power Generation Plants ............................................................................................. 12 2.5.1 Dry Steam System .......................................................................................................... 13 2.5.2 Flash Steam System ....................................................................................................... 13 2.5.3 Binary Cycle System ....................................................................................................... 14 2.5.4 Geothermal Heat Pumps ............................................................................................... 15 2.6 Geothermal Power Generation and Direct uses in the World ................................................... 15 2.7 Environmental Impacts ............................................................................................................... 19 2.8 Mitigation of Geothermal Emissions .......................................................................................... 21 2.8.1 Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) .................................................................................................. 21 2.8.2 Mercury ......................................................................................................................... 21 2.8.3 Noise Pollution............................................................................................................... 21 2.8.4 Water Use ...................................................................................................................... 21 2.8.5 Water Quality ................................................................................................................ 21 2.8.6 Land Use ........................................................................................................................ 21 2.8.7 Induced Seismicity ......................................................................................................... 22 Geothermal Resources of South Asia - © 2011 SAARC Energy Centre, All Rights Reserved. i 2.8.8 Impact on Wildlife and Vegetation ................................................................................ 22 2.9 Economics of Geothermal Energy .............................................................................................. 22 2.10 Bibliography ................................................................................................................................ 29 Chapter – 3 Geothermal Resources of Afghanistan ............................................................................ 35 3.1 Geology of Afghanistan .............................................................................................................. 35 3.2 Potential of the Hindu Kush Geothermal Province .................................................................... 39 3.3 Potential of Active Magmatic and Volcanic Geothermal Province ............................................ 42 3.4 Geopressured Prospect .............................................................................................................. 44 3.5 Potential of Harirud-Badakhshan Geothermal Province ............................................................ 44 3.6 Potential of Helmand-Arghandab Geothermal Province ........................................................... 46 3.7 Potential of Farahrud Geothermal Province .............................................................................. 46 3.8 Potential of Baluchistan Geothermal Province .......................................................................... 47 3.9 Surface Indications of Geothermal Potentials ............................................................................ 47 3.10 Hydrogeochemistry of Thermal Waters ..................................................................................... 47 3.11 Dynamics of Hydrothermal Activities ......................................................................................... 49 3.12 Conclusions and Recommendations .......................................................................................... 51 3.13 Bibliography ................................................................................................................................ 52 Chapter – 4 Geothermal Resources of Bangladesh ............................................................................ 55 4.1 Geological Framework ................................................................................................................ 55 4.2 Surface Indicators of Geothermal Activity ................................................................................. 59 4.2.1 Warm Ground ................................................................................................................ 60 4.2.2 Hot Steaming Ground .................................................................................................... 60 4.2.3 Hot Pools........................................................................................................................ 60 4.2.4 Hot Lakes ....................................................................................................................... 60 4.2.5 Hot Springs..................................................................................................................... 60 4.2.6 Fumaroles ...................................................................................................................... 60 4.2.7 Geysers .......................................................................................................................... 60 Geothermal Resources of South Asia - © 2011 SAARC Energy Centre, All Rights Reserved. ii 4.2.8 Hydrothermal Eruptions ................................................................................................ 61 4.2.9 Geothermal Seepages .................................................................................................... 61 4.3 Geothermal Gradients ................................................................................................................ 61 4.4 Geothermal Prospects of Sub-himalayan Foredeep .................................................................. 64 4.5 Geothermal Prospects of Rangpur Saddle ................................................................................. 65 4.6 Geothermal Prospects of Bogra Shelf ........................................................................................ 66 4.7 Geothermal Prospects of Deep Sedimentary Basin ................................................................... 70 4.8 Geothermal Prospects of Folded Belt ........................................................................................ 70 4.9 Conclusions and Recommendations .......................................................................................... 71 4.10 Bibliography ................................................................................................................................ 73 Chapter – 5 Geothermal Resources of Bhutan ..................................................................................
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