Our Children, Our Choice: Priorities for Policy
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Our children, our choice: priorities for policy A Child Poverty Action Group Monograph Edited by M. Claire Dale, Mike O’Brien and Susan St John About Child Poverty Action Group Child Poverty Action Group (CPAG) is an independent charity working to eliminate child poverty in New Zealand through research, education and advocacy. CPAG believes that New Zealand’s high rate of child poverty is not the result of economic necessity, but is due to policy neglect and a flawed ideological emphasis on economic incentives. Through research, CPAG highlights the position of tens of thousands of New Zealand children, and promotes public policies that address the underlying causes of the poverty they live in. If you would like to support CPAG’s work, please visit our website: www.cpag.org.nz About the Editors This series is edited by M.Claire Dale, Mike O’Brien and Susan St John. Dr M.Claire Dale is Research Fellow with the Retirement Policy and Research Centre, University of Auckland, and a researcher and policy analyst for Child Poverty Action Group. Dr Mike O’Brien is Associate Professor, School of Counselling Human Services and Social Work, University of Auckland, and a member of the Management Committee of Child Poverty Action Group. Dr Susan St John, QSO, is Associate Professor of Economics, University of Auckland, co-director of the Retirement Policy and Research Centre, and a member of the Management Committee of Child Poverty Action Group. Each topic-based part of the series is authored by experts in the field. The series would not be possible without their contributions and we thank them on behalf of Child Poverty Action Group. Disclaimer: This publication is intended to provide accurate and adequate information on the matters contained herein and every effort has been made to ensure its accuracy. However, it has been written, edited and published and made available to all persons and entities strictly on the basis that its author, editors and publishers are fully excluded from any liability or responsibility by all or any of them in any way to any person or entity for anything done or omitted to be done by any person or entity in reliance, whether totally or partially, on the contents of this publication for any purpose whatsoever. Our children, our choice: priorities for policy. ISBN: 978-0-9941105-5-8 © September 2014 Child Poverty Action Group Inc. PO Box 5611 Wellesley St Auckland 1141 New Zealand www.cpag.org.nz Contents Introduction to the series ........................................................................................................................................................ 3 Chapter summaries ......................................................................................................................................................... 7 Introductory recommendations: ..............................................................................................................................12 PART ONE: Child poverty and health .................................................................................................................................13 The context of child poverty and health in New Zealand ..............................................................................13 New Zealand compared with other OECD countries .......................................................................................15 Child health outcomes in New Zealand affected by poverty........................................................................16 Material deprivation for New Zealand children ..................................................................................................17 Some gains.........................................................................................................................................................................19 Areas of concern ...........................................................................................................................................................20 Ma¯ori children’s high rates of disease .................................................................................................................. 25 Pasifika children’s high rates of disease .............................................................................................................. 26 Antenatal care .................................................................................................................................................................27 Financial barriers to accessing health care........................................................................................................ 28 Housing ............................................................................................................................................................................. 30 Nutrition .............................................................................................................................................................................31 Youth health .....................................................................................................................................................................32 Recent reports and recommendations ...............................................................................................................33 The way forward ............................................................................................................................................................ 36 Full list of recommendations .....................................................................................................................................37 Audio-visual resources .................................................................................................................................................37 PART TWO: Early childhood care and education, and child poverty ................................................................. 38 Overview ........................................................................................................................................................................... 38 High quality, culturally responsive care in a super-diverse society ......................................................... 42 Valuing children’s language, culture and identity ..........................................................................................44 Barriers to participation .............................................................................................................................................48 Recognising rights of beneficiaries and their children ...................................................................................51 Reliance on for-profit sector for ECCE provision ............................................................................................. 52 Increased provision of home-based ECCE .......................................................................................................... 53 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................................................................ 55 Full list of recommendations: ..................................................................................................................................56 Audio-visual resources .................................................................................................................................................57 1 PART THREE: Compulsory schooling and child poverty .........................................................................................58 Overview ...........................................................................................................................................................................58 Socioeconomic disadvantage ....................................................................................................................................61 A schooling system that values children ............................................................................................................. 62 Decile funding .................................................................................................................................................................65 An equitable schooling system .................................................................................................................................67 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................................................................69 Full list of recommendations ................................................................................................................................... 70 Audio-visual resources ................................................................................................................................................ 70 PART FOUR: Housing market changes and their impact on children .................................................................71 Overview .............................................................................................................................................................................71 New Zealand’s children and housing ......................................................................................................................71 New