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Efecto Del Genotipo Del Árbol Huésped Y De La Recurrencia De Incendios Sobre Las Comunidades De Hongos En Pinares Mediterráneos

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Efecto Del Genotipo Del Árbol Huésped Y De La Recurrencia De Incendios Sobre Las Comunidades De Hongos En Pinares Mediterráneos Efecto del genotipo del árbol huésped y de la recurrencia de incendios sobre las comunidades de hongos en pinares Mediterráneos Effect of the host tree genotype and the fire recurrence on fungal communities in Mediterranean pine forests TESIS DOCTORAL LETICIA PÉREZ IZQUIERDO Madrid, Febrero de 2017 Memoria presentada para optar al título de Doctor en Microbiología por la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Directores: Ana Rincón Herranz Instituto de Ciencias Agrarias ICA-CSIC Marc Buée UMR1136-INRA A mis padres, A Koldo "No hay inversión más rentable que la del conocimiento" (Benjamin Franklin) "Sigan ustedes sabiendo que, mucho más temprano que tarde, se abrirán las grandes alamedas por donde pase el hombre libre para construir una sociedad mejor” (Salvador Allende) Este trabajo ha sido realizado gracias a la financiación del proyecto CGL2011-29585-C02-02 y al programa de Formación de Personal Investigador (FPI, BES - 2012 - 056233), ambos provenientes del Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, así como por el LABoratoire d'EXcellence Arbre (LABEX Arbre, INRA-Nancy) ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Porque como todo un principio debe tener un final, aquí me encuentro escribiendo una de las partes más importantes de un trabajo imposible de acometer sin la ayuda de tantas personas. Y como yo soy yo y mi circunstancia, me gustaría agradecer a todas las personas que de alguna manera ya sea directa o indirecta, durante estos cuatro años o desde mucho atrás, han influenciado en el camino que he tomado. En primer lugar, quiero agradecer a las dos personas por las que, sin su oportunidad, no me encontraría ahora mismo escribiendo estas páginas, a Ana y a Marc, mis mentores, gracias por depositar vuestra confianza en mí. Porque no habría podido encontrar mejor dúo, tan diferentes y tan complementarios, profesionales como la copa de un pino pero sobre todo, maravillosas personas. Ana, como tu alter ego pacientoso, gracias por todo el tiempo invertido en mí, por transmitirme tantos conocimientos, amor por lo que uno hace, moral, ejemplo de esfuerzo y saber estar y ante todo, gracias por tus consejos de la vida y apoyo personal. Marc, first, sorry for not be able to express myself in the same way than in Spanish, but I can only be grateful with you. Thank you very much for welcoming me as one more and making me part of your team and your family everytime spent in Nancy, for shared your office, for all the things you taught me, for all the time spent on me because even if you were very busy you always found a niche for me, thank you for both your work and personal support, but mainly thank you for your kindness. Tampoco me voy a olvidar de las personas que, gracias a su motivación y amor por la ciencia, me encaminaron hacia la realización del doctorado, a Sara, María José y Fernando. Y, por supuesto, a todos los compañeros que tuve en Badajoz y en Plasencia, por su ayuda y por los buenos ratos compartidos tanto en el laboratorio como fuera de él. Gracias a todos los compañeros que han formado parte de este proyecto de Investigación y que han estado involucrados de principio a fin. A Santi, por todos los datos proporcionadas de las poblaciones de pinos y por sus conocimientos de genética de poblaciones. A la gente del CIDE, en especial a Marta y a Miguel, por acogerme tan bien en Valencia y por iniciarme en el mundo de la filodiversidad. A Abel y a Ana por la ayuda en los muestreos valencianos. A Mario, mi maestro genético y molecular, pero sobre todo, gran amigo y compañero, por tu ayuda en el laboratorio, muestreos, análisis de datos, raíces interminables en la sala de Casimiro, por tantas horas pasadas juntos, gimnasio y chaaaarlas infinitas. A soledad Alférez por aceptar tutelar la presente tesis. Especial mención requieren mis compis de batalla porque mal de muchos…al final consuela. A Irene, cariño y alegría personificadas, gracias por resolverme taaantas dudas y tener siempre una sonrisa para los problemas, a Vane, torbellino y gran persona, gracias por enseñarme que si se quiere se puede, a Francesca, porque aún me acuerdo que el primer desayuno fue contigo, una pena no haber podido compartir más momentos juntas y a mi Nigga, Victoria-CSIC, porque no hizo falta más que verte para saber que serías una gran amiga y vecina (por supuesto), por esas tardes interminables de tontuna, no sé qué habría sido sin ti y sin tu paciencia y escucha. A Mikel y Carol (mis trillizos FPIs, gracias por ir abriendo la brecha) y a Cris, compañeros tesinandos inigualables, espero que esta amistad no sea más que el comienzo, porque pocos hay como vosotros. ¡¡¡Lo que voy a echar de menos esas charlas interminables y variopintas en el comedor!!!!! A Bea y a Lola, por vuestra ayuda, consejos (saber que hay vida más allá de la tesis) y por todos los momentos que hemos pasado juntas. Espero encontrar técnicos (personas) como vosotras. A mis compis de café matutino, echaré mucho de menos ese momento, aunque si bien es cierto, no el café del lugar. A Dulce, señorina, por toda tu ayuda y porque eres un ejemplo a seguir. A los estudiantes que han pasado por el laboratorio y que lo han alegrado, con los que he compartido muy buenos momentos, Lourdes, Carlos, Dani, Marina (gracias por esa mente crítica de la vida, me encanta), Pablo, Javi, Ana y Miguel. A Emi, Gastón y Zara, porque nos han dado la posibilidad de conocer otras culturas. Y a los veteranos, que como es ley de ciencia, nos han ido dejando, Raúl, Lilia, Jelena, Xavi, Pablo, Dioni, Miguel Ángel y Celia. Una mención especial me gustaría hacer a MJ (Mari Jose), gracias por todo lo que me has enseñado y por ser una gran amiga desde el minuto uno además de institutriz de la sociedad Madrileña. A todas las personas del grupo IBPM que de alguna u otra forma han formado parte de este recorrido y me han hecho sentir parte de un grupo, Mercedes Fernández, Mercedes Lucas, Teo, Jose Javier, Miguel Ángel, Paquita, Bea, Susana y César. Y, a todas las personas del ICA que, gracias a su trabajo, han hecho que las cosas funcionen. Entre ellos, gracias a Casimiro por su ayuda con la azada. I would like to express my gratitude to my other lab, IAM, because you made feel like at home, I still remember the quotation of Seb “tu est partie de les meubles”. Thank you very much for all the help that I received in many ways: resources, knowledge, tips, help in the lab, and for all the good moments that I spent with you. It will be very difficult to overcome this “pâtisserie”. First, I would like to thanks Francis Martin for supporting me and for all the enriching conversations. Cirille for teaching me the enzymatic procedures. Laure for all your help in the lab and for borrowing me all the things I needed in every moment. Anais for the fungal strains collections. Claude, Manue, Erwin and Annegret for your help with GH63. Laurent, Philliphe and Christine for teaching me and helping me with the NIR-MIRs analysis. Stephan for accepting to be the external reviewer of this thesis. I am also very grateful with Hermi, Maira, Yoan, Cora, both Sebastians, Clément and Yannik, for all your help in the lab. Aurelie for the climbing. And because I met so many people there, sorry I would like, but I cannot quote all of you in these pages. A la mafia española nanciense, Rubén, Nacho, Pablo, Irene, Marta, Álex, Hermi y al pequeño Gael (que al final hizo la cabra) and Steffi. Gracias chicos, porque han sido mucho los momentos que hemos pasado juntos, y porque a los sitios los hacen las personas con las que compartes el lugar. ¡Echaré de menos nuestros viajes a los Vohgoh! Hermi, porque sin ti igual no habría salido viva del laboratorio, gracias por estar siempre ahí resolviéndome dudas y por esas charlas en castellano que siempre se necesitan. Rub, porque no concebiría Nancy sin esos capazos interminables, todavía me acuerdo de cuando aparecí con aquella maleta rosa destartalada y de “Les deux Palmiers”…a Nachete por esas horas eternas de bus compartiendo penas. To my friends from L'Auberge Espagnole, but especially to Salvo (my gemellini del destino), Héma (what a disaster), Antoine (l’homme attaché a une guitarre), Ines (the machine), Jaime (menos mal que había alguien normal), Ness (faire la soirée), Valentin (cafetera) and Marta (nuestra acogida en la cocina), because I spent one of the happiest time in my life. I will never forget all the time spent together in this kitchen and in the Place Stanislas, the Carrefour, the 24 hours…. and our Mediterranean office. Mordor was marvellous with you! A mis compis de piso, Nere, Luci y Adri, porque Madrid no hubiera sido lo mismo sin vosotros. A mes colocataires françaises, Angelique, Manue et Loulille pour votre patience avec mon fraçaise et pour faire a moi partie de votre famille. A mis compañeros faranduleros, por darme otra visión de la vida y enseñarme que la vida es puro teatro. A mis amigos, que no sabría por dónde empezar y que son pieza clave de mi vida. En especial, a los amigos del pueblo que siempre están ahí y a mis súper nenas. Así como a toda la gente buena que no he parado de toparme en mi vida, y que por falta de espacio no puedo dedicar más que unas líneas. A mi familia junto con las nuevas incorporaciones (sois tantos que no me puedo detener), que como una piña, siempre ha estado ahí apoyándome en los problemas, a mis agüelis, ellas sí que saben qué es el esfuerzo.
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