DOCSLIB.ORG

Racial Disparities in Maternal Mortality

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Racial Disparities in Maternal Mortality 42675-nyu_95-5 Sheet No. 3 Side A 11/05/2020 13:41:17 \\jciprod01\productn\N\NYU\95-5\NYU501.txt unknown Seq: 1 5-NOV-20 12:34 NEW YORK UNIVERSITY LAW REVIEW VOLUME 95 NOVEMBER 2020 NUMBER 5 ARTICLES RACIAL DISPARITIES IN MATERNAL MORTALITY KHIARA M. BRIDGES* Racial disparities in maternal mortality have recently become a popular topic, with a host of media outlets devoting time and space to covering the appalling state of black maternal health in the country. Congress responded to this increased societal awareness by passing the Preventing Maternal Deaths Act at the tail end of 2018. The law provides states twelve million dollars annually, for five years, to fund maternal mortality review commissions—interdisciplinary collections of experts that evaluate and investigate the causes of every maternal death in a jurisdiction. Fascinatingly, although activists, journalists, politicians, scholars, and other com- mentators understand that the maternal health tragedy in the United States is a racial tragedy, the Preventing Maternal Deaths Act completely ignores race. Indeed, the term “race” does not appear anywhere in the text of the statute. The irony is striking: An effort to address a phenomenon that has become salient because of its 42675-nyu_95-5 Sheet No. 3 Side A 11/05/2020 13:41:17 racial nature ignores race entirely. The racial irony embodied by the Preventing Maternal Deaths Act serves as an invitation to investigate not only the Act itself, but the national conversation that is currently taking place about racial disparities in maternal deaths. Indeed, in impor- tant respects, if the general discourse that surrounds racial disparities in maternal mortality is impoverished, then we should expect that the solutions that observers propose will be impoverished as well. This is precisely what this Article discovers. The analysis proceeds in four Parts. * Copyright 2020 by Khiara M. Bridges, Professor of Law, UC Berkeley School of Law. I am grateful to Yuvraj Joshi, Rosie Loring, and Russell Robinson for reading and critiquing earlier drafts. Thanks are also owed to participants at faculty workshops at Emory University School of Law, Florida State University College of Law, and the University of Arizona James E. Rogers College of Law, who engaged so generously with this piece. Thanks also to Simone Lieban Levine and Hayley MacMillen for truly excep- tional research assistance. And thank you to mijn perfecte echtgenoot, Gert Reynaert, for breaking the love scale. All errors remain my own. 1229 42675-nyu_95-5 Sheet No. 3 Side B 11/05/2020 13:41:17 \\jciprod01\productn\N\NYU\95-5\NYU501.txt unknown Seq: 2 5-NOV-20 12:34 1230 NEW YORK UNIVERSITY LAW REVIEW [Vol. 95:1229 Part I provides an overview of racial disparities in maternal mortality, identifying the various elements that have made pregnancy, childbirth, and the postpartum period much more dangerous for black women than their white counterparts in the United States. Part II then offers critiques of the national conversation around racial disparities in maternal mortality and warns of both the marginalizing effects it may have on black women and the possibility that it will lead to blaming black women for dying on the path to motherhood. Part III describes the Preventing Maternal Deaths Act in some detail. Part IV fol- lows with a critique of the Act, identifying three deficiencies. First, it notes the racial erasure contained in the Act—the fact that the Act nowhere mentions the racial dimensions of the nation’s maternal health debacle. It then observes the predica- ment created by the fact that erasing race likely was essential to the very passage of the Act. Second, it notes that because the Act does not direct the state maternal mortality review commissions to investigate the structural and institutional forces that produce excess maternal deaths in the United States, it leaves space for maternal mortality review commissions to simply blame the dead for dying. Third, it notes that the Act does no more than fund the gathering of more data about pregnancy-related deaths. However, it observes that there is a strong argument to be made that we do not need more data. We already know why women are dying, and we already know how to save them. In this way, the tragedy of maternal mortality in the United States is not a problem of information; it is a problem of political will. To the extent that Congress chose to intervene in the maternal health debacle not with policy changes, but rather with an attestation that we need more information, the Preventing Maternal Deaths Act demonstrates that we still lack the political will to make the concrete changes that will make pregnancy and childbirth safe. INTRODUCTION ................................................. 1231 R I. MATERNAL MORTALITY IN THE UNITED STATES ....... 1238 R A. Causes of Maternal Mortality ....................... 1243 R 1. Looking Narrowly .............................. 1243 R 2. Looking Broadly ............................... 1245 R 42675-nyu_95-5 Sheet No. 3 Side B 11/05/2020 13:41:17 B. Racial Disparities in Maternal Mortality ............. 1248 R 1. Explaining Racial Disparities in Maternal Mortality ........................................ 1252 R a. Biological Race—or a Problematic, if Popular, Explanation of Racial Disparities in Maternal Mortality ....................... 1253 R b. Less Problematic, and More Probable, Explanations of Racial Disparities in Maternal Mortality ......................... 1257 R i. Poverty and Access ..................... 1257 R ii. Stress and Weathering .................. 1260 R iii. Quality of Care ......................... 1262 R c. Individual Level ............................ 1262 R d. Systems Level .............................. 1265 R II. CRITIQUES OF THE GENERAL DISCOURSE AROUND MATERNAL MORTALITY IN THE UNITED STATES ....... 1267 R 42675-nyu_95-5 Sheet No. 4 Side A 11/05/2020 13:41:17 \\jciprod01\productn\N\NYU\95-5\NYU501.txt unknown Seq: 3 5-NOV-20 12:34 November 2020] RACIAL DISPARITIES IN MATERNAL MORTALITY 1231 A. A Critique of the Claim that Maternal Deaths Should Not Be Happening “Here” .......................... 1268 R B. A Critique of the Solutions Proposed to Eliminate Racial Disparities in Maternal Mortality ............. 1274 R C. A Critique of the Practice of Blaming Women for Dying ............................................... 1278 R III. THE PREVENTING MATERNAL DEATHS ACT ............ 1286 R IV. CRITIQUES OF THE PREVENTING MATERNAL DEATHS ACT ..................................................... 1293 R A. Racial Erasure ...................................... 1293 R 1. What Officer-Involved Homicides Can Teach Us About the Politics of Racial Erasure ............ 1299 R B. The Political Agnosticism of the Preventing Maternal Deaths Act and the Variable Political Commitments of State MMRCs .................................... 1308 R C. Data Fetishization ................................... 1312 R CONCLUSION ................................................... 1317 R INTRODUCTION Racial disparities in maternal mortality have become a popular topic, although the problem is not at all new. Black women1 in the United States have always died during pregnancy, childbirth, or shortly thereafter at higher rates than white women. Statistics com- piled in the early 1900s—when epidemiologists first began to docu- ment the frequency of pregnancy-related deaths—reveal that 42675-nyu_95-5 Sheet No. 4 Side A 11/05/2020 13:41:17 pregnancy and childbirth were much deadlier for black women than for their white counterparts.2 What was true at the dawn of the twen- tieth century remains true today.3 However, only recently have racial 1 While cisgender women are not the only people who can become pregnant, I use the term “woman” and “women” in this article to refer to those who can experience pregnancy. I do this solely because the data collected around maternal mortality employs the category of “woman” and “women.” 2 Population Council, CDC on Infant and Maternal Mortality in the United States: 1900- 99, 25 POPULATION & DEV. REV. 821, 824 (1999) (“The gap in maternal mortality between black and white women has increased since the early 1900s. During the first decades of the 20th century, black women were twice as likely to die of pregnancy-related complications as white women.”); see also Andreea A. Creanga, Maternal Mortality in the United States: A Review of Contemporary Data and Their Limitations, 61 CLINICAL OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY 296, 298 (2018) [hereinafter Creanga, Maternal Mortality] (discussing trends in maternal mortality in the United States and critiquing available data). 3 Population Council, supra note 2, at 824 (“Today, black women are more than three times as likely to die as white women.”). 42675-nyu_95-5 Sheet No. 4 Side B 11/05/2020 13:41:17 \\jciprod01\productn\N\NYU\95-5\NYU501.txt unknown Seq: 4 5-NOV-20 12:34 1232 NEW YORK UNIVERSITY LAW REVIEW [Vol. 95:1229 disparities in maternal mortality become the subject of national attention.4 Media outlets like The New York Times,5 USA Today,6 ProPublica,7 and NPR8 have all published stories in the last few years about racial disparities in maternal mortality—each endeavoring to put names and faces on the fact that three to four times as many black women as white women die annually from pregnancy-related causes.9 Further, two of the most famous black women in the United States—if not the world—came forward with stories of having narrowly avoided death during their pregnancies. Tennis phenomenon Serena Williams published an account of developing a pulmonary embolism after the birth of her daughter.10 She stated that her healthcare providers ignored her when she reported her symptoms. Had she not been ada- mant in advocating for herself, the blood clot that had formed in her lung might have killed her.11 Further, pop star and cultural icon 4 The question of why racial disparities in maternal mortality have only recently become the subject of national attention, although they have always existed, is a topic that I intend to explore in future research. 5 See Linda Villarosa, Why America’s Black Mothers and Babies Are in a Life-or- Death Crisis, N.Y.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Atlas of Global Conservation
    The Atlas of Global Conservation CHANges, CHalleNges, AND OPPORTUNITIES TO MAKE A DIffeRENce JONATHAN M. HOEKSTRA, JENNIFER L. MOLNAR, MICHAEL JENNINGS, CARMEN REVENGA, MARK D. SpALDING, TIMOTHY M. BOucHER, JAMES C. ROBERTSON, AND UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS BERKELEY LOS ANGELES LONDON THOMAS J. HEIBEL, WITH KATHERINE ELLISON THE NATURE CONSERVANCY EDITED BY JENNIfeR L. MOLNAR Contents To future generations, and the planet they will inherit, ACKNOWleDgmeNts x and in recognition of the generous support and vision of FOREWORD • A NEW VIEW OF OUR HOME xii Mark Tercek, The Nature Conservancy Bill Barclay and Ofelia Miramontes FOREWORD • CONSERVATION CONNECTIONS xiv Paul R. Ehrlich, Stanford University 1. INTRODUctION 1 WHY ECOREGIONS? 6 Citation: Hoekstra, J. M., J. L. Molnar, M. Jennings, C. Revenga, M. D. Spalding, T. M. Boucher, J. C. Robertson, Taylor Ricketts, World Wildlife Fund T. J. Heibel, with K. Ellison. 2010. The Atlas of Global Conservation: Changes, Challenges, and Opportunities to Make a Difference. Ed. J. L. Molnar. Berkeley: University of California Press. Terrestrial Ecoregions, Realms, and Biomes 8 Freshwater Ecoregions and Basins 10 University of California Press, one of the most distinguished university presses in the United States, enriches lives around the world by advancing scholarship in the humanities, social sciences, and natural sciences. Its activities are Marine Ecoregions, Provinces, and Realms 12 supported by the UC Press Foundation and by philanthropic contributions from individuals and institutions. For more information, visit www.ucpress.edu. THE STORIES THat MAPS Tell 14 Jon Christensen, Stanford University University of California Press Berkeley and Los Angeles, California 2. HabItats 19 University of California Press, Ltd.
    [Show full text]
  • New Web Presents a Tangle of Risks
    Supplemento al numero odierno de la Repubblica Sped. abb. postale art. 1 legge 46/04 del 27/02/2004 — Roma MONDAY, OCTOBER 18, 2010 Copyright © 2010 The New York Times Electronics In Junkyard Yield Gold Samy Kamkar has created For Japan a software device to show how By HIROKO TABUCHI thoroughly KOSAKA, Japan — Two decades af- ter global competition drove the mines computers here out of business, Kosaka is again could be abuzz with talk of new riches. infiltrated The treasures are not copper or coal. by the They are rare earth elements and oth- latest Web er minerals that are crucial to many technology. Japanese technologies and have so far come almost exclusively from China, the global leader in rare earth mining. Kosaka’s hopes for a mining come- back do not lie underground, but in what Japan refers to as urban min- ing — recycling the valuable metals and minerals from the country’s huge stockpiles of used electronics like cell- phones and computers. JOCK FISTICK FOR THE NEW YORK TIMES “We’ve literally discovered gold in cellphones,” said Tetsuzo Fuyushiba, a former land minister and now oppo- sition party member who recently sur- veyed Kosaka’s recycling plants. Recent problems with Chinese sup- New Web Presents a Tangle of Risks plies of rare earths have sent Japanese traders and companies in search of al- ternative sources, creating opportu- nities for Kosaka. In September, amid By TANZINA VEGA about computer users’ online activities. said James Cox, 27, a freelance consultant a diplomatic spat with Tokyo, China ORRIES OVER INTERNET pri- The new Web code, the fifth version of and software developer at Smokeclouds, a started to block exports of rare earths New York City start-up company.
    [Show full text]
  • The Rocky Horror Picture Show Movie Script Prepared and Edited By
    The Rocky Horror Picture Show Movie Script Prepared and Edited by: George Burgyan ([email protected]) July 5 1993 The Rocky Horror Picture Show Movie Script HTTP://COPIONI.CORRIERESPETTACOLO.IT Cast: Dr. Frank-n-Furter (a scientist) Tim Curry Janet Weiss (a heroine) Susan Sarandon Brad Majors (a hero) Barry Bostwick Riff Raff (a handyman) Richard O'Brien Magenta (a domestic) Patricia Quinn Columbia (a groupie) Little Nell (Laura Campbell) Dr. Everett V. Scott (a rival scientist) Jonathan Adams Rocky Horror (a creation) Peter Hinwood Eddie (ex-delivery boy) Meat Loaf The Criminologist (Narrator) (an expert) Charles Gray The Transylvanians: Perry Bedden Fran Fullenwider Christopher Biggins Lindsay Ingram Gayle Brown Penny Ledger Ishaq Bux Annabelle Leventon Stephen Calcutt Anthony Milner Hugh Cecil Pamela Obermeyer Imogen Claire Tony Then Rufus Collins Kimi Wong Sadie Corre Henry Woolf Props: Rice Bouquet Rings Newspaper (preferred: Plain Dealer) Water (squirt gun, or whatever) Matches (failing which, another source of light) Doughnut / Bagel Rubber Gloves Noisemaker Confetti (torn newspapers work well) Toilet Paper (preferred: Scott brand) Paper Airplanes Toast Party Hat Bell Cards Credits (other than actors) Original Musical Play and Lyrics by Richard O'Brien { "Dick number one!" } Screenplay Jim Sharman Richard O'Brien { "Dick number two!" } Musical Direction and Arrangements Richard Hartley { "Dick number three!" } Director of Photography Peter Suschitzley { "What did they do?" } Film and Music Editor Graeme Clifford{"They creamed Clifford!"}
    [Show full text]
  • Setting the Standard for Holistic Care of and for Black Women Lead Author Sunshine Muse
    Black Paper Black Mamas Matter Alliance April 2018 Setting the Standard for Holistic Care of and for Black Women Lead Author Sunshine Muse Contributors Elizabeth Dawes Gay, Angela Doyinsola Aina, Carmen Green, Joia Crear-Perry, Jessica Roach, Haguerenesh Tesfa, Kay Matthews, and Tanay L. Harris Acknowledgements Black Mamas Matter Alliance Care Working Group Members Aza Nedhari, Danica Davis, Haguerenesh Tesfa, Jamarah Amani, Jessica Roach, Joia Crear-Perry, Kay Matthews, Marsha Jones, Shafia M. Monroe, and Tanay Lynn Harris © Copyright Black Mamas Matter Alliance April 2018 “When race stops being the precursor to how people will be received into the health care and other systems, the outcomes will be different… If we would lean on the voices, experiences, traditions, leadership, and ingenuity of Black women to create solutions and strategies, we would begin to successfully address this issue.” – Marsha Jones The pervasive crisis of Black maternal mortality is making headlines. Nationally, Black women are three to four times more likely to die from pregnancy-related1 causes than white women.i Black infants are over two times more likely to die in their first year of life than white infants.ii This epidemic of Black mothers and infants having the highest risk for maternal and infant mortality has persisted for years.iii In fact, Black women’s risk of maternal mortality has remained higher than white women’s risk for the past six decades.iv In the United States overall, the rate of maternal mortality has increased for all women despite advances in medical technology and increased spending on health care.v Racial differences in maternal mortality are still occurring, even in states like California where there have been recent reductions in overall maternal mortality rates.vi 1 The U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Read the Full PDF
    The Science on Women and Science The Science on Women and Science Christina Hoff Sommers Editor The AEI Press Publisher for the American Enterprise Institute WASHINGTON, D.C. Distributed to the Trade by National Book Network, 15200 NBN Way, Blue Ridge Summit, PA 17214. To order call toll free 1-800-462-6420 or 1-717-794-3800. For all other inquiries please contact the AEI Press, 1150 Seventeenth Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20036 or call 1-800-862-5801. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The science on women and science / Christina Hoff Sommers, editor. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN-13: 978-0-8447-4281-6 ISBN-10: 0-8447-4281-3 1. Women in science. 2. Sex discrimination against women. 3. Sex differences in education. I. Sommers, Christina Hoff. Q130.S364 2009 2009022004 13 12 11 10 09 1 2 3 4 5 © 2009 by the American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, Washington, D.C. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without permission in writing from the American Enterprise Institute except in the case of brief quotations embodied in news articles, critical articles, or reviews. The views expressed in the publications of the American Enterprise Institute are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the staff, advisory panels, officers, or trustees of AEI. Printed in the United States of America Contents INTRODUCTION: THE SCIENCE ON WOMEN IN SCIENCE, Christina Hoff Sommers 1 Notes 5 References 6 1WHY SO FEW WOMEN IN MATH AND SCIENCE? Simon Baron-Cohen 7 Sex Differences in the General Population 11 Female Advantage in Empathy 15 Culture and Biology 18 Conclusions 18 Notes 20 References 21 2GENDER, MATH, AND SCIENCE, Elizabeth S.
    [Show full text]
  • Supportive Family Environments Ameliorate the Link Between Racial
    PSSXXX10.1177/0956797615626703Brody et al.Family Environment and Epigenetic Aging: A Replication 626703research-article2016 Research Article Psychological Science 2016, Vol. 27(4) 530 –541 Supportive Family Environments © The Author(s) 2016 Reprints and permissions: sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav Ameliorate the Link Between Racial DOI: 10.1177/0956797615626703 Discrimination and Epigenetic Aging: pss.sagepub.com A Replication Across Two Longitudinal Cohorts Gene H. Brody1, Gregory E. Miller2,3, Tianyi Yu1, Steven R. H. Beach4, and Edith Chen2,3 1Center for Family Research, University of Georgia; 2Department of Psychology, Northwestern University; 3Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University; and 4Owens Institute for Behavioral Research, University of Georgia Abstract This study tested the hypothesis that supportive family environments during adolescence buffer exposure to racial discrimination, reducing its impact on biological weathering and its manifestation in cellular aging. Perceived racial discrimination, support in the family environment, and confounder variables were assessed for 3 consecutive years across adolescence in two independent cohorts of African American youth from rural Georgia. DNA was extracted from peripheral blood mononuclear cells collected during young adulthood. Patterns of methylation were used to index the epigenetic ages of these cells and the extent to which they differed from participants’ chronological ages. Among youth in supportive family environments, exposure to higher levels of racial
    [Show full text]
  • REIMAGINING CRITICAL RACE THEORY in EDUCATION: MENTAL HEALTH, HEALING, and the PATHWAY to LIBERATORY PRAXIS Ebony O
    491 REIMAGINING CRITICAL RACE THEORY IN EDUCATION: MENTAL HEALTH, HEALING, AND THE PATHWAY TO LIBERATORY PRAXIS Ebony O. McGee Peabody College Vanderbilt University David Stovall Department of Educational Policy Studies University of Illinois at Chicago Abstract. Long-standing theoretical education frameworks and methodologies have failed to provide space for the role mental health can play in mediating educational consequences. To illustrate the need for such space, Ebony McGee and David Stovall highlight the voices of black undergraduates they have served in the capacities of teacher, researcher, and mentor. Building from the theoretical contributions of intellectual giants like Frantz Fanon and W. E. B. Du Bois, the authors attempt to connect oppressive social systems to the psyche of the oppressed in a way that is relevant to black students. McGee and Stovall pose a challenge to the current research trend of attributing the survival of black students at traditionally white institutions primarily to grit, perseverance, and mental toughness, noting that research on the aforementioned qualities often fails to properly acknowledge multiple forms of suffering. Utilizing the lens of Critical Race Theory (CRT), the authors also challenge the construct of grit to consider the extent to which the mental health concerns of black students go undetected. Although critical race theorists have unmasked and attacked the racial trauma experienced at all levels of the educational system, the connection of CRT to mental health and wellness research is in its embryonic stages. For these reasons, McGee and Stovall argue that CRT scholars need to incorporate praxis to address mental health and wellness in order to address a fuller spectrum of black students’ racialized worlds.
    [Show full text]
  • Embodied Injustices: COVID-19, Race, and Epigenetics
    PANDION: The Osprey Journal of Research & Ideas Volume 2 Number 1 Article 3 2021 Embodied Injustices: COVID-19, Race, and Epigenetics Maria Encinosa University of North Florida, [email protected] Faculty Mentor: Dr. Anne E. Pfister, Associate Professor of Anthropology Department of Sociology, Anthropology, and Social Work 2020-2021 Undergraduate Researcher of the Year Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unf.edu/pandion_unf Part of the Anthropology Commons, and the Medical Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Encinosa, Maria (2021) "Embodied Injustices: COVID-19, Race, and Epigenetics," PANDION: The Osprey Journal of Research and Ideas: Vol. 2 : No. 1 , Article 3. Available at: https://digitalcommons.unf.edu/pandion_unf/vol2/iss1/3 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Scholarship at UNF Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in PANDION: The Osprey Journal of Research & Ideas by an authorized administrator of UNF Digital Commons. For more information, please contact Digital Projects. © 2021 All Rights Reserved Embodied Injustices: COVID-19, Race, and Epigenetics Maria Encinosa 2020-2021 Undergraduate Researcher of the Year Faculty Mentor: Anne E. Pfister, Ph.D. Department of Sociology, Anthropology, and Social Work University of North Florida Abstract The co-occurrence of the COVID-19 pandemic with the long-lasting effects of systemic racism has been devastating, and results in vast inequities in infection and mortality rates within communities of color. In this article, I analyze the potential for epigenetic research to operationalize the social science theory of embodiment, which describes how the social and material worlds manifest in our physical bodies.
    [Show full text]
  • Giving Yourself Over to Absolute Pleasure
    Hugvísindasvið Giving Yourself Over to Absolute Pleasure - a study on the cult of The Rocky Horror Picture Show Ritgerð til B.A.-prófs Hildur Ásgeirsdóttir Maí 2010 Háskóli Íslands Hugvísindasvið Enska Giving Yourself Over to Absolute Pleasure - a study on the cult of The Rocky Horror Picture Show Ritgerð til B.A.-prófs Hildur Ásgeirsdóttir Kt.: 051287-2669 Leiðbeinandi: Úlfhildur Dagsdóttir Maí 2010 Summary: In this thesis I intend to discover what makes a movie acquire cult status and what that title means. I want to know if there is a certain standard a movie has to meet to become a cult movie and find out if the cult classic The Rocky Horror Picture Show meets that standard. This movie tells the story of two “ordinary” people who happen to knock on the door of Frank-N-Furter, an alien who wants to create the perfect man. This movie has become one of the best known cult movies of all time and can even be called “the ultimate cult movie.” It has one of the steadiest fan bases ever known and the fans have created their own mini-society based on the movie and a ritual has evolved around watching it at the cinema. By reviewing the behaviour of cult fans I will find out what sets them apart from “normal” fans and why they are often frowned upon by those outside of the cult society. I will look into the cult elements that can be found in this movie and find out if it is justifiable to call the movie one of the best known cult films today.
    [Show full text]
  • Rocky Horror Picture Show Soundtrack Download Free Rocky Horror Picture Show Soundtrack Download Free
    rocky horror picture show soundtrack download free Rocky horror picture show soundtrack download free. Completing the CAPTCHA proves you are a human and gives you temporary access to the web property. What can I do to prevent this in the future? If you are on a personal connection, like at home, you can run an anti-virus scan on your device to make sure it is not infected with malware. If you are at an office or shared network, you can ask the network administrator to run a scan across the network looking for misconfigured or infected devices. Another way to prevent getting this page in the future is to use Privacy Pass. You may need to download version 2.0 now from the Chrome Web Store. Cloudflare Ray ID: 66af2bdfda9ec424 • Your IP : 188.246.226.140 • Performance & security by Cloudflare. The Rocky Horror Picture Show Genre Analysis. The Rocky Horror Picture Show is a 1975 film that was adapted from a musical play of the same name. It is a cult phenomenon that has been preserved in the library of congress due to its overwhelming success. The Rocky Horror Picture Show is both a horror movie and a musical. It also uses elements of comedy and sci-fi but we’ll focus on the main aspects: horror and musical. The Rocky Horror Picture Show tells the story of an engaged couple, Brad and Janet, who stumble upon a castle belonging to the eccentric Dr. Frank N. Furter who will give them a night they’ll never forget. The Rocky Horror Picture Show is one of the best-known musicals of all time thanks to the success of the film.
    [Show full text]
  • Intraindividual Variability in Late-Life Functional Limitations, Our Study Sug- Gests Further Nuances to the Weathering Hypothesis
    Article Research on Aging 2017, Vol. 39(4) 549–572 Intraindividual Variability ª The Author(s) 2016 Reprints and permissions: sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav in Late-Life Functional DOI: 10.1177/0164027516655583 Limitations Among journals.sagepub.com/home/roa White, Black, and Hispanic Older Adults: Implications for the Weathering Hypothesis Jielu Lin1 and Jessica Kelley-Moore2 Abstract Consistent with the weathering hypothesis, many studies have captured racial/ethnic disparities in average functional health trajectories. The same mechanisms of social inequality that contribute to worse average health among minority adults may also contribute to greater fluctuations in their physical function at upper ages. Using panel data from the Health and Retirement Study, we examine patterns of intraindividual variability over time in trajectories of functional limitations for White, Black, and Hispanic older adults. Intraindividual variability increases with age for both Whites and Blacks and such increase is greater for Blacks. Hispanics have the greatest intraindividual variability but there is no age-based pattern. Socioeconomic status and comorbidity are associated with intraindividual variability for all race/ethnicity yet do not explain the age-based increase in intraindividual variability for Whites or Blacks. The findings suggest further nuances to the 1 National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA 2 Department of Sociology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA Corresponding Author: Jielu Lin, National Institutes
    [Show full text]
  • Considerations of Race and Ethnicity (PDF)
    ACE RESEARCH BRIEF: 11 Adverse Childhood Experiences in South Carolina: Considerations of Race and Ethnicity Aditi Srivastav, MPH1, 2, Melissa Strompolis, PhD1, Mary Ann Priester, MSW3, Charlie Bruner, PhD4, & Whitney Tucker, MPH1 use, incarceration, divorce, domestic violence). Table 1 outlines Children’s Trust of South Carolina has produced a series of the 11 survey items administered to South Carolina adults (18 or research briefs on adverse childhood experiences (ACEs). older). Two items assessed household substance use (alcohol, The research brief topics include the data collection process, drugs), and three items assessed sexual abuse (inappropriate an overview of ACEs, the prevalence of ACEs in various touch, involuntary sexual intercourse). Items in these categories populations, and the relationship between ACEs and health and social outcomes. were collapsed for analytic purposes and are consistent with previous ACE research (e.g., Anda et al., 2006; Felitti et al., 1998). Item responses only indicated whether a participant had In 2014, Children’s Trust partnered with the South Carolina experienced an ACE. Thus, ACE survey items do not capture Department of Health and Environmental Control (SC DHEC) intensity or frequency of ACE exposure, but do measure to collect data from South Carolina adults on exposure to cumulative exposure to ACEs. adverse childhood experiences (ACEs). This partnership developed because, as the state leader in prevention of child abuse and neglect, Children’s Trust values data-driven Table 1 decision-making to improve the environments of vulnerable ACE Types and Survey Items children and families. Currently, ACE data is being collected annually via the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System ACE TYPE SURVEY ITEM(S) (BRFSS; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2016a).
    [Show full text]