Developing a Listening, Empathy, Presence (LPE) Trait Scale
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Sigma's VIRTUAL 31st International Nursing Research Congress (Wednesday, 22 July - Friday, 24 July) Developing a Listening, Empathy, Presence (LPE) Trait Scale Ya Lie Ku, MSN College of Nursing, Fooyin University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan Chia-Chen Wu, PhD Nursing, Fooyin University, Kaohsicung, Taiwan Hui-Wen Tseng, MSN Nursing, Fooyin University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan Purpose: The main focus of nursing is human science and the characteristics of those in the nursing profession can only be valued through skills related to Listening, Empathy, and Presence (LEP). The literature has indicated the value of LEP skills in terms of caring behaviors, positive health care outcomes, and patient satisfaction. However, the scale of such skills has not been constructed, and evidence of their benefits has not been provided. Based on these factors, how professional nurses and nursing students can develop LEP skills to provide effective care for patients is a pertinent concern. An LEP scale should be developed before training programs are implemented. The purpose of this study was to develop an LEP trait scale. Methods: The author and two faculties developed the items of LEP scale based on their long-term care teaching and clinical care experiences. Three definitions and five items were provided for each LEP trait. The content validity of LEP trait scale has been evaluated by two stages. The first stage was the four nursing experts who worked in the academic and clinical settings evaluated based on a 5-item Likert scale, with 1 indicating most inappropriate and 5 indicating most appropriate. Additionally, one expert of nursing education has instructed our research team the process of majorly revising the LEP trait scale. There are fifteen items under the LEP trait scale which could best represent the characteristics of Listening, Empathy, and Present (LEP) traits. The second stage of evaluation was by three nursing and psychological experts evaluating by 1-4 Likert scale indicating from 1 most inappropriate, 2 suggesting to be revised, 3 appropriate, and 4 most appropriate with the content validity of LEP trait scale approaching at .87. Results: Three definitions and five items were developed for the LEP trait scale. Definition of listening is an essential component when learning communication skills and it requires purposeful and optimistic attitudes toward the behaviors of the speaker and making a conscious effort to search for meaning and understanding instead of accepting words at a literal level. Definition of empathy is the ability to gain an insight into others’ emotion and feelings and their potential meanings. Definition of presence is a feeling of mutual harmony regardless of verbal and nonverbal behaviors. Conclusion: A prototype of an LEP scale was initially developed and further studied to test its validity and reliability. Once the validity and reliability of this scale were confirmed, it could be applied to teach nurses and nursing students how to cultivate their LEP characteristics. In the long term, these skills might mitigate self-centered thinking and allow nurses and nursing students to turn their attention toward others, become better listeners, and better convey empathy and a sense of presence, ensuring that they have developed and can demonstrate LEP skills. Title: Developing a Listening, Empathy, Presence (LPE) Trait Scale Keywords: Empathy, Listening and Presence Abstract Summary: There are fifteen items under the prototype of a LEP trait scale which could best represent the characteristics of Listening, Empathy, and Present (LEP) traits. References: • Chen, Y. M., Wang, W. F., & Chang, C. C. (2002). Empathy: A concept analysis. Tzu Chi Nursing Journal, 1(4), 7-12. • Cheng, J. F., Lai, Y. M., Livneh, H., & Tsai, T. Y. (2011). Establishing reliability and validity of the Chinese version of the Jefferson scale of empathy (healthcare providers version). Journal of Nursing, 58(2), 41-42. • Shipley, S. D. (2010). Listening: a concept analysis. Nursing Forum, 45(2), 125-134. • Cunico, L., Sartori, R., Marognolli, O., & Meneghini, A. M. (2012). Developing empathy in nursing students: a cohort longitudinal study. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 21, 2016- 2025. • Hsieh, M. H., & Wang, H. H. (2011). The concept and implications on presence of intersubjective nurse-patient relationship. Tzu Chi Nursing Journal, 10(4), 58-63. First Primary Presenting Author Primary Presenting Author Ya Lie Ku, MSN Fooyin University College of Nursing Associate Professor Ta-Liao District Kaohsiung City Taiwan Author Summary: Ya-Lie Ku has involved into spiritual teaching and research for more than 10 years, including publishing one Chinese version-spiritual nursing book as well as the articles from 2010 to 2019. Second Author Chia-Chen Wu, PhD Fooyin University Nursing Assistant Professor Daliao District Kaohsicung Taiwan Author Summary: 1.Wu, C. C., Lin, C. C., Hsieh, H. F., & Chang, S. C. (2015, in press). Lived experiences and illness representation of Taiwanese patients with late- stage chronic kidney disease. Journal of Health Psychology. (accepted) (SSCI) 2. Lin, C.C., Wu, C.C., Wu, L.M., Chen, H.M. & Chang, S.C. (2013). Psychometric evaluation of a new instrument to measure disease self-management of the early stage chronic kidney disease patients. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 22(7-8), 1073–1079.(SSCI) Third Author Hui-Wen Tseng, MSN Fooyin University Nursing Senior Lecturer Daliao District Kaohsiung Taiwan Author Summary: 1. She is a Psychiatric Nurse in the Psychiatric Unit of Kaohsiung 2. She is a Psychiatric Nursing Teacher in the Department of Nursing, Fooyin University 3. She is currently a PhD student in the Department of Nursing, Kaoshiung Medical University 4. Tseng, H. W. et al. (2015). The Effectiveness of Rational-Emotive Group on Irrational Belief and Depression of Students in a Nursing College-A Preliminary Study. The Journal of Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing, 9(2), 12-19. .