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SLE Publication Series – S253 SLE Publication Series – S253 SLE – Postgraduate Studies on International Cooperation Study commissioned by Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH Achieving Food Security in a Post Conflict Context Recommendations for a Farmer Field School Approach in the Greenbelt of South Sudan Ilse Hoffmann (Team Leader), Lloyd Blum, Lena Kern, Enno Mewes, Richard Oelmann Berlin, December 2012 SLE Publication Series S 253 Editor Humboldt Universität zu Berlin Seminar für Ländliche Entwicklung (SLE) Hessische Straße 1-2 10115 Berlin Tel.: 0049-30-2093 6900 FAX: 0049-30-2093 6904 [email protected] www.sle-berlin.de Editorial Dr. Karin Fiege, SLE Print Zerbe Druck & Werbung Planckstr. 11 16537 Grünheide Distribution SLE Hessische Str. 1-2 10115 Berlin 1. Edition 2012 1-200 Copyright 2012 by SLE ISSN 1433-4585 ISBN 3-936602-57-3 Cover photos Woman farmer of Alotto FFS showing exemples of the benefit of the FFS (Ilse Hoffmann) Foreword I Foreword For 50 years, the Centre for Rural Development (SLE – Seminar für Ländliche Entwicklung), Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, trains young professionals for the field of German and international development cooperation. Three-month practical projects conducted on behalf of German and international or- ganisations in development cooperation form an integral part of the one-year post- graduate course. In interdisciplinary teams and under the guidance of an experi- enced team leader, young professionals carry out assignments on innovative future- oriented topics, providing consultant support to the commissioning organisations. In- volving a diverse range of actors in the process is of great importance here, i.e. sur- veys from household level to decision makers and experts at national level. The out- puts of this “applied research” directly contribute to solving specific development problems. The studies are mostly linked to rural development (incl. management of natural re- sources, climate change, food security or agriculture), the cooperation with fragile or least developed countries (incl. disaster prevention, peace building, and relief) or the development of methods (evaluation, impact analysis, participatory planning, process consulting and support). Since 1972, SLE has carried out 147 projects with the current focus and regularly publishes the results in this series. In 2012, SLE teams have completed studies in Congo and South Sudan, in Liberia and Moldova. The present study was commissioned by Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH. Prof. Frank Ellmer Dr. Susanne Neubert Dean Director Faculty of Agriculture and Horticulture / Centre for Rural Development / LGF der HU SLE II Acknowledgements III Acknowledgements Many individuals and institutions contributed to the design and implementation of this study. The team expresses its deep gratitude to all persons and institutions whose cooperation and support made it possible to undertake this study. First and foremost we would like to express our gratitude to team leader Dr. Alexan- der Solyga and agricultural advisor Heinrich Rogg of the GIZ DETA Eastern and Central Equatoria States for commissioning this study. We are very grateful for their support with logistics and organisation but above all for their most valuable expertise. In particular, the study team would like to thank all GIZ DETA staff in Morobo, Magwi, Yambio and Yei for their exceptional support. We are grateful for the time they spent answering our innumerable questions. Our special thanks go to everyone who helped us to resolve logistical and organisational requests even in the most difficult circum- stances. Our appreciation is extended to the numerous resource staff who shared their exper- tise and knowledge with us in countless hours of interviews, namely local govern- ment representatives, AAO staff, representatives of other organisations, members of local cooperatives, and other experts. Furthermore we greatly appreciate the cooper- ation of our translators – their work proved to be very beneficial and effective. Most importantly, we would like to express our gratitude to all the farmers we met and who kindly allowed us to interview them. They always welcomed us, patiently answered our questions and showed us their farms. We sincerely hope that our work will be of benefit to them. Last but not least, we are hugely thankful to Anja Kühn at SLE. Without her technical and moral support this study would not have been possible. We dedicate this study to the farmers in the Greenbelt of South Sudan hoping that our research might contribute to an improvement in their livelihood. IV Summary V Summary Context The Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) started running Develop- ment-Oriented Emergency and Transitional Aid (DETA) projects in South Sudan in 2008. Today GIZ DETA is active across the three states of Greater Equatoria where it supports host communities, returnees, and internally displaced people (IDPs) to reconstruct their lives. After nearly five decades of warfare, the new Government of South Sudan (GOSS) faces immense challenges, which include the repatriation of citizens from exile, the diversification of its oil-dependent economy, as well as secur- ing peace within the country’s borders. One year after independence, South Sudan is ranked fourth on the list of the world's failed states. Further state building measures are necessary. Accordingly GIZ DETA has 4 project components: institution building, agricultural development, infrastructure rehabilitation, and peace building. In terms of agricultural support, the project has so far offered food-based emergency relief and recovery aid. With repatriation activities nearing completion in the project area, GIZ DETA is now shifting the focus to linking relief with rehabilitation and longer-term de- velopment (LRRD). As over half of all South Sudanese live in absolute poverty, and 80% of the population earns a living from small-scale farming, agriculture is a strate- gic sector for the GOSS. The agricultural sector needs to receive adequate invest- ments to become competitive with neighbouring countries, especially with Uganda (World Bank 2012). If agriculture is not revived, it will be impossible to lift the majority of the South Sudanese out of poverty and food insecurity (GOSS/World Bank 2007). GIZ DETA has been running a pilot phase of Farmer Field Schools (FFS) in the Cen- tral Equatoria State since April 2012. The goal of these FFS is to increase farmers’ productivity and market-oriented production capacities. Promoted agronomic tech- niques are based on Low External Input and Sustainable Agriculture (LEISA). LEISA was strategically chosen to increase the stability and resilience of local food supplies. Resulting increases in agricultural output are expected to increase local food availa- bility. The market orientation of farmers is to generate income, which will contribute to household food security. Study Approach The study assesses GIZ DETA’s pilot phase of Farmer Field Schools (FFS) for po- tential improvements. It also examines the possibilities of scaling up GIZ DETA’s FFS approach to the Eastern and Western Equatoria States. For this purpose, data was collected at three locations, in Morobo County (Central Equatoria), in Magwi County (Eastern Equatoria) as well as in Yambio and Nzara County (Western Equatoria). Respective information was collected in three months of field research, using a quali- VI Summary tative research approach. Data collection methods included focus group discussions, semi-structured expert interviews, as well as feedback loops through participatory expert workshops. The most important findings are highlighted below. Key Messages Concerning the current situation in the Greenbelt 1. Incidence of hunger and malnutrition is less severe in the three states of Greater Equatoria than in other states of South Sudan (WFP 2012). During the hunger season, which extends from May until July, farming households in Eastern, Central, and Western Equatoria have at least one meal per day. 2. The Greenbelt of South Sudan has a huge but largely unrealised agricul- tural potential. The Greenbelt has traditionally been the surplus-producing agri- cultural region and has potential to become the ‘bread-basket’ of South Sudan. Two rainy seasons per year and virgin clay soils render this area highly produc- tive for agriculture (GOSS 2010). Theoretically the Greenbelt is capable of feed- ing the entire population of South Sudan (USAID 2009, FAO 2012). Yet, cultiva- tion mainly consists of traditional rain-fed subsistence agriculture. Cultivation is still characterised by low productivity and rudimentary cropping techniques. Av- erage cereal yields are below 800kg/ha (GOSS 2011). 3. Agricultural productivity of farmers in the Greenbelt is limited by low in- tensification. Access to land is not yet a limiting factor. Small-scale farming households in the Greenbelt cultivate a maximum of 0.4 to 2.4 ha. Cultivation by hand hoe, an inaccessibility of tools, a low level of mechanisation, limited agro- nomic knowledge, and high labour costs currently limit farmers to cultivate an average area of no more than 0.8 ha. This is in spite of possibilities to access further land through communal land tenure agreements. Human population den- sities are still low in the Greenbelt, ranging from around 10 to 79 people per km2 (UN-OCHA 2009, FAO 2012). 4. There are no financial services or related institutions providing credits (fi- nancial capital) to small-scale
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