Kenya's Pastoralists Speak to the African Union Initiative for a Pastoral Policy Framework for Africa

Kenya’s Pastoralists Speak to the African Union Initiative for a Pastoral Policy Framework for Africa

Summary Report and Recommendations from the Kenya National Consultative Workshop on the African Union Pastoral Policy Framework for Africa 17 April 2008, Nairobi, Kenya

Summary Report and Recommendations from the Kenya National Consultative Workshop on the African Union Pastoral Policy Framework for Africa, 17 April 2008 * OCHA

TABLE OF CONTENTS

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY...... 1

OUTCOMES OF THE KENYAN PASTORALISTS CONSULTATIVE WORKSHOP...... 2

INTRODUCTION...... 3

NATIONAL CONSULTATION BACKGROUND...... 3

OVERALL GOAL AND OBJECTIVES ...... 5

OVERVIEW OF THE AU PASTORAL POLICY FRAMEWORK INITIATIVE ...... 6

OVERVIEW OF THE AU PASTORAL POLICY FRAMEWORK INITIATIVE: ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES ...... 7

PASTORALISM IN KENYA...... 8

MAJOR CHALLENGES FACING PASTORALISM IN KENYA...... 9

DEVELOPING PASTORAL POLICIES IN KENYA...... 11

OPPORTUNITIES IN THE AU PASTORAL POLICY FRAMEWORK INITIATIVE FOR KENYA ...... 14

RECOMMENDATIONS...... 15

ANNEX: LIST OF PARTICIPANTS...... 16

Summary Report and Recommendations from the Kenya National Consultative Workshop on the African Union Pastoral Policy Framework for Africa, 17 April 2008 * OCHA 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Pastoralist from Turkana of Northern Kenya Merlin “A framework that promotes a transparent, participatory and citizen-based approach to policy formulation and implementation would promote development in pastoral communities. A new approach to pastoral governance is urgently needed.” (African Union Pastoral Policy Framework for Africa Proposal)

In July 2007 the African Union committed to a Pastoralism in Africa programme with the goal of formulating a Pastoral Policy Framework for Africa by 2009. The AU focus on a policy framework arises from the need for a tool to effectively address, in a more holistic manner, the many challenges confronting pastoral communities. The policy framework on pastoralism is expected to define the guidelines, principles and the modalities for bringing together all the essential elements needed for better understanding of pastoral issues and for the development and implementation of interventions to address these issues. The humanitarian community has welcomed the AU initiative for its potential to facilitate collaboration amongst the relevant stakeholders in halting the cycle of increasing vulnerability by protecting livelihoods. The AU initiative is already being received by national pastoralist organizations as a resource for advocating for policies that will support the viability of pastoralism in Af- rica as the long term strategy for reducing the vulnerability of pastoralism to drought and other livelihood stresses. While facilitating engagement with regional and country-level planning processes, the AU pastoral policy proposal will play a catalytic role in promoting development in pastoral communities by providing a tool for bringing together the political, economic and technical resources needed to empower pastoral communities to better manage their resources for their own benefit. In particular, a pastoral policy framework driven by the following key issues will add value to the present situation of African pastoralists. In support of the AU’s commitment to empowering Africa’s pastoralists through the pastoral framework formulation, the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) in collaboration with United Nations Funds for Children (UNICEF); hosted pastoralists from across Kenya to a national consultation in Nairobi on the AU process with the goal to: Inform and update pastoralists on the AU’s plans and processes for formulating policy framework on pastoralism for Africa; Explore and identify the most effective tools and processes for informing and consulting with pastoralists; Begin prioritizing national pastoralist issues in Kenya to be addressed in a Pastoral Policy Framework for Africa; and The April 17 consultative workshop was attended by 200 representatives of pastoralist communities and organizations, UN agencies, donors and civil society groups across Kenya and is the first national forum aimed at informing pastoralists on the AU initiative. This document, a report on the proceedings, outcomes and recommendations from the consultation, will be fed into the regional processes. As will, those from regional consultations organized across the continent by the AU through the regional economic communities. As the first national consultation, the Kenya process will be used to promote and stimulate other national events in other settings. Summary Report and Recommendations from the Kenya National Consultative Workshop on the African Union Pastoral Policy Framework for Africa, 17 April 2008 * OCHA 2

OUTCOMES OF THE KENYAN PASTORALISTS CONSULTATIVE WORKSHOP

Outcomes, main findings and points Challenges in Kenya’s discussion pro-pastoralist policy development The national consultative workshop on the Policy Frame- Weak or lack of adequate involvement of a diverse work for Africa range of actors to enhance input and generate sense of Informed and updated pastoralists on the AU’s plans ownership and learning; and processes for an all-inclusive consultations with Weak political leadership to lobby for a pro-pastoralist pastoralists across Africa; policy environment; Identified the best processes and tools that pastoralists Lack of in-built processes and tools for monitoring and see as the most effective in these consultations learning; Clearly outlined the stakeholders roles, responsibilities Weak capacity of actors to engage in policy processes; and recommendations for the AU pastoral policy initiative. Lack of appreciation of what is at stake; Identified national pastoralist issues in Kenya and re- Lack of an adequate in-built advocacy component in the gional challenges that should be addressed by the AU policy process to enable ownership and requisite follow Pastoral Policy Framework for Africa; and ups; Highlighted UN agencies’ work and contribution to the Lack of recognition of the political aspect of the policy development of the pastoral policy framework. making process (e.g. the role of active lobbying); The event was attended by approximately 200 representa- Weak understanding by policy makers and other stake- tives from pastoralist organizations across Kenya, UN holders of the pastoralist way of life; and agencies working in pastoral communities, Governments Weak coordination structures and mechanisms which and NGOs. allow engagement, including information dissemination.

Critical issues affecting pastoralism in Opportunities in the AU Pastoral Policy Kenya Framework Governance and Policy Kenyan pastoralists can benefit from experiences of Conflict and insecurity; pastoralists from the rest of Africa and be part of a critical mass capable of influencing policies; Livestock marketing; Kenyan pastoralists can have access to greater techni- Land rights (the encroachment on rangelands by arable agriculture); cal, institutional and resource capacities beneficial to pastoralists; Inadequate provision of social services; Kenyan pastoralists can begin to push their agenda at Inadequate provision of transport and communications the national level; and infrastructure; Kenyan pastoralists can have an important and legiti- Inadequate provision of water points and animal health mate governmental platform for articulating their chal- services; lenges and seek solutions. Drought and dependence on food aid; and Lack of the political will to implement and adopt pastoral policies in Kenya.

Cross-section of Pastoralist at the April 17th National Consultative Meeting

Summary Report and Recommendations from the Kenya National Consultative Workshop on the African Union Pastoral Policy Framework for Africa, 17 April 2008 * OCHA 3 INTRODUCTION Welcome note by the Chair of the consultative workshop: Hon. Ali Wario, Pastoralist ; Chair of the AU Specialist Task Force for A Pastoral Policy Framework for Africa and former Assistant Minister for Special Programmes, Kenya: “The challenges facing pastoralists in Kenya and Africa are enormous. Even more challenging is the failure to appreciate pastoralism as a viable livelihood that is supported by millions of Africans. “We are gathered here today to have an input on an initiative by the AU. The AU proposal to formulate a Pastoralist Policy Framework for Africa signals the beginning of the official recognition of pastoralism as a viable livelihood. This presents an opportunity for pastoralists to be heard and I am glad that many of us pastoralists have responded, and joined this consultative workshop. We have come from across Kenya: from Turkana, West Pokot, Marakwet, Baringo, Samburu, Marsabit, Isiolo, Moyale, Wajir, Mandera, Garissa, Ijara, Tana River, Narok, Ka- jiado, Trans-Mara and Laikipia. With this significant attendance and response here today no one can say that Pastoralists are not willing to engage with Governments.

“We are willing and waiting for engagements and dialogues that Hon Ali Wario ,Chairman of the AU Specialist Task Force will support and affirm pastoralism in this country and continent. I will like to thank OCHA for recognizing that pastoralists have a OCHA, 2008 voice and have valuable knowledge and contribution that will support not just pastoralism but the economic and social well-being of the region. “But we must speak up. As pastoralists, we must continue to take advantage of opportunities to speak up for the value of pastoralism. So please do not hesitate to make the issues affecting pastoralism in Kenya known today. “The findings from this consultation will be fed into the results of the AU pastoralist policy development. We want to be sure that policies will not continue to be developed for pastoralists at the detriment of pastoralism, but pastoralists in equal engagement with other relevant stakeholders will develop the right policies that will sustain and advance pastoral livelihoods. “I thank you all for coming and welcome.”

National Consultation BACKGROUND

“The policy framework must be all-inclusive and based on grass-roots initiatives in order to achieve its goals not only of a policy paper, but of actual implementation at national and local level. The pastoralist role in this process should not be minimized. Pastoralist participants will be the most important resource throughout the policy process, and their voices are an integral part of the success of the framework” (AU Pastoral Policy for Africa proposal) The African Union is embarking on a Pastoral Initiative Programme to promote development in pastoral communities across Africa in partnership with pastoralists, their organizations and other stakeholders. The main output of the program will be a Policy Framework on Pastoralism for Africa that articulates clearly the unique needs of pastoral communities and their institutions and how the efforts of key stakeholders can be harnessed and interventions tailored to address them in a sustainable manner. The key element of developing the Pastoral Policy Framework for Africa is to ensure that a robust consultative process with pastoralists across Africa takes place through out the development of the policy framework. OCHA has committed to supporting the AU in fulfill- ing this commitment and is currently accom- panying the policy consultation process by bringing in the voices of pastoralists into every stage of the policy framework development. Support from OCHA also includes facilitating information flow between key stakeholders in L to R :Michael Odhiambo ,Director of Resource Conflict Institute and Besida Tonwe, Head the policy formulation process: including pas- of OCHA ROCEA at the Kenya pastoralist gathering in Nairobi toralists, African Union (AU), Regional Eco- OCHA, April17 2008 nomic Communities (RECs: COMESA, ECOWAS, UMA, SADC and ECAS), interna-

Summary Report and Recommendations from the Kenya National Consultative Workshop on the African Union Pastoral Policy Framework for Africa, 17 April 2008 * OCHA 4 tional agencies and the media. This information will allow UNICEF supported the pastoralists in particular to take an active part in the con- Kenya pastoralist gath- sultations, articulating their issues and holding the process ering as a channel and to account. an opportunity for giving OCHA’s support for the national consultation is in recogni- visibility to the often ne- tion of the increasing vulnerability of pastoralists to reoc- glected issue of pastor- curring humanitarian crises. The erosion of pastoral liveli- alist children. As UNI- hood is increasing pastoralists’ vulnerability to crises re- CEF noted in the launch sulting from drought, flooding and conflict in the Horn of of its documentary The Africa. The Regional Preparedness and Response Frame- Pastoralist Child in Octo- work for 2008 identified pastoralism as one of the key is- ber last year—also sues and areas for humanitarian advocacy in this region. shown at this event— The report to the Regional Humanitarian Partnership team pastoralist children in estimated 15 million pastoralist and agro-pastoralist pri- the Horn of Africa face marily in Somalia, Ethiopia, Kenya, Eritrea and Djibouti some of the greatest have been affected by drought since 2005.The increased challenges and are frequency of drought and extreme climatic events has con- among the most vulner- tributed to a rapid escalation in the growing levels of vul- able in the world. An Fatima, 9, and her baby brother. nerability within pastoral populations. Shorter recovery pe- estimated four million Pastoralist children pastoralist children— riods have limited opportunities to replenish assets and © UNICEF Ethiopia/2003/Harboe have placed significant additional stress on coping mecha- according to UNICEF— nisms. live in water-scarce arid and semi-arid areas, characterized by poor road and com- In recognition of these challenges, the key focuses of the munication infrastructure, few investments, limited educa- AU Pastoral Policy Framework for Africa will involve: defin- tional opportunities and lack of basic services. ing the practical approaches for improving the ability of pastoral societies to manage extreme environmental It is hoped that the framework will promote coordinated variability and reducing the vulnerability of pastoral people action and synergy in addressing critical issues facing to climatic shock pastoral communities. These issues include bringing about and conflict. These tangible actions that will lead to sustainable points are essential economic development of pastoral communities. to the sustainability of pastoralism in Africa. The OCHA country Pastoralism is defined as a way of life where more than half of the household income is gener- office in Kenya par- ated from livestock. There is extensive research ticipated in conven- to support the view that pastoralism is the life- ing the first national style most adapted to the harsh environments of forum to ensure the arid and semi-arid lands. that national issues are credibly repre- Pastoralists have developed sophisticated sys- sented in the re- tems to optimize the use of land and to deal with gional processes the effects of cyclical droughts by moving and exchanging animals and by selling them into which will com- extensive market networks. However, this way of mence in Septem- life has become increasingly fragile and struc- ber 2008. Jeanine tural vulnerabilities are challenging traditional Cooper, Head of coping strategies. Border closures and insecurity, Office for OCHA Jeanine Cooper, Head of OCHA Kenya OCHA, 2008 limited access to basic social services including Kenya, expands ‘The essential healthcare and education, a lack of UN recognizes pas- representation in political processes, and poor toralism as a viable trade infrastructure are among the factors that form of livelihood and the UN in Kenya has placed pastor- have restricted production. alism as one of its key areas for 2008-09. Therefore, it’s a Pastoralism remains a poorly understood lifestyle priority focus for development assistance from the organi- and pastoral populations are often marginalized sation.’ She further notes that the first national pastoralist from national policymaking and economic devel- forum is logically being organized by Kenya as ‘Kenyan opment. In some cases expertise is lacking both pastoralists have a lot to share with other pastoralists from amongst governments and international develop- the rest of Africa.’ ment/relief actors to rectify the situation. Im- OCHA will continue to accompany the AU process through proved communications—amongst pastoralist, the life of the policy formulation by ensuring that pastoral- government policy makers and the aid commu- ists are updated on each step of the process including the nity—is needed to improve understanding and to find appropriate solutions for pastoralist popula- opportunities for their participation. The regional office for tions. OCHA will be supporting national initiatives and consultations on the AU policy initiative. The expectation is that this workshop will stimulate national information and consultative workshops on the policy initiative in other settings.

Summary Report and Recommendations from the Kenya National Consultative Workshop on the African Union Pastoral Policy Framework for Africa, 17 April 2008 * OCHA 5 OVERALL GOAL AND OBJECTIVES

The pastoralist policy framework aims to secure and pro- tionships with the outside world; tect the lives, livelihoods and rights of pastoralist people and forms the basis for continental commitment to the po- • Provide a tool to guide and tailor actions towards issues litical, social, and economic development of pastoral com- considered critical in pastoral communities such as: munities. It is also aimed at reinforcing the contribution of Promoting equitable access to resources (land, livestock to the national, regional and continental econo- water, capital, technology); mies. Promote equitable access to services, especially Provide a vision and a practical framework for achieving education, human and animal health, communica- multiple development objectives in pastoral areas; catalys- tions and finance; ing political will and raising awareness among key stakeholders; devising effective governance frameworks and Increasing the value of livestock and preserving enhancing and synergizing the effectiveness of national pastoral eco-systems; policies Promoting market access for pastoral products; • Marshalling the collective efforts of key stakeholders to Enhancing and facilitating greater participation of define the principles, guidelines, strategies and practical pastoral people in decision-making and policy approaches for identifying the needs of pastoral commu- debates; nities; empowering them to participate effectively in the Harnessing the collective power of pastoral peo- identification of, and decisions about, new policies and ple and their organizations; and innovations envisaged in the AU policy development process; determining the policies and investments that Giving pastoral communities the opportunities to affect their livelihoods; integrating them in the main- define their own priority needs. stream market economy and national political process; Main issues for focus (Use for Over- • Define the modalities for attracting sustained and well view of the AU process) managed public and private sector investments including that of development partners in pastoral areas such KEY ISSUES FOR POLICY FORMULATION as physical infrastructure, livestock production and mar- 1. Governance and Policy keting, water resource development, education and human capital development, health, etc. 2. Poverty, risk and vulnerability 3. Access to Land and natural resources • Envision a development strategy for pastoral communi- 4. Basic services (education, health, veterinary services), ties that ensures that the needs of pastoral people are Science and Technology reflected in national policy and planning frameworks; 5. Gender-Balanced Development • Mobilise lessons learned from each country into a read- 6. Environmental impact, biological, and genetic aspects ily-available guide to best practice; where appropriate, 7. Livestock development, Markets and Financial services incorporate lessons from other continents in North and South; 8. Conflicts and conflict resolution 9. Cross-border Nature of Pastoralism • Provide a coherent basis for inter-state and continent- 10.Interdependence of Pastoral and Non-Pastoral Activi- wide agreements to promote pastoral development; ties • Define the practical approaches for improving the ability of pastoral societies to manage extreme environmental variability, reducing the vulnerability of pastoral people to climatic shock, and to conflict; • Provide a link between public policy and the socio- economic needs of pastoral communities by enabling governments, pastoralists and other stakeholders to jointly realize sustainable development in pastoral areas; • Leverage policy change and sustained investment to strengthen the economic viability of pastoral activities; • Facilitate the policy coordination and harmonization process; • Ensure the incorporation of new approaches to alleviat- ing, managing and reducing chronic food insecurity, break the cycle of dependence on food relief and stimulate economic growth by increasing the participation of Prof. Patricia Kameri-Mbote of the University of Nairobi Faculty of Law pastoralists in market economies; and , the Facilitator for the Kenya National Consultative Workshop OCHA ,2008 • Promote the adaptation and diffusion of new technolo- gies appropriate for pastoral situations, and their rela-

Summary Report and Recommendations from the Kenya National Consultative Workshop on the African Union Pastoral Policy Framework for Africa, 17 April 2008 * OCHA 6 Overview of the AU Pastoral Policy Framework INITIATIVE The AU through its Department of Rural Economy and Agriculture (DREA), is embarking on a Pastoral Initiative Pro- gramme with the aim of promoting development in African pastoral communities. The main output of the programme will be a policy framework on pastoralism in Africa that articulates clearly the unique needs of pastoral communities and their institutions, including identifying how the efforts of key stakeholders can be harnessed and interventions tailored to address them in a sustainable manner. The policy framework will provide pastoral people with: an open space for the definition and management of their own development activities; the appropriate interventions to address the natural, physical and anthropogenic problems; and economic opportunities for pastoral peoples. Processes Involved The processes involved in the development of the policy framework are the following:

An inception/planning workshop that brings The Summit of Heads of State and Government will re- together key stakeholders, institutions, experts, view the Ministers’ Report and Recommendations on the representatives of pastoral associations, and Pastoral Policy Framework for African and subject it to policy makers dealing with pastoral issues in all the main policy making organs of the AU. The main out- the five sub-regions of Africa. The workshop come will be a Draft Declaration for consideration, re- participants, should work to identify key pastoral view and adoption by the Assembly of African Heads of issues to be addressed, seek consensus State and Government. The Declaration will contain among all stakeholders and institutions on Resolutions and Decisions on its implementation and these issues, define the processes involved in follow-up developing the framework and agree on the outputs to be achieved. This was held in Isiolo Kenya from 9 – 11 July 2007.

Meeting of African Ministers Responsible for Pastoral Issues to examine the Experts’ Report on the Pastoral Policy Framework and the recommendations on its implementation. They will make recommendations on the framework.

Preparation of an Issues Paper that documents the key pastoral issues on the continent, outlines the elements and thematic issues, defines the set of principles and values within which equitable and African experts meeting of key policymakers in African efficient national and regional pastoral policies and Ministries responsible for pastoral issues to refine the policy reforms could be framed, and builds the case draft framework and submit this and an Expert Report statement that would characterize the pastoral pol- to Ministers Responsible for Pastoral Issues. icy framework. This will constitute a skeleton framework that will be enriched as the process evolves.

Development of a Draft Pastoral Policy Framework Document using the Issues Paper, regional background papers and the skeleton framework as key inputs. This will be done by the Specialist Task Force.

Regional assessments/analysis to document the Regional consultative workshops to discuss the elements regional specificities of the issues identified in the and thematic issues raised in the regional background Issues Paper. These will constitute regional back- papers and give insightful opinions and reaction to move ground papers that will feed into the overall conti- the process forward in a participatory and inclusive man- nental pastoral policy framework. ner.

Summary Report and Recommendations from the Kenya National Consultative Workshop on the African Union Pastoral Policy Framework for Africa, 17 April 2008 * OCHA 7 OVERVIEW OF THE AU PASTORAL POLICY FRAMEWORK FOR AFRICA

Governments: Given the importance of the process to a country’s social and economic develop- Pastoralists: Pastoralists are expected to play a cen- ment, national governments, including parlia- tral role in every part of the policy framework process. ments and executive bodies will be requested to They will need to overcome organizational obstacles devote all necessary human, financial and mate- to engage with the consultations and review proc- rial resources to the process. Governments esses, facilitated as far as possible by their govern- should collaborate with pastoralist organizations ments and supporters. They will communicate and and other interested stakeholders to move the collaborate with other like-minded organizations to process forward, including advocating for the strengthen their presence in regional and national continued inclusion of their pastoralist represen- decision-making bodies. It is only through these func- tatives in all higher-level consultative processes. tional structures that pastoralists will be assured an active role in the Specialist Task Force and consultative processes. Those countries with existing favorable pastoralist policies must act as a strong example to other nations. Using the guidelines developed by the Pastoralist leaders will take responsibility for the ac- Specialist Task Force, countries will implement curate and effective dissemination of information national consultation processes bringing country- about the framework process to their own communi- specific issues to the regional level. ties, associations and other bodies. They will exert themselves to ensure that the pastoralist viewpoint is considered at each stage in the process.

African Union: The AU, through its tech- Regional Economic Communities: nical office the Interafrican Bureau of The Regional Economic Communi- Animal Resources (IBAR) and its De- ties SADC, COMESA, ECCAS, partment of Rural Economy and Agricul- ROLES ECOWAS and UMA, will interact ture (DREA), will facilitate and encour- with national actors to ensure com- age dialogue between pastoralists and AND plementarity and harmonization of experts, while encouraging government RESPONSIBILITIES ongoing processes between coun- support through the mobilization of de- tries and regions. They will take the velopment partners. It will also mobilize lead in regional assessments and human, financial, and material resources consultations, ensuring the validity to support the pastoralist policy process of inputs to the drafting of the beyond the national level. The AU will framework. appoint the Specialist Task Force to oversee the process at all levels. The specific mandate of the task force is detailed in point 9 below.

UN OCHA: UN OCHA will provide an information Other Stakeholders: Civil society groups, hub to collect and disseminate information from the International development institutions, AU to pastoralists, their institutions and organiza- research institutes and other stake- tions and from pastoralists to the AU, to ensure holders must continue to advocate for continued pastoralist inclusion and voice as well as pastoralist participation and contribute accountability, transparency and relevance at every perspectives to the process. stage of the process.

Summary Report and Recommendations from the Kenya National Consultative Workshop on the African Union Pastoral Policy Framework for Africa, 17 April 2008 * OCHA 8

Pastoralism in Kenya In Kenya pastoral areas occupy over 80% of the country’s degrees of pastoral mobility. land area, hosting about 10 million people, 70% of the national livestock population and 90% of the wildlife popula- In the higher potential areas of the Rift Valley, different tion (Republic of Kenya, 2004). This is mainly land with Kalenjin groups practice agro-pastoralism and mobility is few alternative economic uses, and thus has a low oppor- limited. The Pokot and the Turkana—in the West, border- tunity cost. ing Uganda and in the disputed Elmi triangle in the North West, bordering Sudan—are largely cattle keeping pastor- Kenya’s pastoralist communities are very diverse, much alists, practicing transhumance characterized by a signifi- more so than their counterparts in neighboring Uganda, cant degree of cross-border movement. While the Sam- where there are essentially two major groups of cattle- buru—in the Eastern Province— and the Maasai—in the keeping pastoralists. They differ in religion and culture, as south—have combined pastoralism with tourist enterprises well as in the form of pastoralism practiced. Some com- developed around wildlife parks. munities keep cattle, others camels, and a few both; in most cases combined in various ways with shoats (sheep In the northern Districts of Eastern Province, the Borana and goats). keep mixed herds of cattle, shoats and camels, and there are also the smaller Gabra, Dassanetch and Rendille The ASALs comprise various distinct agro-ecological groups. The North Eastern Province is predominantly oc- zones, some with very low potential for agriculture and cupied by Muslim, camel keeping, Somali pastoralists. The others with relatively high potential. In some of the latter Orma are another distinct group along the Tana River . areas agro-pastoralists combine farming with livestock keeping. Varying degrees of aridity also imply varying

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Summary Report and Recommendations from the Kenya National Consultative Workshop on the African Union Pastoral Policy Framework for Africa, 17 April 2008 * OCHA 9 MAJOR CHALLENGES FACING PASTORALISM IN KENYA Notwithstanding the diversity, and the often bitter conflict With intense inter-group competition over grazing land and and rivalry between pastoralist communities in Kenya, they water sources, cattle raiding has intensified. In some ar- share important commonalities in the issues they face. eas the raids are considered a major income-earning en- Some of the issues summarized below were identified by terprise, with “entrepreneurs” employing hired raiders. pastoralists from Baringo, Garissa, Ijara, Isiolo, Kajiado, However, the cross-border arms trade has transformed Laikipia, Mandera, Marakwet, Marsabit, Moyale, Narok, traditional raiding, with lives lost on a much greater scale. Samburu, Tana River, Trans-Mara, Turkana, Wajir and Morans—young men in the warrior age-grades—are turn- West Pokot. ing to cattle rustling and banditry specifically because they These issues have been summarized below with support- lack the education and skills to find employment outside ing documentation from the Pastoral and Environmental pastoralism, and because there is a dearth of opportunities Network in the Horn of Africa (PENHA). As noted by resulting from the failure to promote diversification in the PENHA’s report on Pastoralism in Kenya: “while some of ASALs. Other fundamental factors include: increasing land the issues are more or less important to particular groups, scarcity due to population growth; restrictions on traditional all the participants at the consultation agreed that the is- cross-border movements brought about by inter-state poli- sues identified here were common to all pastoralists and tics; and in the higher potential areas, the loss of grazing provided a strong foundation for cooperation and acting land to agriculturalist “in-comers”. together at the political and policy levels.” Inadequate Livestock Marketing Ser- Governance and Policy vices and Infrastructure In 2004 the Government of Kenya elaborated a national The Kenyan Meat Commission was an important outlet for policy for sustainable development of arid and semi-arid livestock sales by pastoralists, with various mechanisms lands of Kenya yet, implementation has been piecemeal. that allowed pastoralists to retain a greater share of mark- As a consequence, the pastoral communities of Kenya ups and reduce the need for dry season distress sales. have remained the poorest of the country’s poor with an Like other parastatals, it was bedeviled by mismanage- estimated poverty incidence of 60%.Many of the policies ment and corruption. Its closure, however, has been per- directed at pastoral areas lack a holistic approach to devel- ceived, rightly or wrongly, to leave pastoralists at the opment, emphasizing instead, technical issues and ne- mercy of middlemen and reduced incomes. Livestock glecting critical social, economic and political concerns. merchants do, however, bear considerable risks and trans- Their formulation and implementation do not evolve from a action costs. They should not necessarily be seen as ex- consultative process and so largely exclude local perspec- ploitative and the private sector will play an indispensable tives. role in any future market-oriented expansion of the live- Most pastoral communities also lack support from the high- stock sector, in which pastoralists could be major benefici- est levels of government, and have rarely benefited from aries. The Kenya Meat Commission resumed operations policies and institutional frameworks explicitly designed to in 2004. address their problems or develop their potential. This lack of political leverage and governance structure has denied Land Rights and the Failure to Defend pastoral people the opportunity to influence policy proc- Customary Tenure esses in their favor. As a consequence, they remain highly Pastoralists have been unable to defend their land rights marginalized, neglected, socially excluded and unable to against powerful interest groups. Government, committed fully make use of their own resource endowments. to the commercialization of agriculture, has promoted the Effective pastoral governance needs to be a mix, varying individualization of land tenure and pastoralists have lost with local circumstances, of formal and informal institutions large areas of traditional grazing lands to farming in- and rules, and this mix should move towards greater in- migrant communities. Powerful commercial interests— volvement and responsibility for strengthened informal in- including mining companies—have also appropriated large stitutions. The role of formal government should be to pro- chunks of pastoral lands, without compensating pastoral- vide a framework within which enhanced customary local ists or allowing them a share of profits generated. institutions and rules regulate everyday economic and po- This issue is particularly important in Maasailand, where litical affairs. large areas of land have been given over to Wildlife Parks. These bring in very significant tourism revenue for the na- Conflict and Insecurity tional economy, but pastoralists are only just beginning to Conflict and insecurity (banditry and cattle raiding) was benefit from this and have not been adequately compen- identified by all the regions as one of the most serious is- sated for the way in which these parks have undermined sue currently facing Kenyan pastoralists. Conflict is ram- their livelihoods. pant in pastoral areas. In some areas, large government schemes—such as the Such conflict stems not only from competition over pastoral Turkwell Electricity Project and the Olkaria Geothermal resources, but also from borders and boundaries estab- Project—have displaced pastoralists, again without com- lished without taking into account the needs of pastoralism, pensation. While these projects have been of consider- from weakening of customary conflict prevention and reso- able benefit to the national economy, pastoralists have lution mechanisms, from a decline in mobility and from a been left out. The same is true of irrigation schemes that proliferation of small arms. Conflicts in pastoral areas are have helped farmers, but taken critically important water often aggravated by politicization and lack of adequate or resources from downstream pastoralists. The alienation of appropriate intervention by security forces. Climate change pastoral lands threatens the long-term viability of the pas- also compounds conflict. toralist way of life and is a major factor in the serious conflicts between pastoral groups.

Summary Report and Recommendations from the Kenya National Consultative Workshop on the African Union Pastoral Policy Framework for Africa, 17 April 2008 * OCHA 10 Severely Inadequate Provision of So- Traveling to most pastoral areas is difficult and time- cial Services in Education and Health consuming. Insecurity makes road travel dangerous in some areas. Traveling by air is often the only practical While remoteness and pastoral mobility complicate provi- option. While the vast areas involved make infrastructure sion, there has not been the political will to make the nec- development costly, the economic as well as the social essary commitments in terms of resources. There are not benefits of linking up the ASALs are likely to be very great. enough schools and health facilities in the ASALs and those that exist are under-funded and provide poor quality Inadequate Provision of Water Points services. Illiteracy rates among pastoralists are generally and Animal Health Services above 80%. There has also been a failure to develop alternative modes of provision that accommodate mobility or These are the priorities most frequently cited by pastoral- appropriate curricula that recognize pastoralism as a ca- ists everywhere. Provision is inadequate—while the state reer choice for many and as a way of life. has pulled out, the private sector has not been able to step in to serve pastoralists. Local and international NGOs, as At the same time, there is a need for more resources to be well as multilateral organizations, have established good devoted to boarding schools and bursaries for children in programs in all the pastoral areas, but coverage is limited. pastoralist communities. The inadequacy of health services is reflected in maternal and child mortality rates that are substantially higher than elsewhere. Many people Government Policy have to travel 100 miles to the nearest hospital. There is increasingly a shift towards greater recognition of the suitability of mobile livestock keeping in the ASALS Drought and Dependency on Food Aid and the potential that pastoralism has, with the right kinds and Relief of support, to contribute to the national economy and provide incomes and livelihoods for many. In 2000, more than 3 million Kenyans in the pastoral areas were threatened with starvation. Severe drought persisted This shift is reflected aptly by the October 2007 presenta- in 2001, hitting Turkana and North Eastern Province par- tion by the Government of Kenya at the official opening of ticularly hard. Recurrent drought in these areas has led to the Kenya Pastoralist Week. The October 29 2007 paper a persistent dependence on food aid. presented on behalf of the Deputy Prime Minister notes: ”The government will continue to recognize the importance During the Poverty Reduction Strategy Programme of pastoralism, not just in terms of economic development, (PRSP) consultation process, participatory poverty assess- but also in the social cultural and political spheres as well. ments in pastoralist and agro-pastoralist communities in 2000, ranked drought, second only to poor livestock mar- The government has in the recent years placed its atten- keting facilities, as the most important cause of poverty. tion on North Eastern Province and other areas forming

northern Kenya.“ The formation of the new Ministry of Very Poor Provision of Transport and Northern Development and Other Arid lands also signals Communications Infrastructure for many, increasing acceptance and will to promote pastoralism in Kenya. The government has not been willing or able to make the substantial investments needed to establish adequate infrastructure in the ASALs.

L to R :Kennedy Walusala,, Sec Gen -ECUSOC, Kenyan Chapter ,Jelle Ibrahim, and Yusuf Gelli , pastoralist from Garissa at the Kenya pastoralist gathering OCHA ,2008

Summary Report and Recommendations from the Kenya National Consultative Workshop on the African Union Pastoral Policy Framework for Africa, 17 April 2008 * OCHA 11 DEVELOPING PASTORAL POLICIES IN KENYA:The Evolution of the Policies on Pastoralism/Livestock development.

Presentation by Mr. Yobo Rutin, Deputy Director, Centre for Minority Rights Development (CEMIRIDE) and the Secre- tariat for the Kenya Pastoralist Week (KPW)

cause they have acquired the habit of straggling over far more land that they can utilize. “The Kenya Northern Frontier District was equally considered useless and hence deserving no investment. Capi- tal investment and technology had arrived. The Sessional Paper No. 10 of 1965 reiterated the futility of invest- ing into low potential lands. Herding faced the charge of economic irration- ality, especially in the context of accu- mulating herds. The fact that traditional pastoralism is a mode of sub- sistence notwithstanding. Pastoralist faced constriction in the narrow areas left. They became “state resistant” and “acquired notoriety” for their “rebellious” and “war like nature”; and part of their pacification involved “livestock confiscation”. “At independence marginalization continued with the expansion of ex- Yobo Rutin, Deputy Director, Centre for Minority Rights Development port crop production as the impulse to economic development. Intensive OCHA,2008 ranching caught on, as this was seen as important for reasons of revitaliz- “There have been a wide range of tant than developing people and their ing the economic potential of low- policy, legislations and statements social reality. lands. Cooperative ranching plans directed at the pastoralist/livestock “The trans-boundary aspect of pastor- were effected in Maasailand to en- sub-sector since the colonial period. alism arising from communities spilling hance land productivity by limiting This is equal to the overwhelming over borders had serious policy ef- “carrying capacity” or “over stocking”. attention given to pastoralism through fects. Changes to livelihoods, market- There was the pre-occupation, as scholarly and research work at vari- ing, disease control, administrative and Markakis writes, with the mathematics ous levels. The outcomes of this have fiscal policy, collective resource man- of “livestock/pasture ratio” than with been minimal improvements in the agement, customary laws have been the essential requirements of people. livelihoods of pastoralist groups, phenomenal. The effects have been Policies were designed primarily to stakeholder attitudes towards pastor- costly not only to communities but also promote livestock production and not alism, and participation of pastoralist to policy makers and development the welfare of the producers. The idea communities in development proc- planners to date. Separating communi- was to increase cheaply, meat prod- esses. ties across different politico- ucts for the benefit of the urban con- “Colonialism superintended over the adminstrative units and generating sumer and for export. The arrival of partitioning of the pastoralist lands polices that focused on management privatization in the late 90s was pro- often cutting off pastoralist communi- goals and commercial development pelled further by the creation of group ties, families and kins into different meant that the balance between peo- ranches. By 2008 out of 321 group countries. This led to adverse and ple, livestock and the environment was ranches 84 were operational. Soon decisive curtailment of the pastoralist affected .This being almost for good enough ranch members began to imperative of free movement, eco- within the fragile lowland ecology and parcel out their individual shares, sell- nomic viability, political integrity and the pastoral economy. The innovations ing them off. social solidarity. This happened seen later in the decline of the colonial “As a result, the biggest challenges across Africa and could be seen in period drove policy makers to set up and gaps, being the neglect of the the case of the Maasai, Karamojong, irrigation projects, during the course of pastoralists’ social economic dynam- Nuer, Afar, and Beja, amongst others. which, the rights and requirements of ics as an integral part of their liveli- These communities have found them- the mobile herders were disregarded. hoods. Policies focused more on the selves in different countries, through Charles Eliot, governor of East Africa rational side and ignored people. This sedentarisation policies and the crea- Protectorate, wrote with much disdain further begs the question whether tion of ranches. Free land for mobile while expropriating Maasai land: I can- there has been a pastoralism policy in herders was taken up in many areas not admit that wandering tribes have a Kenya. What has been seen are poli- as development planners saw com- right to keep other and superior races cies targeted at livestock, commerce mercial farming as being more impor- (sic) out of the large tracts merely be-

Summary Report and Recommendations from the Kenya National Consultative Workshop on the African Union Pastoral Policy Framework for Africa, 17 April 2008 * OCHA 12 and animal disease control. The pol- ministry. In Ethiopia a Pastoralist De- move away from the mistakes of the icy objectives favoured more eco- velopment Department was attached colonial ranching and irrigation initia- nomic efficiency—emphasis on com- to the Ministry of Federal Affairs. Yet tives that wholesomely focused on the mercial value—more than equity and still, resource constraints and imple- heavily endowed capital intensive cli- nutritional survival of the animal keep- mentation challenges abound in spite entele of the ranches to the detriment ers. Pastoralists were nowhere in of these very good initiatives. Cross of communities and families, then we mind as cultural entity. The effect is a border experience sharing are yet to need to focus our policy instruments at state affair in which in spite of the take a steady rhythm. least slightly towards leveraging the livestock sector contributing nearly collective rural poor. We need to note “The AU Policy Framework mentions 42% of agricultural GDP in Kenya, the imperative of development being a that the goals of the policy making budgetary allocations are usually in- human right and not just the chance of process and implementation would be commensurate, if not negligible (less economic efficiency and market equity, poverty reduction, income than 2%). forces. growth, and efficiency in pastoral com- “Belated recognition of the pastoralist munities. It further notes clearly the “It is for the reasons cited that the AU livelihoods and way of life was noted need to craft a coherent and practical Policy process should enable relevant in the Poverty Reduction Papers and policy framework for addressing all of participation of stakeholders, pastoral- the subsequent Economic Recovery the critical issues affecting the pastor- ist communities included, by way of Strategy for Wealth and Employment alist economy and livelihood. It is also building their capacities as the proc- Creation (ERS 2003-2007) in which a alive to the fact that the balance to be esses evolve. This should be followed chapter is dedicated to pastoralism. achieved out of the competing and with a clear understanding of the val- Through the Pastoralists Thematic disparate visions stated are enormous ues and principles for engagement. Group, later strongly driven by Arid and requires a highly participatory “The challenge, however, is that often Lands Management Programme a process. by the wrong choice of policy instru- department in the Office of the Presi- “It is important that the policy goals ments as well as stakeholders, policy dent, pastoralists managed to make reflect—to an appreciable degree—the processes fail. At times stakeholders their contributions to the poverty re- variants of the priorities of the many are inconsistent with the policy objec- duction papers strategy. countries that the policy intends to tives cited. There is no point to invest “Later, through the Pastoralists and cover. However, the ranking of the participation opportunities whole- Hunter-Gatherer Ethnic Minority Net- priorities should endeavour to focus on somely on ranchers when a key policy work, pastoralists engaged with the the rural poor and marginalized peo- objective is on equity or targeted at Constitution of Kenya Review Com- ple. The objective and obtaining condi- rural poor. Policy instruments are im- mission and succeeded in having tions of pastoralists in Africa are nec- portant to the extent that they deter- their views documented. A clause essarily that of the most poor of popu- mine the outcome of the policy direc- was attached relaying the need for lations in Africa. tion and implementation. affirmative action targeting the mar- This therefore means that priority For instance, the introduction of group ginalized communities including pas- should be given to equity promotion ranches in the southern rangelands toralists, people with disabilities and slightly over other objectives. It should was geared towards ensuring that women. not be left to ruthlessness or the natural resources are commercially In Ethiopia the Pastoralist Forum chance of competing objectives. It is viable only to lead to further sub- managed to do the same through good to craft a balance but that bal- division of lands that became eco- concise propositions to institutions. In ance should be alive to the question of nomically irrelevant to the main goals Kenya the annual National Kenya equity and poverty more than anything of the policy. Poor research and ineffi- Pastoralist Week with support of the else. This is in spite of the fact that cient stakeholder engagement are the Pastoralist Parliamentary Group and traditional policy making calls for focus real culprits here. international NGOs carried on the on all stakeholders including the pri- task for lobbying for a pro-pastoralist vate business fraternity. If we have to policy environment in line with a UNDP Drylands Initiative. This event/ platform saw its role as creating visibility of the pastoralist issues and at- tempting to unify the pastoralist voice. The ASAL Policy in Kenya—later to be developed through a highly consultative process—acknowledged the neglect of pastoralist areas in development processes. It set the pace for an integrated approach to natural resource management and related support mechanisms such as marketing and improvement of animal quality products. It is however still yet to re- ceive Cabinet approval. The Department that nurtured the policy processes Arid Lands Manage- ment Project became the closest pas- Participants from Isiolo at the Kenya pastoralist gathering in Nairobi , toral department in a government OCHA, April17 2008

Summary Report and Recommendations from the Kenya National Consultative Workshop on the African Union Pastoral Policy Framework for Africa, 17 April 2008 * OCHA 13 Summary of policy proc- ment Authority; and thinking on pastoralism by ensuring that mechanisms for exchange of esses over the years – the newly created Ministry for the information existed, research was their successes and Development of Northern Kenya their gaps conducted and capacities developed and other Arid and Semi-Arid for engagement of the processes Various policy and legislative proc- Lands. through policy lobbying and advo- esses either directly or indirectly im- The role of the bilateral donors in the cacy, monitoring and evaluation. pacting on the social and economic instigation of the various policy proc- International NGOS certainly played a welfare and livelihoods of pastoralist esses including structural adjustment major role and so did bilateral and communities have been initiated in papers/privatization policies, paved intergovernmental organizations. Kenya in the recent past. In terms of way for the implementation of poverty UNDP, USAID, World Bank, FAO, outcomes they have to an apprecia- strategy papers processes. OXFAM and Action Aid are notable ble degree exhibited useful lessons ones, including UNICEF which has for stakeholders, communities and The Constitution Review Processes been strongly working at creating un- institutions. Some of the policies have beginning in early 2000 and the atten- derstanding of the effect of the pau- not received legislative or executive dant civic education programmes that city of services to the pastoralists and assent but have become useful expe- followed left a lasting experience on their children; often through research riential reference points for engage- communities as well as institutions. and provision of support services to ment in similar processes directed at These were the governance related accessing education. improving welfare of communities. factors that positively led to policy engagement in many sectors in Kenya Yet, the local harbingers for process Most of these policies have targeted and pastoralist areas included. changes over the years include: the governance issues. Some of the key Kenya Pastoralist Forum, from constraints identified for instance in A number of policy processes there- whence the Kenya Pastoralist Week animal health have been policy and fore emerged affecting directly or indi- has picked up from, to advance the institutions. And mainly how to de- rectly the livestock sub-sector. Some pastoralist agenda; The Pastoralists sign deliverable systems that make instituted directly by the sector itself. Thematic Group (PTG) under Arid the best use of veterinary services, These include: Lands Management Project Office of Community Animal Health Workers, The Policy on the Sustainable De- the President: the Resource Conflict and private sector operators such as velopment of the Arid and Semi Institute for continuing with civil soci- private pharmacists. Marketing policy Arid Lands (ASAL Policy); ety capacity strengthening pro- issues have moved from creation of grammes; the Pastoralist Parliamen- local level infrastructure such as the Livestock Policy and related tary Group, CLIP for legislations slabs, markets, trekking routes to pol- proposed subsidiary legislations around livestock production and icy questions. under Veterinary Practitioners Rules; health and marketing programmes; These include the trade limiting ef- the Institute for Economic Affairs for fects of national and international The Veterinary Surgeons (Private budgetary analysis capacity strength- veterinary regulations, and national Veterinary Laboratories); ening of civil society and members of level infrastructure provision and ter- The Veterinary Practitioners pastoralist parliamentary group; and minal markets. Of course related to (Services and Products) General the Maa civil society for land and this are regional trade and animal natural resource issues and govern- Inspectorate Rules; movement and disease. Other issues ment ministries in livestock veterinary have related to conflict and insecurity, The Animal Diseases Act; and services. land rights and tenure systems that The veterinary clinical practice have been threatened by encroaching rules. agriculture. For this matter the coming into power Others included Drought and Disaster of the NARC Government engen- Management Policy and National dered a new reform spirit in all sec- Land Policy, The Water Act 2000, The Environment Policy and the Wildlife tors of the economy. Through the Policy many of which are at different Economic Recovery Strategy for stages of policy processes but yet to Wealth and Employment (ERS), major reform processes were instituted be enacted. The many policies in the to recover the economy and reclaim agriculture sector have since been the lost glory. This positively affected undergoing harmonization, in which the Livestock sub-sector, along with regard their consolidation have and the following: would influence outcomes in the pastoralism and livestock sector.

the Kenya Meat Commission was re-instituted after a protracted ges- Role of local CSOs Insti- tation period with agony over its tutions in Policy Proc- commercial efficacy and viability in esses an increasingly privatizing world; Aside from government institutions private abattoirs were opened; mentioned earlier, the emerging policy directions have benefited from the con- the creation of the Ministry of Live- tributions of local and international Participant from Marsabit at the Kenya pastoral- stock and Fisheries and the Na- agencies. These agencies have sup- ist gathering in Nairobi , tional Environmental and Manage- ported the implementation of new OCHA, April17 2008

Summary Report and Recommendations from the Kenya National Consultative Workshop on the African Union Pastoral Policy Framework for Africa, 17 April 2008 * OCHA 14 OPPORTUNITIES IN THE AU PASTORAL POLICY FRAMEWORK INITIA- TIVE FOR KENYA

Presentation by Michael Odhiambo, Member of the Spe- sented in the AU process. Kenya has one of the strongest cialist Task Force, Director of Resource Conflict Institute, pastoral civil societies in Africa, but critical challenges re- Kenya main, with regards to articulating a common national pastoralist position. Secondly, a critical need exists for effective advocacy. Pastoral advocacy needs to move from protest to positive engagement. Creating strategic alliances with other pro- ducer groups and establishing a sustainable framework for monitoring policy implementation are paramount. Thirdly, pastoralists should take advantage of ongoing changes in the national political environment and help define the agenda of the newly established Ministry of Development of Northern Kenya and other Arid Lands. In that regard, taking advantage of existing capacities while building new ones. Furthermore, using the process to advance the policy debate on pastoralism in Kenya – particularly with regards to the adoption and implementation of policies such as the ASAL Policy, the Livestock Policy, the Land Policy, and mobilize to mainstream pastoralism into Vision 2030. The AU policy framework process can also benefit from experiences in Kenya. Kenya has a long experience of dealing with the challenges of policy making regarding pastoralism resulting in mixed impact on the situation of pastoralists in the country – serious constraints remain but at the same time significant inroads have been made in the policy arena with regards to how pastoralism is perceived. This experience also shows how policy changes in favour Michael Odhiambo, Director of Resource Conflict Institute of pastoralism are difficult to implement, and how some- OCHA 2008 times passing a policy does little to change practice. Kenya has an active and dynamic pastoral civil society, “Generally, policies and institutional settings with a mixed experience in terms of both success and fail- have not been conducive to the sustainable development of pastoral communities, mainly be- ure – on which the AU process can draw and build. The cause of little understanding of the concept of major policy challenges facing pastoralism are manifest in pastoralism and the fact that the voices of pas- Kenya: periodic droughts, conflicts, constraints to mobility toral people have been lacking in the policy for- and inadequate socio-economic infrastructure, to name a mulation processes. The non-involvement of few. pastoralists in policy making, policy reform and participatory governance have slowed down Other constraints include, as discussed earlier, cross- development in pastoral communities.” The AU border dimensions, cattle rustling and insecurity, diseases, Pastoral Policy Framework for Africa initiative) marketing and mobility restrictions. Interesting changes are Speaking on the opportunities in the AU Pastoral Policy going on in the political and economic arena that provide Initiative for Kenya, Michael Odhiambo noted that the AU both opportunities and threats to pastoralism and which initiative is relevant to building sustainable pastoral liveli- call for concerted policy action to secure pastoralism and hoods in Kenya as pastoralism is regional in its challenges. pastoral livelihoods. As a result, Kenya is an appropriate This includes mobility within and across national borders; ‘laboratory’ for generating experiences that would enrich conflict, disease, and access to markets, all of which have the AU Policy Framework on Pastoralism. regional dimensions. Certain capacities are however necessary for Kenyan pas- The AU process offers a framework within which Kenyan toralists to sustain the benefits derived from the process. pastoralists can benefit from the experiences of pastoral- The Policy Framework will define norms and values and ists from the rest of Africa, and be capable of influencing set objectives, but the action to realize all this has to be policy. It provides access to greater technical, institutional done at the national level. Therefore, national governments and resource capacities beneficial to pastoralists; and lev- have to domesticate the provisions of the Policy Frame- erage that pastoralists can use to push their agenda at the work into national policy instruments for pastoralism. national level. The process also provides an important and Once policies are made, they have to be implemented – legitimate governmental platform for Kenyan pastoralists to through the establishment of institutions, mobilization of articulate their challenges and seek solutions. resources (human, financial and material), design of imple- Odhiambo noted that Kenyan pastoralists can take advan- mentation strategies and plans, monitoring and evaluation. tage of the opportunities presented by the process. Firstly, For all this to happen, pastoralists and their organizations the importance of organization to provide a framework for must be at the forefront to “push” the government and mobilizing public opinion and setting the agenda is pre- bring it to account.

Summary Report and Recommendations from the Kenya National Consultative Workshop on the African Union Pastoral Policy Framework for Africa, 17 April 2008 * OCHA 15

Recommendations

Strategies and Tools for able development of the arid and semi arid lands of Communicating with Pastoral Kenya; and Communities on the AU initiative The AU to ensure that the Pastoral Policy Framework has Use of fm radios: in place mechanisms for supporting member states with high pastoralist population to develop national pastoralist District consultative forums for community structures: policies in consultation with pastoralists.

Posters and publication: Seminars, public bazaars and media: D. The AU Use of Community-based Organizations and NGOs; and The AU Framework should put in place processes and mechanism for addressing the transborder issues of pas- Use of faith-based organizations. toralism.

Strategies for stimulating regional dia- Reflect the diversity of pastoral issues and needs across Africa: logue and collaboration on the AU Pas- The policy goals should reflect to an appreciable degree toral Policy Initiative the variants of the priorities of the many countries that the Use of research institutions policy intends to cover, with the ranking of the priorities focusing on the rural poor and marginalized people. Use of regional bodies and regional events Focus on equity promotion; A communication campaign The policy must promote equity across all populations Exchange programmes and that include pastoralists. Use of pastoralists events e.g. Kenya Pastoralist Week. Recognize pastoralists’ rights to development ; The policy should outline the entitlement for development The following recommendations will be forwarded to the AU as being a human right and not just the chance of eco- Department of Rural Economy and Agriculture (DREA) for nomic efficiency and market forces, enabling relevant input into the regional assessments and consultations, participation of stakeholders and pastoralist communities, which will form the basis for the drafting of the Pastoral Pol- by way of building their capacities as the processes icy Framework for Africa. evolve.

Establish mechanisms and strategies for its implementa- A. Kenya’s Pastoralists and their or- tion in African states ; ganizations The AU Pastoral Policy framework must identify strate- Kenyan pastoralists will benefit from experiences of pas- gies for advocating for its implementation, with drafting of toralists from the rest of Africa and be part of a critical the policy framework as the first step, thereafter, the AU mass capable of influencing policies; must identify a process for ongoing communication and advocacy with African governments to ensure their imple- Kenyan pastoralists will be able access to greater techni- mentations. cal, institutional and resource capacities beneficial to pas-

toralists; and E. OCHA Kenyan pastoralists will gain an important and legitimate governmental platform to articulate their challenges and OCHA is to support the coordination and synergizing of seek solutions. pastoralists diversity in Kenya to effectively intervene and engage with the AU Pastoral Policy process;

B. The Government of Kenya OCHA is to facilitate information flow, outreach and advocacy for the inclusion of marginalized pastoralist popula- The Government of Kenya to define the role of the re- tion in the AU policy process as well as within govern- cently formed Ministry of Development and Other Arid ments; Lands, and accordingly allocate sufficient funds to enable the Ministry to perform its function. OCHA is to advocate in partnership with other UN agen-

cies and international organizations for the recognition and support of pastoralism as a viable livelihood activity in C. AU Member States Kenya: and The AU and UN OCHA through its support for the devel- OCHA is to advocate and promote support for Pastoral opment of the AU pastoral Policy Framework, to call on livelihood as a viable solution for addressing humanitarian African governments to implement pastoralists policies crisis and reoccurring drought in pastoral communities in already drafted – in particular to encourage the Govern the Horn of Africa. ment of Kenya to approve the national policy for sustain-

Summary Report and Recommendations from the Kenya National Consultative Workshop on the African Union Pastoral Policy Framework for Africa, 17 April 2008 * OCHA 16

Annex: Participants List Pastoralists and their Organisations

NAME ORGANIZATION EMAIL Ibrahim Dambi Wario ALCHA(Moyale) [email protected] Mwangi Kimani Arid Development Network Mwangi Kamani Arid Development Network, Kitale A.M. Abass Arid Lands Project [email protected] James Mwangi W Athi Pastoralists Group [email protected] Amos Nyaberi C.H.D [email protected] H. G. Muriuki CAABP stocktaking(Livestock) [email protected] Eric Obwaya Canewasi Society [email protected] Lilian Omoke Care Well society Linus B. Ongoro Care Well Trust Justus Ombati Carewell [email protected] Rosemary Chebochok Carewell Charles Moracha Onsare Carewell [email protected] Diana Kemunto Carewell Benard Ombati Carewell society [email protected] Ester Aleyo Carewell society [email protected] Hyline Makori Carewell society [email protected] Gerald Kimeu Carewell society [email protected] Hillary Halkano Bukum Catholic Diocese [email protected] Cyprian Kiriago Mogusu Center for human development, Kilgoris [email protected] Yobo Rutin Center for minority rights development [email protected] Patita Tingui Center for minority rights development [email protected] Agnes Leila COVAW/ECOSOC [email protected] Yussuf Abdi Gedi DEVCON [email protected] Jelle Abdi Ibrahim DEVCON [email protected] Simon Alew DPC W/pokot [email protected] Abdi Adan ECOSOCC AU Kenyan chapter [email protected] Kennedy G. S. Walusala ECOSOCC AU Kenyan chapter [email protected] Dr. William Amanfu FAO-ECTAD Nairobi [email protected] Charles Marwa Farm-Africa [email protected] Jimale G. Wama FONI Isiolo [email protected]

Participants of the Kenya National Consultative Workshop on the African Union Pastoral Policy Framework for Africa, 17 April 2008 * OCHA ROCEA

NAME ORGANIZATION EMAIL Yusuf Wako Dugo Friends of Nomads International [email protected] Fatuma A. Adan Horn of Africa development initiative [email protected] Mohamed Hassan Horn of Africa development initiative [email protected] Zainabu Roba IGUADO zrobako2yahoo.com Julliet Kariuki ILRI [email protected] Ole Kaunga IMPACT [email protected],[email protected] Brigitte Kitenge Inter Agency Rural Development Programme [email protected] Paul Karaimu International Institute of Rural Reconstruction (IIRR) [email protected] Nicola kiara International Institute of Rural Reconstruction (IIRR) [email protected] Abeba B. Amena ISS [email protected] Jonathan Davies IUCN WISP [email protected] Paul Mero IWFFC Isiolo [email protected] Hellen Kagonya K.W.S.N, Samburu [email protected] Dr Eruku Aukot Kituo Cha Sheria Turkana Proffesinal Association [email protected], [email protected] Nally Cherotich Kwale Development Network Agnes N. Kithuka LODWA.N.W.D [email protected] Paul Sigei Lodwar Development Network [email protected] Chebet Stellah Lodwar Development Network Jeremiah Nyanganyi M.A.W.N [email protected] Joyce K Bosire M.Y.O [email protected] Ben Ole Koissaba MAA Civil Society Forum [email protected] Robert Sigei MAA Development Authority [email protected] Ernest Mainka Ole Koonyo Maasai Hope Programme [email protected] Noah Ole Ntiati Maasai Land Preservation Trust [email protected] Abdi Adan Marakwet Development Youth Group [email protected] Benjamin Kirmayo Marakwet Youth Network [email protected] Sylvester Maina Marumati R. Society [email protected] Aziza Gulan Moyale Pastrolist Women association [email protected] Nanta Mpaayei MPIDO [email protected] Elias Githae Muramati [email protected] Eva Rubow Mwado [email protected] National Resource and Economic COMservation Partnership of Jesse Gichini Kenya jessegichini|@yahoo.com Albert Lemasulani Ndungu Zangu Christian Community charitable trust albert@nzkenya

Participants of the Kenya National Consultative Workshop on the African Union Pastoral Policy Framework for Africa, 17 April 2008 * OCHA ROCEA

NAME ORGANIZATION EMAIL Kwenny Matampash Neighbours Initiative Alliance NIA|@Africanonline.co.ke Motanya Ochwangi New life international Kenya [email protected] Jared Onserio New life international Kenya [email protected] Solomon Kiprono NORCEF-Baringo East Richard Kakio North Rift Human Rights Network [email protected] Stephen K. Cheboi North Rift Human Rights Network, Marakwet [email protected] Ruth Emanikor Northern Frontier District-Centre For Human Rights and Research [email protected] Tangus Daniel Olmoshimowo [email protected] Alice Kwamboka P.S Francis Chabari PACAP/RELPA [email protected] F.D Lolosoli PARAN, Samburu [email protected] Pastoralist Environmental Needs Action for Peace Education Nicholas Loupa Initiative [email protected] Mattew Kima Pastoralist Women for health and education [email protected] Bilach Jimale Pastoralist Women Political Network [email protected] Sofia Halkano pastoralist Women, Isiolo [email protected] Clement Lanaduru Pastrolist Development network of Kenya Raphael Okot Pastrolist Forum, Kadsowar [email protected] Abdia Naj PCI [email protected] Joseph Ole Kishau PDNK [email protected] Adan Chukulisa PDNK (marsabit) Abdi Adan PDNK(Mandera) [email protected] Adan Chukulisa PNDK (marsabit) Joseph Samal Premap [email protected] Rev. Masunten .A. Gabriel Premap [email protected] Abdi Adan RACIDA [email protected] Kanini Micheal Rakenya [email protected] Michael Ochieng Odhiambo Reconcile,Nakuru [email protected] Hon. Dr Wario Regional Pastoralist elder /Council Chairman [email protected] Patrick Imana RIAMRIAM Turkana [email protected] Joseph Elim RIAMRIAM Turkana [email protected] John Kipseng Samburu Michael Njau Kibue SARD livestock Working Group [email protected] Abdi Adan Siba Maasai Outreach Organization [email protected]

Participants of the Kenya National Consultative Workshop on the African Union Pastoral Policy Framework for Africa, 17 April 2008 * OCHA ROCEA

NAME ORGANIZATION EMAIL George Okore Strengthening Access to Imformation for Development [email protected] Mohamed G. Wario Tanaremo(CBO) Mariach Emmanuel Lousot Tomwo Pastoralist Development Organization [email protected] Ibrahim Hassan Wajir Peace and Development [email protected] Capt.Umar F. Hussein Ali WASDA WAJIR NE-Kenya [email protected] Hassan G. Shano Waso Trust Land [email protected] Asha A. Guyo Waso Trust Land Peterson Githiji Wellcare Society [email protected] Zennah Kisaghi Wellcare Society [email protected] Fatuma H. Ahmed WONDA [email protected] Oray Adan WPDA [email protected] Jacob Ngumi Young professionals for Development [email protected] P Rongi Pastoralist [email protected] Shoba M. Liban Pastoralist [email protected] Zainab Roba Pastoralist [email protected] Abdi Adan Pastoralist [email protected] Joyce Joan Wanyui Pastoralist [email protected] Abdikadir Ada Pastoralist [email protected] Adan Ibrahim Pastoralist [email protected] Prof P. K Mbole Pastoralist [email protected] Peter Ochoi Pastoralist [email protected] Nasir Harun Pastoralist [email protected]

UN AGENCIES and Other Organisations NAME ORGANIZATION EMAIL Dipankar Datta Concern Worldwide [email protected] Daniel Kamau Concern Worldwide [email protected] Besida Tonwe UNOCHA ROCEA [email protected] Jeamine Cooper UNOCHA Kenya [email protected] Olu Sarr UNDP Kenya [email protected] Linda Chebichii UNDP-dry land development center [email protected] Farah Dar UNICEF ESARO [email protected] Sellassie Atadika UNICEF ESARO [email protected] Gregory Akall UNOCHA Kenya [email protected]

Participants of the Kenya National Consultative Workshop on the African Union Pastoral Policy Framework for Africa, 17 April 2008 * OCHA ROCEA

NAME ORGANIZATION EMAIL Maria Lyra Traversa UNOCHA ROCEA [email protected] Matildah Musumba UNOCHA ROCEA [email protected] Walter Knausenbrger USAID East Africa [email protected] Dr Mpoke Leina VSF-Belgium, Nrb [email protected] Ramesh Thampy Practical Action [email protected] Sharon Looremetta Practical Action [email protected] Edwin Rutto Practical Action, NRB [email protected] Ekitale Hokaale Oxfam NOVIB [email protected] Jean-Baptinte Sene ACORD Jean-baptiste.sene@acordinternational .org Leonie Abela ACORD [email protected] Eva Berendsen DPA [email protected] Daoud Tai Abkula SOS-sahel-UK [email protected] Mohamed Ali NEPAD [email protected] Venessa Tilstone Care Somalia Nrb [email protected] Angela Maina Pact Kenya [email protected]

Media Duncan Mboya AWC Features [email protected] Berendsen Eva DPA- German Press Agency [email protected] Shumpei Kambe Freelancer [email protected] Joyce Joan Wangui Africa News [email protected] Elizabeth Limagur Sudan Radio Service [email protected] Naftali Mwaura Africa Science Service News [email protected]

Disclaimer: The information in this document are consolidated from research and workshop findings and are subject to availability of current data. This report does not claim to be exhaustive or fully verified.

UNITED NATIONS OFFICE FOR THE COORDINATION OF HUMANITARIAN AFFAIRS (OCHA) REGIONAL OFFICER FOR CENTRAL AND EAST AFRICA OCHA House Gigiri Crescent Phone: +254-20-7622166 Off UN Avenue Fax: +254-20-7622632 P.O. Box 30218-00100 E-mail:: [email protected] Nairobi, Kenya Web site: http://ochaonline.un.org/rocea

Participants of the Kenya National Consultative Workshop on the African Union Pastoral Policy Framework for Africa, 17 April 2008 * OCHA ROCEA