Doctor Ward's Accidental Terranum

DavidR. Hershey

T ERRARIUMSare frequentlyused at all levels of backof my house,and placeda perforatedpipe at the top, precollege biology teaching (Clark 1978; Doutt from which water trickledon the plants beneath;these & Airhart 1991; Fones 1972;Fry 1979;Hastings consistedof Polypodium vulgare, LomariaSpicant, Las- troea dilitata, L. Filix mas, Athyrium Filax foemina, 1972; Hull 1934; Jackson & Thomas 1980; Ochs & Asplenium Trichomanes and a few other , and Brock 1975; Story 1982; Young 1978). However, the severalmosses procured from the woods in theneighborhood intriguing story of the invention of the terrarium of London,together with primroses,wood-sorrel, etc. In seldom seems to be discussed. None of the terrarium consequence,however, of thevolumes of smokeissuing from articlescited above describes it. Given the usefulness surroundingmanufactories, my plants soon beganto de- cline, and ultimatelyperished, all my endeavoursto keep of history in biology teaching (Hendrick 1991), the themalive proving fruitless. Downloaded from http://online.ucpress.edu/abt/article-pdf/58/5/276/47646/4450151.pdf by guest on 30 September 2021 story of the terrarium'sinvention should be included Whenthe attempthad beengiven up in despair,a fresh in biology classes. impetuswas given to my pursuits,and I was led to reflecta Nathaniel Bagshaw Ward (1791-1868) revolution- little more deeplyupon the subject,in consequenceof a ized plant biology by inventing the Wardiancase or simpleincident which occurred in thesummer of 1829. I had what we now know as the terrarium, "one of the buriedthe chrysalis of a sphinx[moth] in somemoist mould great inventions in garden history" (Thacker 1979). containedin a wide-mouthedglass bottle,covered with a lid. In watchingthe bottlefrom day to day, I observedthat the His invention was remarkable because he was a moisturewhich, during the heat of the day arosefrom the physician, not a professional plant scientist. How- mould,condensed on the surfaceof theglass, and returned ever, he was an enthusiastic amateur botanist/horti- whenceit came;thus keepingthe earthalways in the same culturistand natural scientist. Born in London, Ward degreeof humidity.About a weekprior to thefinal change of was the son of a successful physician who practiced theinsect, a seedlingfern and a grassmade their appearance in the polluted dock section of East London. Ward on the surfaceof the mould. was interested in plants and nature early in life. He I couldnot but be struckwith the circumstanceof one of was strongly interested in a career as a sailor, so at that very tribeof plants whichI hadfor yearsfruitlessly attemptedto cultivate,coming up sponte sua in such a age 13 his father sent him on a voyage to Jamaica.As situation,and askedmyself seriously what werethe condi- his father intended, the voyage changed young tionsnecessary for its well-being?To this the replywas-a Nathaniel's mind about a career as a sailor, for he moist atmosphere free from soot or other extraneous soon was apprenticed to his father and eventually particles; light; heat; moisture; periods of rest; and took over his father's medical practice (Ward 1868). change of air. All thesemy planthad; the circulationof air beingobtained by the diffusionlaw alreadydescribed. However, the tropical flora of Jamaica,especially the ferns and palms, reinforcedwhat was to be a lifelong Thus,then, all the conditions requisitefor thegrowth of passion for plants. Plant biology became his lifelong my wereapparently fulfilled, and it remainedonly to test the fact by experiment.I placedthe bottleoutside the avocation, and he usually would rise early to garden windowof my study,a roomwith a northernaspect, and to and study plants before visiting his patients. He often mygreat delight the plants continued to thrive.They turned collected plants in the then open areas around Lon- out to beL. Filixmas andthe Poa annua. Theyrequired no don, including Wimbledon. His personal attentionof any kind, and therethey remainedfor nearly numbered 25,000 specimens. His failure to create a fouryears, the grass once flowering, and thefern producing threeor fourfronds annually. At the end of this time they fern and moss garden in his backyarddue to severe accidentallyperished, during my absencefrom home, in air pollution played a key role in his 1829invention of consequenceof therusting of the lid, and theconsequent too the terrarium,as he related in 1852: freeadmission of rainwater. Thescience of ,in consequenceof the perusalof the The "mould" Ward refers to was leaf mold, partly worksof the immortalLinnaeus, had been my recreation decomposed leaves which are often used in garden- frommy youth up, andthe earliest object of myambition was ing. Ward's Poa annua (annual bluegrass) is a com- to possessan old wall coveredwith ferns and mosses.To obtainthis end, I builtup somerock-work in theyard at the mon introduced lawn weed in the United States, and his fern is the male fern, now called Drypoterisfilix- mas. Ward mistakenly referredto the young fern as a David R. Hersheyis AdjunctProfessor in the Biology/Horticulture seedling, however ferns grow from spores, not . Departmentat PrinceGeorge's CommunilyCollege, 301 Largo Ward also referredto the moth cocoon as a chrysalis, Rd.,Largo, MD 20772-2199 and author of PlantBiology Science Projectspublished by John Wiley. a term usually reserved for a butterfly pupa. After his initial observations, Ward quickly began

276 THEAMERICAN BIOLOGY TEACHER, VOWME 58, NO. 5, MAY196 other experiments and soon constructed larger glass plant cases that filled his house and yard and even were placed on his roof. His largest was 2.4 m square and was named the Tintern Abbey case because it contained a model of the west window of Tintern Abbey, which was overgrown with 50 species of plants. He continually expanded the number of spe- cies successfully cultivated. In June 1833, he dis- played a case at a meeting of the Linnean Society, a scientific organization in which he was an active Fellow (Allen 1969). The first publication of his work occurred in 1834, when John Loudon, leading horticulturistand pub- lisher of the popular Gardener'sMagazine, visited Ward's house. Loudon (1834) wrote enthusiastically

of the house filled with fern cases and persuaded Downloaded from http://online.ucpress.edu/abt/article-pdf/58/5/276/47646/4450151.pdf by guest on 30 September 2021 Ward (1834) to contribute an article. In December, Figure 1. Wardian case for transporting plants by ship (from Ward 1852). 1834, the influential Society of Arts requested further details on Ward's work resulting in another article, but not until 1836, when a letter from Ward describ- plants in February, 1834, for the return voyage. The ing his cases was also published in the Companionto cases were placed on deck and left unwatered even the BotanicalMagazine. This letter finally alerted the though temperatures ranged from -7? C to 490 C, scientific community to Ward's invention, because and the decks were covered with 30 cm of snow also in 1836, the British Association for the Advance- during part of the trip. On 24 November 1834, the ment of Science gave a grant for studying Wardian ship docked in London, and Ward and a nurseryman cases to a committee headed by James Yates. The were there to inspect them, as Ward explained in his 1838 committee report contained reports by Ward 1852 book: and several others (Allen 1969). I shall not readilyforget the delightexpressed by Mr. G. Ward reported on his studies to the BritishAssoci- Loddiges,who accompaniedme on board,at the beautiful ation in 1837. Michael Faraday,famed physical scien- appearanceof thefronds of Gleichenia microphylla[um- tist and President of the Royal Society, gave a lecture brellaor coralfern], a plantnow for thefirst timeseen alive on Wardian cases before the Royal Institution in in this country. April, 1838 (Allen 1969). In 1839, Daniel Ellis pub- Wardian cases quickly became the standard for lished a detailed 25-page report of experiments on plant explorers and greatly increased the flow of new Wardian cases conducted at the Royal Botanic Gar- foreign species into cultivation. George Loddiges dens in Edinburgh. At the Great Exhibition of 1851, found that the plant survival rate increased from 5% Warddisplayed a bottle containing a fem and mosses without to 95%with the Wardiancase (Thacker1979). that had not been watered for 18 years. Such terrar- RobertFortune was one of the first plant explorers to ium longevity has been used successfully in ecology utilize the Wardiancase in his successful transportof lessons by a schoolteacher with a 14-year-oldsealed 20,000 tea seedlings from China to India, which terrarium(Young 1978). started India's tea industry (Ward 1868).

Plant Transport Ward Versus Fleming Ward's dealings with the famous Loddiges nurs- Ward's invention and experiments with the Ward- ery, which sponsored plant explorations, probably ian case were chronicled in detail in his 1842book On led him to realize the potential of his invention for The Growth of Plants in Closely Glazed Cases and in an shipping plants by sea. Survival of living plants on expanded second edition of 1852, which was illus- long sea voyages was extremely poor. Plants kept on trated by his daughter-in-law and her brother. The deck perished due to the hot sun, salt spray, high invention of the terrarium depended on a chance winds, or cabin boys who neglected to water them, 1829 observation by an astute observer, much like and below deck they died from lack of light. In June, Alexander Fleming's celebrated "discovery" of peni- 1833, Ward filled some Wardian cases with plants cillin nearly a century later in 1928 (Macfarlane1984). (Figure 1) and sent them to Sydney, Australia. The Fleming was not the first to notice that mold inhibited cases arrived in November with the plants thriving, the growth of bacterianor did he actually isolate the despite the range of climates encountered on the long antibiotic penicillin. However, he made his observa- voyage. The cases were refilled with Australian tion at the right time because microbiologists were

WARD'STERRARIUM 277 Downloaded from http://online.ucpress.edu/abt/article-pdf/58/5/276/47646/4450151.pdf by guest on 30 September 2021

ringtn cas. Fro Mo?iso (1877)

g, .I~. _ __

Figure2. A Wardiancase for indoor plant cultivation(from 3~ Ward 1852). using chemistry as a major tool in their research (Gabriel& Fogel 1955). Thus, Fleming's observation led to the isolation of penicillin in 1940and to the 1945 Nobel Prize in medicine, which Fleming shared with Ernst Chain and Howard Florey. Like Fleming, Wardhad the scientific knowledge to realize the importance of his chance observation and followed it by further experimentation. Also like Ward's successful observation Figure 3. A combinationaquarium-terrarium or War- Fleming's observation, ringtoncase. FromMollison (1877). depended on a series of chance events: Ward'strip to Jamaica which inspired his passion for fems, the severe air pollution where Ward lived, Ward's failed and laboratories,but Ward is seldom given credit as fem wall, a fem spore in his leaf mold (perhaps their inventor. A combination aquarium-terrarium, provided by a dead fem from the fern wall), and the originally named the Warringtoncase (Figure 3), has sprouting of the fem and grass before the sphinx recently been revived and marketed for biology moth hatched. teaching (Anonymous 1994). Unfortunately, Ward's name has not been associated with it. Other Uses Ward'sOther Activities In addition to its use for successful plant cultivation in polluted air, in low relative humidity, and in In addition to his medical practice and terrarium long-distance transport of living plants, the Wardian experiments, Ward was active in the Society of case (Figure 2) became a fashionable home accessory Apothecaries, serving as Examiner of Botany from for middle class Victorians (Carter1984). Ward, as a 1836 to 1854 and becoming Master in 1855 and then philanthropist, humanitarianand physician, also en- Treasurer. He was also involved in the society's visioned the use of Wardian cases by the poor as a , which grew medicinal means of growing vegetables and enriching their plants. He held microscope soirees where microscop- lives with greenery (Ward 1868). He was an early ical observations were the form of entertainment advocate of horticulturaltherapy, by envisioning his (Ward 1868). In 1840, he was a cofounder of the plant cases benefiting the sick, elderly and mentally MicroscopicalSociety and was an original member of afflicted. His terrarium experiments also led to his the Botanical Society of Edinburgh and its London invention of the vivarium and aquarium(Allen 1969). secretary.His home on Wellclose Squareoften served Today, all three are common in homes, dlassrooms as a gathering place for plant enthusiasts. Newlywed

278 THEAMERICAN BIOLOGY TEACHER, VOLUME 58, NO. 5, MAY196 Edward Newman set up housekeeping there shortly ContemporaryPeople & Events after publishing his influential book, A History of British Ferns, which was dedicated to Ward (Allen A consideration of Ward's invention of the terrar- 1969). ium can also deal with the many dozens of important Ward was named a Fellow of the Royal Society in botanists and plant events of Ward's era. Ward's 1852and after retirement, spent the last part of his life lifetime was a period of tremendous botanicalactivity in less-polluted Clapham Rise, southwest of London, as thousands of new plant species were introduced, in a house appropriately named "The Ferns." Both and there were many advances in plant biology. Most his houses were well-known for their abundant plant of the key botanists of the time were commemorated collections. His obituary appeared in most of the by having plants named for them. Students could be major horticulturaland botanical journals, and they asked to create a documentary of botanical people overflowed with high praise of Ward's accomplish- and events of Ward's era in the style of Ken Burns' ments and character.The Africanmoss genus Wardia Civil Warusing Victorian-erawoodcuts (Figures 1-3) was named in his honor. and colored botanical plates. In 1830, Edwin Beard Budding (1796-1846) pat- ented the lawn mower, which also radicallychanged peoples' lives (Thacker 1979). Before the lawn Downloaded from http://online.ucpress.edu/abt/article-pdf/58/5/276/47646/4450151.pdf by guest on 30 September 2021 Multiple Discovery mower, a closely mowed lawn required a flock of One of the most intriguing aspects of Ward's sheep or laborious use of a scythe. Sir Joseph Paxton invention of the terrariumis that it came so late. Glass (1803-1865)earned fame as a gardener, plant collec- containers were in wide use long before 1829, death tor, greenhouse architect, and winner of the race to of plants on sea voyages was a major problem, and first flower the giant water lily (Victoriaamazonica) in many scientists were interested in plants. Had the Britain (Carter 1984). Paxton was inspired by the terrariumbeen invented earlier, it may have acceler- venation of the waterlilies 1-m-plus diameter leaf to ated plant introductions. submit an innovative design for the CrystalPalace, a 7.7-hectare built for the Great Exhibition Like many botanical discoveries (Troyer1992), the glasshouse of 1851. By comparison, Biosphere II is only 1.28 terrariumwas independently discovered by two peo- hectares. The CrystalPalace was the result of a Royal ple. Ward gets the credit but an obscure Scottish Commission's goal to build the largest building ever. botanist, A.A. Maconochie, invented the terrarium Paxton's use of prefabricatedbuilding parts was a before Ward in 1825 Macono- (Allen 1969). However, major innovation. chie did make not his invention public until 1839, Botanists of Ward's era included Charles Darwin well after Ward's invention was widely known. Ma- (1809-1882),who published several influentialbotany conochie decided not to press his claim of prior books-The VariousContrivances by whichOrchids are invention (Allen 1969). Maconochie is an example of Fertilizedby Insects in 1862, TheMovements and Habits of the "publish or perish" concept in science; he failed ClimbingPlants in 1865,Insectivorous Plants in 1875-as to publish his terrariumexperiments so he did not get well as his extremely influential On the Origin of credit for them. Speciesin 1859 (Gillispie 1975). John Lindley (1799- 1865)named and described many of the exotic plants pouring into England at the time; wrote several TerrariumCraze botany textbooks;wrote the first book treating horti- culture as a science, TheTheory of Horticulturein 1840; The use of the Wardian case for plant transport and was consulted on the Irish potato blights of the lasted for about a century until plastic bags made the 1840s (Gillispie 1975). In 1853, Lindley named the heavy glass cases unnecessary. The terrarium as a Californiasequoia, Wellingtoniagigantea, for the Duke decorative feature in homes has enjoyed several of Wellington. This angered Americanbotanists who periods of popularity. The terrariumwas a majorfad responded with the names Taxodiumwashingtonianum in the United States during the 1970s (Kramer1974; and Washingtoniacalifornica. A Frenchbotanist settled Newsweek1972). The Reader'sGuide to PeriodicalLiter- the dispute by proposing the name Sequoiagigantea. ature listed more than 30 terrarium articles in the Today, the name is Sequoiadendrongiganteum. In 1854, 1970s, including articles for teenagers (Anonymous the bark of a 98-m-tall sequoia was stripped to a 1973), parents (Cary 1974), and senior citizens (Mc- height of 35 m and shipped to London for display in Adams 1974). By comparison, only two terrarium the Crystal Palace (Hewes 1981). articles were listed for the last decade. Today the Botanicalillustrators of Ward's era include Pierre- terrariumis not nearly as popular as a home decora- Joseph Redoute (1759-1840) of France, the most fa- tion. However, it is still very important in biology mous flower illustrator, who produced Les Liliace~es teaching. and Les Roses, and Walter Hood Fitch (1817-1892),

WARD'STERRARIUM 279 who was the most prolific illustrator with almost Ward's invention is also an opportunity to link biol- 10,000 published plates, most while at Kew Gardens ogy with history by considering people and events (Sitwell & Blunt 1990). Marianne North (1830-1890) contemporaryto Ward. was a British flower painter who traveled alone into many wild and remote areas, something rarely done References by Victorianwomen. Kew Gardenshas 832 of North's oil paintings on display in a special gallery (Hepper Allen, D.E. (1969). The Victorianfern craze. London: 1982). Hutchison. In Germany, Julius von Sachs (1832-1897) made Anonymous. (1973). Here's how to grow it under many advances in plant physiology including the glass. Seventeen,32(6), 166. development of solution culture as a standard plant Anonymous. (1994). The river tank ecosystem. The research technique (Gillispie 1975). German chemist AmericanBiology Teacher, 56, 451. Justus von Liebig (1803-1873) finally put to rest the Carter, T. (1984). The Victoriangarden. Salem, MA: humus theory of plant nutrition with his 1840 book, Salem House. OrganicChemistry in its Applicationsto Agricultureand Cary, J.R. (1974, May). How to make a double terrar- Physiologyand correctlyhypothesized that plants split ium. ParentsMagazine, 49, 62-63. water in photosynthesis to produce oxygen (Gillispie Clark, T.K. (1978). Terrariums:Heightening student Downloaded from http://online.ucpress.edu/abt/article-pdf/58/5/276/47646/4450151.pdf by guest on 30 September 2021 1975). Although not appreciatedat the time, Austrian interest in botany. TheAmerican Biology Teacher, 40, monk Gregor Mendel (1822-1884)published his pio- 49-50. neering pea genetics research during Ward'slifetime. Doutt, K.M. & Airhart, D.L. (1991). Teaching envi- In the United States, Asa Gray (1810-1888)was the ronmental awareness using a terrarium. Teaching most influential botanist and a backer of Darwin's ExceptionalChildren, 23(4), 38-41. theory of evolution (Gillispie 1975). John Chapman Fones, G.P. (1972). Science: Sealed terrariums.Grade (1774-1845),a.k.a. Johnny Appleseed, became a leg- Teacher,89(9), 28, 30. end as an eccentric pioneer nurseryman in Ohio and Fry, T.D. (1979). A planet in a peanut butter jar. Indiana and a hero for warning settlers of Indian Teacher,96(8), 60, 62. attacks (Price 1954). First United States Minister to Gabriel, M.L. & Fogel, S. (1955). Greatexperiments in Mexico Joel R. Poinsett (1779-1851)was also a bota- biology.Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. nist/horticulturistwho gained fame by introducing Gillispie, C.C. (1975). Dictionaryof scientificbiography. the poinsettia from Mexico into the United States New York:Scribner's. (Hedrick 1988). Scotsman David Douglas (1798-1834) Hastings, B. (1972). Earth:A bottle of life. Instructor, was one of many important plant collectors in the 81(10), 32-34. Americas. He collected numerous plant species for Hedrick, U.P. (1988). A historyof horticulturein Amer- the HorticulturalSociety of London from the Ameri- ica to 1860. Portland, OR: Timber Press. can Pacific coast and died in Hawaii after falling into Hendrick, R. (1991). Biology, history and Louis Pas- a cattle trap and being gored by a wild bull (Hedrick teur: A new approach to teaching science. The 1988). Even ornithologist/artistJohn James Audubon AmericanBiology Teacher, 53, 467-478. (1785-1851)dabbled in botany by naming the western Hepper, F.N. (Ed.). (1982).Royal Botanic Gardens Kew: dogwood, Cornusnuttallii, in honor of Thomas Nut- Gardensfor scienceand pleasure.Owings Mills, MD: tall (1786-1859). Nuttall, an Englishman, was a pro- Stemmer House. lific plant explorer throughout the United States Hewes, J.J. (1981). Redwoods:The world's largest trees. (Hedrick 1988). New York:Gallery Books. Hull, E.D. (1934). Terrariaand their plants. School Scienceand Mathematics,34, 372-379. Conclusions Jackson, J.R. & Thomas, L.P. (1980). Building a The fascinating story of the accidentalinvention of terraquarium.The American Biology Teacher, 42, 551- the Wardian case or terrarium should be discussed 553. whenever terrariums are used in biology teaching. Kramer,J. (1974). Thecomplete book of terrariumgarden- Ward's description of the chance observation that ing. New York:Charles Scribner'sSons. inspired his invention gives students a rare opportu- Loudon, J.C. (1834). Growing ferns and other plants nity to read of a scientific breakthroughin the scien- in glass cases. Gardener'sMagazine, 10, 162-163. tist's own words. The story is an excellent illustration Macfarlane,G. (1984). AlexanderFleming, the manand of how a chance event can lead to a major scientific themyth. Cambridge, MA: OxfordUniversity Press. advance if the observer is receptive to it. Ward's McAdams, K. (1974, July). Make a terrarium.Retired invention is also an example of the common occur- Living,14, 52-53. rence of multiple discovery in botany and is evidence Mollison, J.R. (1877). The new practicalwindow gar- of the "publish or perish" concept. Considerationof dener.London: Groombridge.

280 THEAMERICAN BIOLOGY TEACHER, VOLUME 58, NO. 5, MAY1996 Newsweek. (1972). Under glass. Newsweek,80(17), 105. Ochs, V.D. & Brock, M.R. (1975). Bottle biology. Good Natured Scienceand Children,13(2), 15-17. The Originsof Rightand Wrong Price, R. (1954). Johnny Appleseed:Man and myth. in Humansand Other Animals Bloomington: Indiana University Press. Sitwell, S. & Blunt, W. (1990). Greatflower books: FRANS DE WAAL 1700-1900. New York:Atlantic Monthly Press. "Can we recognize a sense of morality Story, L.E. (1982). Economicalterrariums. Science and in creatures other than ourselves? De Waal asks, then smartly, rangingly, Children,19(5), 24-25. appealing deploys his ethozoological Thacker, C. (1979). The history of gardens. Berkeley, background to see what he can find... CA: University of CaliforniaPress. [De Waal is] interested in cross-pollinat- Troyer,J.R. (1992). On the history and characteristics ing his delicious array of intuitions, anecdotes, and random observations, of some multiple discoveries in botany, 1648-1965. with theories from neurobiology, visual AmericanJournal of Botany,79, 833-841. anthropology, comparative psychology, evolutionary sci- Ward, N.B. (1834). On growing ferns and other ence, and cognitive ethology (his command of the fields that plants in glass cases, in the midst of the smoke of touch upon the biological roots of morality is dazzling)... Downloaded from http://online.ucpress.edu/abt/article-pdf/58/5/276/47646/4450151.pdf by guest on 30 September 2021 London; and on transplanting plants from one Unpretentious, open, humorous, - x t - _ and with a flair for language, de country to another by similar means. Gardener's Waal nimbly displays that rare and Magazine,10, 207-208. - wonderful scientific mind: as much Ward, N.B. (1852). On the growth of plants in closely at home with contradiction, clutter, glazedcases, 2nd ed. London: J. Van Voorst. and illogic as with systematicdata." Ward, S.H. (1868). Nathaniel Bagshaw Ward obitu- c __ -Kirkus Reviews 'A provocativeand importantbook ary. Gardener'sChronicle, pp. 655-656, a5 thatdemands serious attention: it Young, C. (1978). Mr. Young's old terrarium.Science 0 | _ will change the way we view our- Activities,15(2), 22-23. selves and our place in nature." -Roger Lewin,co-author with RichardLeakey of TheSixth Extinction 78 halftones,13 line illus. $24.95 cloth FREE Neuroscience Lab Manuals Available! Insects through Orderyour copy today! the Seasons Supplies are limited! GILBERT T ~he National Association of Biology Teachers WVALDBAUER (NABT) will soon be distributing FREE cop- "[A] thoroughly gratifying survey of that ies of Neuroscience Laboratory and Class- most successful animal group. ..The insect world is one room Activities to USA educators and neuroscien- long, strange parade of curiosities: critters with ears on their 1 tists. This lab manual is written to be used with high legs, teeth on their genitals, the smell of school students, and was developed by teachers and carbona on their breath. Waldbauer gives neuroscientists working in partnership. To reserve the scoop on the tricks of a dead leaf but-. your complimentary copy, call NABT. We will for- terfly, cracks the code of the cricket's chirp, tends bar for a boozing moth, shares ward your request to the Society for Neuroscience the satin bowerbird's obsession with the color (SFN), NABTs partner in this project. The Society blue. In the process, he puts the entire eco- for Neuroscience will attempt to match your name logical picture in context ... Waldbauer's wis- with a neuroscientist in your geographic area whom dom is served up like a tantalizing tray of hors d'oeuvres, none of which will likely be declined." you can contact about questions. If you have previ- -Kirkus Reviews ously requested this lab manual from NABT, your 22 lineillus. * $24.95cloth name is already in our database and you do not need to call. Supplies of free copies are limited and will be distributed on a first come-first served basis. (This Harvard project was funded by a grant from the National Insti- University tutes of Health.) For questions, call NABT headquar- A tPress ters at (703) 471-1134/ or toll-free at (800) 406-0775.

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