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Home , Jotnian, Quartz arenite, Roundness (geology), Sorting (sediment), Thin section

ApPENDIX Petrographic Analysis of

Introduction effectiveness, however, depends on the imagination and skill of the operator. The petrographic analysis of , • stones in particular, became an organized disci• pline with the development of thin-section tech• Description and Analysis niques and the polarizing microscope-a devel• opment attributed to Henry Clifton Sorby. Rock description and analysis are based on Sorby was making thin sections in 1849, pub• study of , cores, hand specimens, and lished a paper on the microscopical structure of thin sections. Thin sections can be easily pre• "calcareous grit" in 1851, and his paper in 1880 pared for unconsolidated also (Middleton on the non-calcareous stratified rocks was a ma• and Kraus, 1980). Emphasis here is placed on jor milestone in the thin-section analysis of hand-specimen and thin-section study of either sandstones. Folk (1965) has ably summarized core or samples. Sorby's petrographic contributions as has Sum• The art of rock description and analysis is merson (1978). Until shortly before World War learned by doing and by the study of published II, most students of sedimentary rocks, unlike examples. Good descriptions of rocks of all those of igneous and metamorphic rocks, failed types have been published in Bulletin 150 of the to "follow through" on Sorby's auspicious be• U.S. Geological Survey. A number of abbrevi• ginnings. One brilliant exception was Lucien ated descriptions are given in Grout (I932, pp. Cayeux (1929). In more recent years, however, 22-28). See also the approach to rock descrip• the thin-section analysis of sedimentary rocks tions of Ferm and Weisenftuh (1981), an ap• has become commonplace and is now a fully proach that uses colored pictures of rock types exploited tool for research. with a code name and number. The prime object of the study of a thin section The use of a well-designed petrographic form is, or should be, the reading of rock history. The develops a regular pattern of description and microscope is the most useful, general method maximizes the efficiency and effectiveness of for close study of the composition, fab• any microscopic study. The level of descrip• ric, and general makeup of a rock. Such close tion, however, may vary widely-from a con• study is a necessary complement to field studies cise paragraph based largely on qualitative ob• in interpreting the origin of sands and sand• servation and semiquantitative visual estimates stones. to a three- or four-page typed report based on The study of sand and in the labo• counts of 200 to 500 or more grains; or in place ratory has proceeded in other directions also, of a written report, the data may be directly and there has been a proliferation of methods entered on a computer disk for later processing. for study of grain size, grain shape and round• Choice between semiquantitative and quanti• ness, and permeability, and the like. tative estimates depends on the investigator's Many of these methods, however, are applica• objectives, his judgment, and the available ble only to unconsolidated deposits and, useful time. If very large numbers of samples are to be as they may be, the thin-section approach re• studied and little time is available for the task, mains the single most effective means of inves• semiquantitative estimates must suffice. Min• tigation of sandstones in the laboratory. Its eraI percentages can be estimated by compari- 520 Appendix: Petrographic Analysis of Sandstones

1.00

0.50 2.00

DIAMETER RATIO PHI STANDARD VERBAL (MIlliMETERS) DEVIATION SCALE

lO -~----~ 000 very well sorted

16 0 35 --~~--- MATURE well sorted f 20 050 -----~-----~ moderately sorted t ,::~-~-=::-~ ---~ J__ '"~ (After Folk, 1965, p. 104-105) son charts with a reticle (Terry and Chilingar, FIGURE A-I. Sorting images from Harrell (1984. 1955). Sorting can also be estimated by compar• Figs. 3, 4, 5, and 6) and sorting classes from Folk ison charts (Fig. A-I). Roundness of individual (1968, p. 102). Published by permission of the au• grains is always so estimated (Fig. A-2). Counts thors and the Society of Economic Paleontologists of 50 to 100 grains have usually been made to and Mineralogists. estimate either average grain roundness or per• centage of angular grains. But the earmark of the modern petrographer estimate based on a given number of counts. is the point count of 200 to 500 grains per slide Van der Plas and Tobi (1965) provide a compa• for estimates of composition. Quantitative esti• rable chart (Fig. A-3). Dennison (1962) also mates are needed for many petrographic classifi• gives useful charts, all of which are based on cations and for most subsequent statistical anal• the normal and binomial distributions. In prac• ysis. By using binomial and Poisson confidence tice, it is not uncommon for a petrographer to charts (Pearson and Hartley, 1954, Tables 40 utilize semiquantitative estimates for some of and 41), one can determine the reliability of an the petrographic variables and reserve system- ~ o (J :>':"" ti (1) (JC/O ::1. -g o· ::3 ~ 0-::3 ~ ::3 po .:z [J; (ji. y

y

I L------"II III III II~ II Very Sub- 3 Sub- 4 5 Well- 6 o angular Angular 2 angular rounded Rounded rounded

FIGURE A-2. Roundness images and classes. Columns show grains of similar roundness but different sphericity. (Redrawn from Powers, \953, Fig. I).

'J> t" Appendix: Petrographic Analysis of Sandstones

5000,--,~~~~~~~~~-,~~~~-' 4000 3000 -

1500

600 500 400 - n 300

200f ! ISO!

60 50 40 ----1-- I 40 50 70 80 90 100 P

atic point counting for the one or two most sig• FIGURE A-3. Ninety-five percent confidence limits nificant ones. An automatic electronic stage and for mineral proportions, where 11 is total number of counter is both a convenience and an efficient grains counted and p is the estimated proportion of a time saver and back scatter election image anal• particular mineral. Curved contours in percent give confidence limits. Worked example: 11 is 500. p is 28 ysis offers promise of automated point counts percent. and the confidence limit is 4 percent so that (Dilko and Graham, 1985). in repeated sampling the true proportion will lie Sorting, angularity. and clay content define within 24 and 32 percent. (Modified from van der textural maturity, which should be specified. Plas and Tobi. 1965. Fig. 1). Table A-I gives a flow chart for this procedure. Sorting can be estimated by comparison with Fig. A-lor one can estimate it by determining items in these report forms will not be appropri• the ratio of two representative grain diameters: ate and that there may be special comments that the diameter in millimeters of a grain of the 84th we have not included. The detailed form em• percentile and the diameter of a grain of the phasizes, however, the comprehensive nature 16th percentile. Conversion to phi units. sub• of a full description. The analysis of the Trivoli traction, and division by two yields the sorting. Sandstone presented below follows this form. Clay of authigenic origin should be ignored, We have included a few amplifying remarks when clay content is determined. for the most effective use of these forms. After To facilitate petrographic analysis, we have looking at the hand specimen with the naked included two petrographic forms. Table A-2 is a eye. and hand lens. or binocular, it is best to skeletal form and Table A-3 a very detailed one scan the thin section with low power to appraise modified from Folk (1968. pp. 133-38). We rec• its general characteristics. This should be fol• ognize, of course, that in many studies all the lowed by a grain size analysis of its terrigenous Rock Description and Analysis 523

TABLE A-I. Textural maturity flow chart. (Modified from Folk. 1968, p. 102). STEP 1 Clay content (micaceous material less than 30 JJ., excluding authigenic material) a) If greater than 5 percent, sand is immature. b) If less than 5 percent, determine sorting. STEP 2 Sorting (See Fig. A-I) a) If sorting is greater than 0.5~ (diameter ratio over 2.0), sand is submature. b) If sorting is less than 0.5~ determine roundness. STEP 3 Roundness (See Fig. A-2) a) If sand-size grains are subangular to angular (3.0 or less on the Powers scale, Table 3-3), sand is mature. b) If roundness exceeds 3.0, sand is supermature.

TABLE A-2. Short petrographic report for sandstones. HAND SPECIMEN Color, grain size, sorting, induration, bedding, etc. and field name. THIN-SECTION DESCRIPTION Abstract: Digest and condense all the and summarize in 25 words. Texture: Modal size, sorting, and nature of grain-to-grain contacts. Bedding. Percent sand, , and clay. Roundness. Mineralogy: Give percent of terrigenous, orthochemical (precipitated cement) and allochemical (transported grains formed within the basin of ) material plus description and amounts of different types of terrigenous debris. A brief paragraph for each constituent. Interpretation: Character of source area plus type of transportation and character of depositional basin, if possi• ble. . GENERAL COMMENT Always keep description and interpretation separate. At times you may estimate abundances with 100 point counts or by using comparison charts.

components under medium or high power. Size tions of one mineral to another are most impor• analysis is commonly the best way to become tant and should be recorded. acquainted with both the texture and mineral• Any comprehensive study of thin sections ogy of the section. Counts of as low as 50 grains should be supplemented by X-ray analysis of to 100 grains are satisfactory for the mean and interstitial , (Wilson and Clark, 1978) and sorting for many problems, or images can be microscopic heavy mineral analysis. Thin sec• used (Beard and Weyl, 1973). tions should always be stained for Modal mineralogical analysis follows. Counts (Houghton, 1980), but electron probe analysis is of 200 to 500 grains are generally sufficient for desirable for feldspar and other mineralogical all but minor constituents (less than I percent) compositions. If a chemical bulk analysis is using high or medium power. It is best to esti• available, it should certainly be cited and re• mate proportions of varietal types by separate lated to petrographic features. Any many more counts. The modal analysis should be always methods can be utilized (Table A-4). supplemented by a qualitative observation of Methods vary depending upon the question each component: its median and size range, to be asked. For studies, outcrop angularity, inclusions, alteration products, etc. samples are satisfactory, and both the micro• Such descriptions should avoid useless detail probe and SEM-EDX can help significantly such as, for example, enumeration of ordinary with more precise mineralogical determina• optical properties, and should instead be di• tions, as is well shown by Maynard's (1984) rected to useful special features. It is, for exam• study of the detrital . ple, pointless to note that the is uniaxial Diagenetic and reservoir studies of sandstones but it may be significant to observe that quartz are best made, however, only with subsurface is composite and well rounded. The relation be• samples and, if possible, only from the plugs tween grain size and composition and the distri• from which porosity and permeability were bution of cementing agents within the section measured. By so doing, diagenetic mineralogi• should always be observed. The textural rei a- cal and textural features such as cement history 524 Appendix: Petrographic Analysis of Sandstones

TABLE A-3. Detailed petrographic report form. as evidence permits. If marine, how far from (Modified from Folk, 1968, pp. 133-38). shore? Utilize biotic constituents and trace fossils as much as possible. Tectonic setting of basin. I. SAMPLE IDENTIFICATION C. Diagenesis Formation name, age, and precise geographic location State and interpret diagenetic history and empha• of outcrop and full well name, location, and depth of a size the pore system. Are diagenetic effects major core sample. or minor? How are they related to porosity and II. FIELD RELATIONS OR SUBSURFACE DATA permeability? Ratio of primary to secondary po• Outcrop or core thickness and position of outcrop or rosity? core with respect to formational boundaries: associ• VI. ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE ated lithologies, bedding characteristics, sedimentary Discuss economic importance and give industrial structures, fossils, deformation, and mineralization. name. Comment on possible market value and prob• III. HAND SPECIMEN DESCRIPTION lems of development. Concise, simple description including a field name VII. BEARING ON SCIENTIFIC PROBLEMS consistent with petrographic analysis. Include color, How does the interpretation of this sample relate to grain size, sorting, roundness, mineral composition, the historical development of the sandstone body or fossils. induration, , bedding, the sedimentary basin') To paleotectonics? To thermal tectonic deformation. and . history of basin? IV. THIN-SECTION DESCRIPTION A. Abstract Brief comments, perhaps 50 words. Prepare only after all other aspects of the report are complete. Include rock name, summarized modal analysis, and pore distribution can be directly related to interpretation, possible economic significance, porosity, permeability, and water saturation us• and relevance to scientific problems. ing straightforward statistical mdhods. See B. Texture Keelan (1982) for a summary of the petrophysi• I. Fabric cal study of sandstone cores and Sneider el (/1. Grain-to-grain relations, grain orientation, ce• mentation, and porosity. (1983) on how to estimate some laboratory mea• 2. Grain size surements with careful binocular observation. Specify mean, median, and range sorting and Impregnation under pressure with blue dye is percent of gravel, sand, silt, and clay. Plot cu• always essential for thin-section study of pore mulative cure on log-probability paper if 100 or systems. Blue fluorescent dye is also of value more grains are counted. (Yangus and Dravis, 1985). 3. Angularity and sphericity Good report forms clearly separate descrip• Describe and comment on how they vary with tion from interpretation and one should always size. strive to maintain this separation. But how does 4. Textural maturity one make the interpretation? Table A-5, modi• C. Porosity, permeability, and water saturation from fied from van Andel (1958, Table I), relates pet• subsurface plugs D. Mineralogy rographic and other properties to the major ob• jectives of the study of sand and sandstone. Separate into terrigenous, allochemicaL and ortho• chemical constituents and give percent of each. This table summarizes the essential information Reproduce modal analysis in a compact table. of much of the previous material of the book. V. INTERPRETATION Table A-5 emphasizes that the fullest interpre• Here one integrates the data from the thin section with tation requires some knowledge of the size, all other evidence: Field or subsurface observations. shape, and orientation of the sandstone body, chemical or microprobe analysis, and the literature. its associated sediments, and position of the Remember that the best interpretation is one that uses sandstone body in the basin. This underscores all the relevant facts and exploits their ~ignificance to the fact that petrographic interpretation is the fullest-stopping just short f!f the point of unjusti• fied conclusions. greatly enhanced by other information about A. Source area the sandstone body from which the sample was Estimate lithologic composition and maturity of obtained. sandstones in source plus tectonic state and Table A-5 also underscores another impor• weathering, location, and distance from deposi• tant point-most petrographic properties arc tional site. Plot on QFR or other diagram. How the response to the joint effect of both inheri• many sedimentary cycles involved? Did more than one source region contribute ') Plate tectonic signifi• tance and depositional environment. For exam• cance? ple, angularity of quartz may be related to the B. Depositional basin maturity of the sandstones in the source area as Estimate nature and strength of currents and water well as the effectiveness of rounding in the last depth. Identify environment of deposition as fully depositional environment. Nor should later A Comprehensive Petrographic Analysis: The Trivoli Sandstone of Southern Illinois 525

TABLE A-4. Instrumental methods for the study of sandstones. Method Information obtained Standard petrographic Thin sections and heavy separates; QFR, roundness, % matrix, size, fabric, and cement microscope . For subsurface studies use samples impregnated with dye to define aver• age size and sorting of pores and, if possible, study thin sections from plugs to correlate petrologic parameters with porosity, permeability, and water saturation. Microprobe Chiefly feldspar types and composition of inclusions and of in rock fragments. SEM Mineralogy and texture of detrital and authigenic phases. Surface textures of grains. On subsurface sample, examine interiors of pores and their fill for cement stratigraphy and compare and contrast samples of high and low permeability. SEM-EDX Exact automated mineralogy and porosity. Cathodo-Iuminescence Precise determination of overgrowths and enhanced cement stratigraphy. Isotopes Oxygen ('80/ 160) Salinity and temperature of water from which cements and clays were precipitated and exchange with formation waters. Carbon (13C/12C) Carbonate cements from oxidation of organic carbon or primary carbonate. Strontium Detrital provenance, ultimate age, and recycling. Radioactive (87Rb/ 87 Sr; Age of detrital minerals. 4OK/40A; 147Sm/14JNd) Porosity, permeability and Fundamental to all reservoir studies. Study petrography on core plugs, if possible; use water saturation deter• micropermeameter to investigate small-scale variations of permeability. mined from core plugs Geophysical logs Essential for subsurface studies to define porosity and permeability as well as sandbody geometry and both local and regional distribution. Many types now routinely available; gamma-ray, neutron, density, sonic, self-potential, resistivity, dipmeter, etc.

diagenesis be ignored. In short, a history is in• from samples collected from outcrops and the volved and the petrographer's problem is to de• subsurface in the Illinois Basin. cipher where and when the particular effect took place: in the source area, in transport, at II. Field Relations the site of deposition, or afterward? Although quantitative petrography is essen• Maximum sandstone thickness is 157 ft (48 m) tial, there is not substitute for penetrating quali• in Franklin County. Thick or channel phase tative observation. It alone is the key to what generally varies from 40-100 ft (12-31 m) and may be worthwhile to count. mainly in erosional valleys cut in underlying A systematic, comprehensive question set beds. Thin or sheet phase, ranging from 0-40 ft. can be helpful ( Seminar, 1978). (0-12 m), is distributed more uniformly. Sand• stone has a sharp separating it from the gray marine of the West Franklin of the underlying cyclothem. Grades A Comprehensive Petrographic upward into silty shale and then to the under• Analysis: The Trivoli Sandstone clay below the Chapel (No.8) coal bed. Basal part of sandstone may be conglomeratic with of Southern Illinois locally derived . On the outcrop the sandstone weathers into I. Sample Identification large slabs and flags, and is uniform in appear• ance. Ripple mark and crossbedding are charac• Trivoli Sandstone Member of the Modesto For• teristic throughout. Crossbedding varies from mation, McLeansboro Group, Pennsylvanian planar to large troughs. Mean direction of System. Basal member of the Trivoli Cyclo• crossbedding is 158 0 based on 81 observations them and named as such by Wanless (1931). (Andresen, 1961, p. 25). Plant fossils are char• Outcrops in parts of western Illinois, especially acteristic, large fragments of abraded stems and Peoria and adjacent counties, and southern Illi• twigs occur in the conglomerates, and smaller nois, especially Williamson and adjacent coun• particles, not easily identifiable, in the finer• ties. Known in the subsurface over wide areas grained beds. Beds are gently deformed, con• of the Illinois Basin. Description is a composite formable with the structure of other Pennsylva- 526 Appendix: Petrographic Analysis of Sandstones

TABLE A-5. Objectives of study, relevant petrographic properties, and their interpretation. (Modified from van Andel, 1958, Table I). Objective Property Remarks Source Roundness Generally modified but little in a single cycle and hence useful in assessing character of source rocks. Rounded quartz generally, but not always, implies recycling. Directional structures Regional mapping outlines current system in basin and thus helps locate source region. May also have some environ• mental significance. Mineralogical maturity Mature mineralogy commonly reflects cratonic source, re• cycling, and appreciable weathering; immature mineral• ogy indicates uplift and rapid of crystalline rocks. Absence of polycrystalline quartz indicates preexisting sediments. Transportation Grain size Generally not diagnostic of environment except for presence or absence of gravel; thick conglomeratic sections indi• cate strong gradients and proximity to source, but pebbly sands may be transported hundreds of kilometers by large streams. Vertical size profile contains environmental in• formation. Mineralogy minimal for sand in all but steepest mountain streams. Depositional Associated sediments Knowledge of lateral equivalents plus preceding and follow• environment ing units essential for maximum interpretation. Fossils Establish environment of deposition. Mineralogy Argillaceous rock fragments may be eliminated on with high wave energy; or, if buried, may result in pseudo• matrix, enhance physical compaction, and reduce perme• ability. Detrital feldspar may be dissolved later to enhance secondary porosity. Vertical sequence Vertical variation of grain size, stratification, and lithology is essential key to identification of depositional environ• ment. Sandbody shape and Map pattern of sand accumulation tells much about process orientation and environment of sand dispersal in basin. Textural maturity Clay content and sorting of framework reflect final deposi• tional environment of sand dispersal in basin. Post-depositional Authigenic minerals Early and late cements reduce porosity and permeability. history Permeability and po• Rough overall measure of the extent of diagenesis. Second• rosity ary porosity favored by early carbonate cement and detri• tal feldspar.

nian beds in the basin. Dips are so low that they quartz overgrowths and cement crystals are rarely accurately measurable in the field. hide detrital outlines. Small-scale crossbedding and ripples can be seen in some specimens. III. Hand Specimen Description The sandstone, in outcrop, is brown to reddish IV. Thin-Section Description brown, but in the subsurface it is light gray. It is A. Abstract uniformly fine grained; and well sorted, with shaly, micaceous (), and carbona• A typical moderately well-sorted, sublithic to ceous partings. It can readily be identified as a lithic characteristic of many conti• lithic arenite by the abundance of non-quartz nental Coal Measures (Fig. A-4). Mono- and grains and the lack of much matrix. Cementa• polycrystalline quartz are subangular to sub• tion is normally moderate (can easily be disag• rounded and commonly form about 50 per• gregated without breaking grains), but some cent of the sand, feldspar averages 4 percent, specimens show extensive cementation (disag• and rock fragments about 9 percent. Clay and gregation difficult and breaks grains). Grains badly squashed rock fragments (7 percent) plus appear angular; sparkling facets of euhedral calcite and ferroan (11 percent) bind A Comprehensive Petrographic Analysis: The Trivoli Sandstone of Southern Illinois 527

FIGURE A-4. Typical appearance of Trivoli Sand• 1957), show that there is both a general prefer• stone as determined by thin section. partially crossed red direction of elongate grains in a section par• nicols. x 100. allel to bedding and imbrication normal to the bedding. The sandstone is cemented by a combination the framework together. Outcrop and extensive of the clay matrix with precipitated mineral ce• subsurface mapping indicate that the Trivoli ments of calcite, ferroan dolomite, siderite, Sandstone was mostly derived from the Appala• quartz, carbonate, and, on the outcrop, he• chian mobile belt and was deposited in the Illi• matite and limonite. Cement, most of which is nois Basin as a coastal plain-deltaic complex. carbonate, averages about 20 percent and this, coupled with clay matrix, reduces porosity to B. Texture about 20 percent from an original porosity that must have been about 40 to 45 percent. I. Fabric is typical of lithic . Most of 2. Grain size distribution is that of a moder• the rock is supported structurally by the ately well-sorted fine to medium-grained sand quartz-feldspar-chert framework. but defor• (Fig. A-5). Size distributions are skewed to mation of argillaceous rock fragments has fine sizes, because of the abundance of clay. squashed the latter to "clay matrix" which in• The break in the size curve suggests a mixture trudes into pore space and surrounds compe• of two size distributions. If most of the clay tent framework grains. Grain contacts are more were assumed to come from the degradation of numerous than expected for a well-sorted sand. argillaceous rock fragments and removed, the indicating some compaction and rearrangement would be very well-sorted, fine- to of grains accompanied by the squashing of rock medium-grained sand, corresponding to the fragments. fraction coarser than about 3 in Figure A-5. Because most grains tend to be equant. a pre• 3. Large numbers of framework grains are ferred shape orientation is not obvious, but ori• subrounded to rounded. but roundness is diffi• entation of large detrital flakes is excellent cult to estimate in many grains because of lack and parallel to bedding. Quantitative studies of of preserved border between detrital core and a similar sandstone lower in the Pennsylvanian, either overgrowth or replacing cement, but vi• the Pleasantview of western Illinois (Rusnak. sual roundness of quartz is estimated at 0.25; 528 Appendix: Petrographic Analysis of Sandstones

TABLE A-6. Some typical modal analyses of the 95 Trivoli sandstone (Andresen, 1961, Table 2). 90 Minerals Samples 80 IE CI5B e21A c: -., 70 - Quartz u "- 1&1 Monocrystalline 23 38 24 a.. 50 Polycrystalline 28 23 27 1&1 Chert T T > 30 Feldspar -0 20 Microline T T T ::J Plagioclase I § 10 Untwinned 1 5 2 u Mica 3 3 I 5 Rock fragments Metamorphic 4 7 8 Sedimentary 4 2 5 Clay matrix 7 5 5 Cement 23 16 21 Average quartz 0.08 0.18 0.10 Size (phi units)

FIGURE A-5. Grain size analysis of Trivoli Sandstone tered than plagioclase. Most orthoclase is un• as determined by thin section (300 counts). Note two populations on arithmetic probability paper. twinned. The ratio of plagioclase to K-feldspar is 1.7 based on X-ray diffraction patterns of the >2IJ- fraction. d) Rock fragments are dominantly argilla• the feldspar average is 0.5. Sphericity is in the ceous varieties, both low-grade metamorphic range 0.60-0.85 and is highly variable because of and sedimentary, which grade into clay matrix. the heterogeneous composition. Coarser sam• Many appear deformed and have corroded ples tend to be better rounded and more spheri• edges. Many and shale fragments look cal. like Pennsylvanian rocks lower in the section 4. The Trivoli is texturally immature as indi• and may be of local origin. A few limestone cated by the sorting and roundness. If most of fragments were found. the clay matrix were not counted as detrital, e) Mica is almost all muscovite, with small then many samples would be texturally mature. amounts of and chlorite, and occurs in shreds and plates, many bent and broken, many C. Mineralogy (Table A-6) deformed around quartz grains. Mica flakes are all oriented parallel to bedding, and are very 1. Terrigenous detritus abundant in thin shaly partings. o Clay minerals were analyzed by X-ray dif• a) Quartz is separable into mono- and polycry• fraction after separation of the <2IJ- fraction. stalline, chert, and secondary overgrowths. This fraction probably includes not only matrix Cathodo-luminescence shows that some of the but some of the rock fragment clays as well. monocrystalline quartz has low luminescence Clays present are kaolinite, illite, chlorite, and a and may be of relatively low-temperature ori• mixed-layer clay. Kaolinite is well crystallized gin-sedimentary to low-grade metamorphic, and some can be seen to be an authigen pore or low-temperature hydrothermal. Authigenic filling with under the SEM. Under cathodo-Iu• overgrowth quartz exceeds 5 percent in only a minescence kaolinite appears a bright blue, in• few samples; in most it is about I percent. Sec• dicating a low-temperature origin. Chlorite is ond-cycle grains are present in some samples. poorly crystallized and appears to be an iron• b) Chert is present in small or trace amounts rich variety on the basis of relative intensities of in most samples. A few grains show faint sug• different order of basal spacing (first order low, gestions of fossil outlines. second order high). Illite shows typical grading c) Feldspars present are sodic varieties of into mixed-layered varieties. The mixed-lay• plagioclase, orthoclase, , and a few ered varieties are abundant and seem to be ran• grains of anorthoclase. Some grains are kaolin• domly interlayered. Based on peak intensities, ized, but it is not certain that they have been the ratio of kaolinite to chlorite is about 10, altered in place. More microcline grains are al- chlorite to illite about 0.2, and quartz to illite A Comprehensive Petrographic Analysis: The Trivoli Sandstone of Southern Illinois 529

about 2.2. Analyses of ground samples of the estimates is traceable to the fact that the detrital > 2f.L fraction show a higher ratio of kaolinite to outlines of original grains are not always distin• chlorite, 12.3; a higher ratio of quartz to illite, guishable and so anhedral overgrowths are not 4.9; and the same ratio of chlorite to illite, 0.2. recognized. g) Heavy minerals are dominantly zircon, d) Authigenic kaolinite is present as well as tourmaline, and rutile with lesser amounts of crystallized, small, vermicular aggregates in apatite and garnet. The ZTR index is very high, pore spaces. A few grains of , proba• indicating high maturity. Opaque heavy miner• bly authigenic but possibly detrital, are present als are mainly leucoxene with lesser amounts of in a few samples. Colorless authigenic tourma• pyrite, hematite, and limonite. Roundness of line overgrowths are rare. Anatase is idiomor• the heavy minerals varies: garnet is angular, phic and can probably be authigenic. rutile is rounded, tourmaline and zircon have both rounded and angular varieties. Some tour• malines show small spikes of authigenic over• V. Interpretation growths. h) pebbles at base of sand• The Trivoli is one of the best known mappable stone in channel deposits are almost entirely sand bodies of the upper part of the Pennsylva• sideritic clay concretion fragments. These are nian section of the Illinois Basin, primarily from the same type as found in overlying coal the subsurface but also from its outcrop belt beds in the Illinois Basin. Other pebbles include (Fig. A-6). It was the first Pennsylvanian sand• hematite- and limonite-cemented sandstone stone of the basin to be given systematic petro• similar to other Pennsylvanian sandstones in graphic study (Siever, 1954), and one of the few that part of the section, a few limestone peb• individual sandbodies for which there is a large bles, and rarely a coal . and useful body of stratigraphic and petrologic data. The only other Pennsylvanian sandbody 2. Chemical Constituents to be studied in such detail, and a useful com• parison, is the Anvil Rock Sandstone lower in a) Calcite is present as a clear untwinned mo• the section in Carbondale Formation of the Ke• saic of interlocking crystals that fills pore space wanee Group (Hopkins, 1958). and replaces detrital grains of quartz and feld• a) The composition and texture of the Trivoli spar and, much more rarely, rock fragments or are consistent with the general interpretation of clay matrix. The only inclusions are of the Pennsylvanian sandstones of the Illinois Basin quartz or other framework grain replaced. Cal• as part of an alluvial-deltaic complex derived cite is present either in small amounts, about 5 by a major system primarily from sedi• percent, as irregular patchy areas or, in a few mentary and metamorphic highlands of the Ap• samples, as an abundant constituent making up palachian mobile belt far to the east and north• more than 20 percent of the rock. Calcite not east. The lack of much feldspar and the only replaces detrital quartz, but is itself re• abundance of metamorphic and sedimentary placed by some sharply euhedral authigenic rock fragments imply the absence of any large quartz. area of eroding , either intrusive or b) Iron carbonates include two varieties, si• extrusive. The many frag• derite and ferro an dolomite, both present as ments that can be identified easily with rocks of small individual or clusters of rhombohedra the Illinois Basin section, such as the clay iron• which replace calcite in some areas and appear stones and coal, coupled with the abundance of to be intergrown in other areas. X-ray diffrac• relatively soft pelitic rock fragments, demon• tion of ground samples indicates both siderite strate that some material was being supplied by and dolomite; the slight stain caused by oxida• local source areas within the basin. Some of the tion of the iron that is ubiquitous in all of the material is multicycled as indicated by the rhomobohedra in outcrop samples implies the roundness of quartz and heavy minerals and presence of iron in the dolomite. the presence of a few second-cycle grains; but c) Authigenic quartz is present as secondary how much of this is from nearby and how much overgrowths deposited in optical continuity from distant sources is not possible to say. It is with detrital grains. Some replace calcite. This possible that a careful comparison of samples quartz variety is shown by cathodo-Iumines• from the minor tributaries mapped by Andresen cence to be more abundant than indicated by (1961, p. 26) with those of major channels estimates based on ordinary microscopy and in would show differences that would be interpret• one section is about 8 percent. The difference in able in terms of local versus distant sources. 530 Appendix: Petrographic Analysis of Sandstones

~ SUMMARY CPo OF TRIVOLI SANDSTONE CROSSBEDDING

~ West Franklin Limestone o No West Franklin Limestone ""7'"-

The Trivoli has much the same composItIOn FIGURE A-6. Paleodrainage at base of Trivoli Sand• everywhere; local variance introduced by sam• stone and crossbedding. (Modified from Andresen. pling sheet- or channel-phases or coarse- and 1961, Fig. 9). fine-grained beds is much greater than regional variance. This homogeneity indicates a well• mixed contribution from distant sources. such the increasingly marine nature of the section to as would be characteristic of a large river sys• the southwest in Missouri and Kansas indicate tem, with a contribution from homogenous that shoreline to have been no more than a few nearby rocks lower in the section-rocks that hundred miles away at any time and probably we know show little regional variance. much closer at many times. Thus the sedimen• The direction and paleogeography of the tary framework of the Trivoli is that of a del• source lands can be deduced from taic-coastal plain complex. and subsurface channel studies that indicate a The difference between coarser channel and major source to the east and northeast in the finer sheet phases is explainable in terms of Applachian mobile belt and a lesser source to higher current shear stress in the high discharge the north and northwest, from the Transcon• channels and lower shear stress in the lower tinental Arch and Canadian Shield. Tectoni• discharge streams, perhaps braided, of the sheet cally, the framework composition of the Trivoli phase that followed the aggradation of the chan• (Table 6A) indicates the tectonic setting of a nels. recycled orogen (Dickinson, 1985, Fig. 1). c) Two major changes in the sand took place b) All of the characteristics of the Trivoli in• as a result of diagenesis, the transformation of dicate a dominantly alluvial origin-the plant many soft rock fragments into matrix and thc remains, the crossbedding, the vaHey system of precipitation of secondary quartz and carbonate the channel sandstones, the sorting of the detri• cement. The alteration of the rock fragments tus, and the lack of any marine fossils. The was mainly a mechanical process rather than shoreline must have been to the south but the chemical, for the composition of the matrix is record of constant marine transgressions and much the same as the rock fragments. Implied References 531 is a more or less plastic flow of soft argillaceous the Illinois basin, for sands such as the Trivoli material around and between the rigid, compe• act as cutouts of coal beds and interfere seri• tent framework quartz and feldspar grains. ously with mining operations. The precipitation of the cement follows the order: calcite, perhaps contemporaneous with iron carbonates but perhaps earlier, followed by VII. Bearing on Scientific Problems secondary quartz. After being brought close to or at the surface by uplift and erosion, hematite The Trivoli is very typical of many sandstones in the Illinois Basin and of many alluvial sand• and limonite cement were added. The calcite stones in other places, particularly Coal Mea• may have been precipitated following sand dep• sure sandstones. The many kinds of informa• osition when it was buried only by the overlying silt and clay and a coal swamp [Chapel (No.8) tion available-outcrop and subsurface core coal]. The probable groundwater movement at samples, extensive subsurface stratigraphic data, and surface paleocurrent mapping• this time would have been a circulation through make its origin one of the best-supported inter• the Trivoli upward to the swamp-typical pat• pretations we have. Problems, such as the rela• tern for such swamps-perhaps carrying with it tion of composition to near and distant sources some of the waters still being squeezed from the and any correlation between that and minor underlying thick marine shale sequence. Those tributaries and major channels, remain to be waters, originally meteoric, may have become studied. A detailed analysis of the history of acid and depleted in oxygen as a result of pas• diagenetic events has yet to be made. Such de• sage through strata containing abundant pyrite, tailed studies will help give a broader base for leading to the dissolution of carbonate fossils future general models. and part of limestone beds and to the disappear• ance of pyrite. The resulting water, passing through the sand and mixing with other less car• References bonate-saturated waters, might have thus be• come less acid and so precipitated carbonate, Andel, Tj.H. van: Origin and classification of Creta• including iron-rich varieties. Alternatively, ceous, Paleocene and Eocene sandstones of west• some of the calcite may simply have been detri• ern Venezuela. Am. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists tal or freshwater fossil calcite redistributed by Bull. 42, 734-763 (1958). dissolution and reprecipitation in the immediate Andersen, M.J.: Geology and of the Trivoli local area where the cement now is. This alter• Sandstone in the Illinois Basin. Illinois Geol. Survey Circ. 316, 31 p. (1961). native is suggested by the irregular patchy dis• Beard, D.C., and Weyl, P.K.: Influence of texture on tribution of some cement. porosity and permeability of unconsolidated sand. The authigenic quartz overgrowths may owe Am. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists Bull. 57, 349- their origin to a more general pressure-solution 369 (1973). process operating later in the sand's history, Cayeux, L.: Les roches sedimentaires de France• when it was deeply buried. Because of later roches siliceuses, 774 pp. Paris: Impr. Nationale erosion, it is difficult to estimate that overbur• 1929. den. If some of the clay minerals were altered in Dennison, J .M.: Graphical aids for determining relia• such a way as to liberate siliica, as, for exam• bility of sample means and an adequate sample ple, from a more siliceous montmorillonite to an size. Jour. Sed. Petrology 32, 743-750 (1962). Dickinson, W.R.: Interpretating provenance rela• illite, then that silica may have been contributed tions from detrital modes of sandstones. In: Zuffa, to the groundwater too, later to be precipitated G.G. (Ed.), Provenance of arenites. Dordrecht: as the groundwater slowly equilibrated with D. Reidel Pub. Co. (NATO ASI Ser. C 148,333- quartz. 362, 1985). Dilko, A., and Graham, S.c.: Quantitative mineral• ogic characterization of sandstones by back-scat• tered election image analysis. Jour. Sed. Petrology VI. Economic Importance 55, 347-355 (1985). The Trivoli itself is not an economic resource. Dott, R.L., Jf.: Wacke. graywacke and matrix• what approach to immature sandstone classifica• Its composition makes it unsuitable for molding tion? Jour. Sed. Petrology 34, 625-632 (1964). or foundry sands. It shows no evidence of any Ferm, J.C., and Weisenfluh, G.A.: Cored rocks of oil or gas, now or at any former time. Yet its the southern Appalachian coal field, 93 pp. Lex• study has economic significance in relation to ington, Kentucky: Univ. Kentucky, Dept. Geol• exploration for and exploitation of coal beds in ogy 1981. 532 Appendix: Petrographic Analysis of Sandstones

Folk, R.L.: Henry Clifton Sorby (1826-1908), the Sedimentation Seminar: Studies for students: A founder of petrography. Jour. Geol. Education 8, question set for sands and sandstones. Brigham 43-47 (1965). Young University Geology Studies 24(2), 1-8 Folk, R.L.: Petrology of sedimentary rocks, 170 pp. (1978). Austin. Texas: Hemphill's 1968. Siever, Raymond: Trivoli Sandstone of Williamson Grout, F.F.: Petrography and petrology, 552 pp. County, Illinois. Jour. Geology 57, 614-618 (1949). New York: McGraw-Hill 1932. Sneider, R.M.; King, H.R.; Hawkes, H.E.: and Harrell, James: A visual comparator for degree of Davis, T.B.: Methods for detection and character• sorting in thin and plane sections. Jour. Sed. Pe• ization of reservoir rock, Deep Basin Gas Area. trology 54, 648-650 (1984) . Western Canada. Jour. Petrol. Tech. 35. 1725- . Hopkins, M.E.: Petrography and petrology of the 1734 (1983). Anvil Rock Sandstone of southern Illinois. Illinois Sorby, Henry Clifton: On the microscopical struc• Geol. Survey Cir. 256,49 pp. (1958). ture of the calcareous grit of the Yorkshire coast. Houghton, H.F.: Refined techniques for staining ple• Geol. Soc. London Quart. Jour. 1-6 (1851). gioclase and alkali feldspar in thin section: Jour. Sorby, Henry Clifton: On the structure and origin of Sed. Petrology 50, 629-631 (1980). the non-calcareous stratified rocks. Geol. Soc. Keelen, D.K.: Core analysis for aid in reservoir de• London Proc. 36, 46-92 (1880). scription. Jour. Petrol. Tech. 34, 2483-2491 Summerson, Charles H., (Ed.): Sorby on geology. (1982). University of Miami, Comparative Maynard, J. Barry: Composition of plagioclase feld• Laboratory, Geological Milestones III, 241 pp. spars in modern deep-sea sands. Sedimentology (1978). 13, 493-501 (1984). Terry, R.D., and Chilingar, G.V.: Summary of Middleton, L.T., and Kraus, M.J.: Simple tech• "Concerning some additional aids in studying sed• niques for thin section preparation of unconsoli• imentary formations" by M. S. Shvetsov. Jour. dated materials. Jour. Sed. Petrology 50, 622-623 Sed. Petrology 25, 229-234 (1955). (1980). Wanless, H.R.: Pennsylvanian cycles in western Illi• Pearson, E.S., and Hartley, H.D.: Biometrika tables nois. In: Papers presented at the quarter centen• for statisticians, Vol. 1, 238 p. York: Cambridge nial celebration of the Illinois State Geological Univ. Press, 1954. Survey. Illinois Geol. Survey Bull. 60, 182-193 van der Plass, and Tobi, A.C.: A chart for judging (1931). one reliability of point counting results. Amer. Wilson, M.J., and Clark, D.R.: X-ray identification Jour. Sci. 263, 87-90 (1965). of clay minerals in thin sections. Jour. Sed. Petrol• Powers, M.C.: A new roundness scale for sedimen• ogy 48, 656-660 (1978). tary particles. Jour. Sed. Petrology 23, 117-119 Yavgus, J.E., and Dravis, J.J.: Blue fluorescent dye (1953). technique for recognition of microporosity in sedi• Rusnak, G .A.: A fabric and petrologic study of the mentary rocks. Jour. Sed. Petrology 55, 600-602 Pleasantview Sandstone. Jour. Sed. Petrology 27, (1985). 41-55 (1957). Author Index

Numbers in italics denote complete citations in the References and Annotated Bibliographies.

A Angelucci, A., 400, 404 Barrett, J. P., 335,337 Aasheim, S. M., 423 Anhaeusser, C. R., 167,206,419 Barskaya, N. V., 12,517 Abbott, P. L., 381,400,405 Anketell, J. M., 333,339 Bart, H. A., 83,92, 311,315 Abou-Seida, M. M., 303,315 Anstey, N. A., 16, 350,351 Barth, T. F. W., 149, 151, 153,206 Acaroglu, E. R., 281,317 Anwar, J., 259,269 Bartolini, C., 512 Adams, A. E., 20 Aoyama, H., 134 Barton, D. c., 153, 203,205, 206 Adams, J., 54, 60 Aramaki, S., 237, 241 Bartsch-Winkler, S. R., 379 Adams, J. A. S., 3, 4, 11 Araujo dos Santos, M. A., 18 Barwis, J. H., 377,379 Adams, K. C., 393,394 Archer, P., 245 Basu, A., 29, 30, 36, 37, 56, 60, 66, Adams, R. W., 190,206, 328,337 Aronson, J. L., 27, 60, 457,468 195,206,212, 256, 257, 259, Adams, W. L., 86, 92, 448,467 Arrhenius, G., 48, 60 262,269, 273, 513 Addison, R., 575 Artyushkov, Yeo V., 308,315 Bascom, Willard, 296,315 Adler, H. H., 42, 60, 463,468 Arvidson, R. E., 411,516 Basilevsky, A. T., 514 Ahlbrandt, T. S., 405, 410, 411 Ashley, G. M., 363,378 Baskin, Yehuda, 37, 60 Aigner, T., 394,394, 421,422 A. S. T. M., 70, 92 Bastin, E. S., 199,205 Albertson, M. L., 378 Athy, L. F., 431, 468 Bates, C. C., 369,378 Allen, D. R., 351 Atkinson, B. K., 455, 468 Bates, T. F., 60 Allen. G .. 378 Attia, M. I., 358,366 Bathurst, R. G. C., 206, 468 Allen, G. P., 315, 378, 394 Aubouin, J., 479, 488,512,518 Battacharyya, D. P., 50, 66 Allen, J. R. L., 16, 43, 60, 86, 92, Auden, J. B., 187, 189,206 Baturin, V. P., 262,269 101,107, IIO, III, II3, 125, Audley-Charles, M. G., 372,378, Beard, D. C., 71, 89, 92, 523,531 132, 206, 260,269, 275, 288, 492, 502,512 Beard, J. H., 350,353 290, 291, 292, 299, 301, 307, Ayers, D. L., 512 Beard, L. S., 270 313,315, 323, 328,337, 347, Ayres, L. D., 243,244 Bebout, D. G., 471 351, 360, 366,372, 376,378, von Beck, J. L., 367 421,422 Beck, K. C., 473 Allen. Percival. 27. 28, 50. 60. 6/. B Beck, M. E., 504,513 181,206 Baak, J. A., 324,337 Becker, R. D., 411 Allen, P. A., 315 Baba, Jumpei, 281, 282,315 Beghtel, F. W., 516 Allen, Phillips, 378 Bachman, S. B., 512, 516 Behrendt, J. C., 500,516, 517 . Allen, R. C., 46, 60, 316, 448,468 Bacon, M., 353 Behrn, S. H., 387,394 Allen, Terence, 70, 92 Baganz, B. P., 367, 374,378,422 Belderson, R. H., 300,315 Allen, V. T., 148, 157, 161, 187, Bagnold, R. A., 2, 11, 204,205,284, Bell, D. L., 50, 60 196, 198, 204,205, 206 286,303,307,310, 311, 312, Bell, F. G., 86, 92 Allison, E. C .. 498, 512 315, 317, 319 Bell, P., 438, 473 Allwardt, A., 488,516 Bailey, E. B., 165, 167,206 Beloussov, V. V., 268, 269 Almagor, G., 513 Bajard, Jacques, 293,315 Ben-Avraham, Z., 478, 495, 499, Almon, W. R., 468 Balk, Robert, 166, 169,206 504,513, 516 Alpay, O. A., 418, 418 Ballance, P. F., 512 Bennacef, 0.,394 Ambrose, G. J., 385,394 Ballard, R. D., 244 Bennett, R. H., 468 Amsbury, D. L., 329,340 Bally, A. W., 366,479,481,492, Benson, D. J., 75, 92 van Andel, Tj. H., 53, 60, 74, 92, 512 Benson, L. V., 473 142,206. 325,337, 437, 468, Baker, B. H., 495,512 Bentley, S. P., 32, 66 512, 524, 526,531 Baker, F. E., 422, 422 Benton, J. J., 421, 422 Anderson, John B., 71, 92 Baker, G., 30, 60, 251, 260, 269, Berg, O. R., 350,351,378,404 Anderson, M. J., 525, 528, 529, 530, 324,337 Berg, R. R., 16, 92 531 Baker, V. R., 296, 315, 321,337, Berner, R. A., 34, 49, 60, 63, 65, Anderson, R. Y., 99, 132 403,404, 418 425,433,438,439,447,450, Anderton, R., 393, 394 Barber, N. F., 296,315 463,468, 473 Andresen, A., 308, 309,315 Barclay, W., 353 Berthois, L., 19 Angelier, J., 488, 516 Barnes, N. E., 404 Bertrand, M., 513

533 534 Author Index

Best, M, G., 216. 244 Brace. W. F .. 432, 468 Byerlee, J. D .. 432. 468 Beuf, S., 394 Bradley. W. F .. 63 Byers, C. W .. 387, 388.394, 421. Beutelspacher, H., 40, 60 Bradshaw. M. A .. 121. 122.132 422 Beutner, E. C., 132, 132, 360,366 Braile, L. W., 495, 513 Beveridge, A. 1., 269 Braitsch, 0 .. 48. 61 Bhatia, M. R .. 29, 56, 58, 59, 60 Brakenridge. G. R .. 270 C Bhattacharjee, S. B., 292,319,326. Bramlette. M. N., 427. 437. 468 Cady, W .. 514 340 Brammall, A .. 261, 270 Cady, W. M., 169,207 Biddle, K. R., 499, 513 Brannon, J. C .. 29, 60 Callender, 43, 61,261. 270 Biehler, S., 514 Bredehoeft. J. D., 443. 468 Callis. C. F .. 70, 93 Bigarella, J. J., 126.134,331, 334. Breger, I. A .. 61, 64 Calquhoun. D. J .. 270 336, 337, 385,394, 408, 411 Brenchley. P. J., 146. 173,207,318, Calvert, S. E .. 30, 61 Biju-DuvaL B., 394 432. 468 Cameron. K. L.. 263. 270 Billings, M. P., 184, 206 Brenner, R. L .. 388.394 Campbell, C. Y .. 101,132,343,378, Bird, E. C. F., 315, 383,394 Brett. G. W .. 179,207,431.468 382, 386, 394 Bird, J. M., 480, 490, 513 Bretz, J. Harlen, 321,337 Campbell. K. S. W .. 337 Birks, L. S., 60 Brewer, Ray, 70. 92 Campbell, R. H .. 513 Biscaye, Pierre, 40, 60 Breyer, J. A .. 73, 95, 485.513 Cananova, Roger, 20 Bittencourt, A. C. S., 378, 379 Bridge, D., 247 Cant, D. J., 129,132,292.316,335. Bjerrum, L., 308, 309, 315 Bridge, J. S .. 286. 291, 294,316, 337, 363,366 Bj6erlykke. A., 418,418, 445, 466, 421.422 Carchione, D. A .. 395 468 Briggs, David, 13 Card, K. D., 244 Blaas, J., 204,205 Briggs, L. 1.,42,61,77.92 Carder, K. L., 61 Blake, M. C., Jr., 495,513 Briggs, L. J .. 282.316 Carey, J .. 385, 394 Blakely, R. F., 346,354 Brindley, G. W .. 38, 61 Carey. S. N., 233, 241,244,249 Blanchard, D. P., 29, 60 Brinkman, R., 321, 330, 337 Carman, M. F .. 515 Blatt. Harvey, 4,5, /1,13.19,25, Brisson, H., 245 Carozzi, A. Y., 258.272 30,32,48,53,60,61,65, 176. Broche. Jacques, 20 Carpenter, A. B .. 443, 468 207, 254, 255. 256, 257, 263, Brockman, S. R., 518 Carr, D. D .. 393,394 270.271,286.294,315,448, Brongiart, A., 148, 197, 205 Carr. M. H., 408, 411 453. 455, 456, 468, 469, 472, Brookfield, M. E., 405. 410, 411 Carr, T. R., 347.353 478, 513 Brookins, D. G .. 27, 61 Carroll, D .. 38, 40, 61 Blodgett, R. H., 292,315 Broussard, M. L., 378, 379 Carter, C. H .. 331, 337 Bloomer, R. R., 415, 418 Brown. B .. 133 Carter, L., 391. 394 Bluck, B. 1.. 363,366 Brown. G., 38, 61 Carter, R. M., 306,316 Blyth, C., 468 Brown. L. D., 503.513 Caruccio, F. T .. 367. 422 Boas, G. S. Y., 379 Brown, L. F., Jr.. 14, 351. 353,374, Cas, R. A. F., 235. 245 Bocquier, G., 66 378,404 Casey. 28. 61 Boersma, J. R .. 292, 300,315 Brown, P. J., 258,270 Casshyap. S. M .. 199.201,204.205, Bogardi, Janos, 275,315 Brueckner. H. K., 65 205 Boggs, Sam, Jr .. 77, 92, 140, 143, Brundsen. D., 317 Cavaroc. Y. Y., 195.210,263.272 207, 256,270, 300,315 Brunsden, D., 133 Cayeux. L .. 8, /I, 158. 161, 178. Boguchwal, L. A., 320 Brush, B. M .. 302. 317 184. 188,202,205,207, 445. Bokman, 1. W., 99,132, 143,169, Bryan, T. M .. 401,404 468,519.531 207, 256, 270 Bryant, W. R .. 431. 468 Cecil. C. B., 472 Boles, J. R .. 37, 55, 60, 174,207, Bryhni, lnge, 366, 420. 422 Chaabani, F .. 64 258,270, 452,453,458,459, Bubb. J. N., 12, 518 Chab. Jan. 143.207 468,473 Bucher. W. H., 110. 132 Chanda. S. K .. 159, 207 Bonatti, E., 48, 60 Buchman. 480 Chang, Shih-Chicao. 143. 207 Bond, G. c., 257,270,484,513 Bugnicourt, D., 133 de Chapel, D., 394 Bonis, S. B., 245, 468 Bull, P. A., 32, 61 Chapin. C. E., 248 Bonis, S. F., 270 Bullard. F. M .. 216,244 Chapman, R. E .. 316 Bonnin, 1.. 516 Bullard. T. F .. 63 Chapman, W. L.. 275, 366,366 Boothroyd, J. c., 292, 315,363,378 Bunker. C. M .. 65 Charles, R. G .. 53, 61 de Booy, T., 165. 172, 196.207 Burchard. E. F .. 185,209 Chave, K. E .. 435, 468 von der Borch. C. C., 400. 404 Burchliel, B. S .. 497. 513 Chen, P. Y., 43, 207 Borchet. H .. 48, 60 Burger. Heinz. 72. 92 Chepil, W. S., 311,316 Bosellini, A .. 241,244 Burke. C. A .. 514,518 Chernaya. I. M., 514 Bostick. N. H .. 52, 60. 466,468 Burke. K .. 495. 496,513,515 Chilingar. G. Y .. 468. 520, 532 Boswell, P. G. H .. 10. /I, 164,207, Burman, H. R .. 95, 340 Chilingarian, G. Y., /7, 353, 431, 260.261,262,270 Burnett, A. I., 393, 394 468 Botvinkina, L. H .. 125.132,216, Burruss. R. C .. 466.468,513 Chow, Y. T .. 283. 316 244 Burst, J. F., 50.61, 187.207 Chowdhuri. K. R .. 126. 132, 385, Bouma. A. H .. 287. 388,394,397, Busenberg. E .. 34.61 394 404 Bushinsky, G. I.. 188, 189,207 Christ, C. L., 37, 41, 47. 62,433. Bourgeois, Joanne, 20, 298, 300. Butera. J. G., 338 440, 442, 450, 463, 469 316,340, 393.394 Butt, A .. 516 Christiansen, R. L.. 226. 246 Bowen, A. 1.. 303.316 Butter, J. C., 515 Christie, J. M .. 30. 60, 176,207, Boyles, J. M .. 333,337,390,394 Butterfield, A. W., 303, 319 256,270 Boynton. W. Y .. 518 Buttram, Frank, 177, 207 Christie, P. A. F .. 460. 472 Author Index 535

Christie-Blick, Nicholas, 499, 513 Crimes, T. P., 121, 122, 132,132, DeSitter, L. U., 443,469 Church, M., 363, 366 321,338,389,394,421,422 Devay, J. C., 257,270 Churkin, M., 504,513 Crone, A. J., 66, 518 Devismes, Pierre, 20 Clague, D. A., 487, 513 Cronin, L. E., 315, 378 DeVoto, R. H., 418, 418 Clapperton, Chalmers M., 216,245 Crook, A. W., 207 Dewey, J. F., 480, 495, 496, 513, Claque, J. J., 231,245,376,378 Crook, K. A. W., 52, 58, 61, 65, 515 Clark, D. R., 523,532 125, 132, 143, 164, 165, 167, DeWindt, T. J., 385,394 Clarke, F. W., 4, 9, 11, 36,61, 158, 169, 175,207,223,245,266, Dibblee, T. W., Jr., 513 193. 207 270, 458,472, 480,484,513 Dickerson, P. W., 515, 516 Clarke, S. H .. Jr., 499, 516 Crooke, R. V., 411 Dickey, P. A., 374,378 Clarke, T. 1..,396 Cros, P., 19 Dickinson, G., 431, 469 Clayton, R. N., 56, 61 Crossley, J. D., 121, 132, /32 Dickinson, W. R., 9, 11, 140,141, Cleary, W. J., 61 Crowe, B. M., 326, 335, 338 143, 144, 146, 167, 174, 196, Clemency, C. V., 34, 61 Crowell, J. C., 117,132,477,495, 207.245, 259, 262, 266, 267, Clifton, H. E., 296, 297, 299, 300, 498,499,513 269,270,271,480,483,489, 303, 316, 331,337, 392, 394, Cucci, M., 133 491, 495, 499, 500, 502, 504, 395 Culver, S. J., 32,61 514.518, 530,531 Clocchiatti. R., 31, 61 Cummins, W. A., 146, 163, 164, Dickson, F. H., 403, 405 Cloet, R. 1..,300,316 172, 173, 175,207 Didyk, B. M., 516 Cloos, H., 321,338 Curray, J., 481, 483, 492, 513, 514 Dietz, V., 42, 61,263,270 Cloud, P. E., Jr., 61. 187, 189,207 Curray, J. K., 325, 338 Dilko, A., 522,531 Clough, C. T., 211 Currey, J. R., 378,512 Dill, R. F., 135,405 Cobbing, E. J., 478,513 Curtis, C. D., 34, 61,262,270,432, Diller, J. S., 166,208 Cogley, J. G., 515 468 Dimitrijevic, M. D., 132 Cohee, G. V., 471 Curtis, G. H., 62 Dimitrijevic, M. N., 125, 132 Colby, B. R., 283,316 Cushing, H. P., 177,207 Dimroth, E., 229, 235, 243,245,247 Cole, D. J., 364, 366 Dingler, J. R., 296, 297, 299,316 Coleman, James M., 126, 132,292, Dishroom, C. P., 422,515 310.316,319,363,366,369, D Dixon, James, 373, 378 376,378. 389 Dai, Y. B., 378 Dobrin, M. B., 77, 92, 350,353 Colemar., R. G., 65, 487,513 Dake, C. 1..,8,11, 179,207,252, Dodson, M. H., 27, 28, 60, 61 Collins, A. G., 430, 442, 443, 468 256,270, 388,394 Doe, B. R., 498, 516,517 Collins, W. H., 177,207 Dalrymple, R. W., 126, 132, 292. Doe, T. W., 64, 104, /33 Collinson, James D., 17, 99, 127, 316 Doeglas, D. J., 73, 74, 92 132, 292,316, 326, 354,366 Daly, R. A., 514 Dominguez, J. M. L., 376,378 Colton, G. W., 7,11,338 Dalziel, r. W. D., 101,132 Donahue, J., 8, 11 Columbo, Umberto, 61 Dapples, E. C., 71, 84, 92, 142,207, Donahue, J. G., 302,316 Comer, J. J .. 60 451,468 Donaldson, A. C., 363, 367 Comford, C .. 470 Davidson-Arnett, R. G. D., 126, 132 Donaldson, C. H., 21 Committee on Sedimentation, 285, Davies, D. K., 45, 61,76,92, 195, Donaldson, J. A., 167, 174, 179, 303.310.316 207, 208, 229, 233, 234, 235, 208,511,514 Condie, K. C., 268,270 236,245,247, 253,270, 322, Doornkamp, J. C., 19. 32,61.80, Coney, P. E., 575 323,338, 376,378,419, 445,468 81,93 Coney, P. J., 504,513 Davies, J. 1.., 374,378 Diirjes, J., 126,133,134 Conolly, J. R., 256,270 Davis, E. F., 166, 169, 207 Dott, R. H., Jr., 64, 101,104,115, Contescu, I.. R., 336, 338 Davis, John C., 85, 92 132, 133, 143, 145, 164,200, Conybeare, C. E. B., 13,17, 125, Davis, J. L., 378 205, 208, 223,245, 299, 300, 132 Davis, J. R., Jr., 329. 338 311,312,316,318,387,388, Cook, P. J., 50, 61 Davis, R. A., Jr., 14, 132, 133, 296, 394,421,422,514,515,531 Cook, T. D., 353 316,317, 343,353, 383,394,395 Dott, R. H., Sr., 515 Cooke, R. U., 405, 411 Davis, T. B., 95, 532 Doty, R. W., 265,270 Coombs, D. S., 52, 61, 458, 468 Daw, T. B., 422, 422 Doubinger, J., 64 Corbett, K. 0., 132 Dean, W. E., Jr., 99,132,466,469 Douglas, R. G., 499, 514 Cordell, 1..,495,513 De Boer, R. B., 455, 456. 469 Dowdell, W. L., 338 Cordiner, F. S., 419 DeCelles, P. G., 103,132 Doyle, J., 319 Corletta, A., 381 Decker, B., 489, 514 Doyle, L. J., 38, 61 Cornish, Vaughn, 286,316 Decker, R., 489, 514 Drake, C. 1.., 514 Corrales, I., 13 Deer, W. A., 33, 43, 51, 61 Drake, D. E., 395 Correns, C. W., 40, 61,465,468 Deery, J. R., 385,394 Dravis, J. J., 524,532 Cotter, Edward, 362,367,394,510, Deffeyes, K. S., 468 Drever, J. 1.,433,435,442,469 513 Degens, E. T., 61, 469, 495,514 Driese, S. G., 389,394 Coumes, F., 21 Della Favera, J. C., 379 Drobnyk, J. W., 187,208 Cousineau, P., 245 DeMela, U., 379 Drong, H. J., 472 Cowan, D. S., 270 Dennen, W. H., 32,61 Drozdova, T. V., 64 Cowley, J. L., 510,5/3 Dennis, D., 92 Duane, D. B., 324,338 Cox, A., 513, 515 Dennison, J. M., 366,367,520,531 Duarte, G. M., 411 Cox, .r. W., 14, 358, 378 DePaolo, D. J., 27, 61 Dubik, Y. M., 228,245 Cram, J. M., 394 Derby, C. A., 261,270 Dufton, S. P., 56,64,380,381,453, Crandell, D. R., 231,245 DeReamer, John, /34, 354 466,471 Crawley, R. A., 318 DeRosa, E., 404 Duke, W. L., 333,338 536 Author Index

Duncan, J. R., 324, 338 Evensen, N. M., 28, 64 260,261, 265. 270. 271. 273. Dunham, R. J., 147,208 Evernden, J. P., 28, 62 519,520,522,523,524,532 Dunne, L. A., 515 Ewart, A., 219,245,247 Fontaine, D. A., 477, 514 Dunoyer de Segonzac, G., 425, 457, Ewing, T. E., 353 Force, E. R., 42, 62,261,271 469 Eyles, N., 253,272 Ford, R. L., 63 Dury, G. H., 195,208 Eynon, G., 363,367 Forel, F., 304,316 Dusseault, M. B., 86, 92 Forsyth, D., 339 Dutta, P. K., 195,212 Foster, R. J., 153,208 Dutton, C. E., 179,213 F Foster, R. P., 410 Duyvis, E. M., 469 Faber, S., 133 Fournier, R. 0.,452,453,469 Dzulynski, S., 125, 133, 306, 314, Fahrig, W. F., 179,208, 330,338 Fox, J. S., 215, 233,245, 326,338 316 Fairbairn, H. W., 28, 93, 470 Francheteau, J., 493, 516,517 Fairbridge, R. W., 20, 340 Frank, L. J., 418, 419 Falk, Fritz, 19 Franks, P.O., 29, 66 E Falke, H., 474 Franzinelli, Elena, 37, 45, 62. 78, Easterling, R. G., 347, 354 Farmer, V. c., 40, 62 93, 194, 195,212, 262, 267, 268, Eberl, D. D., 457, 469 Farrow, G. F., 120, 126, 133 271,429,469,491,502,514 Eberlein, G. D., 504,513 Faure, G., 56, 62, 66, 466,473 Fraser, G. S., 14, 389,395 Edmond, J. M., 262,273 Feary, D. A., 484,513 Fraser, H. J., 88, 93 Edwards, A. B., 165,208, 223,245 Feininger, T., 195,208 Frazier, D. E., 373, 374, 378 Edwards, B. D., 319 Feniak, M. W., 256, 270 Freeland, G. L., 320 Edwards, J. M., 273 Feo-Codecideo, Gustavo, 260, 261, Freeland, K. J., 245 Eglinton, G., 52, 62 270 Freeman, T., /33 Ehlers, Ernest G., 19 Feray, D. E., 159, 161,212,427, French, D. E., 131,245 Ehlmann, A. J., 485, 513 473 Frey. Robert W .. 17. 121, 122, 126, Ehrlich, Robert, 77,92, 94, 258, Ferguson, R. C., 270 133.395 270,271,294,319 Fergusson, C. L., 245 Friedman, G. M., 13,46,60,62, 76, Eigenfeld, R., 166,208 Fergusson, J., 245 83, 93, 353, 468 Einsele, Gerhard, 307, 316,391, Ferm, J. C., 367,378,422, 519,531 Friedman, Melvin, 181,208 394,422 Ferrar, H. T., 188, 208 Friend, P. F., 316. 318 Einstein, H. A., 303,316 Ferrar, J., 515 Friese, F. W., 263, 271 Eisbacher, G. H., 231, 245 Fessenden, F. W., 211 Fritsche, A. E., 517 El-Na.ijar, Ramdam, 93, 339 Feth, J. H., 34, 62 Frogatt, P. c., 225, 227, 245 El Mountassir, M., 64 Fett, T. H., 14,353,378 Frondel, C., 29, 62 Elderfield, H., 469 Fettke, C. R., 177,208 Frye, J. C., 29, 62 Elders, C. A., 514 Field, M. M., 34, 35, 62, 395 Fiichtbauer, Hans, 8,11,13.46,49, Elders, W. A., 498, 514 Fierro, G., 404 53,62. 86, 93, 140, 142, 157, Ellenberg, Jurgen, 19 Fiqueiredo, A. G., Jr., 320 159, 161, 184,208, 260, 268, Ellis, A. J., 61. 468 Firek, F., 324,338 271,323,324,338,339,431, Elston, W. E., 235,245,248 Fischer, A. G., 5/3,515 433, 453, 456, 457, 466, 469. 472 Embleton, C., 275,316, 320 Fischer, George, 142, 146, 167, 175, Fuhrman, W" 448, 469 Emery, J. R., 86, 92 201,203,205,208,532 Fujii, K., 142,208, 404 Emery, K. 0 .. 7,11. 146. 173,208. Fischer, R. P., 463, 469 Fujioka, K., 480, 514 499.514 Fisher, G. W., 337, 339 Fyfe, W. S., 61, 468 Emiliani, C., 63 Fisher, J. R., 472 Emrich, Grover, 71, 92 Fisher, Richard V., 205. 216, 218, Engel, A. E. J., 174,208,509,514 219,224,227,243,244,245, G Engel, C. G., 208 292,316. 326,335,338 Gadow, S., 134 von Engelhardt, Wolf, 13, 90, 91, Fisher, R. W., 95 Gagliano, Sherwood, 367 92,311,316,431,443,468,514 Fisher, W. L., 14, 341,353 Gaida, K. H., 416, 418.443,469 England, P. C., 481, 490, 514 Fisk, H. N., 358,367. 374,378 Gale, P. E., 469 U.S. Corps of Engineers, 320,325, Fiske, R. S., 215, 227, 245.247. Gall, J. c., 121,133 340 484,514 Galley, J. E., 430, 442, 474 Ernst, W. G., 469 Fitzpatrick, E. A., 19 Galliher, E. W., 38, 62.187,189, Epstein, A. G., 466,469 Flehmig, W., 452, 470 208 Epstein, J. B., 466, 469 Fleischer, P., 338 Galloway, J. F., 194,208 Epstein, Samuel, 56, 65 Fleuckinger, L. A., 366 Galloway, W. D., 360, 364,367 Eriksson, K. A., 71, 93, 387,395, Flexor, J. M., 379 Galloway, W. E., 14, 343,353,371, 514, 518 Flint. R. B .. 385,394 378. 404, 412, 415, 418, 419. EIjarec, J. L., 270 Florensky, C. P,. 511.514 458, 459, 461,469, 471, 486, Ermanovics, 1. F., 259,270 Florentsov, N. A., 495, 516 489, 514 Eslinger, E. V., 446, 469, 470 Flores, Romero M., 247. 317, 422 Gandolfi, G., 338 Espenshade, G., 167,208 Focht, G. W., 422, 422 Garcia, R., 401, 404 Ethington, R. L., 132, 133, 383,394 Foley, M. G., 270 Gard, T. M., 366 Ethridge, Frank G., 45, 54, 61,62, Folk, R. L., 13,19.29,43,61,62, Gardner, R., 32,61 92,195,207,208,247,317,331, 70,71,74,75,76,77,79,82, Gardner, T. W., 294, 295, 317 354, 367, 380, 422 92,93,95, 141, 142, 145, 147, Garfunkle, Z., 513 Evans, C. D. S., 515 149, 157, 158, 161, 178, 179, Gariel, 0., 394 Evans, Graham, 292,316, 378, 512 185, 198, 200, 201, 202, 204, Garlick, W. G., 418,419 Evans, W. E., 392,395 205,205,208,213, 254, 256, Garner, H. F., 208, 367 Author Index 537

Garner, L. E., 292,318, 360,363, Grabau, A. W., 197, 198,200,201, Hall, J. K., 513 367 204,205, 253,271 Hall, W. D., 418, 419 Garrasino, C. A. F., 202, 206 Grace, L. M., 14,353,378 Hallam, A., 47, 62 Garrels, R. M., 4, 5, JJ, 34,37,39, Gradym, A. E., 404 Hallermeier, R. J., 281,317 41,47,62,64, 161, 174,208, Gradzinski, R., 13, 408,411 Ham, W. E., 470 253,271,420,433,440,442, Graf, D. L., 46, 62, 443,470 Hamblin, W. K., 15, 100, 103, 127, 447,450,451,457,463,468, Graf, Walter H., 275, 281, 317 133, 134,319, 343,354, 396, 411 469, 470, 478, 508, 514 Graham, S. A., 271,480,483,492, Hamilton, E. L., 85, 93 Garret, C. M., 353 574 Hamilton, N" 312,317 Garrison, L., 34, 64 Graham, S. C., 522, 531 Hamilton, P. J., 28, 64 Garrison, R. E., 448, 469, 499,514 Graham, W. A. P., 179,209 Hamilton, R. M., 518 Gasser, Urs, 153, 209 Granata, G. E., 379,419 Hamilton, W., 515 Gautier, D. L., 390,395.416,419 Grandstaff, D. E., 509,514 Hammond, P, E" 233, 240, 245 Gavish, E., 60, 468 Gratun, L. C., 88, 93 Hampton, M, A" 304, 306, 307,318 Gayler, A. M., 61 Gray, D. 1., 421, 422, 490,516 Hand, B. M" 42, 63,83,93,311, Gazzi, S. P., 324, 338 Graybill, F. A., 85, 93 317 Gebauer, D., 27, 62 Grayson, D. K., 216, 247 Hand, D. M., 394,395,421,422 Gees, R., 30, 64, 452,471 Green, J., 216,245 Hanford, C. R., 380,381 Geike, A., 205,205 Grayson, D. K., 216, 247 Hanor, J, S., 49, 63 Geiser, A. c., 387,396 Green, J., 216, 245 Hansen, E., 328,338 George, D. J., 394,395.421, 422 Green, P., 273 Haralick, R. M., 418, 419 Ghisler, M., 271 Greenly, E., 146, 173,209 Hard, D. M., 395 Gibbs, R. J., 70, 71, 93, 155,209, Greensmith, J. T., 19 Hardenbol, J., 476,515 281,317 Greenwood, B., 126, 132, 296,316, Harder, H., 30, 63, 452,470 Gierloff-Emden, H. G., 383,395 317, 383,395 Hardie, L. A., 48, 49, 63 Gieskes, J. M., 453, 469, 470 Gregor, C. B., 478,514 Harms, J. C., 15,17, 103,104,127, Gilbert, C. M., 20, 35,45,67, 141, Gregory, H. E., 6, 11 133, 280,288,297,298,313, 146, 150, 152, 156, 161, 176, Gregory, K. J., 294,317 317,341,350,353,367,400, 197,199,201,203,205,206, Gregory, M. R., 117, 133 404 213,248. 286,445,448,469, Greiner, H., 337,338 Harper, J. C., 121,192 470 Griffin, J. J., 40, 62 Harrell, J., 71, 79, 93, 271,520,532 Gilbert, G. K., 317 Griffiths, J. C., 86, 92, 98, 133, 157, Harris, A. L., 515 Gilchrist, J. M., 338 209 Harris, D. G., 418, 419 Giles, R. T., 35, 62 Griggs, A. B., 186,209 Harris, L. D., 469 Giles. R. V., 275,317 Griggs, D. T., 252,271 Hartley, H. D., 520,532 Gilligan, A., 8, JJ, 30,62 Grill, E. V., 409 Haszeldine, R. S., 466, 470 Gilluly, J., 478, 514 Grim, R. E., 38, 39, 40, 62, 63, 187, Hatlelid, W. G., 12,518 Gilreath, J. A., 14, 348, 353. 372, 189,209, 457,470 Hawkes, H. E., 95, 532 378 Grimm, J. P., 42, 63 Hawkins, J. W., Jr., 146, 173,209, Ginsburg, R. N., 17,395 Grimm, W. D., 62 470, 508, 575 Giresse, P., 81, 93 Groat, C. G., 363,367 Hawkins, P. J., 432, 470 Girin, Y. P., 517 Grone, A. J., 213 Hay, R. L., 52, 63, 229,245,458, Glaeser, J. Douglas, 383,395 Grout, F. F., 166, 174, 197,205, 470 Glaessner, M. F., 471 209,273, 519,532 Hayes, J. B., 292, 363,367 Glaister, R. P., 73, 83, 93, 374,379 Groves, A. W., 437, 470 Hayes, J. R., 34, 35, 63 Glaser, J. D., 338 Grow, J. A., 501,514,517 Hayes, M. D., 374, 375,378 Glass, H. D., 41, 62 Grumbt, Eberhard, 19, 99, 133 Hayes, M. 0., 15, 292,317, 380, Glennie, K. W., 125, 133, 311,317, Griinenfelder, M., 27, 62 381, 383,387,395 405, 408, 411, 445, 451, 470, Gruner, J. W., 152,209, 262,271 Head, J. W., III, 411, 516 477, 514 Gubler, Y., 125, 133 Heald, M. T., 177,206,427,436, Glover, J. E., 449,470 Guggenheim, E. A., 438, 470 448, 455, 456, 462, 470, 472 Gluskoter, H. J., 174,209 Guilford, C., 20, 21 Hebda, R. 1.,378 Gnaccolini, Mario, 15,404 Gulbrandsen, R. A., 209 Hedberg, H. D., 471 Goldberg, E. D., 62 von Giimbel, C. W., 425,470 van Hee, G., 419 Goldhaber, M. B., 34,65 Giindogdu, N., 64 Heezen, B. C., 173,209, 306,313, Goldich, S. S., 34,62,223,246, Gunn, W., 211 316,317,333,338,431,470 262,271 Gustavson, T. c., 374,378 Heiken, G., 219,245 Goldman, B. J., 411 Guy, H. P., 286,312,320 Heim, Albert, 230, 245 Goldman, M. 1., 8, 11,155,187,209 Heim, D., 53,63 Goldschmidt, V. M., 4,11,62 Hein, F. J., 319 Goldsmith, J. R., 46, 47, 62 H Heinbokel, J. F., 133 Goldstein, August, Jr., 322, 338 ten Haaf, E., 265,271 Heinrich, E. W., 222,246 Gonzaga, T. D., 18 Haddehorst, H. G., 472 Helgeson, H. C., 439, 440, 470, 474 Goodell, H. G., 50, 60 Hadding, Assar, 8, 11, 153, 181, Helmbold, K. P., 270, 504,514 Goodell, P. C., 215,245 187,209 Helmbold, Reinhard, 164, 165, 166, Gopinath, T. R., 208 Hager, J. J., 473 167,209 Gorai, M., 259,271 Haile, N. S., 169,209 Hem, J. D., 470 Gorshkov, G. S., 228, 245 Hails, J. R., 418, 419 Hemingway, B. S., 472 Gorsline, D. S., 319,394 Halbouty, M. T., 404,481,515 Hemley, J. J., 38, 63 Gould. H. R .. 304,317 Hall, James, 108, 118, 133 Hempton, M. R., 515 538 Author Index

Henderson, J. B., 119, \31,133, Hough, J. L., 254,271 Iversen. J. D., 310, 311. 317 174, 327,338 Houghton, H. F., 523.532 Ixer, R. A., 51, 66 Henderson-Sellers. A., 515 House, M. R., 338 Hendricks, J. D., 515 Houston. R. S., 387, 395 J Henningsen, Dierk, 167, 209 Howard, J. D., 126, 133, 330.338, Jacob. A. F., 326,338 Henry, C. D., 419 384, 385, 394, 395 Jacobsen, Lynn, 157,209 Hepburn, J. C., 32,65 Howell, D. G., 513, 515 Jacobsen. S. B., 515 Herdan, G., 70, 93 Howells, M. F., 231, 244,246,515 Jackson, Dana, 354 Hertier, F. E., 403,404 Hower, 1.. 453. 457. 466, 468, 469, Jackson, D., 134 Hertweck, G., 134 470 Jackson, G. D., 167. 174.208,511, Herzen, R. P., 514 Hower. M. E., 470 514 Hess, P. C., 440, 470 Howie, R. A., 33, 61 Jackson, M. l.. 61 Hesse, Reinhard, 126, 133, 308,317, Hoyt, J. H .. 120,135 Jackson, M. P. A., 385.395.518 334,338,401,404 Hrabar. S. V., 330.338. 358,367, Jackson, P. D .. 77, 93 Hester, N. 28, 65 438,470 c., Jackson, Roscoe G., 360,367 Heward, A. P., 383. 395 Hsu, K. 1., 35, 63, 184,209, 230, Jago, C. F., 126, 133 Hewett, T. A., 455. 474 246,326,328,338,401,403,404 James, c., 269 Hewitt. C. H., 412, 418,419 Huang, T. c., 247 James, W. C., 37,60, 63 Hickok, W. 0., III, 188,209 Hubbard. D. K., 292,315 James, W, R" 131, 133, 327,339 Hicks, D. M., 400, 404 Huber. N. K., 216,246 Jandia, R. J., 231, 246 Higgins, M. W., 252.271 Hubert. J. F., 35, 42. 63. 142. 153. Jankowsky, W., 472 Higgs, Roger, 81, 82, 93 19<;.209. 265.270. 32X. 333. Jarvis, 1.. 72, 94 High, L. R., Jr., 18, 125. 126,134, 338. 437.470 Jefferson, C. W" 332,340 Huckenholtz, H. G., 149, 151, 165. 329, 339 Jenks, W, F .. 246 204 Hildebrand. T. G., 515 Jensen, L., 513 Hudson. C. B., 258,271 Hill. G. W., 126. 133 Jensen, J. L., 223, 364, 368 Huffman. G. G., 253,271 Hill, N. M., 317 Jensen, R. A., 378 Hulse. W. J., 360.367 Hill, P. 1.. 401. 404 Jerzkiewicz, T .. 408, 411 Humble, William, 198, 199,200,205 Hinx, K., 518 Jobin, D. A., 418,419 Hunkins, K. L.. 134 Hinxman, L. W., 211 John, C. 1., 385, 395 Hunt, J. M., 28, 52. 63, 443, 466, Hinze, W. J., 513 Johns, G, L., 134 Hirayama, 1.. 401,404 470 Johns, W. D .. 40, 63 Hirst, D. M., 63 Hunter, B. E .. 468 Johnson, A, M., 117, 133, 307,317 Hunter, D. R., 518 Hiscott, R. N .. 87, 93 Johnson, D. P .. 377, 378 Hunter. R. E., 45, 63, 112, 126.133, Hoare, J. M., 207 Johnson, D, W" 301,317 189,209, 237, 311. 317. 392, Hobday. D. K., 14, 343,353,364. Johnson, G, D" 360,368 367,385.387,395,412,418, 394,395,408,41I Johnson, H, D" 321,338,393,395 419, 518 Hurd, D. c., 439, 453,470,471 Johnson, R, W., 237,246 Hurley. P. M., 28. 63, 446,470 Hoblitt, R. P., 66 Jones, C. M., 103, 134 Hutka. J., 272 Hobson, G. C., 61, 420 Jones, D., 513 Hoffman, 1.. 466. 470 Hutnance. J. M., 342,395 Jones, D. L .. 478, 504, 513, 515 Hyde, J. E., 329,338 Hoffman. P. F., 494, 495, 515 Jones, G, P .. 115, 133 Hoholick. J. D., 86, 92, 93, 463, Hyne, N. E., 368, 379, 381 Jones, H. P .. 75, 93 Hyne, N. J., 343,353,374,378,419 465.470 Jones, J, B., 29, 38, 63, 439,470 Holdren, G. R., Jr., 34. 60, 63 Jones, J. G .. 245 Holland, C. H., 394, 422 Jones, K. L .. 4Il, 516 Holland, H. D., 42, 63, 470.509, I Jones, P. H .. 443, 470 510,513,515 lijima. A., 48, 51, 52, 63, 64, 480, Jones, R. L., 513 Hollister. C. D., 173.209.306.313, 515 Jones, T, A" 131, 133, 327,339 lllies, J. H., 495, 515 317,338,431,470 Jones, W, R., 63 llling, L. V., 446, 451. 470 Holmes, A., 4. 11,197,201,203. deJong, L. D .. 379 205, 379,381 Imreh, Laszla, 245 Jonker, J. B. M., 305,317,403,404 Ingersoll, R. Y., 43, 53,63,246. Holocombe, Colin, J., 418,419 Jopling, A. V., 112,134,291,296, 270,271,480.483,485,487, Holt, Olin R., 348. 353 317,319,378 492. 502,514,515 Homewood. Peter, 372,378 Judd, J, B .. 51, 63 Ingle. J. C., Jr.. 302.317 Honze, E., 237. 246, 514 Judson, S., 513,515 Inman. A. D .. 316 Hooper. W. F., 265,271 Juve, G .. 237,246,403,404 Hope. R. A .. 132 Inman, Douglas L., 286, 296, 302, Hopkins. M. E .. 529, 532 303. 317 Hoque, Momin ul, 159, 209 Inman, K. F., 270 K Horn, Dietrich, 385. 395 Innes, J. L., 231. 246 Kahle, J, E., 132 Horn, M. K., 3, 4, 1 I International Association of Kahn, J. S" 86, 93 Horne, J. c.. 363,367,378,422 Volcanology. 246 Kaiser, E., 175,209 Horne, John, 211 International Atomic Energy Com- Kalinske, A, A., 286, 310,317,318 Horowitz, Alan. 46, 63 mission, 419 Kalsbeek, F., 251,271 Horowitz, D. H., 369, 378, 421, 422 Irani. R. R., 70, 93 Kana, T. W., 15 Horvath, F., 517 Irving, E., 504, 515 Kane, M, F" 503,515 Horwood, H. C., 174,209 Irving, R. D., 153, 169,209 Karasek, R. M" 50, 66 Houbolt, J. J. H. C., 305,317,403. Irwin, W. P .. 165.206 Karig, D, E .. 483, 484, 515, 516 404 Ivanovich, R. S., 15 Kasino, R. E .. 376.378, 416,419 Author Index 539

Kastner, Miriam, 38, 63, 65, 429, Komseyer, Karl, 272 Latter, J. H., 247 439,454,461,462,470,493,517 Konieczek, J., 420 Lauffenburger, S. K., 401, 404 Katherman, C, E., 468 Konta, Jiri, 143,210 Laughrey, C. D., 416, 419 Katsui, Y., 230, 246 Kossovskaya, A. G., 143,210,457, Laurier, D., 378 Kaufman, S., 513 471 Lawson, B. J., 517 Kay, Marshall, 4, II, 209, 475, 478, Kostecka, A., 13 Lawson, D. E., 379 479,482,493,515 Kottlowski, F. K., 396 Lawson, D. S., 439, 471 Kazakova, V., 480,516 Kouba, D. L., 251,271 Leake, B. E., 515 Kazkov, G. A., 517 Kozakov, G. A., 28, 65 Leao, H. Z., 20 Keake, B. E., 5/8 Kraft, J. C., 385,395 Leatherman, S. B., 395 Keelen, D. K., 413, 416, 419,524, Kraus, M. J., 519,532 LeBlanc, R. J., 343, 353, 368,379. 532 Krauskopf, K., 41, 63,433,471 412, 415, 419 Keene, J. B., 470 Krinsley, D. H., 8, II, 19, 28,29, Leduc, M., 245 Keiter, C. W., 419 32,40,63,64,65,66,80,81, Lee, H. L., 29, 40, 64 Keith, M. L., 61, 151,209 93,94,95,311,318 Lee, Myung, W., 18 Keller, G. R., 513 Krumbein, W. c., 8,12. 7\. 77, 85, Leeder, M. R., 13, 318, 421,422 Keller, W. D., 256, 271 88,93. 143,203,206.207.210. LeFever, R., 94, 319 Kelley, D. R., 386,395 254,260,271.302,317.346,353 LeFournier, J., 391,395 Kelley, V. C., 99, 134 Krynine, P. D., 3, 8, 9, 12, 30, 36, Leggett, J. K., 35, 64, 404, 480,487, Kelley, W. C., 67 43,63,141,142,149,152, 153, 512,516 Kelling, G., 42, 63, 3/9, 328,339, 155, 157, 158, 159, 164, 173, von Leggewie, Riidiger, 75, 93, 325, 397,405 175, 176, 179, 181, 185, 192, 339 Kelts, K., 404 197, 199, 200, 202, 203, 204, Leith, C. K., 3,12,36,64. 177,2/0 Kennedy, V. C., 251, 271 206, 210, 256, 258, 260, 262, Leopold, L. B .. 294, 304, 318 Kennedy, W. Q., 151, 153,209 264,265,266,27/.475,493, LePichon, X., 480, 488, 516 Kenyon, N. H., 301, 315, 317 514, 516 Lerbekmo, J. F., 161,210 Kepferle, R. C., 401, 404 Ksiazkiewiez, Marian, 120, 134 LeRibault, Laic, 20, 32, 64, 80, 81, Kermode, L. 0.,247 Kubler, B., 133, 465,471 93,94 Kesel, R. H., 231,246 Kuenen, Ph. H., 3, 4, 5, 7, 12, 74, Lerman, A., 64, 88, 94, 281, 3/8 Ketner, K. B., 181, 184, 209 79, 80, 82, 83, 93, 105, 108, 114, LeRoy, D. C., 347,353 Keulegan, G. H., 302,317 117, 134, 146, 167, 173, 184, LeRoy, L. W., 347, 353 Khabakov, A. V., 125,134 185,194,195,210,253,271, Lesht, B., 396 Kindle, E. Moo 110, 134, 329, 339 304,311,318,334,336,339, Levell, B. K., 393,395 King, Cuchlaine A. M., 296,317 397,404 Leverett, Frank, 207 King. E. A., Jr., 511, 515 Kulm, L. D., 324,338 Leveridge, B. E., 515 King, H. R., 95, 532 Kumar, N., 385,395 Levey, R. A., 292,3/8 King, R. E., 5/5 Kuntz, M. A., 247 Levorsen, A. J., 448, 471 Kingebiel, A., 378 Kuovo, Olavi, 149, 151, 153, 177, Lewin, J., 354,366 Kingsley, C. S., 372, 379 181,212 Lewis, B. T. R., 460 Kingston, D. R., 421,422,481,515 Kurtz, D. D., 71, 92 Lewis, D. R., 516 Kingsman, D. J. J., 48, 63, 493,515 Kushiro, I., 237,244 Lewis, D. S., 389,395 Kistler, R. W., 28, 62 Kusmin, R. 0.,514 Lewis, Douglas W., 13 Kitchell, J. A., 120,134 Lewis, K. B., 310,318 Kitchell, J. K., 134 Li, Yuan-Hui, 478, 516 Klein, George de Vries, 15, 126, Lidiak, E. G., 513 134, 141,146,173,197,210, L Lienert, Barry R., 71, 87, 95 212,301,318,322,328,330, Lacroix, A., 228, 244,246 Lindberg, F. A., 270 331,333,339,343,353,372, Lajoie, J., 247 Lindholm, R. C., 121,134 379,383,387,393,395,421, Lajoie, S., 216,246 Lindquist, S. J., 416, 419 422,476,511,516 Lamar, D. L., 184, 2I1 Lindsay, J. F., 511,516 Klemme, H. D., 481, 51.5, 516 Lambaise, J. J., 316 Lineback, Jerry A., 401,409 Klemmensen, Lars B., 410, 4II Lambasi, J., Jr., 93 Link, D. A., 317 Klimentides, Roo 292,318 Lamego, A. R., 319, 376, 385,395 Link, M. H., Jr., 380, 381 Klingebiel, A., 315,376,378 LaMonica, G. B., 404 Lipman, P. W., 215, 226,246,247 Klitgard, K. Doo 500,516 Land, L. S., 56, 64, 443, 453, 466, Lipson, 1., 28, 64 Kloowijk, P. H., 420 471 Littlefield, R. F., 256,271 Klovan, J. Eoo 83,93,95 Lane, E. W., 286,318 Livingston, A. R., 418 Knepp, R. A .. 270 Lanford, R. P., 132 Logatchev, N. A., 495, 516 Knight, R. J., 316, 387,395 Lanfreidi, N. W., 396 Lombard, Augustin, 14 Knight, S. H., 405, 4II Lang, J., 19 Loney, R. A., 169,210 Koch, M. R., 471 Larese, R. E., 462, 470 Long, D. G. F., 330, 332,339 Kocurek, Gary, 311, 312,318 Loronne, J., 334,340 Long, J. V. P., 66 Kohn, B. P., 335,337 Larsen, E. S., 420 Loope, D. B., 312,318 Kokelaar, B. P., 237,244,246 Larsen, G., 468 Lossel, P., 404 Kolm, L. Doo 338 Larsen, L. H., 246 Loucks, R. G., 445, 446, 464, 471 Kolmogorov, P. N., 71, 93 Larson. E. E., 66. 462, 471 Loughnan, F. c., 25, 64 Kolodny, Y., 50, 63 Larson, W. A., 499, 516 Loup, Gustave, 20 Komar. P. D., 17, 281,282,296, Lasius, G. S. Otto, 164, 200,206, Lovell, J. P. B., 64.306,320.327, 302, 303, 304, 305, 306, 315, 210 328,334,340.401,403,404. 318,369,379,383,395,421,422 Lassin, R. J., 471 405. 432. 471 540 Author Index

Lovell, P. H., 333,337 Matheron, G., 88, 94 Menard, H. W., 516 Lowe, D. R., 243,246, 306,318 Mathieson, M. E., 233, 246 Menor, E., 64 Lucas, G., 19 Mathur, S. M., 176,210 Menschel, G., 30, 63 Lucas, J., 50,64 Matsuda, Tokohiko, 227,245, 484, Merifield, P. H., 184,211 Ludwick, John C., 376,379 514 Merino, E., 443, 458, 471 Luepke, Gretchen, 261, 271 Matsumoto, R., 48, 64, 515 Merriam. D. F., 378. 422 Lugmair, G. W., 27, 64 Matter, A., 258,272, 324.340, 401. Merrill, G. P .. 151, 211 Lundahl, A. c., 35, 65 405 Messe. R .. 272 Lundberg, N., 246,483,516 Matthes, G., 276,318 Metarko, Thomas A., 93, 470 Lundquist, G., 318 Matthews, M. D., 317 Meyer, W., 246 Luternauer, J. L., 378, 469 Mattiat, B., 156, 164, 165, 167,210 Meyerhof, A. A., 515 Liithi, S., 305,318 Mattick, R. E., 514,517 Mezzadri, G., 480,518 Liitzner, Harold, 19 Maxey, G. B., 468 Mhyr, D. W., 391,396 Luyendyk, B. P., 336,339 May, J. P., 386,396 Miall, A. D., 17, 125, 131, 134, 270. Lyell, Charles, 204, 206 Maynard, J. Barry, 11, 12, 35,45, 296,318, 347,353, 354, 363, Lyse, S., 67 56,58,64,65,66, 134, 259, 266, 366,367,368.419, 420,422. 272, 273, 401,404, 419, 463, 481,516 471, 480, 500, 502,516, 517, Michel, J., 380,381 M 518, 523,532 Michot, Paul, 143,211 MacClintock, C., 517 McBirney, A. R., 216,248 Middleton, G. V., 13, 17.60,71, 73, MacDonald, R. D., 469 McBride, E. F., 51,64,113,134, 87,93,94,163,169,192,211, MacGregor, A. M., 175,210 142, 156, 164, 165, 169, 176, 282,283,286,287,294,304, Mack, G. H., 54, 60, 63, 64, 156, 199, 201, 202, 203, 205, 206, 305, 306, 307,318,339,513, 195,210,212,259,271,273, 210, 211, 223, 291,318 519, 532 302, 318 McCabe, C., 67 Midgley, H. G., 29, 64 Mack, G. M., 269 McCabe, K. W., 363,367 Migdisov, A. A., 12,517 MacKenzie, D. E., 246 McCabe, P. J .• 103,134 Migliorini, C. I., 173,210. 397,404 Mackenzie. F. T .. 4. 5. II. 30,34. McCammon, R. B., 74, 94 Miitsuma, N., 516 39.62.64.67. 149. 151. 153. McCave, 1. N., 71, 94,302,318, Mikhailovskaya, M. S., 12. 36,65, 155. 156.208. 253. 256. 261, 387,396 212,213,517 271.447.451.452.469.470. McClay, K. R., 455, 471 Miles, R. C., 270 471. 478. 508. 514 McClelland, L., 247 Miller, J. P., 318 MacKenzie, W. S., 20, 21 McCoy, F. W., 32, 63 Miller, M. C., 285,318 Mackie, W., 8, 12. 30,64 McCulloch, D. S., 61. 92, 290, 292, Miller, T. P., 367,379 Macleod, N. S., 247 316,319 Millot, Georges, 38, 40, 64, 66, 195, Madel, J., 247 McCullough, M. T., 28. 64 211,457,471 Mader, Detlof, 363,367, 410,411 McDonald, B. C., 378 Milne,1. H., 443, 471 Maeble, S., 368 McDonald, B. F., 378 Milner, H. B., 8, 10, 12, 42,64, 260, Magara, Kinjii, 347,353 McDonald, D. A., 92, 94. 437, 445, 261,272 Majewske, Otto P., 46, 64 452, 463, 464, 465, 471. 472 Minter, W. E. L., 364,368,418, Makrutzki, J., 260,271 McDougall, K. A., 515 419, 420, 518 Malesani, P. G., 512 McElhinney, M. W., 447, 471 Mitchell, A. H. G., 480, 516 Malin, M. C., 516 McElroy, C. T .. 164,2]] Mitchell, W. A., 42, 64 Manetti, P., 512 McEwen, M. C., 152,2]] Mitchum, R. M., Jr.. 12. 372,379, Mange-Rajetsky, M. A., 261, 271 McGinnies, W. G., 405, 411 401,404, 518 Mankiewicz, D., 461, 462, 471 McGowen, J. H., 126, 134, 292, Miyashiro, A., 484, 485, 489, 516. Mann, A. G., 418,419 318. 341,353, 360, 363,367, 518 Mann, W. R., 195,210, 263,272 371, 379,379, 381, 414, 418,419 Mizutani, S., 164, \75, 184,211, Mansfield, G. R., 188,210 McKee, E. D., 101, 126,134, 195, 212, 246, 259,272 Manskaya, S. M., 64 2]].312,318.328,339,405, Moebs, N. N., 363,367 Marchese, H. G., 202,206 408, 409, 410,411 Moiola, R. J., 83, 94. 401,403,405. van der Marel, H. W., 40, 60 McKelvey, J. G., 443, 471 421,423, 476, 477. 517 Margolis, S. V., 80, 81, 94 McKenzie, D. P., 481, 490, 493, Moire, G. 1., 94, 319 Markewicz, F. J., 186,210 514,516 Moler, P. A., 512 Marsaglia, K. M., 421,422 McKeown, F. A., 518 Molina, Dias Margarita, 360, 369 Marschalko, R., 336, 339 McLauren, D. J., 318 Molnar, P., 490, 516 Marsden, R. W., 273 McLennon, S. M., 29, 64 Mongar, 1. W. H., 513 Marsh, Bruce D., 237, 246 McMaster, R. L., 34,64 Monicard, R. P., 88, 94 Marshall, N. F., 306,319 McMillew, K. J., 516 Monk, G. P., 88, 93 Marshall, P. E., 244,246, 253,272 McQuillin, R., 350,353 Montadert, L., 515, 516 Martens, J. H. C., 35,64, 186, 190, Mead, W. J., 3,4,12,36,64 Monty, C .. 394 210 Meade, R. H., 431, 471 Moon, C. F., 32, 66 Martin, Louis, 376,378. 379 Meckel, L. D., 159, 185,2]],290, Moore, C. H., 443, 473 Martin, R. F., 272 318. 325, 336,339, 376,379 Moore, D. G., 492, 514 Martini, 1., 385,395 Medeiros, R. A., 342,353 Moore, G. F., 485, 516 Martinis, B., 404 Meiday, T., 514 Moore, 1. C., 404,483.484,485. Martinson, H. A., 246 Meijer Dress, N. C., 391.396 487,488,489,516 Mason, Robert, 206 Meischner, D., 185.21/ Moore, 1. G., 227.246 Mason, V., 246 Mellen, 1 .. 339 Moore, P. S .. 322. 323. 329, 339 Mast. R. F .. 89, 94. 419 Mellon, G. B., 86, 94 Moore, W. R .. 338 Author Index 541

Moorehouse, W. W., 222, 246 Nikolaeva, D. V., 514 Park, J. M., 131,134 Morgan, J. J., 262,273 Nilsen, T. H., 399,400,405, 499, Parker, G., 396 Morgan, J. T., 412, 416,419 513,516 Parker, J. R., 397, 405 Morgenstern, N. R., 309,319 Nilson, H., 368 Parson, W. H., 222,246 Morris, Henry, M., 275, 296,319 Nio, S. C., 396 Parsons, B., 493,517 Morris, R. c., 448, 471 Nittrouer, C. A., 388, 396 Parsons, I., 303,319 Morton, A. c., 260, 261, 272 Noble, R. L., 95, 340 Pascoe, W., 363,367 Morton, R. A .. 360, 367 Nolan, K. M., 246 Passega. Renate, 74, 94 Moser, Frank, 61,92,316 Nordin, C. F., 300,319 Patterson, C., 27, 66 Moss, A. J., 30, 64, 254, 256, 272 Normark, W. R., 397,403,404,405, Patton, J. B., 177,2]] Mount, J. F .. 298,319 513 Payne, P., 4]] Moyer, F. T., 188,209 Northrop, D. A., 62 Payne. T. G .. 145, 156, 157.202. Mrakovich, John V., 77, 94 Northrop, S. A., 235, 245 206.211,265,272 Mudd, G. C., 470 Nosow, E., 339 Payton, C. A .. 518 Mueller, W., 245 Nowatzki, C. H., 18, 20 Payton, C. E., 350.353,379 Muffler, L. J. P., 498, 516 Nur, A., 455, 458, 473.478,504. Peach, B. N., 153,2]] Miiller, German, 13 513,516 Peacor, D. R., 29, 40, 64 Mulluneaux, D. R., 215, 231,245, Nutt, M. J. C., 515 Pearson, E. S., 520,532 246,247 Nyssen, R., 133 Peikh, V., 143,211 Mumpton, F. J., 52, 63. 65, 219,247 Pelletier. B. R .. 159, 211, 325. 328, Munson, R. A., 51, 64 329, 330, 339 Murdama, 1., 480,516 o Pemberton, S. G., 122,133 Murina, G. A., 28, 65 Obradovich, J., 28, 62 Perkins, B. F., 339 Murphy, J. F., 387,395 O'Brian, N. R., 379 Perrodon, A., 481, 517 Murphy, M. T. J., 52, 62 Oda, M., 94 Perry, E. R .. 470 Murray, B., 511,516 Odum,1. E., 53, 54, 64, 461,471 Peterman, Z. E., 56, 65 Murray, H. H., 171,211 Oertel, G. F., 320 Peterson, G. L., 381 Murray, 1. W., 469 Off, Theodore, 393, 396 Petrovic, R .. 34, 65 Murray, R. C., 13, 60, 463,470, Ogliana, F., 381 Pettijohn. F. J., 9,12,14,18,34. 471,513 Ogunjomi, 0., 258,272 35, 37, 53, 54, 58, 59, 65, 87. Musai, 1., 230,246 Ojakangas, R. W., 149, 155, 181, 94,99,106,115, 117, 125, 132, Mutch, T. A., 410,411,516 195,207,211 134, 141,143,149,150,151, Mutti, Emiliano, 397, 398,400,404 Ojeda, H. A. D., 495, 517 153,156,157,158, 163, 165, Okada, H., 45, 64, 141,143,165, 166,167, 172. 177. 184. 186. 167, 169, 186,211 188. 189, 192. 196, 197, 198. N Oldham, Thomas, 202,206 199, 201, 202, 203 204,206, Nadji, Mehdi, 363,367 Oliver, J., 513 211. 254. 260. 261. 262. 265. Naeser, C. W., 466, 471 Oliver, T. A., 363,368 271,272,273.313.319,321. Nagahama, H., 115, 116, 134 Oilier, C., 25, 64 326. 328. 330.337. 339. 404. Nagtegaal, P. 1. c., 92, 94, 432, O'Nions, R. K., 28,64 436. 439. 472, 475. 479. 503. 448,464,469,470,471 Oomkens, E., 376,379 504.507.511. 517, 518 Nakajima, T., 401, 404 Opdyke, N. D., 334,339,472 Phillip, W" 444, 457, 466, 472 Nance, W. B., 29, 64 Ori, G. G., 381 Phillips. H .. 337 Nanz, R. H., Jr., 45, 64, 157, 158, Oriel, S. S., 148,211 Phillips, J. D., 339 161, 211, 326,339, 508,516 Orr, c., 70, 94 Picard, M, Dane, 18. 125. 126, 134, Naraeva, M. K., 514 Orville. P., 34, 64 329, 339 Nardin, T. R., 319 Orzeck, John J., 92 Pickle, J. D .. 63 Nann, E. M .. 411 Osborn, E. F., 439,472 Pierce. J. W,' 319 Nash, W. P., 34, 66, 259.273 Ota, Ryokei, 134 Pierce. K .. 131.133 Nasu, N., 514 Otto, George, 76, 94 Pilkey, O. H., 34, 35, 61, 62, 63, Naumann, C. F., 164,211 Ovenshine, A. T., 132, 376, 379 319 Neal, W. F., 35, 63 Owen, M. R., 258,272 Piller, M., 40, 61 NEDCO, 367 Owens, W. H., 317 Pilote, P., 245 Neidell, N. S., 350,353 Pinson, W. H., Jr., 28, 63, 470 Neilson, T. H., 333, 339 Pirson, S. J., 83, 94 Nelson, C. H., 395 p Pitter, H .. 91, 92 Nelson, H. W., 73, 83, 93, 379 Packhorn, G. H .. 52. 65, 143.211, Pittman, E. D., 92, 94. 258, 259, Nelson, John, 365,367 458.472 269,272, 416,420, 445, 453. Nesbitt, H. W., 443, 471 Padgett, G. V .. 294, 319 457,462.463,472.474 Netto, A., 20 Paganelli, L., 338 Pitly, A. F., 354,367 Nevsky, B., 469 Page, David, 201. 206 van der Plas, L., 36. 65, 520, 522 Newhall, C., 247 Page, H. G .. 71, 94 Plimer, 1. R .. 418. 419 Newton, R. S., 297, 300,319,320 Palmason. G., 517 Plumley, W, J., 82, 94, 156,2]], Nichols, G. D., 63 Palmer, H. D., 405 263, 272 Nickel, E., 64.86,94,261,262,272, Pankratz, H. S., 471 Plymate, T" 259, 272 437,471 Pannella, G., 511, 517 Poldervaart, A" 3, 4,12,43,65. Niedoroda, A., 396 Paquet, H., 66 260,272 Niem, A. R., 235,246 Parea, G. C .. 404 Polevaya, N. 1., 28,65 Nieter. W. M .. 32, 64 Parfenoff. A .. 19, 42, 65 Polynov, B. B., 262, 292 Niggli, P., 151. 158,211 Park. C. F., Jr., 169,21 I Polzer, W. L.. 34, 62 542 Author Index

Pomerol. c.. 19. 65 Reed, J. c., Jr .. 337. 339. 514 Ross. D. A .. 324, 339 Poole. F. G .. 334.339,405.411. Reed. J. J., 150, 166. 169. 174,212 Ross, G. M .. 334.339 503.517 Reed. R. D .. 155.212 Rossen. R. H .. 419 Porrenga, D. H .. 50, 65 Reed. W. E.. 71. 73. 83, 94, 282. Rothrock. E. P .. 177. 179.212 Porter. P. E .. 319 319 Rouse. H .. 378 Postma. H .. 74. 92 Rees. A. I.. 312.317.319 Rowe. J. J., 452. 453. 469 Potter. P. E .. 9.12, 18, 34. 35. 37. Rehmer. 1. A .. 32.65 Rowley. P. D., 229,247 45.46.55, 58, 62, 63, 65, 67, Reich dos Santos. B .. 18 Roy, P. S .. 385.396 78.87, 89, 93, 94, 99. 99, 106. Reiche. P .. 334.339 Royden. L.. 495. 497. 513, 517 115. 125. 132.134. 184.186, Reinhart. C. D., 216.246 Rubey. W. W .. 281, 319 194.195. 196,211,212.218. Reineck, Hans-Erich, 15. 99. 125. Rubin. D. M., 290, 292, 31y 223. 229. 242. 247, 248. 256, 126, 132. 134. 292, 300, 303. Ruddiman. W. F .. 338 257.262,265,266,267,268. 319. 343. 354, 384. 385. 387. Rudich, E. M., 269 271.272.273,290.313.319, 394.395.396. 421. 422. 431,472 Ruhkin. L. B., 83. 94 321, 326, 328. 33(), 335, 338, Renton. J. J., 367. 455, 470, 472 Ruhl. W .. 418 339, 346. 352. 354, 358. 360. Rex. D. c.. 27. 28, 60, 61 Rumpler, J., 517 367, 368, 374.379, 393.396. Rex, R. W .. 514 Runkorn, S. K .. 334. 339 419, 429.438.469,470.472. Reyres, Dominique. 502.517 Ruoff. W. A .. 347, 354 476.477.479.490.491.502. Ricci Lucchi. Franco. 14.21, 125. Rusnak. G. A .. 87. 99, 431. 471, 532 503.504.514.517 134,380.381,397,398.400. Russ, D. P .. 518 Powell. C. McA .. 245 401,404, 405 Russell. J. D., 40. 62 Power. W. R., Jr .. 292.319.328, Rice, D. D .. 390.395.396. 416. 419 Russell. R. Dana, 35.45.62. 65, 339 Rice, R. F.. 338 156, 184,212.263.264.272 Powers. D. W .. 347.354 Rich. David. 368 Russell. R. J., 2.12,254,272 Powers. L. S .. 56. 65 Rich. E. J., 269. 270 Rust. B. R .. 354 Powers. M. C .. 77. 94, 521. 532 Richardson. E. V .. 286. 288.314. Rutten, M. G .. 49, 65 Pray. L. C .. 470 317 Rutter. E. H .. 455. 468, 472 Presley. M. W .. 367 Richardson. 1. G .. 415. 419 Ryberg, P. T .. 270 Press. D. E., n. 95 Ries. H., 199.206 Ryder. R. T .. 18 Pretorius. D. A .. 364. 368. 380. 381. Rigby. J. K .. 15. 127.134.319.343. Ryer. T. A .. 511. 516 41S,419 411 Prevot, L .. 64 Rigley. J. K .. 354. 396 Prezbindowski. D. R .. 443.471 Rimsaite. J., 36,65. 259. 272 S Price, W. A .. 253, 271 Rinne. Friedrich. 181. 212 Sabins. F. F .. Jr .. 4f.. 65. 15<).212. Price. W. E .. Jr .. 421. 422 Rittenhouse, Gordon, 42. 65. 282. 448. 4<; I. 472 Prinz. M., 246 284, 319, 351. 354, 431. 472 Sagan, Carl. 310,319 Prior. D. B., 310,317,319 Rittman. A., 216. 222.246 Sagoe, Kweka-Menasch. 0 .. 83. 94 Proctor. K. E .. 471 Riviere. A .. 70. 94 Sahu, B. K .. 74. 75. 83, 94, 143,212 Proffet. 1. M., Jr., 246 Rizzini. A .. 404 Salamuni, R., 334,337, 408.411 Pronin, A. A .. 514 Roach. C. H .. 413. 420 Sams. R. H., 132 Pryor, D. B., 133 Robb, 1. M., 517 Samson,!. M., 470 Pryor, W. A .. 28, 45. 50,65. 89. 94, Robbins. E. I.. 502.517 Sanchez de la Terre. L. M .. 13 186.212,253.257,265,272. Roberson. C. E .. 62 Sand. L. B., 52. 63, 65, 219,247 335,339,368,414,419.517 Roberts, George, 198, 199.206 Sandberg. A. E .. 233.247 Putnam. P. E .. 363. 364, 368 Robertson, E. C .. 208. 469 Sandberg, C. A .. 503,517 Pye. K .. 29, 40. 65 Robie, R. A .. 439.472 Sanders. J. E., 13. 60.133,314, Robin. P. Y., 455, 456,472 316, 385. 395, 468 Robinson, A., 42. 65 Sanderson. I. D .. 410. 411 Q Robinson. P., 469 Sangree, J. B., 12, 350,354,379, Qudwai, H. A., 364, 368 Robinson, P. T .. 514 518 Quearry, M. W., 245 Robles, Rogelio. 75. 93. 254. 271 Sangster. D. F .. 418. 418 de Quervain. F., 211 Rocheleau, M .. 229. 235. 243.245 Sanschagrin. Y .. 345 Rodine, J. A., 117,133 Santos, M. A. A .. 20 Rodgers. John. 140,212 Sares. S. W .. 63 R Rodrigo, L. A .. 21 Saunders, R. S., 411. 516 Rackley, R. l., 418. 419 Roe. S. L.. 368 Saunderson, H. c.. 296, 319 van Rad, U., 135, 502,518 Roedder, E .. 466, 472 Savin. S. M .. 56.65.457.469.474 Radomski, A .. 13 Rogers,J.1. W .. 211 Sayles. F. L., 453,472 Radosevic, B., 133 Rognon. P., 394 Schaller, H., 353 Raeburn, c., 10,12 Romero. Flores M .. 354. 367 Scheidegger. A. E .. 88. 90, 94, 229. Raffalovich. F. D .. 422. 422 Ronca!. L. B .. 514 247.275,281.282.290,310.319 Ramdohr, Paul, 186.212 Ronov, A. B .. 3. 4. 7,12,36,65. Scheinin, N. B., 27, 64 Rammler, E., 84, 94 193.212.215.247,249.478, Schermerhorn, L. J. G., 237. 247. Ramsey, J. G., 103. 115.134 507.508,509,517,518 403.405 Ramseyer. K .. 258, 272 Roobal. M. J., 248 Schidlowski, M .. 509. 515 Raudkivi. A. J., 258, 275, 310.319 Roots, W. D .. 245 Schlee, J. S .. 254.272,500.514,517 Rautman. C. A .. 115, 134. 385,396 Rosell. J .. 13 Schleicher, J. A., 65 Reading, H. G., /5, 127.134,354. Rosenfeld, M. A., 455. 472 Schluger. P. R., 18. 61. 426,445, 480.499.512,516 Rosin. P., 84. 94 466, 469, 470 Reed, A. A .. 338 Ross. C. S .. 243, 244,247 Schlumberger, 349. 350.379 Author Index 543

Schmid, R., 247 Shepard, F. P., 2, 12, 35,66, 126, Smith, A. L., 248 Schmidt-Kraepelin, E., 377,379 135, 296, 306,319 Smith, D, G., 363,368 Schmidt, Victor, 92, 94, 437, 445, Shepard, L. E., 516 Smith, D. K., 517 452, 463, 464, 465, 472 Shepard, R. G., 318 Smith, D. T., 93 Schmincke, H.-H., 216, 219, 224, Sheppard, R. A., 51, 64 Smith, G. E., 418, 419, 420 227, 233, 239, 243, 244, 245, Sheridan, M. F., 227, 228, 229, 247, Smith, G. G., 368 247, 326, 339 248 Smith, G. N., 18 Scholle, P. A .. 15.18.20.46,61, Sheridan, R. E .. 517 Smith, I. E. W., 246 65, 71.73, 83, 87, 95. 343,354. Sheriff, R. D., 18, 350,354 Smith, J. V., 32, 33,66 426. 445, 466, 469, 470, 471, Shidler, G. L., 338 Smith, L. M., 368 472,473,474.517 Shields, A., 284,319 Smith, N. D., 291, 292,319, 363, Schreiber, B. c., 446,469 Shiki, T., 65, 164, 169, 175,212 364,368, 418,420 Schuchert, Chas., 3. 12 Shimozuro, D., 237,246,247 Smith, N. M., 339 Schumm, S. A., 294,319, 342, 354, Shimp, N. F., 65 Smith, R. L., 243, 244, 247 354, 355,356, 362,368, 510,517 Shipley, T. H., 516 Smith, S. M., 516 Schuster, V. L. L., 20 Shor, G. G" Jr., 512 Smith, W. c., 63 Schuttenhelm, R. T. E., 396 Short, N. M., 216, 245 Snead, R. E., 383, 396 Schwab, F. L., 181. 212,266.267, Shotten, F. W., 324,340, 405, 4Jl Sneed, E. D., 77, 79, 95 272. 339, 480.517 Shrock, R. R., 108, 135, 216,247 Sneider, R. M., 88, 95, 415,420, Schwartz, D. E., 363,368 Shultz, D. M., 72, 95 524,532 Schwartz, G. M., 169,212 Shutov, V. D., 142, 143,200,206, Snelson, S., 478, 479, 481, 492,512 Schwartz, M. L., 383, 394, 396 212, 457,471 Snow, W. E., 248 Schwartz, R. K., 132 Sibley, D. F., 32,65,448,455,456, So, C. L., 300, 319 Sclater, J. G .. 466, 472.493.517 472 Soares, P. C., 340, 409, 4Il Scoffin, T., 133 Siebert, L., I, 247 Socci, A., 83, 95 Scott, A. J., 333,339,390,394 Siegel, F. R., 319 Solie, G., 405, 411 Scott, G., 329,340 Siemers, C. T., 130, 135, 383,396, Solodkova,1. I., 12, 36,65,212 Scott, K. M., 100, 134, 246. 333, 397,405 Solohub, J. T., 83, 95 340 Siever, Raymond, 29, 38, 39, 62, 63, Sorby, H. C., 7, 8, 9, 12, 135, 256, Sears, M., 473 65,208,212,429,437,441,448, 273, 286,320, 321,340, 532 Sedimentation Seminar, 83, 95, 328, 449,453,454,456,457,461, Southard, J. B., 15, 17, 112,133, 340,358,363,368,391,392, 462,466,469,471,472,473, 137, 287,317,320 396, 438,472, 525,532 480,486,493,517, 529,532 Spalleti, L. A., 16, 343,354 Seed, D. P., 50, 65 Siffert, Bernard, 39, 66 Sparks, R. S. J., 216, 247 Seeland, D. A., 129,135,332,340 Sigurdsson, H. A., 233, 236, 237, Spearing, D. R., 15, 16, 343, 354 Seeley, D. R., 245,480,483,514 241, 244, 247 Speed, R. c., 518 Segnit, E. R., 29, 63,439,470 Sillen, L. G., 451, 473 Speers, R. G., 75, 93 Seilacher, A., 110, 119, 120, 135, Silva, M. E., 18 Spinnanger, A., 368 185,212,391,394,422 Silver, E. A., 513 Spooner, E. T. C., 42, 65 Self, S., 216, 247 Silverman, S. R., 451, 473 Spotts, J. H., 451, 473 Selivanov, H. S., 514 Simkin, T., 215, 247 Sprunt, E. S., 455, 456, 473 Selley, R. D., 9, 12,14,15,91,95, Simmons, G., 438,473 Squyres, Coy, 405 322, 327, 328,340, 347,354, Simoneau, P., 245 Sridhar, K., 61 361,368, 389, 392,396, 416, Simonen, Ahti, 149, 151, 153, 167, Stalder, P. U., 416,420 420, 463, 464, 472 177,181,212 Stallard, R. F., 262,273 Seni, S. J., 419 Simons, D. B., 286, 288, 313,317, Staman, G., 64 Senior, A., 518 319,320 Stanford, P. M., 93 Sergio, T., 20 Simpson, Frank, 390, 396 Stanley, D. J., 63, 115,135,319, Serra, J., 77, 95 Simpson, J. E., 304,319 397, 400, 405 Serra, 0., 18 Sindowski, Karl-Heinz, 73, 74, 95, Stanley, K. D., 292, 315 Serri, S. J., 379 262,272 Stanley, K. 0., 66,219,247,374, Shabad, T., 515 Singh, I. B .. 15, 125, 126, 134, 135, 379, 466,473, 504,518 Shafers, C. J .. 366,366 303, 314, 343,354, 431, 472 Stanley, P. F., 487,513 Shakesby, R. A., 132, 135 Sippel, R. F., 32, 66, 80,86,95, Stapor, F. W., 83, 95 Shanmagan, G., 194,212, 403,405, 177,212,251,272,432,452, Starkel, L., 294, 320 418,419,421,423,476,477,517 456,473 Stauffer, P. H., 115, 135, 314,320 Shanster, Yeo V., 358,368 Sisson, T. W., 227, 246 Stebinger, E., 186,212 Shapiro, L., 64 Skinner, B. J., 418 Steckler, M., 467, 473 Shapiro, M. N., 269 Skipper, Keith, 293,319, 326,340 Steel, J. J., 363,368 Sharma, G. F., III, 484,515 Skolnick, Herbert, 177,212 Steel, R., 420, 423 Shaver, R. H .. 514, 515 Slaczka, A., 398, 399, 405 Steidtmann, J. R., 83, 95, 461, 462, Shaw, A. B., 343,354 Slatt, R. M" 72, 95,253,272 471 Shawa, M. S., 127,135,321,340 Sleep, N. H., 493,513,517 Stein, C. L., 439, 473 Shea, J. H., 254, 272 Slemmons, D. R., 272 Stein, J. A., 504,514 Shead, A. c., 178,212 Sloss, L. L., 143, 159, 161, 203, Steiner, D., 513 Shearman, D. J., 48, 65, 446,472 206,207,210,212, 427,473, Steiner, M. B., 51, 66 Sheets, P. D., 216, 247 503,518 Steinmetz, R., 131, 135, 327, 340 Shelton, J. W., 16, 87, 95, 326,340, Smalley, I. J., 32, 66, 438, 473 Stenstrom, R. c., 32, 66 354, 385, 396 Smirnov, V, I., 10, 12 Stephan, J. F., 516 Sheng, H .. 63 Smit, R., 404 Stets, J., 246 544 Author Index

Stevens, C. H., 517 Taylor, A. M., 468 Twenhofel, W. H., 175,200,206, Steward, R. G., 61 Taylor, J. C. M., 412, 416,420,445, 213 Stewart, J. H., 517 451,470,473,496,518 Tyler, N., 353 Stewart, R. J., 207 Taylor, J. H., 50,66 Tyler, S. A., 261, 273 Stille, H., 475, 482, 518 Taylor, J. M., 86, 95, 455, 473 Tyrrell, G. W., 167, 199,202,206, Stoessel, R. K., 443, 473 Taylor, P. T., 517 213 Stone, B. D., 135 Taylor, S. R., 29, 56, 58, 60, 64 Tyuftin, Y. A., 514 Stow, D. A. V .. 132, 306, 320, 327, Teisseyre, A. K., 363,368 328. 334, 340. 399, 401, 403. Teodorovich, G. I., 142,213 404,405 Terry, R. D., 520,532 U van Straaten, L. M. J. U .. 383, 396 Teruggi, Mario, E., 21 Udden. J. A., 8.12,71. 95, 254.273 Stradner, H., 516 Terwindt, J. H. J., 292, 300, 315, U. S. Corps of Engineers, 320, 325, Strakhov, N. M., 37. 66, 155,212 376,379 340 Stratten. T .. 419 Thiel, G. A., 177, 179, 185,213, Unrug, R., 13, 399,405 Strauss. G. K., 247 263,273 Updike, R. G., 227, 247 Streckersen. A. L., 222, 247 Thom, B. G .. 396 Uyeda, S., 237,247,480,483,484. Streeter, V. L .. 275,320 Thomas, H. H., 199,206 485, 518 Stricklin. F. L., Jr., 329,340 Thompsen, B., 271 Stride, A. H .. 18, 300,315,320, Thompson, B. N., 223, 235, 247 393, 396 Thompson, D. B., 17, 99, 127, 132 V Stringham. G. E .• 281. 320 Thompson, M. E., 413, 420, 468 Vail, P. R., 9,12,379,515,528 Stubbs. A. R., 315 Thompson, M. N., 517 Valecka, Jaroslav, 299,320,421, Stumm, W .. 262,273,469 Thompson, S., III, 12, 393,396, 423 Stumpft. E., 42, 66 398.405,518 Valentine, J. W., 404 Sturm, M., 324,340,401,405 Thompson, W.O., 126, 135 Vallon. R .. 35, 45, 64, 66, 26h. 27(), Suczek, C. A .. 9,11,71, 95, 266, Thomson, A., 436, 473 273,480,500.502.514,518 267,270,483,485,491,492. Thorarinsson, S., 244, 247 Van Herzen, R. P., 517 495.499,502,514,515 Thornes, J. B., 294,316,320 Van Hinte, J. G., 466, 473 Suguio. Kenrito, 14 Thoulet, J., 261, 273 Van Hise, C. R., 169, 177,209,210, Sullwold. H. H., Jr., 333, 340 Thouvenin, J., 378 447,473 Summerson. C. H .. 519.532 Thurston, P. C., 244 Van Horn, F. R., 207 Sundberg. Ake, 254,270, 285, 310, Tibbitts, G. C .. 328,339 Van Houten, F. B., 50, 51, 52, 66, 320, 360, 368 Tieje, A. J., 176, 197,201,202,204, 164,209, 233,247,447,462,473 Surdam, R. C., 374,379, 445,453, 206,213 Van de Kamp, P. c., 499,518 455.458,459,461,471,473,474 Till, Roger, 85, 95 Van Veen, F. R., 90,95,410,411, Sutherland, A. J., 284, 320 Tillman, R. W., 383, 396,405 414,416,420 Suttner. L. .1 .• 14,30,36,60.63, M. Tilton, G. R., 27, 60 Van der Vlught, W. R., 420 159. Ihl. 184. 185,212,259, Tissot, B. P .. 52, 60, 443, 466, 473 Van der Voo, R., 67 260. 2h2. 2h3, 2h5. 269. 272, 273 Tobi, A. c.. 520, 522 Van Weering, T. C. E., 296 Sutton. J .. 27. 60, 167.340 Todd, D. K .. 412, 420 Vanney, Jean-Rene, 300,320, 388, Suwa. K., 184.211 Todd, R. G., 12,518 396 Suzuki, Takeo. 229,247 Todd, T. W., 37. 66, 157,213,256. Vannoni, V. A., 288,320 Swann, D. H .. 71, 95, 339,391,396 265,273 Vause, J. E., 329,340 Swanson. D. A .. 227, 247 Tokuhashi, S .. 405 Vedder, J. C., 573 Swanson, D. C., 360, 368, 374.379 Toksoz, M. N., 513 Veenstra, H. J., 78. 95 Sweatman. T. R., 66 Tomita. Toru. 42, 66, 2h 1.273 Veizer, 1.. 518 Swett, K .. 185. 195,212 Tourenq, J., 19, 65 Velde, B., 38, 40, 50, 66, 457,473 Swift, D. J. P., 299, 300, 301, 302, Tovey, N. K., 32, 63 Vennard. John K .. 275, 320 320, 390, 391, 396 Towe, K. M., 453, 473 Vera, J. A .. 13 Swinford, Ada, 29, 30, 62, 66, 151, Trask, P. D., 8,12,313 Vereda, Y. S., 363,368 178, 184,212, 448,473 Travis, R. B., 143,213 Verhoogen, J., 52, 66, 167,213,438. Szumanski, A., 360, 368 Trefethen, J. M., 12 473 Trevena, A. S., 34, 66, 259,273, Vessell, R. K., 233, 234, 235, 23h, 363. 368 247,270 T Tricker, R. A. T., 296,320 Viard, J. P., 73, 95 Tackenberg, P., 341. 350,353 Triplehorn, D. M., 50,66 Viljoen, M. J., 206 Tada, R., 456, 473, 515 Troll, Carl, 376.379 Viljoen. R. P., 206 Taira. A., 71. 73, 83, 87, 95 Trowbridge, A. c., 35,66 Vincent, C. E., 396 Takihashi, J.. 187, 189,213 Trurnit, P., 455, 473 Vinogradov, A. P., 508,517,518 Taliaferro, N. 1.,165,169,175,213 Tsoar, Haim, 408, 411 Visher, G. S., 16, 73,83,94,95, Tallman, S. L., 142, 192,213,447, Tucker, M. E., 18, 20, 405 343, 345, 347,354 473 Turner, B. R., 125,135 Visser, C. F., 360, 368 Tandy, Y., 40, 41, 66 Turner. C. C., 18 Visser, J. N. J., 389,396 Tankard, A. J., 377,379,518 Turner, F. J., 20,35,52,66,67, Vitanage. P. W., 260,273 Tanner, W. F., 83, 95, 332,340, 141,146,150,152,156,161, Vitas, L., 13 383,396 167, 176, 197, 199,201,203, Voll, G., 256,273 Tapponier, P., 490, 516 204,205,206,213,248,445, Vondra, C. F., 233, 246 Tarr, W. A., 178,213 470 Von Huene, R., 488,518 Tasse, N .. 247 Turner, P., 51, 66 Voss, J. D., 27, 61 Tatsumoto. M., 27, 66 Tuttle, O. F .. 157, 159,210 Vuagnat, Marc, 219. 221. 247 Author Index 545

W Wellendorf, William, 80, 95 Wolf, K. H., 17, 61, 256,273,352, Wacker, M. L., 20 Wells, A. J., 470 419, 431,468 Wadell, Hakon, 77, 95 Welte, D. H., 52, 66, 443,466,473 Wolff, R. G., 254,273 Waitt, R. B., Jr., 230, 248 Welton, Joan E., 21, 88, 95 Wollast, R., 30, 67, 474 Waldbaum, D. R., 435,471 Wentworth, C. K., 2, 8, 12, 71, 95, Wolman, M. G., 318 Waldron, H. H., 231, 232, 248 254,273 Wong, H., 514 Waldschmidt, W. A., 178,213,445, Wermund, E. G., 332,340 Wood, G. V., 401,404 473 Werner, F., 300,320 Wood, J. R., 455, 458, 461, 474 Wallace, H., 495,518 Wescott, W. A., 380,381 Woodcock, N. H., 132, 135, 328, Wallace, R. E., 207 Weyl, P. K., 71, 89, 92, 436, 455, 329, 333,340 Walls, Joel D., 416, 420 456,468,474,523,531 Woodford, N., 39,66,437,473 Walker, F. H., 339 Wezel, F. C., 404, 512 Woodland, A. C., 518 Walker, G. P. L., 245, 248 Wheeler, W. H., 366,367 Woodland, A. W., 167, 172,213, Walker, J. C. G., 518 Whetten, J. T., 35, 45, 67, 146, 166, 411,420 Walker, R. G., 15, 16, 17, 103, 104, 173, 209, 213, 223,248, 432, Woolverton, D. G., 350,351,404 112, 133, 134, 135, 265,273, 470, 508,515, 518 Worzel, J. L., 518 298,317, 320, 325,337, 341, Whisonant, R. C., 330,340 Wright, E. P., 316 343,354, 360, 363,366, 367, Whitaker, J. C., 340 Wright, J. V., 231, 243, 248 368,397,399,400,405,511,518 White, B. R., 310, 311,317 Wright, L. D. 369, 376, 378, 379, Walker, T. R., 51, 66, 194,213,438, White, D. E., 498,516 396 462,471,473,474 White, W. A., 468 Wright, M. E., 275, 298,320 Walters, M. J., 95 Wickman, F. F., 4, 12 Wunderlich. F., 99, 134 Walther, Johannes, 343, 354 Widmeir, J. M., 12, 350,354,518 Wurster, P., 246 Walther, J. V., 439,474 Wiegel, R. L., 196,303,320 Walton, E. K., 125,133, 167,213, Wier, G. W., 101, 134 306,316 Wiese, Bonnie R., 377,379 y Wang, Chao-Siang, 143,213 Wieseneder, H., 164,213 Yaalon, D. H., 334,340 Wanless, H. R., 525,532 Wiesnet, D. R., 149, 151, 155,213 Yagi, K., 223, 248 Ward, 504,518 P., Wiggert, J. M., 275, 296,319 Yalin, M. S., 275, 286, 288,320 Ward, W. C., 74, 75, 76, 93 van der Wilk, E., 379 Yamada, E., 227, 248 Warne, S. St. J., 46, 66 Willand, T. N., 471 Yangus, J. E., 524,532 Warner, J. L., 518 Willden, M. Y., 418, 420 Yaroshevsky, A. A., 478,517 Warren, A., 75, 95, 310,316,320, Williams, B. P. J., 318 Yasso, W. E., 324,340 405,411 Williams, G., 61 E. Yeakel, L. S., Jr., 113,134,159, Warren, Guyon, 74, 95 Williams, G. E., 126, 135 213, 324, 330,340 Wasserburg, G. J., 27, 28, 61, 64 Williams, Howell, 8, 20, 35, 45, 67, Yeh, H. W., 457, 469, 474 Watchorn, M. B., 518 141, 143, 146, 150, 152, 156, Yokoyama, I., 237,246,247 Waters, A. C .• 215, 229,245, 248, 161,176,197,199,201,203, Young, A., 430, 442, 474 292,316 204,205,206,213,216,222,248 Young, F. G., 379 Wathne, E., 404 Williams, L. A. J., 512 Young, G. M., 330, 332,339,340 Watkins, J. S., 515, 516 Williams, Lou, 8, 12 Young, R. A., 320 Watson, Geoffrey, S., 88, 95 Williams, P. A., 422, 515 Young, R. D., 396 Watson, J., 167,212,340 Williamson, C. R., 405 Young, S. W., 30, 60, 256,273 Watson, J. V., 27,60 Willman, H. B., 35, 67 Young, W., 269 Watts, A. B., 467, 473 Wilson, C. J. N., 245, 248 Yu, H. S., 35,64 Waugh, B., 66, 213, 461,474 Wilson, G., 335,340 Weaver, C. E .. 29. 62, 273, 509,518 Wilson, Ian, G., 286, 312,320 Weaver, K. N., 337, 339 Wilson, J. L., 147,213 Webb, W. M., 35, 45, 67, 218,223, Wilson, M. D., 416,420, 445, 457. Z 242, 248, 256, 273 474 Zamora, L. G., 347,354 Webber, E. J., 207 Wilson, M. J., 523,532 Zanke, Ulrich, 18, 275, 320 Webby, B. D., 165,213 Wilson, T., 367 Ziegler, P. A., 496, 497, 518 Weber, J. N., 169,213 Windley, B. F., 511,518 Zimmerle, Winfried. 42. 43. 67. 86. Weber, K. J., 376,379, 385,386, Windom, H., 62 95. 165. 186.213. 260. 261. 273. 396, 415,418,420 Winkelmolen, A. M., 78, 95 387.396,418 Weber, W., 244 Winkler, H. G. F., 465, 466, 474 Zingg, A. W., 311,320 Wedepohl, K. H., 56, 67 Winterhalter, R. V., 211 Zinkernagel. U., 251,273 Weimer, R. H .• 120, 135 Wisniowiecki, M. J., 51, 67 Zoback, M. D., 503,518 Weinberg, B., 77, 92, 94, 258,270 Witter, J., 65 Zuffa, G. G., 21, 143, 147,207,213, Weise, B. R., 349,354,379 Witters, Juanita, 62 253,272,273,333,338,339,531 Weisenftuh, G. A., 519,531 Wobber, F. J., 71, 92 Zussman. J., 33, 61 Weiser, D., 83, 94 Wohletz, K. H., 227, 228, 229, 248 Zvyagin, B. B., 40, 67 Subject Index

A , 148-156 in North Sea, 301 Abrasion, 53-54 chemical analyses, 151 in San Francisco Bay, 290 Accretionary prism (see plate field occurrence, 153 on Mars, 408 tectonics) modal analyses, 149 produced by waves, 298 Accretionary tectonics and provenance, 155-156 Belly River sandstone, 161 terranes, 504 residual, 152 Bengal fan, 483, 492 Acoustic impedance, 351 Arkosic arenite, 145, 152 Biogenic structures, 118-122 Active margin (see plate tec• Athabasca sandstone, 179 Biotite, 38, 189 tonics) Aulacogen, 494-495, 504 Bioturbation, 119, 431, 510 Adhesion ripples, 312 Authigenesis, 424 (see also Botucatu sandstone, 6, 408 Airfalls (see volcaniclastic sand- diagenesis) Boundary layer, 278-279 stone) Average sandstone, 192-193 Brahmaputra River, 492 Albitization, 174 Braided stream deposits, 361- Aleutian trench, 488 363 Alkali elements (see chemical B Brines, 442-443 composition) Back-scattered electron mode, Buntsandstein, 6 Alkaline earth elements (see 29 Burial diagenesis, 465-467 chemical composition) Backset bedding, 292 Allochems, 147 Ball-and-pillow structure, 114 Alluvial fans, 361-362 Baraboo , 179 C Alluvial sands Barite, 463 Calcarenaceous sandstone, 189- general, 354-368 Barrier, coastal, 383-387 190 , 329-330 Basin analysis, 336 Calcite (see carbonates) Aluminum (see chemical com- controls, 476-477 Carbonaceous matter (see or• position) fore-arc (see plate tectonics) ganic matter) Amazon River, 78, 268, 502 foreland, 503 Carbonates Amorphous silica, 29 Illinois, 503 calcite and dolomite, 46 Analcime (see zeolites) Michigan, 497, 503 dissolution, 463-465 Analytical electron microscopy, Pannonian, 497 Fe-Mn carbonates, 46 AEM,29 sandy basins, 476-477 general, 46-48 Anastomosing stream deposits, successor, 504-506 precipitation, 448-452 363 volcanic, 240-243 Carbon dioxide, 47, 438, 441, Anchimetamorphism, 465 Beaches, 296-303, 382-387 506 Andean convergence, 480-487 petrology in South America, Carbon isotopes, 56, 443, 450 (see also plate tectonics) 490 Carnotite, 463 Angle of repose, 103 , 283 Casper sandstone, 181 Anhydrite, 49, 462 Bedding Cathodo-luminescence, 32, 46, Ankerite (see carbonates) bedding plane markings (see 80,86,258 Antidunes, 229, 285, 288, sole marks) Cation exchange capacity, 292 classification, 99 CEC, 39 Antietam sandstone, 181 deformed, 113-118 Cementation, 447 Apatite, 50 fundamental properties, 98 carbonate, 448-452 Appalachian Basin, 503 Bedforms lithic arenites, 430, 447 Appalachian-Ouachita system, alluvial hierarchy, 287 paragenesis, 444-446 429 in flumes and channels, 286- quartz arenites, 177-178 Arenite, definition, 144-145 293 silica, 452-456

547 548 Subject Index

Central tendency, 74 origin, 286-291 Dielectric anisotropy, 326 mean, 74 paleocurrents, 329-344 Dikes, 117 median, 74 types, 101 Dipmeter, 347-350, 365, 397 mode, 74 Crushing, 253 Directional structures, 326-327 Chabazite (see zeolites) Current crescent, 107 Dish structure, 115 Chamosite, 50 Current rose, 327-328 Dispersal patterns, 322-327, 486 Chemical minerals, 27-54 Dissolution porosity, 463-464 Chemical composition, 54-60 (see also decementation) alkalies, 54 D Dolomite (see carbonates) aluminum, 55, 442 Dakota sandstone, 181, 183 Drag coefficient, 281 arkose, 151 Dalradian sandstone, 167 Drag force, 284 classification, 57-58 Darcy's law, 88 Dresbach sandstone, 179 diagenesis, 432-444 Debris avalanche, 229-230 DSDP drilling, 500 graywackes, 166 Debris flow, 117, 307 , 311, 313, 408-409 isotopes, 56-57, 443, 446, 525 Decementation, 87, 437, 463 on Mars, 408 lithic arenites, 158 (see also secondary po• miscellaneous sandstones, 188 rosity) plate tectonics, 58-59 Deformed beds, 104, 113-118, E quartz arenites, 177 307-310 East African rift, 495 variation with age, 506-509 Deltas Effective pressure, 308 Chert, 30-31, 159,219,260, general, 368-377 Electron microprobe, 28 442,455 provenance of sands, 502 Electron microscopy (see scan- Chert arenite, 159 Densimetric Froude number, ning electron microscope) Chert-rich sands, 159 304 Embayed quartz, 218 Chezy equation, 294 Density current, 303 Endogenetic sands, 253 Chlorite, 38 (see also clay min• Depositional model, 341 Entrainment, 283-285 erals) Depositional strike, 343 Environments of sedimentation Depositional systems Clay minerals, 38-41 (see depositional sys• diagenesis, 416, 458 alluvial, 354-368 tems) ion exchange, 39 definition, 342 Eolian sands, 405-411 origin, 40-41 deltas, 368-378 Epiclastic, 186, 252 in reservoirs, 416, 441, 457 eolian, 405-411 Erionite (see zeolites) structure, 39 essential elements thereof, Eugeosyncline, 479, 481 varieties, 38-41 343 Eureka quartzite, 181 Climate, 194, 268, 476-477 fan deltas, 379-381 Climbing ripples, 292 future research, 420-422 Coal measures, 363-364 geometry, 244-245 Coastal sands reservoirs, 411-418 F environments, 381-388 sandy coastlines, 381-394 Fabric, 85-87 hydraulics, 296-303 slope and deep basin, 396-404 contact types, 86 paleocurrents, 330-333 Deserts, 405-408 hydraulics of, 312-313 COCORP, 503 Detrital minerals, 27, 29-46 imbrication, 87 Cohesion, 308 Dewatering, 114-115 orientation, 87 Colorado River, 498, 499 Diagenesis, 424-474 (see also packing, 88-89 Combined flow ripples, 297 cementation) terminology, 86 Compaction, 351-352, 431,467 burial diagenesis, 465-467 Factor analysis, 83 Composite quartz, 31-32,255 chemical properties, 429, 432 Famous sandstones, 6 Concretions, 122, 427 dissolution, 435-438 Fan deltas, 379-381 Confidence limits, 522 feldspar-kaolinite, 439-441 Feldspar Congruent dissolution, 435 graywacke, 430 in ancient sandstones, 36 Continental collision (see plate matrix, 431-432 authigenic, 37-38, 461 tectonics) mineral composition, 26, 429, dissolution, 439-441, 462 Continental slope (see slope 434 feldspathic arenite, 145 deposits) physical properties, 87,429, guide to provenance, 2'58-259 Contour currents, 306, 333, 403 431 K-Na-Ca system, 33 , 403 porosity, 463-465 origin, 36-38 Convolute bedding, 117 precipitation, 433-435 in recent and modern sands, Cratonic basins, 502-504 , 430 34-36 Cristobalite, 29, 216 sequence and timing, 444-447 stability, 34 Crossbedding textures, 427-428 in volcaniclastics, 218-219 deformed, 104 Diagenesis and plate tectonics Feldspathic sands, 148-156 depositional environment, 34 general, 425-467 Flat bed, 291 hummocky, 103,391 stages, 464-465 Flow regime, 288 Subject Index 549

Flow separation, 279 Grain orientation, 89-90, 292, Intrastratal solution, 436-437 Fluid flow, 276-283 326 Ion exchange (see clay min- boundary layer, 278-279 Grain size (see size) erals) density current, 303 Graphic measures, 74 Iron oxide, 50-51, 462 flow separation, 279, 290 Gravitational sliding, 280 Iron silicates, 50 laminar, 276 Gravity flows, 303-310 Isotopes shear stress, 276, 284 Graywackes, 163-176,430-441, carbon, 56, 443, 525 streamlines, 276 508 neodymium-samarium, 446, turbulent, 276 chemical analyses, 166 525 Fluid inclusions, 466 field occurrence, 167-172 oxygen, 56, 443, 466, 525 Fluid separation (see fluid flow) matrix, 172-174 potassium argon, 446, 525 Fluidization, 306 Na20 in, 58, 174 rubidium-strontium, 56, 446 Flutes (see sole marks) significance, 175-176 sulfur, 56, 443, 446, 525 Flysch, 491, 506 varieties, 166-167 Itacolumites, 86 Fore-arcs (see plate tectonics) Graywackization, 146 Foreland basins, 502-504 Great Valley sequence, 269 Foreset geometry, 290-291 Greensand, 187-188 Form drag, 279 Greenschist , 498 J Formation fluids, 442-444 Greenstones, 260 Jackfork sandstone, 169 Formation waters, 442-443 Gres Armoricain sandstone, 6 Japan, 485 Fountain sandstone, 153-154 Groove casts (see sole marks) sandstone, 153 Fourier grain shape, 77 Gulf of Agaba, 499 Juniata sandstone, 159 Franciscan sandstone, 169 Gypsum, 48, 462 Fracture porosity, 464 Fracturing, 253 K Framework, 140 H Kaolinite (see clay minerals) Free jet, 370 Heavy minerals, 41-43 Keeweenawan sandstones, 153 Friction velocity, 279 dispersal, 322-324 Kerogen (see organic matter) Frio sandstone, 161 hydraulic ratios, 83, 282 Kozeny-Carman equation, 91 Froude number, 278 provenance, 260, 261 Kulm sandstone, 168 densimetric, 304 stability, 262, 436-437 ZTR index, 42 Hematite, 50-51, 462 G Heulandite (see zeolites) L Ganges River, 492 Hierarchy of Lahar (see volcaniclastic sand- Geohistory (sedimentation) directional structures, 328 stone) diagram, 467 environments, 342 Lake Baikal, 495 Geological thermometry, 466 sedimentary structures, 342 Lake Tanganyika, 495 Geophysical logs Hummocky crossbedding, 103, Laminar flow, 276 dipmeter, 347 298, 300 Lamination signature, 347 Hybrid sandstones, 186-192 convolute, 106 Geosyncline, 475, 479-481 (see Hydraulic equivalence, 282 cross-lamination, 101 also plate tectonics) Hydraulic ratios, 42, 83, 282, definition, 100 Gibbsite, 442 284 Lamotte sandstone, 155, 181 Glauconite, 50, 187 Hydraulic terms, glossary Laumontite (see zeolites) Glossaries thereof, 313-315 "Leaky" transform, 499 hydraulic terms, 313-315 Hydraulics Liesegang banding, 123 names of sandstones, 196-205 alluvial channels, 293-296 Liquification, 308-310 volcaniclastics, 243-244 fluid flow, 276-279 Lithic arenite (litharenite), 145, Gold, 418 symbols, 277 156-163 Grade scale, 1-2, 71 toe of crossbed, 291 chemical composition, 158 Graded bedding, 104-105 waves, 296-303 definition and nomenclature, Grading, 106 156 Bouma sequence, 106, 307- description, 156-158 308 I field occurrence, 159-163 coarse tail, 306 Ichnofossils, 119 modal analyses, 157 distribution, 306 Illite (see clay minerals) origin, 163 origin, 304-307 Impact threshold velocity, 311 Lithologic associations, 479 reverse, 306 Incongruent dissolution, 441- Lithologic transitions, 346 types, 104-105 442 LITHOPROBE, 503 Grain contacts (see fabric) Indus River, 492 Load balls, 113 Grain fall, 311 Intraplate volcanism, 237, 499- Load casts, 113-114 Grain flow, 307, 311 500 Load pouches, 113 550 Subject Index

Log signatures and environ• Multistory sandstone body, 345 general, 321-337 ments,348 Muscovite, 38 in turbidites, 401 Longshore currents, 301-303, Paleoflow, criteria for, 322 381-387 Paleohydraulics, 293-296 Lorrain sandstone, 153, 179 N Paleomagnetic stratigraphy, 506 Na20/K20, 174, 266, 507 Paleoslope, 328-329, 343 Navajo sandstone, 6 Pangaea, 507 M Neutron activation analysis, 29 Pannonian Basin, 497 Manning equation, 294 New Red sandstone, 6 Paragenesis of cements, 444- Mariannas type convergence, Newark series sandstones, 153- 446 480 154 Parting lineation, 112 Markov-I, Markov-2, 347 Nias (Nias Island), 483-485 Parting step lineation, 113 Mars, 295-296, 408, 511 Nicoya peninsula (Costa Rica), Passive margin (see plate tec- Martinsburg sandstone, 169, 483 tonics) 171 North Sea, 496 Pelletization, 253 Massive bedding, 100 Nubian sandstone, 6 Peninsula sandstone, 6 Matrix, 140, 146-147, 172-174, Permeability, 87-92, 308, 411- 431-432 418,429,463-465,526 Mauch Chunk sandstone, 159 Petrogenesis, 193-196 Maximum pebble size, 324 o Petrography Oil and gas, 53, 443 Meandering stream deposits, classification, 142-143 Old Red sandstone, 6, 153, 161 355-360 nomenclature, 139 Olistostromes, 117 Megaripples, 287-288 petrographic types, 138 Opal-A, 28-29, 439, 453, 455 Memory of successive environ• Petrography report form, 524 Opal-CT, 28-29, 219, 439, 453, ments, 345-347 Petroleum, 443 455 Phillipsite (see zeolites) in , 150 Opaline silica, 29 Phosphate, 49-50 Open channel flow, formulas diagenesis, 38 Phosphatic sandstone, 189 thereof, 294 provenance, 260 Phyllarenite, 158 Microporosity, 464 Orbital velocity, 297 Physical properties, 85-92 Organic matter, 52-53, 452 Microprobe, 259 Pillow structure, 114 Microstylolites, 17 Oriskany sandstone, 181-182 Placers, 42 Orogeny (see tectonics, plate Mid-ocean ridges (MOR), 483, Plagioclase, 32-38 tectonics) 493 in arkoses, 152 Orthoquartzite (see quartz are- Mid-ocean Ridge basins, 493 in Cambro-Ordovician sands, nite) Middle American Trench, 487, 259 489 Osmosis, 443-444 in deep-sea sands, 259 Oswego sandstone, 159-160 Mineral ages, 27, 28 stability, 33-34 Mineral and abrasion, 53 Overpressure, 307-309 volcanics, 219 Oxygen isotopes, 56, 443, 466, Mineral stability, 261-263,436- zoned, 219 525 437 Planar crossbedding, 289 Mineralogy Plate tectonics of pore-space precipitates, accretionary basins, 483, 487 434 p back arcs, 484-486 resistance to abrasion, 54-55 Packing, 88, 98 basins, 478-479 and size, 53 Paleocurrents diagenesis, 486, 489, 496, 499, Miogeosyncline, 479, 481 alluvial, 329-330 502 Mississippi River, 172,264,359, basin analysis, 336 dispersal, 486, 489-491, 496, 502 depositional environments, 499,502 Mixing, 26 334 early earth history, 506-511 Modeling of depositional sys• eolian, 334 forearcs, 483-484, 487 terns, 421 general, 321-336 provenance, 266-268 Molasse sandstone, 153, 161, paleoslope, 328-329 rifts, 493-497 268, 492, 506 plate tectonics, 336-337 sedimentary environments, Moment measures, 74 shoreline and shelf, 330-333 481-482 Montmorillonite (see clay min- time, 335-336 tectonic settings, 480-504 erals) turbidite, 333-334 transform fault basins, 498 Moon, 5\1 volcanic, 334-335 volcaniclastics, 237-243 Mordenite (see zeolites) Paleocurrent analysis Pocono sandstone, 159 Mount St. Helens, 489 benefits thereof, 321 Point bars, 355-359 , 110 in coastal and shelf sands, Pore systems, 411-418, 427, Multilateral sandstone body, 389 429, 463-465, 526 345 criteria used, 322 Porewater pressure, 280 Subject Index 551

Pore water reactions, 442-443 classification, 288 Sandstone composition Porosity, 87 climbing, 112 (chemical) absolute, 87 in eolian sands, 311 age, 506-509 effective, 87 general, 110-113 classification, 57-58 mineralogical maturity, 91 paleocurrents, 329 evolutionary changes in production and reduction, wave, 298 Earth, 509-511 434, 463-465 Rip-up clasts, 106 future studies, 512 reservoir, 412, 416 Rock description, 519-525 other planets, 511 solution, 91, 194, 463-465 Rock fragments tectonic setting, 58-60 types, 87 general, 27, 43-46 Sandstone description, 519-525 window, 91 provenance, 259-260 Sandstone mineralogy, 8, 25-67 Potassium-argon, 446 in recent and ancient sands, Scalar properties, 322-326 Potsdam sandstone, 155, 181 44-45 Scanning electron microscope Pottsville sandstone, 159-160 stability, 43 (SEM), 29, 40, 70, 78, 80, Pressure solution, 177, 455-458 Rock properties and flow re- 81,89 Protoquartzite, 145 sponse,412 Scanning transmission electron Provenance (see also arkose, Rock names (glossary), 196-205 microscopy (STEM), 29, deltas, micas, plate tec• Rollability, 78-79 523 tonics, quartz, and rock Roller micrometer, 79 Scoria (see volcaniclastic sand• fragments) Roraima sandstone, 6 stone) definition, 254-255 Rosin's law, 84 Sea level, 370, 401, 476-477 examples, 268-269 Rotliegendes sandstone, 6 Secondary ion mass spectrome• methodology, 269 Roundness, 77-80 ter (SIMS), 29 Puerto Rico, 485 Rubidium-strontium isotopes, Secondary porosity, 91, 194, Pumice (see volcaniclastic sand• 56,446,466 463-465 stone) Sediment surges, 303 Pyrite, 49, 463 Sedimentary differentiation, 26 Pyroclastics (see volcaniclastic S Sedimentary dip, 347-348, 372 sandstone) Salt filtering, 443 (see also crossbedding Saltation, 73, 283 and pal eo slope) Samarium-neodymium isotopes, Sedimentary environments (see Q 446,525 depositional systems) Quartz, 29-32 San Andreas fault, 498 Sedimentary structures monocrystalline, 30, 255 Sand and sandstone classification, 99 polycrystalline, 30, 255 abundance, 3-5, 192-193 in modern sands, 126 polygonized, 256 crushing thereof, 253 paleocurrent significance, provenance, 255-258 crystal, 122 127-132 varieties, 30-32, 255-258 definition, 1-3 symbols, 127 Quartz arenites distribution, 5-7 uses, 97, 124 chemical analyses, 177 economic value, 10-11 Sedimentation diagram (see field occurrence, 179-184 environments today, 5-7 geohistory diagram) general, 176-186 famous, 6 Sedimentation unit, 76 origin, 184-186 feldspar in, 33, 37-38, 145, Seismic cross sections, 372, 403 varieties, 178-179 218-219, 258-259, 439- Seismic stratigraphy, 350,403, 441,462 421 genesis, 3 Settling velocity, 71, 280-281 R heavy minerals in, 8, 41-43, Shape, 77-80 Radiolarians, 29 261,262,322-324,436- rollability, 79 Reactivation surface, 103, 292 437 sphericity, 77 Recrystallization, 438-439 history of study, 7-10 Shards, 217-218 Red sandstones, 51 instrumental methods, 525 Shear strength, 308 Reflection coefficient, 351 objectives of study, 526 Shear stress, 276, 284 Remanent magnetism, 51 petrographic report form, 524 Sheet flow, 299 Report form, 524 sand production and forma- Shelves, 300-302, 330-333 Repository, 82 tion, 251-254 Shield's parameters, 284 Reservoirs, sandy, 411-418 sheets, 7 Shooting flow, 288 Reynolds number, 278 Sand crystals, 122 Shorelines and sands, 330, 336, Rhine River, 492 Sand grain surface textures (see 381-393 Rib and furrow, 112 surface textures) Siderite (see carbonates) Ridge basin, 476-477, 498 Sandstone chemistry, 57-59, Si02/ Ah03, 266 Rifted basins, 493-498 151, 158, 166, 177, 188, Silica, 55, 441 Ripple marks 443-444, 466, 506-509, Silica minerals, 29-32 adhesion, 311-312 525 Siliceous sinter, 29 552 Subject Index

Sioux sandstone, 179 skewness, 76 Traction transport of sand, 285 Size sorting, 75-76 Transform boundary basins, areal variation, 322-326 Stokes' Law, 281 498-499 biomodality, 76 Storm events, 301, 331, 333, Transition matrix, 346 in Buntsandstein, 325 335, 391, 421 Transmission electron micros• central tendency, 74 St. Peter sandstone, 6, 179, 181 copy, 40 dispersal, 322-326 Stratification index, 99 Transport, 25, 26, 275-313 distributions Stratiform ores, 414 bed load, 283 log normal, 72 Stream power, 284 saltation, 283 phi,71 Streamlines, 276 wash load, 283 psi,71 Strontium isotope ratio, 466, Trough crossbedding, 289 Rosin, 84 525 Tuffaceous sandstone, 190-192 tau, 71 Stylolites, 124 (see also volcaniclastic grade scale, 71 Subarkose, 149 sandstone) graphic measures, 73-75 Subcritical climbing ripples, 3ll Turbidites kurtosis, 76 zone, 490 general, 396-404 maximum size, 75 Submarine fans, 398-400 graywacke, 169, 175 mean, 72 Submarine slides, 310 paleocurrents, 333-334 measures thereof, 70 Successor basins, 504-506 plate tectonic settings, 483, median, 72 Sulfates, 48-49 485, 489, 492, 500, 502 methods, 70 Sulfides, 49 and sedimentary structures, Mississippi River, 325 Sulfur, 56, 443 105, 108, 112, 115 mode, 70 Surface creep, 73 Turbidity currents, 303, 333-334 moment measures, 72 Surface textures, 8, 29, 80-82 Turbulent flow, 276 percentide, 73 Suspect terranes, 504 Tuscarora sandstone, 163, 181 phi scale, 71 Suspension, 73, 282, 285-286 psi distribution, 71 relation to mineralogy, 53 U sand production, 254 T Umpqua formation, 223 settling velocity, 71 Tau distribution, 71 Undulatory extinction, 30 settling column, 71 Tectonics, 37, 42, 237, 475, 477 Uraninite, 463, 509 skewness, 76 (see also plate tectonics) sorting, 75-76 Tempestite, 391, 421 statistical measures, 72-77 Tensleep sandstone, 181 tau distribution, 71 Textural fingerprinting, 83 v terminology, 72 Textural inversion, 83 Variance, 13 I Skewness (see size) Texture Variance of crossbedding, 290 Slope deposits, 396-398 charts, 520-521 Venus, 5ll Slumps, ll5, ll7, 132,329,350 and environment, 194 Vertical profile, 346-347 Smectite (see clay minerals) evaluation, 83 Viscosity, 276-277 Sole marks, 105-110 fabric, 85-87, 312-313 Volcaniclastic sandstone (see bounce casts, 110 grain size, 69-97 also tuffaceous sand• brush casts, 110 maturity, 82-83, 523 stone) classification, 106 methods, 70-71 air fall, 215, 229 directional significance, 326 paleocurrents, 322-326 depositional facies, 224-237 flutes, 106-107 and rock cycle, 84 diagenesis of sands, 51-52, groove casts, 108 syntaxial cement, 434 458-461 skip casts, 110 Theta scale, 99 feldspar, 218-219 slide marks, 701 Third Bradford sandstone, 159 glass, 216-220 Sorting images, 520 Tidal currents, 374, 388 glossary, 243-244 Sparagmites, 153 Tidal ranges, 374, 387 inclined bedding in, 229 Specific weight, 276 Tidal sands, 128-129,331,391, intraplate, 237-239 Sphericity, 77 393-394, 511 lahar, 230-231 Splay deposits, 358 Tidalite, 301 petrographic characteristics, Static annealing, 256 Tigris-Euphrates , 492 216-221 Statistical measures of size, 72 Titanium oxide, 50 plate tectonics, 237-243 bimodality, 75 Torridonian sandstone, 153 pumice, 219-221 central tendency, 74 Tourmaline, 43, 265 pyroclastics, 215, 224-226 kurtosis, 76 Trace elements in quartz, 31-32 scoria, 219-221 maximum size, 75 Trace quartz fossils, 32, 118, von Karman equation, 279 moment measures, 75 389 Vortex ripple, 298 Subject Index 553

W during geologic time, 510 X Wacke, definition, 146 of feldspar, 34, 155 X-ray methods, 28, 259, 523 Walther's law, 343 of igneous rocks, 4, 5 Wash load (see transport) and provenance, 25, 84, Waves and currents 253 Z classification thereof, 297 sand production and forma• Zeolites, 51-52, 216-219, 458- theory, 297-299 tion, 252 461 Weathering Welded tuff, 216, 226 Zircon, 42-43, 261 clay minerals, 40-41 Wind, 310-312, 405-411 ZTR index, 42