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ARABIC INTO LATIN: 10Th - 12Th CENTURIES TRANSLATIONS in EUROPE

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ARABIC INTO LATIN: 10Th - 12Th CENTURIES TRANSLATIONS in EUROPE T.C. İBN HALDUN ÜNİVERSİTESİ MEDENİYETLER İTTİFAKI ENSTİTÜSÜ MEDENİYET ARAŞTIRMALARI ANABİLİM DALI YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ ARABIC INTO LATIN: 10th - 12th CENTURIES TRANSLATIONS IN EUROPE EVREN ERCEYLAN 140401003 TEZ DANIŞMANI PROF. DR. ALPARSLAN AÇIKGENÇ İSTANBUL 2017 T.C. İBN HALDUN ÜNİVERSİTESİ MEDENİYETLER İTTİFAKI ENSTİTÜSÜ MEDENİYET ARAŞTIRMALARI ANABİLİM DALI YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ ARABIC INTO LATIN: 10th - 12th CENTURIES TRANSLATIONS IN EUROPE EVREN ERCEYLAN 140401003 TEZ DANIŞMANI PROF. DR. ALPARSLAN AÇIKGENÇ İSTANBUL 2017 T.C. İBN HALDUN ÜNİVERSİTESİ MEDENİYETLER İTTİFAKI ENSTİTÜSÜ MEDENİYET ARAŞTIRMALARI ANABİLİM DALI YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ ARABIC INTO LATIN: 10th – 12th CENTURIES TRANSLATIONS IN EUROPE EVREN ERCEYLAN 140401003 Enstitü Anabilim Dalı: Medeniyet Araştırmaları Enstitü Bilim Dalı: Medeniyet Araştırmaları Bu tez 06/06/2017 tarihinde aşağıdaki jüri tarafından Oybirliği ile kabul edilmiştir. Prof. Dr. Alparslan Doç. Dr. Burhan Doç. Dr. Cüneyt Açıkgenç Köroğlu Kaya ___________ ___________ __________ Jüri Başkanı Jüri Üyesi Jüri Üyesi BEYAN Bu tezin yazılmasında bilimsel ahlâk kurallarına uyulduğu, başkalarının eserlerinden yararlanılması durumunda bilimsel normlara uygun olarak atıfta bulunulduğu, kullanılan verilerde herhangi bir tahrifat yapılmadığı, tezin herhangi bir kısmının bu üniversiteye veya başka bir üniversitedeki başka bir tez çalışması olarak sunulmadığını beyan ederim. Evren Erceylan i ÖZET AVRUPA’DA 10. – 12. YÜZYILLARDA ARAPÇA’DAN LATİNCEYE ÇEVİRİLER İslam bilim ve düşüncesinin Batı üzerindeki etkilerini inceleyen araştırmalar arasında, on ve on ikinci yüzyıllarda İspanya’da Arapçadan Latinceye yapılan çeviriler hakkındaki çalışmalar önemli bir yer tutmaktadır. Çevirilerin yoğun olarak yapıldığı dönem, Müslümanların egemenliğinde bulunan İspanya’nın Hrıstiyanlar tarafından ele geçirilmesi ile eş zamanlı olarak vuku bulmuştur. Böylelikle, onbirinci ve onikinci yüzyıllarda Endülüs’te yapılan çeviriler bu alandaki incelemelerin odak noktası olmuştur. Çeviriler üzerine yapılan çalışmaların Reconquista sonrası Endülüs’e odaklanmaları, İslam biliminin Batı’ya aktarılmasını siyasi, strateji ve askeri bir olay ile ilişkilendirilmesi sonucunu doğurmaktadır. Ancak, halihazırdaki İspanya merkezli akademik söylem, çeviri süreci ve buna bağlı olarak İslam bilim ve düşüncesinin Batı’ya etkisi hakkındaki anlayışımızı daraltmaktadır. Çeviriler, birinci yüzyıldan beri süregelmekte olan Batı bilim sürecinin bir parçası teşkil etmektedir ve Batı bilimi onuncu yüzyılda duraklamada olmasına rağmen çevirilere imkan sağlayan dinamikler o dönemde Batı dünyasında mevcuttu. Ancak bu dinamikler, İber Yarımadası’ndan ziyade Pirene Dağları’nın diğer tarafı olan Fransa’da etkili olmuştur. Onuncu yüzyılda, İspanya’nın kuzeydoğusunda ortaya çıkan ilk çeviriler Fransa’da bilgi faaliyetlerini canlandırmıştır ve onbirinci ve onikinci yüzyıllarda yapılan çeviriler için uygun zemini hazırlamıştır. Fransa’nın yazılı çevirilerdeki payının az olmasına karşın Fransa topraklarından gelen aktörler Toledo’da yapılan çevirileri etkilemiştir. Ayrıca, burada yapılan faaliyetler, assimilasyonu onikinci yüzyıldan sonra ağırlıklı olarak Fransa’da yapılan büyük bir bilgi kazanımına sebep olmuştur. Bu tezde, 10. ve 12. yüzyıllar arasında Fransa’nın çevirilere katkısı incelenecektir. Bu vesile ile bu dönemde yapılan çevirilerin Batı bilim süreci içinde konumlandırılması amaçlanmaktadır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Çeviri, Arapça, Fransa, İslam Bilim Geleneği, Batı Bilim Geleneği ii ABSTRACT ARABIC INTO LATIN: 10th – 12th CENTURIES TRANSLATIONS IN EUROPE The bulk of studies on the transmission of Islamic science to the West focuses on the preponderance of the translations between the tenth and twelfth centuries in Spain. The trigger of the translations is usually presented as the Reconquista of Toledo in 1085. However, this Hispano-centric narrative distorts our understanding of the translation process. It associates the transmission of Islamic learning to a political, strategic and military event although the translations were a part of the Western scientific process that was already ongoing since the first century. By the tenth century, the Western scientific tradition was in a standstill but the dynamics that led to the translations were already active, not in the Iberian Peninsula but beyond the Pyrenees. The initial translations that emerged in the tenth century in the north eastern Spain stimulated the knowledge activities in France and prepared the suitable ground for further translations. Even though France contributed very weakly to the literal translations, the actors from France were very influential on the translation activities in Toledo. These activities ended up by an immense acquisition of knowledge which circulated to France to be assimilated. This thesis explores the contribution of France in the translations between the tenth and twelfth centuries. By this way, this study aims to posit the translations of this period within the Western scientific process. Keywords: Translation, Arabic, France, Islamic scientific tradition, Western scientific tradition iii Contents ÖZET .......................................................................................................................................ii ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................ iii LIST OF MAPS AND FIGURES ......................................................................................... vi I. TRANSLATIONS OF THE TENTH AND ELEVENTH CENTURIES IN FRANCE ............................................................................................................................................... 15 1.1. Acquaintance with the Islamic Science ....................................................................... 16 1.1.1. Historical Context ...................................................................................................... 16 1.1.2. Diplomatic and Cultural Relations between Latin West and Muslim Al-Andalusia ............................................................................................................................................... 18 1.1.2.1. John of Gorze (c.900-974) ....................................................................................... 19 1.1.2.2. Gerbert of Aurillac (945/950 – 1003) ..................................................................... 22 1.2. Translations in the Tenth and Eleventh Centuries in France ................................... 26 1.2.1. Astronomical Corpus (Early Collection/Old Corpus) ............................................ 27 1.2.1.1. Translation and Compilation Phases of the Early Collection and Its Content . 31 1.2.1.2. Diffusion phase of the astronomical corpus .......................................................... 39 1.2.1.2.1. Fleury and Micy ................................................................................................... 41 1.2.1.2.2. Chartres ................................................................................................................ 42 1.2.1.2.3. Lotharingia ........................................................................................................... 42 1.2.1.2.4. Hermann of Reichenau ........................................................................................ 45 1.2.1.2.5. Walcher of Malvern ............................................................................................. 46 1.2.2. Alchandrean Corpus .................................................................................................. 49 II. TRANSLATIONS OF THE TWELFTH CENTURY ................................................. 54 2.1. The Cultural Barrier between the Western scholars and the Arabic science ......... 56 2.1.1. The Cluny Order’s Impact on the Course of the Translations .............................. 57 2.1.2. Translators of France – Twelfth Century ................................................................ 61 2.1.2.1. An attempt to positioning the translators of France ............................................ 61 2.1.2.2. Translators of France – the Group of Toulouse ................................................... 66 2.1.2.2.1. Hermann of Carinthia (born around 1110 and died around 1154) ................. 66 2.1.2.2.2. Hugo of Santalla (1119-1151) .............................................................................. 80 2.1.2.2.3. Robert of Ketton (1110 – 1160) ........................................................................... 84 iv 2.1.2.2.4. Rudolph of Bruges ............................................................................................... 88 2.1.2.2.5. The Astronomical Tables of Marseille and his author, Raymond of Marseille ............................................................................................................................................... 89 2.2. Translation period in Toledo ....................................................................................... 92 2.2.1. The Role of Ecclesiastics of France on Toledo’s Translation Programme ........... 93 2.2.2. Toledan Share in the Transmission of Arabic Science ........................................... 95 III. EVALUATION OF THE TRANSLATIONS OF TENTH, ELEVENTH AND TWELFTH CENTURIES ................................................................................................... 99 3.1. The Beginnings of the Western Scientific Tradition: the worldview stage and the stage of problems ...............................................................................................................
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