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Nobel Prizes? Université de Neuchâtel Nobel Prizes? Which? What? Who? Where? 1/12/2010 Reinhard Neier 1 Neier/12/01/2010 Nobel Prizes? Nobel prize 2009 in Chemistry Which? What? Who? Where? Nobel prize 2008 in Chemistry 1/12/2010 Reinhard Neier 2 Neier/12/01/2010 12/01/2010 Université de Neuchâtel Nobel Prizes ? « for studies of the structure and function of the ribosome » (2009 biochemistry) Which? What? Who? Where? « for the discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, GFP » (2008 biochemistry) 1/12/2010 Reinhard Neier 3 Neier/12/01/2010 Nobel Prizes ? Which? What? Who? Where? Venkatraman Ramakrishnan (1952) Thomas A. Steitz (1940) Ada E. Yonath (1939) MRC Laboratory, Cambridge, UK Yale, New Haven, US Weizmann Institute, Rehovot, IS Osamu Shimomura (1928) Martin Chalfie (1947) Roger Y. Tsien (1952) Woods Hole, MA, USA Columbia, NY, USA UC San Diego, CA, USA 1/12/2010 Reinhard Neier 4 Neier/12/01/2010 12/01/2010 Université de Neuchâtel Nobel Prizes 2009? Which? What? Who? Where? 1/12/2010 Reinhard Neier 5 Neier/12/01/2010 Nobel Prizes 2009? Which? What? Who? Where? 1/12/2010 Reinhard Neier 6 Neier/12/01/2010 12/01/2010 Université de Neuchâtel Nobel Prizes: Chemistry 2007 - Gerhard Ertl, GE « for his studies of chemical processes on solid surfaces » 2006 - Roger D. Kornberg, USA « for his studies of the molecular basis of eukaryotic transcription » 2005 - Yves Chauvin, FR , Robert H. Grubbs, USA, Richard R. Schrock, USA « for the development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis » 2004 - Aaron Ciechanover, IS, Avram Hershko, IS, Irwin Rose, USA « for the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation » 2003 - Peter Agre, USA, Roderick MacKinnon, USA « for discoveries concerning channels in cell membranes » 1/12/2010 Reinhard Neier 7 Neier/12/01/2010 Swiss Nobel Prizes 2002 - Kurt Wüthrich Chemistry 1996 - Rolf M. Zinkernagel Medecine 1991 - Richard R. Ernst Chemistry 1987 - J. Georg Bednorz, K. Alex Müller Physics 1986 - Gerd Binnig, Heinrich Rohrer Physics 1978 - Werner Arber Medecine Total in Science: 15 1975 - Vladimir Prelog Chemistry 6 Chemistry 1957 - Daniel Bovet Medecine 5 Medecine (2 chemistry) 1952 - Felix Bloch Physics 4 Physics 1950 - Tadeus Reichstein Medecine 1948 - Paul Müller Medecine 1945 - Wolfgang Pauli Physics 1939 - Leopold Ruzicka Chemistry 1937 - Paul Karrer Chemistry 1913 - Alfred Werner Chemistry 1/12/2010 Reinhard Neier 8 Neier/12/01/2010 12/01/2010 Université de Neuchâtel Nobel Prizes 2009? Venkatraman Ramakrishnan Thomas A. Steitz Ada E. Yonath Born 1952 in Chidambaram, Born 1940 the USA. Ph.D. Born 1939 in Israel. Ph.D. 1968 Tamil Nadu, India Ph.D. in 1966 from Harvard X-ray crystallography, 1976 Ph.D. (Physics) Ohio University. Sterling Weizmann Institute, University University. Professor of Molecular of Jerusalem. MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry Professor, Dept. of Structural Biology, Cambridge since at Yale University, New Biology at Weizman Institute, 1999 , UK and Senior Haven, CT, USA, since Rehovot, Israel, since 1988. Research Fellow, Trinity 1970. College. 1/12/2010 Reinhard Neier 9 Neier/12/01/2010 Nobel Prizes: Chemistry Translation: the process whereby the genetic code carried by mRNA is read and used to construct proteins. This process is carried out by ribosomes. The ribosomes recruit appropriate 4S or transfer RNAs (tRNAs) which are (conceptually) molecules with an amino acid at one end and an "anticodon" at the other. 1/12/2010 Reinhard Neier 10 Neier/12/01/2010 12/01/2010 Université de Neuchâtel Nobel Prizes: Chemistry 1/12/2010 Reinhard Neier 11 Neier/12/01/2010 Nobel Prizes: Chemistry 1/12/2010 Reinhard Neier 12 Neier/12/01/2010 12/01/2010 Université de Neuchâtel Nobel Prizes: Chemistry The large subunit creates the peptide bonds and the small subunit has key roles in initiating the biosynthetic process and in controlling the fidelity of codon-anti-codon base pairing. The ribosome contains three tRNA binding sites, designated the A (aminoacyl), P (peptidyl) and E (exit), which are located on both subunits. During the elongation cycle both ribosomal subunits work together to translocate all three tRNAs molecules together with the associated mRNA chain by precisely one codon. In this motion each of the tRNA molecules passes through the three ribosomal binding sites, from A- to P-to E-site. 1/12/2010 Reinhard Neier 13 Neier/12/01/2010 Nobel Prizes: Chemistry You can see how a tRNA interacts with the 30S subunit because of anticodon-codon bonds; and it interacts with the 50S subunit throught the positioning of the attached amino-acid for catalysis. In each case, you can see the three tRNA binding sites and you can easily imagine how a tRNA moves through the ribosome from the A-site to the P-site to the E-site. 1/12/2010 Reinhard Neier 14 Neier/12/01/2010 12/01/2010 Université de Neuchâtel Nobel Prizes: Chemistry The ribosome is the cellular organelle catalyzing the translation of genetic code into proteins. It is a protein/RNA assembly arranged in two subunits that associate for performing protein biosynthesis. The prokaryotic large ribosomal subunit, which migrates with sedimentation coefficient of 50S and is of molecular weight 1.5 mega Dalton, contains 3000 nucleotides in two RNA chains and ~35 proteins. The smaller ribosomal subunit, which migrates as 30S and is of 0.85 mega Dalton, contains 1500 nucleotides in one RNA chain and ~20 proteins. 1/12/2010 Reinhard Neier 15 Neier/12/01/2010 Nobel Prizes: Chemistry In 2001, several research groups were able to get structures of a ribosome—a very complex nucleic acid structure and an enormous protein-RNA complex that is responsible for synthesizing proteins. These images, produced by Harry Noller at the University of California Santa Cruz, Venki Ramakrishnan at the University of Cambridge, England, and Thomas Steitz at Yale University are worthy of a Nobel Prize. 1/12/2010 Reinhard Neier 16 Neier/12/01/2010 12/01/2010 Université de Neuchâtel Nobel Prizes: Chemistry The atomic structure of the 50 S: Ban N, Nissen P, Hansen J, Moore PB, Steitz TA Science. 2000 Aug 11; 289 (5481): 905-20 1/12/2010 Reinhard Neier 17 Neier/12/01/2010 Nobel Prizes: Chemistry The atomic structure of the 50 S: Ban N, Nissen P, Hansen J, Moore PB, Steitz TA Science. 2000 Aug 11; 289 (5481): 905-20 Prof. Nenad Ban Inst. f. Molekularbiologie u. Biophysik ETH Zürich 1/12/2010 Reinhard Neier 18 Neier/12/01/2010 12/01/2010 Université de Neuchâtel Nobel Prizes: Chemistry The atomic structure of the 30 S: Schluenzen F, Tocilj A, Zarivach R, Harms J, Gluehmann M, Janell D, Bashan A, Bartels H, Agmon I, Franceschi F, Yonath A Cell 2000, 102 (5): 615–23 Wimberly BT, Brodersen DE, Clemons WM Jr, Morgan-Warren RJ, Carter AP, Vonrhein C, Hartsch T, Ramakrishnan V Nature. 2000 Sep 21;407(6802):327-39 1/12/2010 Reinhard Neier 19 Neier/12/01/2010 Nobel Prizes: Chemistry Molecular model of a ribosome, Molecular model of a bacterial ribosome showing the RNA and protein components in the form of ribbon models. In the large (50S) subunit the 23S RNA is shown in cyan, the 5S RNA in green and the associated proteins in purple. In the small (30S) subunit the 16S RNA is shown in yellow and the proteins in orange. 1/12/2010 Reinhard Neier 20 Neier/12/01/2010 12/01/2010 Université de Neuchâtel Nobel Prizes: Chemistry Molecular model of a ribosome: The three solid elements in the centre of the ribosome, coloured green, red and reddish brown are the transfer RNAs (tRNAs) in the A, P and E sites respectively. The anticodon loops of the tRNAs are buried in a cleft in the small subunit where they interact with mRNA. The other ends of the tRNA, which carry the peptide and amino acid, are buried in the peptidyl transferase centre of the large subunit, where peptide bond formation occurs. 1/12/2010 Reinhard Neier 21 Neier/12/01/2010 Nobel Prizes: Chemistry http://rna.ucsc.edu/rnacenter/noller_lab.html 1/12/2010 Reinhard Neier 22 Neier/12/01/2010 12/01/2010.
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