The Role of Vegetation in Avalanche Control Around Balikpapan Shaft Road - Samarinda in Soeharto Hill Forest Park Area (Taman Hutan Raya Bukit Soeharto)

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 7, ISSUE 4 , APR 2018 ISSN 2277-8616 The Role Of Vegetation In Avalanche Control Around Balikpapan Shaft Road - Samarinda In Soeharto Hill Forest Park Area (Taman Hutan Raya Bukit Soeharto)

SURATMI

Abstract: This study aims to determine the causes of landslide disaster and to find out how to cope with triggered landslide around along the axis of Balikpapan Samarinda road in SoehartoHill Forest Park. Based on the analysis at the location of the research of land texture in Soeharto Hill Forest Park area is yellow Podzolic soil type, Latosol and Litosol (15%) and Alluvial soil (10%) with parent material in the form of folds of hill and. The structure of the soil is clumped and its consistency is flat.The topographic state of the field is bottom to bumpy to the slope of 10-45%.Referring to the general nature of soil chemical physics, most soil types in the Bukit Soeharto Forest Park area have a high degree of erosion sensitivity with very low land productivity, so it is appropriate to be designated as a conservation area. One of the geological processes that become the main cause of soil movement is rock weathering, rock characteristics in the research location of weathering occurs because of the weather is in tropical climate with high intensity.The location of the study is a hilly area that forms a slope of land with an average slope of 25 to 75 degrees and is composed by a pile of soil formed by physical and chemical weathering on rocks or more compact soil has the potential to move or landslides. The cause of a landslide disaster along the Balikpapan-Samarinda axle road in Soeharto Hill Forest Park is due to high rainfall and deforested land cover deforestation. ————————————————————

1 INTRODUCTION 2 RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS OF THE ROLE OF THE existence of a Balikpapan-Samarinda axis stretch of road VEGETATION IN THE FRAMEWORK OF AVALANCHE through Soeharto Hill Forest Park Area, at this time has been CONTROL FOLLOWING ITS CAUSES AND ITS MITIGATION a deterioration of road conditions, this is due to the occurrence Loss of cover plants can cause grooves in certain areas. The of landslides at certain points of road segment so that erosion of the land will increase and eventually there will be a inconvenience for the road users which in turn can occur landslide (Pangular 1985). Under these conditions also violation events and accidents in traffic. Therefore it is contributes to the erosion factor. The location or position of the necessary to rebuild at certain points of road that are cover of perennials and their density affect the safety factor of damaged, so that the recovered road condition can be used the hillside The planting of hardwood vegetation on the foot of for the road users in traffic with full comfort and can position the hillside makes the stability of the hillside, on the contrary, itself on the track correctly.It is realized that the current planting hard crops at the top of the slope will actually lower condition in the vicinity of the axis stretch of the area of the the safety factor of the hillside, thus weakening the stability of area has been a lot of disturbance that is in the form of critical the hillside itself (Hirnawan 1993), thus the planting of certain land, big trees have disappeared, landslide and based on the types of clump vegetation is very appropriate in an effort to observation in the field shows that there has been a surge of minimize the landslide, according to the degree of land slope motorcycle users, cars, or truck, all this has an impact on associated with the role of Soeharto Hill Forest Park Area increasing the compressive force of the road which resulted in (Taman Hutan Raya Bukit Soeharto). Another cause of the decrease of the road or the occurrence of landslides, landslide events is internal disturbance coming from within the especially during the rainy season where the rift is easily body of the hillside soil itself especially the water factor in the entered by rain water which of course rain water will bring hillside soil itself grains of sand soil that cause erositanah process and cause landslide body road.

The research activities aim to: - Identify potential landslides along the axis of Balikpapan Samarinda Km. 28 Sungai MerdekaSamboja Sub-district up to Km. 69 BatuahLoa Janan - Know the factors of landslide - Knowing the potential landslide hazard associated with the condition of vegetation or shrubs - Analyze the role of vegetation in avalanche control Determine the avalanche control measures Sample image of vegetation planted on the slope of the soil ______2.1 Management of the environment  Suratmi, Lecturer Faculty of Civil Engineering Environmental management is intended to reduce, prevent University of 17 August 1945 Samarinda East and mitigate negative impacts and increase positive Kalimantan. impact.The study is also based on a feasibility study of E-mail: [email protected] engineering or geological studies covering engineering geology, soil mechanics and hydrogeology.thus the approach 221 IJSTR©2018 www.ijstr.org INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 7, ISSUE 4 , APR 2018 ISSN 2277-8616 in dealing with landslide hillsides prone to landslides other than based on the recommendations of feasibility studies of engineering or geological studies, also based on the management of the environment.Thus, it is expected that the existence of axis road in Bukit Soeharto Forest Park area along 31 kilometers between Km. 38 Sungai MerdekaSamboja Sub-district up to Km. 69 Batuah Loa JananSubdistrict crossing slopes of hill-prone landslide can be identified furthermore so as to anticipate the strength and racket of a hillside. The relationship between factors affecting the deterioration of physical and mechanical conditions needs to be known. Effect of increase in aft rate, placement of load, vegetation planting and vibration conditions to the hillside soil.In general, the prevention of landslide slopes is to try to Sample image of making terracing to keep the soil is not easy control the factors causing and the trigger. However, not all of to slide these factors can be controlled unless they reduce the trigger  Reforestation on critical land with annual crops of factor Several ways to prevent or stabilize the hillside in order economic value, the availability of foodstuffs, to save the pavement stretch of Soeharto Hill Forest Park Area medicines and sap so that the roots of trees can play They are : a role to keep the soil is not easy to landslide and - Reduce the load at the top of the hillside by means of maintain the availability of ground water. trimming the hillside, slope cuts are usually combined with - Rehabilitation in order to improve the land filling or fill at the foot of the mountain slope, the making of  The closure of vegetation in a region of hilly, plains, the steps- steps and so on. and valleys in the SoehartoHill Forest Park Area is - Adding weights at the foot of the hillside by : closely related to soil and water conservation issues.  planting perennials In this case forest as one of the main buffer system of  planting a certain type of vegetation at the top of the water valley area. Therefore, good forest hillside so that evapotranspiration increases. Falling management is also a conservation effort of land and rainwater will enter the hillside, then infiltration can be water conservation. Destruction of forests and other done that way. vegetation, the occurrence of soil erosion, the  The coverage of the grass. the same way to reduce emergence of degraded land, reduced groundwater infiltration of rainwater into the hillside and with the supplies, and decreased land productivity are natural coverage of grasses accompanied by drainage will problems that are interconnected with one also control run-off. another.Generally it happens scientifically because of - Controlling surface water in the following manner : human activities in the exploitation of forest resources and agricultural resources regardless of its Planting vegetation and grass coverage also reduces run-off sustainability. runoff water so that surface erosion can be reduced.  It is important to realize that the population growth in Soeharto Hill Forest Park Area nd the rising standard of human life has also increased the need pattern. Automatically human activities in the exploitation of natural resources including forest resources and agricultural resources are also increasing. Such human activities if not accompanied by rehabilitation of forest land and agricultural land, then the existence of these resources will not be sustainable which arteli that the damage will always occur.Facing the problem as above will only be resolved by maintaining the balance of nature that is still intact. Without the effort of land rehabilitation and awareness of maintaining the balance of land, the damage will continue to occur both on a large and small scale. Sample image of vegetation planting in erosion control  Any form of damage to the vegetation of soil protection within the watershed area of Soeharto Hill  In agricultural areas that have a high slope of soil, it is Forest Park Area must be improved through better to create terraces to reduce the drift of soil reforestation activities must be done seriously to particles by the speed of water flow (supported by overcome and improve the forest leading to depletion fertilization to increase fertility for plants). of alias deforestation species, as well as avoiding threats to the stretch of road axis in the area.

19,9- 14. Pinusmerkusii 15-25 22,4 15. Pinuscaribaea 24 7 16. Swieteniamacrophylla 15-20 40-50 17. Sesbaniagrandiflora 25 3 18. Araucaria hunsteinii 16,9 19,5 19. Tectonagrandis 12,7 40-60 20. Shoreajavanica 6-8 JO 21. Acacia leucophloea 8,6 20 22. Adenantheramicrosperma 16,5 20 23. Altingiaexcels 11,4-9,7 20-40 24. Paraserianthesfalcataria 37,4 15

(Source :Kadriand friend (1992), Suharlanand friend , (1975), and Manan (1978))

The types of native trees that have grown livestock area are the safest option. However, sometimes there are better types of exotic species than the original tree species, but the reactions to the body are only visible after the aging of the forest. Thus, if it is forced to plant a strange tree species, it must originate from a place of growing with climatic and soil conditions similar to or near to the area in the planting area.For example, if you are going to be planting a different new tree species then the species to be planted will come from outside the area of BulkitSoeharto's tropical forest park and not from outside the tropics. Climatic conditions that need Land type map image to be considered related to it : - Average temperature and extreme temperatures. 2.2 The Election of Vegetation Types In - Distribution and intensity of rain. Countermeasures Avalanche - Altitude of place from sea level (altitude). The selection of tree species for rehabilitation in avalanche Types of trees as an alternative choice to be planted in mitigation is not a simple issue as many factors need to be reforestation activities rehabilitation of land, should meet the considered, such as ecological factors, tree species, various requirements or criteria as follows (Kadri et al 1992): economic, social, and time factors to achieve desired - Able to grow in the open under full sunlight conditions. So results.Thus, the selection of suitable tree species with this includes the type of intolerant and pioneer tree, which growing places is the key to success. From a number of tree means it does not require many conditions of the growth species suitable to the condition of the place of growth, there factor, even has the ability to improve soil conditions. should be selected species of trees that can provide protection - Be able to compete with weeds and other weeds, so we for the location or the avalanche points around the pavement have to choose the type of tree that has fast growth road in Soeharto Hill Forest Park Area In relation to the results properties so it can cover the soil and reduce the erosion to be obtained from the forest development, the factors that hazard. need to be considered, and they are : - Easily sprout or sprout again when pruned or burned - The cost of plant construction and its management. - Able to grow on the condition of skinny soil and drought - Losses that may arise due to pests, diseases or fire. soil. - Tree density or tree growth rate - Seeds or vegetative parts as a breeding material are - The benefits and value of wood and quality produced, in easily obtained. anticipation of landslide disaster. These are the examples of tree species that can be selected Density of some trees and age as reforestation plants for rehabilitation of land include tusam (PinusMerkusii), teak (Tectonagrandis) large leaf mahogany Age Number Tree Species Density (Swieteniamacrophylla), small leaf mahogany (annual) (Swieteniamahgoni), resin (Agathisloranthifolia), rasamala 1. Acacia auriculiformis 12-23 8-17 (altingia Excelsa), Sangon (Paraserianthes falcataria), Acacia 2. Acacia mangium 46-50 9 27, 7-29, (Acacia auriculformis), mangium (Acacia mangium), leda 3. Agathislorantifolia 30-50 9 (Eucalyptus deglupta), eucalyptus (melaleucaleucadendron) 4. Paraserianthesfalcataria 37,4 15 African wood (Maesopsiseminii), small acacia decurens 5. Anthocephaluscadamba 20-24 5-10 (Acacia auriculformis), acacia auriculformis (Acacia 6. Araucaria cuninghamii 17-18,5 9,5 auriculformis) , candlenut (Aleuritesmoluccana), kelampayan 7. Cassia siamea 15 17 (Anthocephaluscadamba), jabon (Anthocephaluschinensis), 8. Casuarinaequisetifolia 10-20 7-10 sonokeling (Dalbergialatifolia), sonosiso (Delbergiasisso), 9. Dalbergialatifolia 23,7 40 10. Eucalyptus deglupta 24,5-34 9 puspa (Schimanoronhae), sungkai (Peronemacanescens), 11. Gmelinaarborea 35-40 7-11 wareng (Gmelinaarborea), macadamia (Macadamia 12. Maesopsiseminii 13-34 10 hildebrandia), kaliandra red flower (Caliandracalothirsus), 13. Musangasmithii 14-19 9,5 Kaliandra white flowers (Calliandratetragona), lamtorogung 223 IJSTR©2018 www.ijstr.org INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 7, ISSUE 4 , APR 2018 ISSN 2277-8616

(Leucaenaleucephala), weru (Albiziaprocera). andkemlanding from the top of the slope can flow smoothly and infiltration (Leucaenaglauca). As for the types of trees for greening, such decreases. as turi flower (Sesbaniagrandiflora), white flower turi (Sesbaniabispinosa), gamal (Grilicidiamaculata), rosidi (Gliricidiasepium), cloves (Eugenia aromatica), cashew (Anacardiumoccidentale), cotton (Ceiba petandra), rubber (Hevea brasiliensis), jackfruit (Artocarpusintegra), kluwih (Artocarpussinensis), breadfruit (Artocarpuscommunis), sawokecik (Manikalkarakauki), Cinnamon (Cinnamomumspp), petai (ParkiaSpeciosa) durian (Duriozibethinus), rambutan (Nepheliumlappaceum), avocado (PerseaAmericana) and Tamarind (Tamarindusindica). Types of trees as an alternative choice to be planted around the hillside with the following criteria: Sample image of terracing drainage design - Deep rooting, roots of long and tight branches, so as to establish incentive root system. - On the shoulder of the road as well as on the slope of the - The nature of rapid growth, so it can quickly cover the soil road resulting from increased road construction by doing and reduce the danger of erosion. land work ie by cutting the hill to be made so the land is - The selected tree must be a pioneer, a tree species that more sloping and land accumulation. does not require the requirements of a specific growing - Reduce the intensification of land treatment in landslide site, so it has the ability to grow well in various conditions prone areas where it grows.

- Trees should be able to increase soil fertility directly or The above three things are of course adapted to the indirectly. conditions and problems of the land at certain points along the - To the area with high rainfall is selected species of trees stretch of the axle road in the area of Bukit Soeharto Forest that have a large evapotransportasinature. While for areas Park Area. The existence of a pivot road that stretches into the with smaller rainfall selected species of trees that quickly Bukit Soeharto Forest Park Area by crossing the slopes and adapt to the area, preferably the type of tree that quickly swamplands against landslide erosion can be clearly identified adapt to the area. at certain points so that the handling is more specific, by looking at the characteristics of the area of the points primarily Based on these criteria, then can be selected several types of in its handling involves engineering vegetation that has various forest trees that can be planted as a path of securing a slope, roles and can be combined with civil engineering engineering. such asbungur (lagerstroemia specio, johar (cassia siamea), Reduce logging of uncontrolled and unplanned tree species, mindi (meliaazedarach), laban (vitexpubeseens), sangon clear-cuts and looting. The planting of vegetation with the type (paraserianthesfalcataria), large leaf mahogany (S of perennials with intensive roots and can grip the soil and marophylla), lamtorogung (L. leucocephala), sonokeling (D have tap the roots and fiber root is intended to prevent the latifolia) walnut( A mollucana), mentru (Schimawallichi), rengas rate of erosion. (Glutarenghas),asamjawa (tamarindusindica), angsana/ Burmese rosewood (Pterocarpusindicus), breadfruit Root structure (Artocarpuscommunis), bamboo (Bambussaspp,Gigantocloaspp), kluwih (Artocarpussinensis) kihujan (Samaneasaman) and banyan (Ficusbanjamina). The types of trees to be planted to strengthen the embungs or ponds, preferably from tree species that qualify as hardwoods.Criteria of this type of plant, among others have a deep root system, many roots and strong, and mmapu improve the physical and chemical properties of the soil.Based on these criteria, the tree species that can be selected are

Lamtorong (L. leucocepala), gamal (Gliricidamaculata), rosidi (G sepium), red flower Kaliandra (Calliandracalothyrsus), Image of taproots and fiber roots Kaliandra flower (C.teragona), and acacia vvillosa).

2.3 Determine the vegetative aversion control 3 CONCLUSION measures - Dentified landslide location and known factors that influence the occurrence of landslide. The Anticipation of landslides To prevent slopes saturated with ground water or reduce soil moisture levels in the slope itself, - Analysis of avalanche control with follow-up treatment by means of vegetative planting and can be integrated by groundwater and groundwater levels will usually appear during the rainy season, then prevention by way of making some constructing an avalanche retaining (infra structure) water distributor from bamboo or paralon pipe at the slope - Provide input or recommend to the authorities, to take near the foot of the slope.This means that the rising concrete policy steps based on the accuracy of data in the groundwater level in the slope will flow out so that the ground field, so as to create road conditions that meet the water level down. There are several ways to control surface requirements and safe for road users and environmentally water: Create adequate drainage design so that surface water friendly.

5 SUGGESTIONS - Required more complete and accurate field investigation data in order to describe the actual and real conditions. - To improve the stability of the slope is done penbulangangan with Bioenginerring or Bio Technical Stabilization, these two ways can be done by planting vegetation that has a root tap or fiber roots. - The prevention of landslide disaster can be done by civil engineering. - Efforts to reduce the vulnerability of communities in the activities of land use in areas prone to landslides by providing multiple activities as well as socialization of the impact of landslides.

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