Documenta Linguistica

DOCUMENTA LINGUISTICA

“TO COLLECT AND PRESERVE SUCH INFORMATION AS MAY BE OBTAINED CONCERNING THE INDIAN LANGUAGES”: AN EARLY PROGRAM FOR AMERICANIST LINGUISTICS (1826)

In 1826 James BARBOUR (1775-1842)1, who had been elected Secre- tary of War the previous year, issued a printed circular, dated May 152. This document, emanating from the head of the Department of War, is an archival piece of particular interest to those who study the history of Americanist linguistics. It was originally accompanied by three documents, intended to illustrate the task set out in the letter, viz. to record the Indian languages still spoken in the United States. The three documents were: (a) a model of a uniform vocabulary, conceived for the compiling of a basic word-list for each of the languages investigated;

* Thanks are due to the Library of the American Philosophical Society (Philadelphia, PA) for permission to publish the materials edited here, and to the Belgian National Science Foundation (Secretary-General, Mr. José TRAEST) for providing Pierre SWIGGERS with a study-grant (1994) in order to conduct research in the APS Library. 1 James BARBOUR, a descendant of a Scotch family, was a native of Virginia, who acquired most of his education from his own reading and from the social life in which he participated. He entered the Virginia House of Delegates in 1798, where he supported the Virginia Resolutions. He was elected Speaker of the House of Delegates in 1809, and continued in this office until he was elected Governor of Virginia in January 1812. He was Senator in Congress from 1815 to 1825, officiating as President pro tempore of the Senate, and as Chairman of the Committees on Military Affairs and Foreign Rela- tions. During the presidential campaign of 1824, BARBOUR became a strong supporter of John Quincy ADAMS; in 1825 he was appointed by the latter as Secretary of War. Loyal to ADAMS, BARBOUR conducted successful negotiations with Governor TROUP of Georgia, in regard to the Indian question; he obtained a territorial government for the Indians west of the Mississippi. In May 1828 he was nominated minister to Great Britain, in succes- sion to Albert GALLATIN. After returning to Virginia in 1829 he participated for ten more years in the political life of his native state. After his retirement from politics, he served as a president of the Virginia Agricultural Society. On BARBOUR, see LANMAN (1876: 20) and Dictionary of American Biography vol. I (1928), p. 590-592. 2 The document is preserved in two copies at the Library of the American Philosophical Society (973: C 683: no. 112 and 497: V 85). It consists of a single printed page (21 cm ≈ 35 cm). For the listing of the second copy, see FREEMAN - SMITH (1980: 218, no. 1973). The document is edited and reproduced here with the kind permission of the American Philosophical Society. 222 R. GOODMAN - P. SWIGGERS

(b) a model for the systematic organization of grammatical information on American Indian languages; (c) the first attempt to propose a genetic (partly geographical) classification of the Indian languages and dialects spoken by tribes living east of the Stony (i.e. Rocky) Mountains, in the form of a division into language families and dialects.

The latter document is a broadside3 containing Albert GALLATIN’s (1761-1849) table of North American native languages (“A Table of Indian tribes of the United States, East of the Stony Mountains, arranged according to languages and dialects”). The two other documents, both apparently anonymous, which accompanied the circular, viz. a “uniform vocabulary” and a model-list for eliciting grammatical information, have not been preserved, and we have to base ourselves on the description given in the circular for a reconstruction of their contents4. The vocabulary list mentioned as paper no. 1 seems to have been a revised, and amended5, version of the JEFFERSON vocabulary list. We know of at least

3 For a study of this document (GALLATIN 1826), which also includes a photographic reproduction of the broadside, see GOODMAN - SWIGGERS (1993). 4 See also GALLATIN (1836: 1; “Prefatory Letter”): “My first attempt was made in the year 1823, at the request of a distinguished friend, Baron Alexander Humboldt. It was that essay, communicated it seems to Mr. Balbi, and quoted by him with more praise than it deserved, in the Introduction to his “Atlas Ethnographique”, which drew the attention of the Antiquarian Society, and induced it to ask me for a copy. I had not kept any, but had in the mean while collected and obtained access to many important materials. In the winter of 1825-6, the attendance at Washington of a numerous delegation of southern Indians enabled me to obtain good vocabularies of the Muskhogee, Uchee, Natchez, Chicasa, and Cherokee; and I then published a table of all the existing tribes in the United States, which, in its arrangement, does not differ materially from that now adopted. The War Department circulated at the same time, at my request, printed forms of a vocabulary containing six hundred words, of verbal forms, and of selected sentences; and also a series of grammatical queries. The only communication, received in answer to those queries, is that of the Rev. Mr. Worcester respecting the Cherokee, which is inserted in the Appendix. The verbal forms and select sentences in that language, the verbal forms of the Muskhogee, Chocta, and Caddo, and the copious supplementary vocabularies in the same tongues, and in the Mohawk and Seneca, were also received in answer; and that of the Chippeway, by Dr. James (Appendix to Tanner’s account), is partly on the same model”. 5 Apparently on the basis of the items covered in PALLAS's vocabularies (PALLAS 1787-1789). On PALLAS, see POGGENDORFF (1863: 348), ESAKOV (1974), and the entry “Pallas, Peter Simon” in Enciclopedia italiana di scienze, lettere ed arti vol. 26, p. 122- 123. It should be noted that already in 1819 Walter BROMLEY compiled a list of Micmac words and grammatical forms which prefigures the rearrangement of the vocabulary list by GALLATIN as well as the 1826 list for eliciting grammatical information: see W. BROMLEY, “A Few Specimens of the Verbs of the Micmac Indians” and “Vocabulary of the Lan- guage of the Micmacs, as spoken in Nova Scotia” (manuscripts conserved in the APS Library; see FREEMAN - SMITH 1980: 241, nos. 2237, 2239). BROMLEY’s materials were used by GALLATIN (1836). AN EARLY PROGRAM FOR AMERICAN LINGUISTICS (1826) 223 two vocabularies that have been composed after this model, viz. SCHOOLCRAFT’s “Algic” [i.e. Chippewa] vocabulary6, and BOILVIN’s “Vocabulary of Sundry”7, which displays some modifications. The vocabulary was grouped around a number of keynotions, such as “God” (with various terms attached to it: “Spirit”, “Worship”, “Ceremony”, “Initiation”, etc.), “Man” (attached to it: “Indian”, “White man”, “Woman”, “Boy”, “Girl”, “Father”, etc.), “Head” (attached to it: the terms for parts of the head, and then terms for other parts of the body), “Nation” (attached to it: “Tribe”, “Clan”, “Country”, “Territory”, etc.), “House” (attached to it: “Hut”, “Door”, “Field”, “Harrow”, etc.), “Sky” (attached to it: names for celestial bodies, meteorological phenom- ena, seasons). As to the second paper accompanying the circular, this seems to have been a (sketchy) outline for typological description, containing a model for eliciting and taking down (only?) a complete verbal paradigm (with the verb to tie serving as the elicitation model)8; to judge from the circular, the outline was very incomplete and by no means compulsory, and its intended application was restricted to the major representatives of each language family. “The paper has been drawn by way of illustration, and not with a view of prescribing any rule. Other sentences may be added or substituted, if thought necessary or preferable. To the conjugation of the verb to tie, that of any other may be substituted; and, as far as practicable, one of the

6 See “Vocabulary of the Algic, or Chippeway Language” in MCKENNEY (1827: 487- 494). 7 For this vocabulary, see P.S. DU PONCEAU, Indian vocabularies (manuscript APS Library 497 IN 2), # 64 (p. 186-187): “Vocabulary of Sundry (Hoh-chungeérah) or Wineebaagoa, words for Col. L. McKenney by Mr Boilvin, Senr. – Indian agent – Prairie des chien [sic] 1826” (cf. FREEMAN - SMITH 1980: 382, no. 3864). This vocabulary was also used by GALLATIN (1836). Most of the other vocabularies collected by DU PONCEAU are based on the earlier JEFFERSON model. 8 The paper probably contained the outline of the questionnaire which lies at the basis of the collection of “specimens of simple conjugations and transitions” that we find in GALLATIN (1836: 267-300). On GALLATIN’s publications concerning Indian languages, see WALTERS (1957: 352-355), who does not mention the 1826 broadside. For the publication history of GALLATIN (1836), see WALTERS (1957: 352): “Although he had to drop active work on the Indians when he accepted the mission to London in 1823, data in response to queries he had circulated kept dribbling in during his absence. His zeal was renewed late in 1831 when the head of the publications committee of the American Anti- quarian Society at Worcester, Massachusetts, having come across the reference to his work in Balbi’s Introduction à l’atlas ethnographique du globe, wrote to inquire whether he had anything on the subject that the society might publish. For the next eighteen months Gallatin devoted himself to the project, canvassing sources, amassing, collating, and analyzing data. From his own pocket he advanced several hundred dollars to pay the expenses of transcribers at learned societies in Philadelphia, Boston, as well as New York. The Society published his manuscript at its expense in November, 1836, and elected him a member”. 224 R. GOODMAN - P. SWIGGERS

most regular which each language affords should be preferred. It is hardly necessary to add, that, whilst vocabularies of every different dialect are desired, the translation of the verbal forms and sentences, or of any others which may be substituted or added, and the inquiries respecting the grammar and structure of the languages, need not be extended, by any means, to every dialect, but only to one or two of the most important in each great family of radically distinct languages”9.

The circular dispatched by BARBOUR is interesting in that it outlines two complementary tasks: (a) an “etymological” task, consisting of the collection of vocabularies and the subsequent establishment of the affinities10 between the Indian languages; (b) a grammatical or structural task, consisting in the description of the general “features and peculiarities”, and of the structural resem- blances and divergences between the Indian tongues and other languages.

The tasks outlined by BARBOUR prefigure those singled out by Peter Stephen DU PONCEAU (1760-1844) in a letter sent in 1836 to the Secretary of Navy, a document in which he describes the task of the philologist who would be in function for the Great U.S. Exploring Expedition of 1838-1842 (cf. MACKERT 1994). “We now proceed to the duties of the Philologist. Languages are to be considered in two points of view. 1. As to the words of which they are composed. 2. As to their Structure or Grammatical forms. The short stay which the expedition will probably make, in the different places where it will stop, will give but little opportunity to the Philologist to become acquainted with the Grammar of the several idioms, as that seems to require some previous knowledge of the language. Yet that may be obtained in some degree, at least, with the aid of Missionaries & Interpreters, where these are to be found. It would be desirable that they should, at least, obtain the conjugation of some verbs, and some sentences of the most common use. The Lord’s prayer in each language, is particularly recommended, not because it is the best in a Grammatical point of view, but because it is that which Philologists have chosen from time immemorial, and, therefore, is the best to serve as an object of comparison. It is also recommended because it is the easiest to be obtained

9 In GALLATIN (1826) we find a very similar formulation: “languages radically different”, a phrase which denotes different language families; see GOODMAN - SWIGGERS (1993: 246). 10 The term “affinity” is also used by GALLATIN (1826), in a twofold sense: it desig- nates both bilateral (suggesting the possibility of a fusion into one genetic group) and multilateral relationships; cf. GOODMAN - SWIGGERS (1993: 246). AN EARLY PROGRAM FOR AMERICAN LINGUISTICS (1826) 225

from missionaries. The Philologist should parse it as well as he can, so as to give the full meaning of each word of which it is composed. But the least difficult, tho’ not the least important task of the Philolo- gist, will be to obtain vocabularies of the different languages” (quoted after the edition of this letter in SWIGGERS 1991: 12).

DU PONCEAU’s letter of 1836 provides further information on the back- ground of BARBOUR’s circular: according to DU PONCEAU, the impetus for the documentary enterprise came from Albert GALLATIN and from President ADAMS, and it was GALLATIN who prepared the model vocabulary list11: “In or about the year 1826, Mr. President Adams, as we have been informed, at the suggestion of Mr. Albert Gallatin, formed the project of collecting vocabularies of all the languages spoken by the Indians in the United States, and to cause that collection to be published as a National work. With a view to that object Mr. Gallatin prepared a List of English words intended for Indian Vocabularies, with blanks for the Indian words. This List or blank Vocabulary was printed /6/ by order of the Government & the copies lodged in the War Office; to be sent to Mis- sionaries and Indian Agents, to be by them filled up & returned to the Government. This plan, however, was only carried into partial execution, & ultimately failed. It is believed that copies of that blank vocabulary still exist in the War Department. If so, a sufficient number might be given to the Philologist, to be filled up with the corresponding words in the different languages. One copy, at least, it is presumed, must exist in that Department, from which a sufficient number might easily be printed off. It is believed to be rather too long, but it is a defect which may easily be cured. The Philologist will only take care to have the same words in his different Vocabularies. It is very important for the comparison of languages” (quoted after the edition in SWIGGERS 1991: 12). The two tasks outlined in the circular of 1826 would seem to constitute the first rigorous statement of a program for compiling documentation on American Indian languages. As can be seen from a letter written by BARBOUR in December 1827, this undertaking — viz. “to reconstruct a lasting memorial of the language of various tribes of the aborigines” — received the support of the American Philosophical Society, especially in the figure of its President Peter DU PONCEAU (see Appendix II). In addi- tion, the letter was accompanied by what could serve as an “exemplar” for the threefold goal of Americanist work: (a) the recording of basic word-lists, (b) the typological description of grammatical structures, and (c) the genetic classification of the American Indian languages.

11 In Appendix I we publish a letter from GALLATIN to DU PONCEAU which testifies to the exchange between both scholars of manuscript materials concerning the vocabulary and grammar of Indian languages. 226 R. GOODMAN - P. SWIGGERS

The printed circular testifies to the acute awareness among American scholars and political figures that the American Indian languages repre- sented an insufficiently explored field with rich potential for linguistic, anthropological and historical study. It is marked by a practical-scientific concern in at least two respects: (a) it sets out a program for documentary work on American Indian languages, and gives directions for first-hand or second-hand execution of this work12, and (b) it stresses the need of using a uniform notation13, allowing for an objective and reliable interpretation and comparison — especially of the word-lists — by users of the documentation. In regard to the latter issue, PICKER- ING’s proposal (PICKERING 1820) of a uniform orthography for noting the Indian languages is recommended “with some slight alterations” as “the most simple, and as having generally been found sufficient in practice”. Finally, one should note the importance attached to onomastics: original ethnic names and original native designations of rivers are valorized as important sources for both historical and linguistic investigations, since they provide crucial information about the homeland or historically traceable boundaries of certain tribes, as well as about the origin and genetic affiliation of the tribes’ languages.

12 “You will give such directions in that respect, as your knowledge of the capacity and habits of the men you employ will suggest, such as you think may be carried into effect. What is essential, is, that a key to the orthography adopted should accompany each vocabulary; and to avoid, as far as practicable, the use of the same letter, or of the same combination of letters, to express different sounds; and the use of different letters, or of different combinations of letters, to express the same sound. But after all, it may often be necessary to let the interpreters write the Indian words according to their own habits of English orthography, and without attempting to give them directions, which, however simple in themselves, might puzzle them”. 13 This problem is also touched upon by DU PONCEAU in his 1836 letter to Mahlon DICKERSON: “The English orthography is very inconvenient for writing barbarous languages, not only in account of its numerous diphthongs, but because of the uncertain sounds of its vowels, which necessarily requires the separation of syllables. It is recommended to adopt the German & Italian sound of the Vowels; the spelling adopted by the Missionaries at Taiti (Otaheiti) appears best adapted to the languages of the South Sea Islands” (quoted after the edition in SWIGGERS 1991: 12-13). AN EARLY PROGRAM FOR AMERICAN LINGUISTICS (1826) 227

TRANSCRIPT OF THE CIRCULAR

DEPARTMENT OF WAR, May 15, 1826.

SIR:

It is the intention of the Government to collect and preserve such information as may be obtained concerning the Indian languages. The subject naturally divides itself into two parts: ETYMOLOGY, or the vocabulary of the several languages or dialects, and their GRAMMARS or structure. For the first purpose, an uniform comparative vocabulary is necessary; and one has accordingly been prepared, and is herewith enclosed, (No. 1.) consisting, principally, though not exclusively, of those primitive words which can hardly have been borrowed from other languages; and which, when similar in different dialects, afford a strong proof of the common origin, at no very remote period, of the tribes speaking such dialects. This vocabulary has been arranged according to the several objects which it embraces; and, also, with a view to prevent substantive nouns, adjectives, and verbs, from being confounded one with another. And it has been made copious, in order to have a better chance of obtaining for all the dialects a sufficient number of the same words, and for the purpose of offering a greater facility in discovering the affinities which may exist between the several Indian, or between them and other languages. It was also deemed proper to include, in it, all the words contained in that of the empress Catharine. It is therefore desirable that this Vocabulary should be obtained for every Indian dialect spoken within the United States: but, in cases where this is not practicable, such one as may be procured, though less comprehensive and containing different words, will still be acceptable, and should be transmitted to the Department. The second object is attended with much more difficulty. It is known that, in general, the Indian differ in their grammatical forms and structure from the Eng- lish and most other European languages: and it has been suggested that there is, in these respects, a great similarity between those several Indian languages themselves. It would be interesting to ascertain what are their general features and peculiarities; to what extent they resemble each other; in what particulars they differ from the English, and other languages familiar to us. There is not sufficient knowledge on that subject, at least at the Seat of Government; to give specific instructions. The intelligence and knowledge of its officers, to whom the inquiry is committed, must supply that defect. A literal translation of the verbal forms and sentences contained in the paper herewith enclosed, (No. 2.) will throw some light on the subject. But the list is necessarily very imperfect; and, on a very important point — the manner in which derivative, and particularly in which compound, words are formed; as it was impossible, a priori, to know which were and which were not, no sentences could be devised for that purpose. The paper has been drawn by way of illustration, and not with a view of prescribing any rule. Other sentences may be added or substituted, if thought nec- 228 R. GOODMAN - P. SWIGGERS essary or preferable. To the conjugation of the verb to tie, that of any other may be substituted; and, as far as practicable, one of the most regular which each language affords should be preferred. It is hardly necessary to add, that, whilst vocabularies of every different dialect are desired, the translation of the verbal forms and sentences, or of any others which may be substituted or added, and the inquiries respecting the grammar and structure of the languages, need not be extended, by any means, to every dialect, but only to one or two of the most important in each great family of radically distinct languages. Uniformity in the orthography is an important object, and most essential in a comparative vocabulary. The plan proposed by Mr. Pickering, with some slight alterations, is recommended as the most simple, and as having generally been found sufficient in practice. A sketch of it is annexed; but it may not always be possible to find, amongst the interpreters and other persons who must be employed in taking down the words from the Indians, men who could adhere to that plan. You will give such directions in that respect, as your knowledge of the capacity and habits of the men you employ will suggest, such as you think may be carried into effect. What is essential, is, that a key to the orthography adopted should accompany each vocabulary; and to avoid, as far as practicable, the use of the same letter, or of the same combination of letters, to express different sounds; and the use of different letters, or of different combinations of letters, to express the same sound. But after all, it may often be necessary to let the interpreters write the Indian words according to their own habits of English orthography, and without attempting to give them directions, which, however simple in themselves, might puzzle them. It will also be useful to obtain the proper name of each tribe — such as each gives to itself — together with the signification of that name, when it has any. It is still more important to know the name, and the meaning of the name, (when it has any,) given by each tribe to the rivers known to them. And there are some rivers which, could we know by what nation, or in the language of which nation they are called by the name they now bear, or which they did bear when first known to us, would assist us in finding out the ancient boundaries of certain tribes. Such are the Susquehannah, Conodogwinet, Conogocheage, Potomak, Shenandoe, Roanoke, Pamptico, Allegheny, Conemaugh, Monongahela, Youghogheny, Swikley, Kanhawa, Ohio, Scioto, Poketaliko, and, generally, all the waters having Indian names, west of the Blue Ridge, in Pennsylvania and Maryland; and, in Virginia, both east and west of that Ridge. This may be the best mode of finding out, with certainty, to whom debatable country did belong, and to what class lost languages did pertain. The paper No. 3, which has been prepared by the Hon. ALBERT GALLATIN, is an attempt, with the materials already within his reach, to arrange the Indian tribes of the United States East of the Stony Mountains, according to languages and dialects. You will report to the Department, at as early a period as you can, the information required. I have the honour to be, your most obedient servant,

JAMES BARBOUR. AN EARLY PROGRAM FOR AMERICAN LINGUISTICS (1826) 229

APPENDIX I: EDITION OF A LETTER BY ALBERT GALLATIN TO PETER S. DU PONCEAU14

Dear Sir

I am so much engaged whilst here, and my attention so exclusively directed to our relations with England that you must excuse my not answering at this moment your two last letters. I have however found time to finish transcribing from my rough drafts the Uchee, Natchés & Muskhogue vocabularies, which I now send & which you will return on my passage through Philad.a, where I will bring & return Vater & Krusenstern15. Please to return the Sioux grammar16 when you have done with it, not to me, but directed under blank cover to Col. Th. L. McKinney17 [sic], office of Indian affairs, and this again under another blank cover directed /2/ to the Secretary of War, Washington.

14 The letter bears no date, but must have been written in May 1826. The letter is conserved in the Library of the American Philosophical Society (B/ D 92p); see KENDALL (1982: no 4589). 15 The works referred to by GALLATIN are VATER (1815) — it is very unlikely that GALLATIN would have borrowed VATER’s works on German dialects (1816), on the Old Prussian language (1821), or his writings on general grammar and linguistics —, and VON KRUSENSTERN (1813). The latter work was sent to DU PONCEAU by Friedrich ADELUNG (who had given instructions to VON KRUSENSTERN); it is preserved in the Library of the American Philosophical Society (404/ P 54 vol. 1). Apart from a vocabulary of Ainu, the work contains alphabetically arranged vocabularies “aus der Sprache der Tschuktschen” (31[33]-44), “aus der Sprache der Koljuschen” (45[47]-55), “aus der Sprache der Kinai” (57[59]-68). We can exclude the possibility that GALLATIN is referring to the Mithridates of ADELUNG - VATER, or to VATER’s Untersuchungen über Amerika’s Bevölkerung aus dem alten Kontinente (1810). 16 GALLATIN refers here to a manuscript grammar of Dakota by Lewis CASS, which he used for his Synopsis (GALLATIN 1836: 251-252, “extracted from grammatical notices, communicated many years ago by General Cass to the War Department”, p. 251)). CASS’s grammar (forwarded to the Secretary of War) was never published, and we do not know whether the manuscript has been preserved in Washington. On Lewis CASS (1782- 1866), see MCLAUGHLIN (1899), SMITH (1856), WOODFORD (1950), and YOUNG (1853). In 1826 GALLATIN corresponded with CASS and MCKENNEY; see WALTERS (1957: 429 n. 28). Between 1826 and 1836, ATWATER’s work, which contained a vocabulary “of the Sioux language” (ATWATER 1829: 149-151), was printed; it was also used by GALLATIN (1836). 17 The correct name is MCKENNEY (cf. LANMAN 1876: 285-286). Thomas Lorraine MCKENNEY (1785-1858) was appointed President of the Bureau of Indian Affairs created in 1824; in 1826 he was special commissioner, with Lewis CASS, to negotiate an important treatise with the Chippewa at Fond du Lac (cf. MCKENNEY 1827). He is known as the author of several works on the history of the Indian tribes, including an important collection of portraits (see MCKENNEY 1836, MCKENNEY - HALL 1936-1844, MCKENNEY 1846 and 1868). On his role in the Indian Board for the Emigration, Preservation and Improve- ment of the Aborigines of America, see PRUCHA (1962) and VIOLA (1974); on his icono- graphic collection, see VIOLA (1968, 1970). 230 R. GOODMAN - P. SWIGGERS

I expect to leave this the latter end of the week & Baltimore some time next week on my way to Philad.a & N. York. I remain with great respect & regard

Dear Sir Your most obed. & humble Servant Albert Gallatin Mr Duponceau

APPENDIX II: EDITION OF A LETTER BY JAMES BARBOUR TO PETER S. DU PONCEAU18

Washington December 1. 1827 Dear Sir:

A heavy pressure of the public concerns preparatory to the meeting of Con- gress has made me a heavy delinquent in my private correspondence. I tender you this apology for the delay of my answer expressing my grateful acknowl- edgments for the mark of respect given me by the American Philosophical Society, and of which you have been kind enough to be the organ. Through you permit me to express my sense of the value of the grammar sent19. I have been laboring for some time past to obtain a collection of materials with which to construct a lasting memorial of the language of various tribes of the aborigines. I permit myself to believe a work of that kind will be /2/ of great interest to our posterity. The approbation of such an undertaking by the Ameri- can Philosophical Society manifested by a coincidence of these labors, is to me

18 This letter is preserved in the Archives of the American Philosophical Society (Archives APS, Dec. 1, 1827); see FREEMAN - SMITH (1980: no 1974). 19 BARBOUR must be referring here to DU PONCEAU’s translation of ZEISBERGER’s grammar of Delaware, published in the Transactions of the American Philosophical Soci- ety in 1830, but printed separately in 1827 (see ZEISBERGER 1830). The translation was printed in September 1827, and a copy presented to the American Philosophical Society on September 21, 1827 (see Early Proceedings of the APS […] from the Manuscript Minutes of its Meetings from 1744 to 1838, Philadelphia, 1884, p. 569): “Transactions American Philosophical Society, II, No. 2 (Delaware Indian Grammar), reported ‘com- pleted’ by the Publication Committee, and a printed copy laid on the table”. The Minutes of the meeting of December 7, 1827 mention: “A copy of Du Ponceau’s Grammar acknowledged by Jas. Barbour, Secretary of War, United States” (Early Proceedings …, o.c., p. 572). AN EARLY PROGRAM FOR AMERICAN LINGUISTICS (1826) 231 particularly gratifying. Suffer me to add my obligation to you for your elogium on the late Chief Justice Tilghman20. I rejoice to see the revival of a usage prevalent in the best age of antient [sic] manners. I forbear to say to you with what pleasure I read the performance. Be pleased to accept the assurances of my high consideration James Barbour

For Peter S. Du Ponceau One of the Presidents of the American Philosophical Society

REFERENCES

ATWATER, Caleb. 1829. Remarks Made on a Tour to Prairie du Chien; Thence to Washington City in 1829. Columbus: Whiting. DU PONCEAU, Peter Stephen. 1827. Eulogium in Commemoration of William Tilghman, LL.D. Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, and President of the American Philosophical Society, delivered before the Society, October 11, 1827. Philadelphia: Small. ESAKOV, Vasiliy. 1974. “Pallas, Pyotr Simon”. In: Charles C. GILLISPIE (ed.), Dictionary of Scientific Biography, vol. X, 283-285. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons. FREEMAN, John F. - SMITH, Murphy D. 1980. A Guide to Manuscripts Relating to the American Indian in the Library of the American Philosophical Society. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society. GALLATIN, Albert. 1826. Table of the Indian Tribes of the United States, East of the Stony Mountains Arranged According to Languages & Dialects. [Broadside.] —. 1836. “A Synopsis of the Indian Tribes within the United States East of the Rocky Mountains and in the British and Russian Possessions in North America”. Archaeologia Americana, Transactions and Collections of the American Antiquarian Society, vol. 2, part 1, 1-422. [Reprint, New York: AMS Press, 1973.] GOODMAN, Roy - SWIGGERS, Pierre. 1993. “Albert Gallatin’s Table of North American Native Languages (1826)”. Orbis 36. 240-248. KENDALL, Daythal. 1982. A Supplement to “A Guide to Manuscripts Relating to the American Indian in the Library of the American Philosophical Society”. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society.

20 BARBOUR refers here to Peter DU PONCEAU’s eulogium of William TILGHMAN (1756-1827), Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, and President of the American Philosophical Society from 1824 till 1827 (DU PONCEAU 1827). The eulogium was printed and distributed in the second half of October 1827 (see Early Proceedings …, o.c., p. 569). 232 R. GOODMAN - P. SWIGGERS

KRUSENSTERN, Adam Johann VON. 1813. Wörter-Sammlungen aus den Sprachen einiger Völker des östlichen Asiens und der Nordwest-Küste von Amerika. St.-Petersburg: Druckerey der Admiralität. LANMAN, Charles. 1876. Biographical Annals of the Civil Government of the United States during its First Century, from Original and Official Sources. Washington: J. Anglim. MACKERT, Michael. 1994. “Horatio Hale and the Great U.S. Exploring Expedi- tion”. Anthropological Linguistics 36. 1-26. MCKENNEY, Thomas Lorraine. Sketches of a Tour to the Lakes, of the Character and Customs of the Chippeway Indians, and of Incidents Connected with the Treaty of Fond du Lac. Also, A Vocabulary of the Algic, or Chippeway Language, formed in part, and as far as it goes, upon the basis of one furnished by the Hon. Albert Gallatin. Baltimore: F. Lucas jr. [Anastatic reprint: Minneapolis: Ross & Haines, 1959.] —. 1836. Catalogue of One Hundred and Seventeen Indian Portraits, Repre- senting Eighteen Different Tribes, Accompanied by a Few Brief Remarks on the Character &c. of Most of Them. Philadelphia. —. 1846. Memoirs Official & Personal, with Sketches of Travels among the Northern & Southern Indians, Embracing a War Excursion & Description of Scenes along the Western Borders. New York: Paine. —. 1868. “The Winnebago War of 1827”. Wisconsin State Historical Society: Report and Collections 5. 178-204. MCKENNEY, Thomas Lorraine - HALL, James. 1836-1844. History of the Indian Tribes of North America. With biographical sketches and anecdotes of the principal chiefs. Embellished with one hundred and twenty portraits, from the Indian gallery in the Department of War, at Washington. Philadelphia: Biddle/Greenough/Rice & Clark. MCLAUGHLIN, Andrew Cunningham. 1899. Lewis Cass. Boston/New York: Houghton, Mifflin & C°. PALLAS, Peter Simon. 1787-1789. Linguarum totius orbis vocabularia compara- tiva/Sravnitel’nye slovari vsex jazykov. St. Petersburg: Schnoor. (vol. I, parts 1 and 2). PICKERING, John. 1820. An Essay on a Uniform Orthography for the Indian Lan- guages of North America. Cambridge (Mass.): Hilliard/Metcalf. POGGENDORFF, J.C. 1863. Biographisch-literarisches Handwörterbuch zur Geschichte der exacten Wissenschaften, Band II. Leipzig: J.A. Barth. PRUCHA, Francis Paul. 1962. “Thomas L. McKenney and the New York Indian Board”. Mississippi Valley Historical Review 48. 635-655. SMITH, William L.G. 1856. Fifty Years of Public Life: The Life and Times of Lewis Cass. New York: Derby & Jackson. SWIGGERS, Pierre. 1991. “Peter Stephen Du Ponceau et la philologie définie comme science comparative des langues”. Cahiers de l’Institut de Linguis- tique de Louvain-la-Neuve 18/3-4. 5-16. VATER, Johann Severin. 1810. Untersuchungen über Amerika’s Bevölkerung aus dem alten Kontinente. Leipzig: Vogel. —. 1815. Litteratur der Grammatiken, Lexica und Wörtersammlungen aller Sprachen der Erde mit einer gedrängten Übersicht des Vaterlandes, der Schicksale und Verwandtschaft derselben. Berlin: Nicolai. AN EARLY PROGRAM FOR AMERICAN LINGUISTICS (1826) 233

—. 1816. Proben deutscher Volks-Mundarten. Leipzig: Fleischer. —. 1821. Die Sprache der alten Preussen. Einleitung, Ueberreste, Sprachlehre, Wörterbuch. Leipzig: Fleischer. VIOLA, Herman J. 1968. “Washington’s First Museum: the Indian Office Col- lection of Thomas L. McKenney”. Smithsonian Journal of History 3. 1-18. —. 1970. “Portraits, Presents and Peace Medals: Thomas L. McKenney and Indian Visitors to Washington”. American Scene 11. —. 1974. Thomas L. McKenney, Architect of America’s Early Indian Policy, 1816-1830. Chicago: Swallow Press. WALTERS, Raymond. 1957. Albert Gallatin, Jeffersonian Financier and Diplo- mat. New York: Macmillan. WOODFORD, Frank B. 1950. Lewis Cass, the Last Jeffersonian. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press. YOUNG, William T. 1853. Sketch of the Life and Public Services of General Lewis Cass. Philadelphia: Butler. ZEISBERGER, David. 1830. “A Grammar of the Language of the Lenni Lenape or Delaware Indians”. Translated from the German manuscript […] by Peter Stephen DU PONCEAU. American Philosophical Society: Transactions 3. 65- 250.

American Philosophical Society, Roy GOODMAN - Pierre SWIGGERS. Philadelphia/ C.I.D.G., Louvain.