Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report

Recommendations and Reports June 25, 2004 / Vol. 53 / No. RR-9

Compendium of Animal Prevention and Control, 2004

National Association of State Public Health Veterinarians, Inc. (NASPHV)

department of health and human services Centers for Disease Control and Prevention MMWR

CONTENTS

The MMWR series of publications is published by the Part I: Recommendations for Parenteral Epidemiology Program Office, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), U.S. Department of Procedures...... 1 Health and Human Services, Atlanta, GA 30333. Part II: Rabies Control ...... 1 Part III: Rabies Vaccines Licensed and Marketed SUGGESTED CITATION in the United States, 2004 ...... 6 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. References...... 5 Compendium of animal rabies prevention and control, 2004: National Association of State Public Health Veterinarians, Inc. (NASPHV). MMWR 2004;53 (No. RR-9):[inclusive page numbers].

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Julie L. Gerberding, M.D., M.P.H. Director Dixie E. Snider, Jr., M.D., M.P.H. (Acting) Deputy Director for Public Health Science Tanja Popovic, M.D., Ph.D. (Acting) Associate Director for Science

Epidemiology Program Office Stephen B. Thacker, M.D., M.Sc. Director

Office of Scientific and Health Communications John W. Ward, M.D. Director Editor, MMWR Series Suzanne M. Hewitt, M.P.A. Managing Editor, MMWR Series C. Kay Smith-Akin, M.Ed. Lead Technical Writer/Editor C. Kay Smith-Akin, M.Ed. Project Editor Beverly J. Holland Lead Visual Information Specialist Lynda G. Cupell Malbea A. LaPete Visual Information Specialists Kim L. Bright, M.B.A. Quang M. Doan, M.B.A. Erica R. Shaver Information Technology Specialists This report is being published as a courtesy to both the National Association of State Public Health Veterinarians, Inc., and to the MMWR readership. Its publication does not imply endorsement by CDC. Vol. 53 / RR-9 Recommendations and Reports 1

Compendium of Animal Rabies Prevention and Control, 2004* National Association of State Public Health Veterinarians, Inc. (NASPHV) Rabies is a fatal viral and a serious public health problem (1). The purpose of this compendium is to provide information to veterinarians, public health officials, and others concerned with rabies prevention and control. These recommendations serve as the basis for animal rabies-control programs throughout the United States and facilitate standardization of procedures among jurisdictions, thereby contributing to an effective national rabies-control program. This document is reviewed annually and revised as necessary. Parenteral vaccination procedure recommendations are contained in Part I; Part II details the principles of rabies control; all animal rabies vaccines licensed by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) and marketed in the United States are listed in Part III.

Part I: Recommendations C. Adverse Events. Currently, no epidemiologic association for Parenteral exists between a particular licensed vaccine product and adverse events including vaccine failure (4,5). Adverse Vaccination Procedures events should be reported to the vaccine manufacturer and A. Vaccine Administration. All animal rabies vaccines should to USDA, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, be restricted to use by or under the direct supervision of a Center for Veterinary Biologics (Internet: http://www. veterinarian (2), except as recommended in Part II.B.1. aphis.usda.gov/vs/cvb/ic/adverseeventreport.htm; tele- All vaccines must be administered in accordance with the phone: 800-752-6255; or e-mail: [email protected]). specifications of the product label or package insert. D. Wildlife and Hybrid Animal Vaccination. The efficacy B. Vaccine Selection. Part III lists all vaccines licensed by of parenteral rabies vaccination of wildlife and hybrids (the USDA and marketed in the United States at the time of offspring of wild animals crossbred to domestic animals) publication. New vaccine approvals or changes in label has not been established, and no such vaccine is licensed specifications made subsequent to publication should be for these animals. Zoos or research institutions may estab- considered as part of this list. Any of the listed vaccines lish vaccination programs, which attempt to protect valu- can be used for revaccination, even if the product is not able animals, but these should not replace appropriate the same brand as previously administered vaccines. Vac- public health activities that protect humans. cines used in state and local rabies control programs should E. Accidental Human Exposure to Vaccine. Human expo- have a 3-year duration of immunity. This constitutes the sure to parenteral animal rabies vaccines listed in Part III most effective method of increasing the proportion of does not constitute a risk for rabies infection. However, immunized dogs and cats in any population (3). No labo- human exposure to vaccinia-vectored oral rabies vaccines ratory or epidemiologic data exist to support the annual or should be reported to state health officials (6). biennial administration of 3-year vaccines following the F. Rabies Certificate. All agencies and veterinarians should initial series. use the NASPHV Form 51, “Rabies Vaccination Certifi- cate,” which can be obtained from vaccine manufacturers. * The NASPHV Committee: Suzanne R. Jenkins, V.M.D., M.P.H., Chair; Michael Auslander, D.V.M., M.S.P.H.; Lisa Conti, D.V.M., M.P.H.; Mira The form must be fully completed and signed by the J. Leslie, D.V.M., M.P.H.; Faye E. Sorhage, V.M.D., M.P.H.; and Ben Sun, administering or supervising veterinarian. This form can D.V.M., M.P.V.M. also be found on the CDC Internet site (http://www. Consultants to the Committee: Mary Currier, M.D., M.P.H., Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists (CSTE); Donna M. Gatewood, D.V.M., cdc.gov/ncidod/dvrd/rabies/professional/professi.htm). M.S., Center for Veterinary Biologics, U.S. Department of Agriculture; Dan Computer-generated forms containing the same information Knox, D.V.M., National Animal Control Association (NACA); Charles E. are acceptable. Rupprecht, V.M.D., M.S., Ph.D., CDC; John Schiltz, D.V.M., American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA); Carolin L. Schumacher, D.V.M., Ph.D., Animal Health Institute; and Charles V. Trimarchi, M.S., New York State Health Department. Part II: Rabies Control This compendium has been endorsed by AVMA, CDC, CSTE, and NACA. Address all correspondence to Suzanne R. Jenkins, V.M.D., M.P.H., Virginia A. Principles of Rabies Control. Department of Health, Office of Epidemiology, P.O. Box 2448, Room 113, 1. Rabies Exposure. Rabies is transmitted only when the Richmond, VA 23218. virus is introduced into bite wounds, open cuts in skin, The material in this report originated in the National Center for or onto mucous membranes (7). Infectious Diseases, James M. Hughes, M.D., Director, and the Division 2. Human Rabies Prevention. Rabies in humans can be of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, James W. LeDuc, Ph.D., Director. prevented either by eliminating exposures to rabid 2 MMWR June 25, 2004

animals or by providing exposed persons with prompt lo- decisions; determine the management of potentially cal treatment of wounds combined with the administra- exposed animals; aid in emerging pathogen discovery; tion of human rabies immune globulin and vaccine. The describe the epidemiology of the disease; and assess the rationale for recommending preexposure and postexposure need for and effectiveness of oral vaccination programs rabies prophylaxis and details of their administration can for wildlife. be found in the current recommendations of the Advisory 7. Rabies Diagnosis. Rabies testing should be done by a Committee on Practices (ACIP) (7). These qualified laboratory, designated by the local or state health recommendations, with information concerning the cur- department (10) in accordance with the established rent local and regional status of animal rabies and the avail- national standardized protocol for rabies testing (http:// ability of human rabies biologics, are available from state www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvrd/rabies/Professional/publica- health departments. tions/DFA_diagnosis/DFA_protocol-b.htm). Euthana- 3. Domestic Animals. Local governments should initiate sia (11) should be accomplished in such a way as to and maintain effective programs to ensure vaccination maintain the integrity of the brain so that the laboratory of all dogs, cats, and ferrets and to remove strays and can recognize the anatomical parts. Except in the case of unwanted animals. Such procedures in the United States very small animals (e.g., bats), only the head or brain have reduced laboratory-confirmed cases of rabies in (including brain stem) should be submitted to the labo- dogs from 6,949 in 1947 to 99 in 2002 (8). Because ratory. Any animal or animal part being submitted for more rabies cases are reported annually involving cats testing should be kept under refrigeration (not frozen or (299 in 2002) than dogs, vaccination of cats should be chemically fixed) during storage and shipping. required. Animal shelters and animal control authori- 8. Rabies Serology. Some “rabies-free” jurisdictions may ties should establish policies to ensure that adopted require evidence of vaccination and rabies antibodies animals are vaccinated against rabies. The recommended for importation purposes. Rabies antibody titers are vaccination procedures and the licensed animal vaccines indicative of an animal’s response to vaccine or infec- are specified in Parts I and III of the compendium. tion; titers are not indicators of protection. Other im- 4. Rabies in Vaccinated Animals. Rabies is rare in vacci- munologic factors also play a role in preventing rabies, nated animals. If such an event is suspected, it should and our abilities to measure and interpret those other be reported to state public health officials, the vaccine factors are not well-developed. Therefore, evidence of manufacturer, and to USDA, Animal and Plant Health circulating rabies virus antibodies should not be used Inspection Service, Center for Veterinary Biologics as a substitute for current vaccination in managing (Internet: http://www.aphis.usda.gov/vs/cvb/ic/adverse rabies exposures or determining the need for booster eventreport.htm; telephone: 800-752-6255; or e-mail: (12). [email protected]). The laboratory diagnosis should be B. Control Methods in Domestic and Confined Animals. confirmed and the virus characterized by a rabies refer- 1. Preexposure Vaccination and Management. Parenteral ence laboratory. A thorough epidemiologic investiga- animal rabies vaccines should be administered only by tion should be conducted. or under the direct supervision of a veterinarian. 5. Rabies in Wildlife. The control of rabies among wild- Rabies vaccinations may also be administered under the life reservoirs is difficult (9). Vaccination of free- supervision of a veterinarian to animals held in animal ranging wildlife or selective population reduction might control shelters before release. Any veterinarian signing be useful in some situations, but the success of such a rabies certificate should ensure that the person procedures depends on the circumstances surrounding administering vaccine is identified on the certificate and each rabies outbreak (see Part C. Prevention and Con- is appropriately trained in vaccine storage, handling, trol Methods Related to Wildlife). Because of the risk administration, management of adverse events, etc. This of rabies in wild animals (especially raccoons, skunks, practice ensures that a qualified and responsible person coyotes, foxes, and bats), AVMA, NASPHV, and CSTE can be held accountable to ensure that the animal has strongly recommend the enactment of state laws pro- been properly vaccinated. hibiting their importation, distribution, and relocation. Within 28 days after primary vaccination, a peak 6. Rabies Surveillance. Laboratory-based rabies surveil- rabies antibody titer is reached, and the animal can be lance is an essential component of rabies control and considered immunized. An animal is currently vacci- prevention programs. Accurate and timely information nated and is considered immunized if the primary vac- is necessary to guide human postexposure prophylaxis cination was administered at least 28 days previously Vol. 53 / RR-9 Recommendations and Reports 3

and vaccinations have been administered in accordance to determine if human exposure has occurred and to with this compendium. give owners sufficient time to reclaim animals. Regardless of the age of the animal at initial vaccina- 3. Importation and Interstate Movement of Animals. tion, a booster vaccination should be administered 1 year a. International. CDC regulates the importation of later (see Parts I and III for vaccines and procedures). No dogs and cats into the United States. Importers of laboratory or epidemiologic data exist to support the dogs must comply with rabies vaccination require- annual or biennial administration of 3-year vaccines fol- ments (42 CFR, Part 71.51[c]) and complete CDC lowing the initial series. Because a rapid anamnestic re- form 75.37. The appropriate health official of the sponse is expected, an animal is considered currently state of destination should be notified within 72 vaccinated immediately after a booster vaccination. hours of the arrival into his or her jurisdiction of a. Dogs, Cats, and Ferrets. All dogs, cats, and ferrets any imported dog required to be placed in confine- should be vaccinated against rabies and revaccinated ment under the CDC regulation. Failure to comply in accordance with Part III of this compendium. If with these requirements should be promptly reported a previously vaccinated animal is overdue for a to the Division of Global Migration and Quaran- booster, it should be revaccinated with a single dose tine, CDC (404-498-1670; http://www.cdc.gov/ of vaccine. Immediately following the booster, the ncidod/dq/lawsand.htm). animal is considered currently vaccinated and should Federal regulations alone are insufficient to pre- be placed on an annual or triennial schedule depend- vent the introduction of rabid animals into the coun- ing on the type of vaccine used. try (17,18). All imported dogs and cats are subject b. Livestock. Consideration should be given to vacci- to state and local laws governing rabies and should nating livestock that are particularly valuable or that be currently vaccinated against rabies in accordance might have frequent contact with humans (e.g., in with this compendium. Failure to comply with state petting zoos, fairs, and other public exhibitions; see or local requirements should be referred to the http://www.avma.org/pubhlth/comp_animals_ appropriate state or local official. public_settings.asp). Horses traveling interstate b. Interstate. Before interstate movement, dogs, cats, should be currently vaccinated against rabies. ferrets, and horses should be currently vaccinated c. Confined Animals. against rabies in accordance with the compendium’s 1) Wild. No parenteral rabies vaccines are licensed recommendations (see Part II.B.1. Preexposure Vac- for use in wild animals. Wild animals or hybrids cination and Management). Animals in transit should should not be kept as pets (13–16). be accompanied by a currently valid NASPHV Form 2) Maintained in Exhibits and in Zoological Parks. 51, Rabies Vaccination Certificate. When an inter- Captive mammals that are not completely excluded state health certificate or certificate of veterinary from all contact with rabies vectors can become inspection is required, it should contain the same infected. Moreover, wild animals might be incu- rabies vaccination information as Form 51. bating rabies when initially captured; therefore, 4. Adjunct Procedures. Methods or procedures that wild-caught animals susceptible to rabies should enhance rabies control include the following: be quarantined for a minimum of 6 months a. Identification. Dogs, cats, and ferrets should be before being exhibited. Employees who work with identified (e.g., metal or plastic tags or microchips) animals at such facilities should receive preexposure to allow for verification of rabies vaccination status. rabies vaccination. The use of pre- or postexposure b. Licensure. Registration or licensure of all dogs, cats, rabies vaccinations for employees who work with and ferrets may be used to aid in rabies control. A animals at such facilities might reduce the need fee is frequently charged for such licensure, and rev- for euthanasia of captive animals. Carnivores and enues collected are used to maintain rabies- or ani- bats should be housed in a manner that precludes mal-control programs. Vaccination is an essential direct contact with the public. prerequisite to licensure. 2. Stray Animals. Stray dogs, cats, and ferrets should be c. Canvassing of Area. House-to-house canvassing by removed from the community. Local health departments animal control officials facilitates enforcement of vac- and animal control officials can enforce the removal of cination and licensure requirements. strays more effectively if owned animals are confined or d. Citations. Citations are legal summonses issued to kept on leash. Strays should be impounded for >3 days owners for violations, including failure to vaccinate 4 MMWR June 25, 2004

or license their animals. The authority for officers 3) Having more than one rabid animal in a herd or to issue citations should be an integral part of each having herbivore-to-herbivore transmission is animal-control program. uncommon; therefore, restricting the rest of the e. Animal Control. All communities should incorpo- herd if a single animal has been exposed to or rate stray animal control, leash laws, and training of infected by rabies might not be necessary. personnel in their programs. c. Other Animals. Other mammals bitten by a rabid 5. Postexposure Management. Any animal potentially animal should be euthanized immediately. Animals exposed to rabies virus (see Part II.A.1. Rabies Expo- maintained in USDA-licensed research facilities or sure) by a wild, carnivorous mammal or a bat that is accredited zoological parks should be evaluated on a not available for testing should be regarded as having case-by-case basis. been exposed to rabies. 6. Management of Animals That Bite Humans. a. Dogs, Cats, and Ferrets. Unvaccinated dogs, cats, a. Dogs, Cats, and Ferrets. Rabies virus may be and ferrets exposed to a rabid animal should be excreted in the saliva of infected dogs, cats, and fer- euthanized immediately. If the owner is unwilling rets during illness and/or for only a few days before to have this done, the animal should be placed in illness or death (21–23). A healthy dog, cat, or fer- strict isolation for 6 months and vaccinated 1 month ret that bites a person should be confined and before being released. Animals with expired vacci- observed daily for 10 days; administration of rabies nations need to be evaluated on a case-by-case basis. vaccine is not recommended during the observation Protocols for the postexposure vaccination of previ- period. Such animals should be evaluated by a vet- ously unvaccinated domestic animals have not been erinarian at the first sign of illness during confine- validated, and evidence exists that use of vaccine ment. Any illness in the animal should be reported alone will not prevent the disease (19). Dogs, cats, immediately to the local health department. If signs and ferrets that are currently vaccinated should be suggestive of rabies develop, the animal should be revaccinated immediately, kept under the owner’s euthanized and the head shipped for testing as control, and observed for 45 days. described in Part II.A.7. Any stray or unwanted dog, b. Livestock. All species of livestock are susceptible to cat, or ferret that bites a person may be euthanized rabies; cattle and horses are among the most fre- immediately and the head submitted for rabies quently infected. Livestock exposed to a rabid ani- examination. mal and currently vaccinated with a vaccine approved b. Other Biting Animals. Other biting animals that by USDA for that species should be revaccinated might have exposed a person to rabies should be immediately and observed for 45 days. Unvaccinated reported immediately to the local health department. livestock should be slaughtered immediately. If the Prior vaccination of an animal may not preclude the owner is unwilling to have this done, the animal necessity for euthanasia and testing if the period of should be kept under close observation for 6 months. virus shedding is unknown for that species. Man- The following are recommendations for owners of agement of animals other than dogs, cats, and fer- unvaccinated livestock exposed to rabid animals: rets depends on the species, the circumstances of the 1) If the animal is slaughtered within 7 days of bite, the epidemiology of rabies in the area, the bit- being bitten, its tissues may be eaten without risk ing animal’s history, current health status, and of infection, provided that liberal portions of the potential for exposure to rabies. exposed area are discarded. Federal guidelines for C. Prevention and Control Methods Related to Wildlife. meat inspectors require that any animal known The public should be warned not to handle or feed wild to have been exposed to rabies within 8 months mammals. Wild mammals and hybrids that bite or other- be rejected for slaughter. wise expose persons, pets, or livestock should be consid- 2) Neither tissues nor milk from a rabid animal ered for euthanasia and rabies examination. A person bitten should be used for human or animal consump- by any wild mammal should immediately report the inci- tion (20). Pasteurization temperatures will inac- dent to a physician who can evaluate the need for antira- tivate rabies virus; therefore, drinking pasteurized bies treatment (see current rabies prophylaxis milk or eating cooked meat does not constitute a recommendations of the ACIP [7]). State regulated wild- rabies exposure. life rehabilitators may play a role in a comprehensive rabies control program. Minimum standards for persons Vol. 53 / RR-9 Recommendations and Reports 5

who rehabilitate wild mammals should include rabies vac- 7. CDC. Human rabies prevention—United States, 1999: Recommen- cination, appropriate training and continuing education. dations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). Translocation of infected wildlife has contributed to the MMWR 1999;48(No. RR-1). 8. Krebs JW, et al. Rabies surveillance in the United States during 2002. spread of rabies (24,25); therefore, the translocation of J Am Vet Med Assoc 2003;223:1736–48. known terrestrial rabies reservoir species should be 9. Hanlon CA, Childs JE, Nettles VF, et al. Recommendations of the prohibited. Working Group on Rabies. Article III: Rabies in wildlife. J Am Vet 1. Terrestrial Mammals. The use of licensed oral vaccines Med Assoc 1999;215:1612–8. for the mass vaccination of free-ranging wildlife should 10. Hanlon CA, Smith, JS, Anderson, GR, et al. Recommendations of a national working group on prevention and control of rabies in the be considered in selected situations, with the approval United States. Article II: Laboratory diagnosis of rabies. J Am Vet Med of the state agency responsible for animal rabies control Assoc 1999;215:1444–6. (9). The distribution of oral should be 11. 2000 Report of the AVMA Panel on Euthanasia. J Am Vet Med Assoc based on scientific assessments of the target species and 2001;218:5, 669–96. followed by timely and appropriate analysis of surveil- 12. Tizard I, Ni Y. Use of serologic testing to assess immune status of com- lance data; such results should be provided to all stake- panion animals. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998;213:54–60. 13. Wild animals as pets. In: Directory and resource manual. Schaumburg, holders. Continuous and persistent programs for IL: American Veterinary Medical Association 2002:126. trapping or poisoning wildlife are not effective in 14. Position on canine hybrids. In: Directory and resource manual. reducing wildlife rabies reservoirs on a statewide basis. Schaumburg, IL: American Veterinary Medical Association 2002:88–9. However, limited control in high-contact areas (e.g., 15. Siino BS. Crossing the line. American Society for the Prevention of picnic grounds, camps, or suburban areas) may be Cruelty to Animals, Animal Watch 2000;Winter:22–9. 16. Jay MT, Reilly KF, DeBess EE, Haynes EH, Bader DR, Barrett LR. indicated for the removal of selected high-risk species Rabies in a vaccinated wolf-dog hybrid. J Am Vet Med Assoc of wildlife (9). State agriculture, public health, and wild- 1994;205:1729–32. life agencies should be consulted for planning, coordi- 17. CDC. An imported case of rabies in an immunized dog. MMWR 1987; nation, and evaluation of vaccination or population- 36:94–6,101. reduction programs. 18. CDC. Imported dog and cat rabies—New Hampshire, California. 2. Bats. Indigenous rabid bats have been reported from MMWR 1988,37:559–60. 19. Hanlon CA, Niezgoda MN, Rupprecht CE. Postexposure prophylaxis every state except Hawaii, and have caused rabies in at for prevention of rabies in dogs. Am J Vet Res 2002;63:1096–100. least 40 humans in the United States (26–29). Bats 20. CDC. Mass treatment of humans who drank unpasteurized milk from should be excluded from houses, public buildings, and rabid cows—Massachusetts, 1996–1998. MMWR 1999;48:228–9. adjacent structures to prevent direct association with 21. Vaughn JB, Gerhardt P, Paterson J. Excretion of street rabies virus in humans (30,31). Such structures should then be made saliva of cats. JAMA 1963;184:705–8. 22. Vaughn JB, Gerhardt P, Newell KW. Excretion of street rabies virus in bat-proof by sealing entrances used by bats. Control- saliva of dogs. JAMA 1965;193:363–8. ling rabies in bats through programs designed to 23. Niezgoda M, Briggs DJ, Shaddock J, Rupprecht CE. Viral excretion in reduce bat populations is neither feasible nor desirable. domestic ferrets (Mustela putorius furo) inoculated with a raccoon rabies isolate. Am J Vet Res 1998;59:1629–32. References 24. Jenkins SR, Perry BD, Winkler WG. Ecology and epidemiology of th 1. Rabies. In: Chin J, ed. Control of communicable diseases manual. 17 raccoon rabies. Rev Inf Dis 1988;10(Suppl 4):S620–5. ed. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association, 2000:411–9. 25. CDC. Translocation of coyote rabies–Florida, 1994. MMWR 1995; 2. Model rabies control ordinance. In: Directory and resource manual. 44:580–1, 587. Schaumburg, IL: American Veterinary Medical Association, 2002:114–6. 26. Messenger SL, Smith JS, Rupprecht CE. Emerging epidemiology of 3. Bunn TO. Canine and feline vaccines, past and present. In: Baer GM, bat-associated cryptic cases of rabies in humans in the United States. nd ed. The natural history of rabies. 2 ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, Clin Inf Dis 2002;35:738–47. 1991:415–25. 27. CDC. Human rabies—California, 2002. MMWR 2002;51:686–8. 4. Gobar GM, Kass PH. World Wide Web-based survey of vaccination 28. CDC. Human rabies—Tennessee, 2002. MMWR 2002;51:828–9. practices, postvaccinal reactions, and vaccine site-associated sarcomas 29. CDC. Human rabies—Iowa, 2002. MMWR 2003;52:47–8. in cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2002;220:1477–82. 30. Frantz SC, Trimarchi CV. Bats in human dwellings: health concerns 5. Macy DW, Hendrick MJ. The potential role of inflammation in the and management In: Decker DF, ed. Proceedings of the first eastern development of postvaccinal sarcomas in cats. Vet Clin North Am Small wildlife damage control conference. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University, Anim Pract 1996;26:103–9. 1983:299–308. 6. Rupprecht CE, Blass L, Smith K, et al. Human infection due to 31. Greenhall AM. House bat management. US Fish and Wildlife Service, recombinant vaccinia-rabies glycoprotein virus. N Engl J Med Resource Publication 143, 1982. 2001;345:582–6. 6 MMWR June 25, 2004

PART III: Rabies vaccines licensed and marketed in the United States, 2004 For Dosage Age at primary Booster Route of Product name Produced by Marketed by use in (mL) vaccination* recommended A) MONOVALENT (Inactivated) DEFENSOR 1 Pfizer, Inc. Pfizer, Inc. Dogs 1 3 mos† Annually IM§ or SC¶ License No. 189 Cats 1 3 mos Annually SC DEFENSOR 3 Pfizer, Inc. Pfizer, Inc. Dogs 1 3 mos 1 year later and triennially IM or SC License No. 189 Cats 1 3 mos 1 year later and triennially SC Sheep 2 3 mos Annually IM Cattle 2 3 mos Annually IM RABDOMUN 1 Pfizer, Inc. Schering-Plough Dogs 1 3 mos Annually IM or SC License No. 189 Cats 1 3 mos Annually SC RABDOMUN Pfizer, Inc. Schering-Plough Dogs 1 3 mos 1 year later and triennially IM or SC License No. 189 Cats 1 3 mos 1 year later and triennially SC Sheep 2 3 mos Annually IM Cattle 2 3 mos Annually IM RABVAC 1 Fort Dodge Animal Health Fort Dodge Animal Dogs 1 3 mos Annually IM or SC License No. 112 Health Cats 1 3 mos Annually IM or SC RABVAC 3 Fort Dodge Animal Health Fort Dodge Animal Dogs 1 3 mos 1 year later and triennially IM or SC License No. 112 Health Cats 1 3 mos 1 year later and triennially IM or SC Horses 2 3 mos Annually IM RABVAC 3 TF Fort Dodge Animal Health Fort Dodge Animal Dogs 1 3 mos 1 year later and triennially IM or SC License No. 112 Health Cats 1 3 mos 1 year later and triennially IM or SC Horses 2 3 mos Annually IM PRORAB-1 Intervet, Inc. Intervet, Inc. Dogs 1 3 mos Annually IM or SC License No. 286 Cats 1 3 mos Annually IM or SC Ferrets 1 3 mos Annually SC Sheep 2 3 mos Annually IM PRORAB-3F Intervet, Inc. Intervet, Inc. Cats 1 3 mos 1 year later and triennially IM or SC License No. 286 IMRAB 3 Merial, Inc. Merial, Inc. Dogs 1 3 mos 1 year later and triennially IM or SC License No. 298 Cats 1 3 mos 1 year later and triennially IM or SC Sheep 2 3 mos 1 year later and triennially IM or SC Cattle 2 3 mos Annually IM or SC Horses 2 3 mos Annually IM or SC Ferrets 1 3 mos Annually SC IMRAB 3 TF Merial, Inc. Merial, Inc. Dogs 1 3 mos 1 year later and triennially IM or SC License No. 298 Cats 1 3 mos 1 year later and triennially IM or SC Ferrets 1 3 mos Annually SC IMRAB Merial, Inc. Merial, Inc. Cattle 2 3 mos Annually IM or SC Large Animal License No. 298 Horses 2 3 mos Annually IM or SC Sheep 2 3 mos 1 year later and triennially IM or SC IMRAB 1 Merial, Inc. Merial, Inc. Dogs 1 3 mos Annually SC License No. 298 Cats 1 3 mos Annually SC B) MONOVALENT (Rabies glycoprotein, live canary pox vector) PUREVAX Feline Merial, Inc. Merial, Inc. Cats 1 2 mos Annually SC Rabies License No. 298 C) COMBINATION (Inactivated rabies) ECLIPSE 3 + Fort Dodge Animal Health Schering-Plough Cats 1 3 mos Annually IM or SC FeLV/R License No. 112 ECLIPSE 4 + Fort Dodge Animal Health Schering-Plough Cats 1 3 mos Annually IM or SC FeLV/R License No. 112 Fel-O-Guard 3 + Fort Dodge Animal Health Fort Dodge Animal Cats 1 3 mos Annually IM or SC FeLV/R License No. 112 Health Fel-O-Guard 4 + Fort Dodge Animal Health Fort Dodge Animal Cats 1 3 mos Annually IM or SC FeLV/R License No. 112 Health IMRAB 3 + Feline 3 Merial, Inc. Merial, Inc. Cats 1 3 mos 1 year later and triennially SC License No. 298 IMRAB 3 + Feline 4 Merial, Inc. Merial, Inc. Cats 1 3 mos 1 year later and triennially SC License No. 298 Equine POTOMAVAC Merial, Inc. Merial, Inc. Horses 1 3 mos Annually IM + IMRAB License No. 298 MYSTIQUE II Intervet, Inc. Intervet, Inc. Horses 1 3 mos Annually IM POTOMAVAC + License No. 286 D) COMBINATION (Rabies glycoprotein, live canary pox vector) PUREVAX Feline Merial, Inc. Merial, Inc. Cats 1 8 wks Annually SC 3/Rabies License No. 298 PUREVAX Feline Merial, Inc. Merial, Inc. Cats 1 8 wks Annually SC 4/Rabies License No. 298 PUREVAX Feline Merial, Inc. Merial, Inc. Cats 1 8 wks Annually SC 3/Rabies + LEUCAT License No. 298 PUREVAX Feline Merial, Inc. Merial, Inc. Cats 1 8 wks Annually SC 4/Rabies + LEUCAT License No. 298 E) ORAL (Rabies glycoprotein, live vaccinia vector) - RESTRICTED TO USE IN STATE AND FEDERAL RABIES-CONTROL PROGRAMS RABORAL V-RG Merial, Inc. Merial, Inc. Raccoons N/A N/A As determined by local Oral License No. 298 Coyotes authorities * Minimum age (or older) and revaccinated 1 year later. † 1 month = 28 days. § Intramuscularly. ¶ Subcutaneously. Vol. 53 / RR-9 Recommendations and Reports 7 8 MMWR June 25, 2004

a • ware: adj ( e - 'wâr) 1 : marked by comprehension, cognizance, and perception; see also MMWR.

We M ekly orbidity and M

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TM

know what matters.

Weekly MMWR

The Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) Series is prepared by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and is available free of charge in electronic format and on a paid subscription basis for paper copy. To receive an electronic copy each week, send an e-mail message to [email protected]. The body content should read SUBscribe mmwr-toc. Electronic copy also is available from CDC’s World-Wide Web server at http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr or from CDC’s file transfer protocol server at ftp://ftp.cdc.gov/pub/publications/mmwr. To subscribe for paper copy, contact Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402; telephone 202-512-1800. Data in the weekly MMWR are provisional, based on weekly reports to CDC by state health departments. The reporting week concludes at close of business on Friday; compiled data on a national basis are officially released to the public on the following Friday. Address inquiries about the MMWR Series, including material to be considered for publication, to Editor, MMWR Series, Mailstop C-08, CDC, 1600 Clifton Rd., N.E., Atlanta, GA 30333; telephone 888-232-3228. All material in the MMWR Series is in the public domain and may be used and reprinted without permission; citation as to source, however, is appreciated. All MMWR references are available on the Internet at http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr. Use the search function to find specific articles. Use of trade names and commercial sources is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. References to non-CDC sites on the Internet are provided as a service to MMWR readers and do not constitute or imply endorsement of these organizations or their programs by CDC or the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. CDC is not responsible for the content of these sites. URL addresses listed in MMWR were current as of the date of publication.

✩U.S. Government Printing Office: 2004-633-140/00018 Region IV ISSN: 1057-5987