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Steven Howe, Philosophical Inspirations for Violent Fiction And Philosophical Inspirations for Violent Fiction and Drama: Heinrich von Kleist and Jean-Jacques Rousseau Submitted by Steven Mark Howe to the University of Exeter as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in June 2010. This thesis is available for Library use on the understanding that it is copyright material and that no quotation from the thesis may be published without proper acknowledgement I certify that all material in this thesis which is not my own work has been identified and that no material has previously been submitted and approved for the award for a degree by this or any other university. ……………………………………………………. 1 Abstract Heinrich von Kleist (1777-1811) is renowned as an author who posed a radical challenge to the prevailing intellectual, aesthetic and ethical orthodoxies of his age. Recently, his elusive works have frequently been seen to represent a poetics of irony that relentlessly deconstructs the philosophical paradigms of Idealism and reflects a Romantic, even postmodern, view of the fundamental ambiguities of the world. For all that this contributes to our understanding of the famed plasticity and inexhaustibility of his texts, however, a limited reading along these lines effects a decided levelling of social, political and intellectual context, and fails to do full justice to the more complex manner in which Kleist articulates the tensions between the secure modalities of Enlightenment thought and the deep anxieties of the revolutionary age. This study aims to offer a new angle on Kleist’s dialogue with the Enlightenment by reconsidering his investment in the philosophy of Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Where previously critics have tended to conceptualise this from a biographical perspective as a temporary, personal interest borne of the strict antinomies of nature-civilisation and individual-society, an attempt will be made here to re-establish Rousseau’s specific importance as a political thinker whose theories remained a fertile source of creative inspiration and critical reflection for the violent constellations of Kleist’s fiction and drama. Focusing on a cross-section of his work, particular focus will be placed on his explorations of the links between religion and fanaticism ( Das Erdbeben in Chili ), the legitimacy of revolutionary violence ( Die Verlobung in St. Domingo ), the performance of nationhood (Die Herrmannsschlacht ), and the relationship between patriotism and liberty ( Prinz Friedrich von Homburg ). Set in the historical context of the French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars, a mode of discourse will be located which sheds new, important, and at times unexpected, light on the political and ethical issues at play in Kleist’s work. 2 Acknowledgements In writing this thesis I have incurred a great debt to many friends and colleagues who gave generously of their time and advice. My deepest thanks go to Prof. Ricarda Schmidt, who supervised the project from conception to completion, for her expert guidance, thought- provoking insights and endless encouragement, both academic and personal. Prof. Gert Vonhoff and Prof. Hilda Brown both read through earlier drafts of the thesis and contributed a number of valuable suggestions for improvement. A brief but profitable dialogue with Dr. Seán Allan helped sharpen my understanding of Die Herrmannsschlacht , whilst Dr. Elystan Griffiths offered kind assistance in locating material. I am also grateful to my examiners, Prof. Matthew Bell and Dr. Ulrike Zitzlsperger, for providing a testing and stimulating viva that has helped to refine the presentation of ideas here. Prof. Bell warrants further thanks, together with Prof. Martin Swales, for inviting me to a present a section of my research at the Kleist Conference organised under the auspices of the Institute of Germanic and Romance Studies in London in October 2007. The discussions that followed the presentation of the paper were of immense value in giving shape to the thesis in its final form. Similar thanks are also due to Dr. Ian Roberts, from the University of Leicester, to Katrin Polak-Springer and Juljana Gjata, from Rutgers University, and to colleagues at the Modern Languages Research Seminar at Exeter for offering further opportunities to present my work to, and exchange ideas with, a broader critical audience. On a personal note, I should also like to express my gratitude to friends and family both for their support and interest, and for ensuring that I have retained a healthy sense of perspective throughout. Above all, I would like to thank Clotilde Pegorier, not only for her painstaking proof-reading of French quotations, but also for her unstinting patience, confidence and encouragement over the past four years. Finally, I should like to register my appreciation to the Arts and Humanities Research Council for its generous financial support, in the form of a full doctoral scholarship, without which this project would never have got off the ground. 3 Table of Contents 1 INTERPRETING KLEIST ’S PARADOXES 8 2 NATURE , SOCIETY , SELF : KLEIST , ROUSSEAU AND THE PARADOXES OF ENLIGHTENMENT 18 2.1 ‘Auf diesen Nebenbuhler werde ich nie zürnen’: Kleist reads Rousseau 19 2.2 Zur Forschungslage: Conceptualisations of the Kleist- Rousseau Relationship 23 2.3 History, Politics, Culture: Rousseau’s Critique of Modernity 30 2.4 On Violence and Social Change: Philosophical Inspirations and Critical Reflections 48 2.5 Intertextuality, Inspiration and the Rezeptionshorizont of Rousseau’s writings 50 2.6 The Parameters of this Study 58 3 DAS ERDBEBEN IN CHILI 61 3.1 ‘Tout est bien pour le tout’: Theodicy, Optimism and the Origins of Mal 64 3.2 From ‘wunderbare Errettung’ to ‘ungeheure[r] Keulenschlag’: Providence, Agency and the Bounds of Evil 68 3.3 ‘Der Umsturz aller Verhältnisse’: Allegories of Revolution? 78 3.4 ‘Auf den Feldern, so weit das Auge reichte …’: Festival Aesthetics and the Vision of Nature 80 3.5 ‘Steinigt sie! Steinigt sie!’ Fanaticism, Terror and Civil Religion 88 4 4 DIE VERLOBUNG IN ST. DOMINGO 102 4.1 Imperialism, Colonialism, Race: A Battleground of Political Discourse 103 4.2 Between Revolution and Reform: The Ethics of Popular Violence 109 4.3 ‘La liberté même est trop chere à ce prix’: Rousseau as Prophet of Revolution 114 4.4 ‘Freiheit’ or ‘Rache’? The Dynamics of the Black Rebellion 123 4.5 ‘Ich bin eine Weiße!’ Toni’s Self-Realisation between Ethics and Aesthetics 131 5 DIE HERRMANNSSCHLACHT 137 5.1 Patriotic Hatred and Nationalist Politics 140 5.2 ‘Einen Krieg, bei Mana! will ich Entflammen’: Nationhood, Liberty and Partisan War 146 5.3 ‘Entraîner sans violence et persuader sans convaincre’: Foundational Violence and the Performance of Nationalism 156 5.4 ‘Wie, du Tyrann!’ The State of Exception and the Perils of Terror? 169 6 PRINZ FRIEDRICH VON HOMBURG 178 6.1 ‘Ein vaterländisches Schauspiel’? 182 6.2 Stoicism, Self-Love and the Ideal of Unity 189 6.3 ‘Wär’ ich ein Tyrann ...’: Selfhood, Tyranny and Violence of the State 197 6.4 Brutus as Model? Republican Virtue and Monarchical Rule 204 7 CONCLUSION 211 5 Abbreviations The following abbreviations for primary sources are used throughout, in each case followed by volume (where applicable) and then page number: DKV Heinrich von Kleist, Sämtliche Werke und Briefe , 4 vols, ed. by Klaus Müller-Salget et al. (Frankfurt/Main: Deutscher Klassiker Verlag, 1987-97) OC Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Oeuvres Complètes , 5 vols, ed. by Bernard Gagnebin and Marcel Raymond (Paris: Pléiade, 1959-69) CC Correspondance Complète de Jean-Jacques Rousseau , 52 vols, ed. by R. A Leigh (Geneva: Institut et Musée de Voltaire, 1967-88) AA Kants gesammelte Schriften , 23 vols, ed. by Königlich Preußische Akademie der Wissenschaften (Berlin: Reimer/de Gruyter, 1905-56) CWV The Complete Works of Voltaire , 142 vols, ed. by Theodore Besterman et al. (Geneva/Oxford: The Voltaire Foundation, 1968- ) ES Adam Müller, Elemente der Staatskunst , ed. by Jakob Baxa (Jena: Gustav Fischer, 1922) OMR Oeuvres complètes de Maximilien Robespierre , 10 vols, ed. by Marc Bouloiseau et al. (Paris: Aux bureaux de la revue historique de la révolution française, 1910-67) PAP The Poems of Alexander Pope , 10 vols, ed. by John Butt et al. (London: Methuen, 1938-68) PSL Die Philosophischen Schriften von Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz , 7 vols, ed. by C. I. Gerhardt (Berlin: Weidmann, 1875-90; repr. Hildesheim: Olms, 1965) ÜKF Adam Müller, Ueber König Friedrich II. und die Natur, Würde und Bestimmung der Preussischen Monarchie: Oeffentliche Vorlesungen, gehalten zu Berlin im Winter 1810 (Berlin: J. D. Sander, 1810) 6 The following abbreviations are used throughout for the titles of frequently referenced journals: BzKf Beiträge zur Kleistforschung DVjs Deutsche Vierteljahrsschrift GLL German Life and Letters HKB Heilbronner Kleist-Blätter JbdSG Jahrbuch der deutschen Schillergesellschaft KJb Kleist Jahrbuch MLN Modern Language Notes MLR Modern Language Review OGS Oxford German Studies PEGS Publications of the English Goethe Society PMLA Publications of the Modern Languages Association of America ZfdPh Zeitschrift für deutsche Philologie The following abbreviations are also used to refer to frequently referenced secondary sources: Lebensspuren Helmut Sembdner (ed.), Heinrich von Kleists Lebensspuren: Dokumente und Berichte der Zeitgenossen (Bremen: Schünemann, 1957) Nachruhm Helmut Sembdner (ed.), Heinrich von Kleists Nachruhm: eine Wirkungsgeschichte in Dokumenten (Bremen: Schünemann, 1967) 7 CHAPTER ONE Interpreting Kleist’s Paradoxes Heinrich von Kleist is without doubt one of the most challenging figures in German literary history. In a career lasting a little under a decade, from 1802 through to his premature death in 1811, he produced a remarkable body of narrative and dramatic work that radically called into question the prevailing intellectual, aesthetic and ethical orthodoxies of the age. At a time when Goethe and Schiller were embarking on a period of classicist writing promoting harmony of substance and form, Kleist’s world is, by contrast, one of chaos and conflict, of dislocation and instability. His works raise fundamental questions concerning the possibilities of knowledge and limitations of language, and are filled with characters bereft of certainty and orientation.
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