Beneath the Reflections A user’s guide to the Fiordland (Te Moana o Atawhenua) Marine Area Acknowledgements This guide was prepared by the Fiordland Marine Guardians, the Ministry for the Environment, the Ministry for Primary Industries, the Department of Conservation, and Environment Southland. This guide would not have been possible without the assistance of a great many people who provided information, advice and photos. To each and everyone one of you we offer our sincere gratitude. We formally acknowledge Fiordland Cinema for the scenes from the filmAta Whenua and Land Information New Zealand for supplying navigational charts for generating anchorage maps. Cover photo kindly provided by Destination Fiordland. Credit: J. Vale

Disclaimer While reasonable endeavours have been made to ensure this information is accurate and up to date, the New Zealand Government makes no warranty, express or implied, nor assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, correctness, completeness or use of any information that is available or referred to in this publication. The contents of this guide should not be construed as authoritative in any way and may be subject to change without notice. Those using the guide should seek specific and up to date information from an authoritative source in relation to: fishing, navigation, moorings, anchorages and radio communications in and around the fiords. Each page in this guide must be read in conjunction with this disclaimer and any other disclaimer that forms part of it. Those who ignore this disclaimer do so at their own risk.

First published in October 2008 on behalf of the Fiordland Marine Guardians, Ministry of Fisheries (now the Ministry for Primary Industries), the Department of Conservation, MAF Biosecurity New Zealand (now the Ministry for Primary Industries), and Environment Southland by the Ministry for the Environment, Manatū Mō Te Taiao, PO Box 10362, Wellington, New Zealand. Updated June 2020 and June 2021 © Crown copyright 2021 Publication number: ME 1314 ISBN: 978-1-98-852507-5 (print) 978-1-98-852508-2 (online) 3

About this guide Beneath the Reflections is the go-to guide for visitors to the Fiordland (Te Moana o Atawhenua) Marine Area. An interesting and informative read, it will help you to get the most from your visit to Fiordland. The guide provides: • an introduction to the Fiordland marine environment and fisheries including: – the Fiordland (Te Moana o Atawhenua) Marine Area and how it is managed – the history of Fiordland and its physical and biological character • practical information about the activities permitted while travelling through the fiords including important information to ensure you don’t transport pests into the area • information on recreational fishing rules and commercial fishing regulations for the area • a fiord-by-fiord guide to help you understand the Fiordland (Te Moana o Atawhenua) Marine Area, including maps and recommended anchorage sites • a list of charts and books about Fiordland. 4 5

Contents

About this guide 3 FIORD-BY-FIORD GUIDE 86 Overview 87 INTRODUCING FIORDLAND 6 Big Bay area 88 Fiordland, a place of wonder 7 Milford Sound/Piopiotahi 90 How the Fiordland Marine Area Poison Bay/Papa Pounamu 95 was established 8 Te Hāpua/Sutherland Sound 96 Fiordland’s physical and biological features 11 Hāwea/Bligh Sound 98 History of Fiordland 15 Te Houhou/George Sound 102 PRACTICAL USER INFORMATION 28 Taitetimu/Caswell Sound 106 Overview 29 Taiporoporo/Charles Sound 108 Travelling in the fiords 30 Hinenui/Nancy Sound 110 Biosecurity in Fiordland 32 Doubtful Sound/Patea fiord complex 112 Protected areas 44 Te Rā/Dagg Sound 120 Marine mammals 48 Te Puaitaha/Breaksea Sound and Tamatea/Dusky Sound complex 122 Diving in the fiords 53 Te Puaitaha/Breaksea Sound 124 Jet skiing and water-skiing 54 The Acheron Passage and Wet Jacket Arm 126 Pollution 54 Tamatea/Dusky Sound 128 Radio communications 56 Taiari/Chalky Inlet 134 FISHERIES INFORMATION Rakituma/Preservation Inlet 138 AND GUIDELINES 60 Overview 61 CHARTS AND BOOKS 142 Bibliography 143 Recreational fishing rules 62 Suggested further reading 145 Commercial fishing regulations 83 Recommended navigational charts 146

CONTACT INFORMATION 148 6

INTRODUCING FIORDLAND

Kākāpō chicks Te Here and Tuterangi. JO CARPENTER, DOC moods –windcan whip thesea’s surface into appear turn.Thisisaplace at ofmany every in places, thunderingwaterfalls andcascades With rainfall exceeding metres seven ayear mud siltfloor hundred metres below thewater’s surface to the by near-vertical rock walls, whichplunge several years ago, theU-shapedfiords are characterised outby glaciers approximatelyCarved 20,000 right to thewater’s edge. sheer rock faces drop into steep forested slopeswhosecloak descends superlatives –thelandscape issimplystunning. From dramatic peaks, Those privileged enoughto spendtimeinFiordland findaplace beyond Fiordland, aplace ofwonder inhabit greater biodiversity that elsewhere would normally and fragile sea pens,andother speciesofrare spectacular sea life, suchasred andblackcorals steep-walled innerfiord habitat is colonised by the freshwater layer and restricted the light, into thefiords. Beneath the top 3metres of effective barrier restricting sea water circulation (made upofglacialmoraine debris)forms an Near thefiord entrances, theunderwater sill greater, darker are replaced by animalswhichnormallyinhabit do not grow well inthelight-poor conditions, and Kelps, normally thebasis ofmarinecommunities, the amountoflightreaching thesea water below. surface forming atea-stained layer that reduces water, fresh theless-dense water floats onthe stain itthecolour oftea. Onreaching thesalt absorbs tannins from decaying leaf matter, which soaking down through thecarpeted forest floor something unusual ishappening.Fresh water surface. Beneath there flections ofthefiords, And themagicdoesnot stop at thewater’s of is calm, mirrored re flections are nothing short a froth offunnelsandswirls,butwhentheday

magic.

below.

depths. depths. there mixes thefresh andsaltwater. Inthe comparatively shallow, andthewave action more dynamic. Thefiord sillentrances are coast, conditions diff are very At thefiord entrances andalongtheouter shelf comes closeto the whales, whichswimby where thecontinental (kororā). Onalucky day, you see mayeven crested penguins(tawaki), andbluepenguins ZealandNew furseals (kekeno), Fiordland of its specialinhabitants –bottlenose dolphins, Alongside Fiordland’s fishcommunities live some Fiordland crested penguin(tawaki) fish coast have fundamental implications for the fiord environment andtheentrances andopen Such profound diff lobster (kōura) teem andpāua graze therocks. productive marinecommunities where rock bull kelp, on theexposed outer coast denseforests of of red andbrown seaweed flourish,while greater algal light, phytoplankton andstands

communities. Durvillaea erences between theinner , proliferate, fostering

coast. erent, andmuch . BARRY

HARCOURT

7

INTRODUCING FIORDLAND 8

The push for protection Harvesting fish has been one of the main How the Fiordland activities in Fiordland ever since humans began to visit. It was always assumed that Fiordland’s Marine Area was isolation and harsh weather conditions would help keep its fish stocks at healthy levels. But established in the late 1980s declines in blue cod (rāwaru) and rock lobster numbers within the more easily The Guardians of Fiordland’s accessible Milford Sound/Piopiotahi and Doubtful Fisheries Sound/Patea began to cause concern. In 1995, when a suggestion was made that all fishing interests might get together and As vessels became larger and more powerful, and work on ways of looking after the fish stocks the use of floatplanes and helicopters became and fisheries of Fiordland, the response was more common, access improved markedly to overwhelmingly positive. all the fiords. Fears grew that the depletion of popular fish stocks that had already occurred The Guardians of Fiordland’s Fisheries was in the two most accessible fiords was now formed, and looked to the Ministry of Fisheries spreading to other parts of Fiordland. for advice and facilitation. Members included representatives from the Ōraka Aparima Rūnaka Inc of Ngāi Tahu iwi, commercial fishers, recreational fishers, and charter boat operators. At the first meeting, the Guardians adopted the vision: That the quality of Fiordland’s marine environment and fisheries, including the wider fishery experience, be maintained or improved for future generations to use and enjoy. Blue cod (rāwaru). RICHARD KINSEY, DOC For the next five years, members of the Fiordland’s commercial fishers were at the group shared their knowledge and collected forefront of the first marine protection initiatives information about all aspects of Fiordland’s in the 1980s and 1990s. Their extended periods fisheries. This was documented in the 1999 report of time on the water had developed a deep Beneath the Reflections – A Characterisation of and personal appreciation of the fiords, Fiordland’s Fisheries. The Guardians appreciated and they were keen to see two very special that local knowledge was invaluable for areas protected. identifying issues and developing solutions, and that in such a challenging and isolated As a result, the Fiordland Fishermen’s environment, solutions needed to be both Association, through its parent body the feasible and practical. New Zealand Federation of Commercial Fishermen, applied for marine reserve status An integrated approach to the and in 1993 two reserves were established – Fiordland marine environment Piopiotahi (Milford Sound) Marine Reserve and Te Awaatu Channel (The Gut) Marine Reserve. During this period it became clear that the focus This marked the beginning of a challenging and on fisheries needed to be expanded to a more productive journey. holistic approach, covering every aspect of the marine environment. For instance, the invasion of marine pests has serious implications for fisheries and for all other parts of what is a advisory andsupport advisory forMinistry theEnvironment joiningtheagency Conservation, Environment Southland,andthe joining theGuardians, andtheDepartment of from marinescience andenvironmental interests environment. Thisresulted inrepresentatives strategy for Fiordland’s fisheriesandmarine for theEnvironment to anintegrated develop 2000, thegroup received agrant from theMinistry canvassed thoseagencies for supportand,in in thearea neededto beinvolved. TheGuardians for thevarious components oftheenvironment approach to succeed, alltheagencies responsible environment to beconsidered, andfor aunified To allow thewholeFiordland marine Marine as theGuardians ofFiordland’s Fisheriesand broader focus, theGuardians became known complex ecological To unit. reflect this difficult gains’ philosophy, whichunderpinnedmore inner areas. Thisbecame known asthe ‘gifts and stringent fishingrulesfor thesemore fragile fiords, recreational fishers volunteered to set volunteered to withdraw from fishingtheinner For instance, whenthecommercial fishers took precedence over competing interests. was to ensure that thegreater good ofFiordland party shouldgive something inreturn. Theaim benefited at thecost ofanother, theadvantaged also agreed that whenoneinterest orsector agreed aboutwhat was needed.TheGuardians risks to themarineenvironment, thegroup commitment. For anumberofissuessuchas in onlytwo years significant required avery thedraftDeveloping conservation strategy appropriately expressed in how kaitiakitanga (stewardship) could be environment. Thegroup alsoconsidered special significance, andrisksto themarine were grouped into fisheriesissues,values of fisheries andthemarineenvironment. These issues that could impact onthehealth of To begin, theGuardians brainstormed the Conservation Strategy Developing theFiordland Marine

Environment.

negotiations.

group.

Fiordland. areas. (See‘ and were therefore designated no-anchoring deemed to bevulnerable to anchoringdamage known as‘china shops’. Someoftheseareas were identified ashavingspecialqualitiesandbecame care. Othermore discrete andfragile areas were particulardiverse were identifiedasdeserving Representative areas that were biologically stakeholders supported both theprocess such asFiordland, itwas imperative that all For thestrategy to succeed inanisolated area anchoring is more information onareas where fishingand and the‘ GRAHAM Breaksea Island,Te Puaitaha/Breaksea Sound reflecting onto thewaters ofthe Atawhenua’ refers to theshadows oftheland Marine Management Act 2005.‘Te Moana o passing oftheFiordland (Te Moana oAtawhenua) were marinereserves introducednew withthe into effect undertheFisheriesAct 1996;andeight Industries); fisheriesmeasuresPrimary came ZealandBiosecurity New for (now theMinistry measures came inasapackage handledby MAF legislation.new For instance, marineinvasion legislative measures, whileothers required voluntary agreements andsomeby existing Some measures could beimplemented by within two years, anextremely short the strategy would beimplemented inits entirety Pete madeacommitment Hodgson.They that Hobbs, andtheMinister ofFisheries,theHon the Minister for theEnvironment, theHonMarian Marine Conservation Strategy was presented to consultation in2002.In2003,thefinalFiordland The draft conservation strategy was launched for From strategy to reality the philosophythat underpinned

DAINTY Fiord-by-fiord Protected areas

restricted). ’ section, page 86,for ’ section, page 44,

fiords.

it.

timeframe. .

and

9

INTRODUCING FIORDLAND 10

Managing the Fiordland (Te Moana Hokonui comprise the four southern (Murihiku) o Atawhenua) Marine Area papatipu rūnanga. The Fiordland (Te Moana o Atawhenua) Marine Te Rūnanga o Makaawhio, centred in South Management Act 2005 recognises the local, Westland, hold interest and responsibilities in national and international importance of the Milford Sound Piopiotahi and further north. Fiordland (Te Moana o Atawhenua) Marine Area. See Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu (Declaration of The area extends from Awarua Point on the West Membership) Order 2001. Coast to Sandhill Point, Te Waewae Bay, and to 12 nautical miles off the Fiordland coast. The ethic of kaitiakitanga refers to the decision- making authority over a particular resource or A major feature of the Act is the formal resources within the rohe (tribal area) of an iwi recognition of the Fiordland Marine Guardians (tribe) or hapū (subtribe). People are designated (the Guardians) who are appointed by the by iwi/hapū to look after specific resources, a Minister for the Environment. The Act also responsibility mandated by the tāngata whenua identifies the Ministry for the Environment, (local people) who have mana whenua (territorial Department of Conservation, Ministry for Primary rights) over the area. These people are known as Industries (including Biosecurity New Zealand kaitiaki, and are considered the custodians of the and Fisheries New Zealand), and Environment resources and regulators on behalf of the whānau Southland as the management agencies. (family), hapū and iwi. It was clear that successfully implementing such Kaitiaki uses a system of rules or prohibitions a varied package would involve the management which are based on the spiritual concepts of agencies and the Guardians working closely tapu and rāhui. Tapu implies a prohibition or together. To ensure this, the Guardians have restriction in which no person is exempt. Any been given the critical role of facilitating and transgression is to bring about the wrath of the promoting integrated management. Other gods. Rāhui is seen as a temporary restriction tasks include: and a conservation measure to protect a resource • providing advice and making or resources. recommendations on the effectiveness With European settlement came the alienation of management measures of Māori, resulting in iwi and hapū having • assessing impacts of activities near the area diminished authority over many of the resources and any likely threats to the area for which they were once responsible as tāngata • obtaining and sharing information whenua and kaitiaki. Despite this situation, the • helping monitor the state of the marine traditional sense of duty and responsibility that environment and biological diversity. Māori have toward their natural resources is still retained. For a community, this level of input to managing a precious resource reflects the advantage of Iwi/hapū have never lost this sense of duty and a ‘bottom-up’ approach, where those on the responsibility in kaitiakitanga, or their resolve ground are able to make a very significant that their mana whenua and rangatiratanga contribution. Real progress has been made (self-determination), despite the alienation of towards realising the original Guardians of their lands. It is this resolve, and sense of duty Fiordland’s Fisheries’ vision, which is as relevant and responsibility, that have led them to seek today as it was when adopted in 1995. to establish working partnerships with the Crown and Crown agencies, non-governmental Kaitiakitanga organisations, and other users, to assist with Kaitiakitanga is an important part of managing the custodianship of natural resources. the Fiordland (Te Moana o Atawhenua) Marine These partnerships mean that all of those Area. Ōraka-Aparima Rūnaka Inc provides persons who have taken on management leadership on behalf of ngā papatipu o Murihiku responsibilities in any form or manner can and their responsibilities to Fiordland and the be seen to be working within the concepts Fiordland Marine Area. of kaitiakitanga/stewardship/custodianship. Te Rūnanga o Ōraka Aparima, Waihōpai Rūnaka, Welcome aboard. Te Rūnanga o Awarua, and Te Rūnanga o landscapes we see sea floodedinto fill theords andcreated the well below sea Whentheice level. melted, the excavating characteristic ‘U-shaped’troughs to past two millionyears. Glaciers flowed to thesea, features extensive erosion by glaciers over the of alongandvaried geological history that Its rocks andlandforms are distinctive, theresult seismically active meet, Fiordland Zealand’s isoneofNew more Pacific andIndo-Australian crustal plates Straddled ontheAlpineFault, where the features and biological Fiordland’s physical Hall Arm,Doubtful Sound/Patea on the gaps andriseto agreat intensity, depending from allbutthewind.Thiscan funnelthrough with thesteep walls andislandsproviding shelter inside thefiords thewaters are generally calmer, buff While thesouthwest coast Zealand ofNew is outnew walls andcarve of waterfalls that still scour Fiordland’s steep water hascreated streams, rivers andamultitude metres ofannualrainfall, thesheervolume of than 200rain daysayear, andupwards ofseven weather complex andunpredictable. Withmore the year andoften withlittle warning, makingits weather. Storms can hitFiordland throughout form oferosion hastaken place –caused by the Since thedaysofhuge glaciers, amore subtle

direction. eted year-round by thePacific Ocean’s swells,

areas.

today.

paths. . STEPHEN LOGIE,

MPI river culminate inestuaries at themouthsofextensive become shallower toward theirhead, and Most ofthedrowned glacialvalleys ultimately Stirling Falls, Milford Sound/Piopiotahi is known as‘deep water colonise muchshallower habitats. This normally inhabit thedarkdepths, are able to conditions. Instead, deeperwater species,which not grow well inthelight-poor low wave energy normally thebasis ofmarinecommunities, do light ableto penetrate into thedepths. Kelps, freshwater layer greatly reduces theamount of deep. Because itisstained thecolour oftea, the from five centimetres to more than10metres influx liesonthesurface, its thicknessvarying the fiords. Less densethansea water, thisfresh layer oftannin-stained brown fresh water into rainfall, numerous rivers andstreams poura Deluged Zealand’s by New highest annual all begins withhuge amounts of combination ofenvironmental factors. And specialworld, createda very by anintriguing Beneath thesaltywaters oftheinnerfiords lies Fiordland’s marineenvironment

systems. emergence’.

rain. .

DOC

event event

it

11

INTRODUCING FIORDLAND 12

Conditions are quite different in the outer third of the fiords, at their entrances and along the outer coast, and are best described as dynamic. Here there is wave energy in abundance, and less influence of fresh water. The profound difference between the inner fiords and the entrances and open coast has a big impact on the number of species and the abundance of fish found in each habitat. The remarkable, but less productive, inner fiords present considerable constraints for marine plants and creatures. In contrast, the outer fiords surge with the energy of waves and the continental shelf is very narrow in this region. Kelps flourish in the turbulent water here, fostering productive marine communities. The fiord entrances and exposed outer coast contain marine biodiversity typical of southern New Zealand. While fiord habitats change between inner and outer reaches, they also change from north to south. Fifteen main fiords lie along the 200 Typical fiord water column profile. DOC kilometres between Milford Sound/Piopiotahi flourish, good stocks of pāua, butterfish and Rakituma/Preservation Inlet. Those in (greenbone), moki, and trumpeter are found, the north tend to be narrow and steep sided, particularly in the south. Tuna, barracouta, supporting mostly inner fiord habitats. Further kahawai, and mackerel are found seasonally south, catchments tend to be lower and more in mid-water, while bluenose, groper (hāpuku), open with more outer fiord and open coast and sharks inhabit deeper waters. habitats. This supports a greater diversity and abundance of marine algae (seaweeds). Marine mammals Fiordland boasts a rich and varied range of Fish and invertebrates marine mammals. The Fiordland coastline and Although, in places, the fiords are deeper than inner fiords provide important habitat for a 400 metres, the reduced light restricts most life number of species – resident populations of to a narrow band around the rock walls, down to bottlenose dolphins and New Zealand fur seals about 40 metres. However, diverse habitats and (kekeno) are common, while dusky and common communities do occur greater than 40 metres dolphins, southern right whales (tohorā), and in many places where currents are high and humpback whales (paikea) are regular visitors. sedimentation low, such as the fiord sills. On the muddy fiord bottom, heart urchins and tube worms predominate to water depths of 200 metres. Below this, bivalves, tusk shells, and crabs live in an environment similar to that found at more than 1,000 metres in the open ocean. Harvestable fish species, including rock lobster, blue cod, and tarakihi live in the inshore areas along the entire coast. In the exposed entrances to the fiords where kelp and other seaweeds Bottlenose dolphins. CHLOE CORNE, DOC Te Wāhipounamu –SouthWest New Zealand WorldHeritage Area 2.6 million National Parks,and MountAspiring covering (Mt Cook),Westland (Tai Poutini), Fiordland World Heritage Area incorporates greenstone), theSouthWest Zealand New Known asTe Wāhipounamu (theplace of them isofconcern for all significance, places so specialthat protecting identifies natural andcultural sites of world Area. WorldHeritage isaglobal concept that South West Zealand New WorldHeritage in December 1990,withtheformation ofthe values ofthisarea was granted by UNESCO Recognition oftheoutstanding natural wilderness areas oftheSouthernHemisphere. South West Zealand New isoneofthegreat Mistake Creek lookingtoward Pyramid Peak hectares.

people.

Aoraki . JOCARPENTER,

DOC park andoneofthelargest inthe National Park, Zealand’s New largest national the fiords’ marineenvironment isFiordland The majestic mountainous backdrop like theflightless beech, rimu,and Gondwanaland are the years ago. Foremost among of today andGondwanaland of100million close linksbetween theWorld Heritage Area are uniqueto Zealand, New represent the The large range ofnative plants, most

kahikatea, aswell asbirds kiwi.

forests ofsouthern

the linkswith

world.

to to

of which

13

INTRODUCING FIORDLAND 14

Fiordland’s terrestrial environment Common bush birds are likely to be encountered almost anywhere in the forests; most noticeable Plants are the grey warbler (riroriro) and bellbird The Fiordland National Park’s ridges and valleys (korimako). Some of New Zealand’s threatened support a rich diversity of plant life – from species, including yellowhead (mohua) and alpine herb fields on snow-capped peaks, to saddleback (tīeke), can also be found on islands New Zealand’s largest remaining expanse of where predators have been removed. indigenous beech-podocarp forest. Fiordland’s native vascular plants number about 700 species, To help ensure these islands remain predator and botanical surprises are still being discovered. free, be aware of your quarantine procedures Many of these species are found nowhere else – do not take any plants and animals ashore in the world, including species of speargrass, when you land (see also ‘Island biosecurity in buttercups, tree daisies, and herbs. Fiordland’ section, page 42).

Land mammals Like most of New Zealand, Fiordland is home to a host of introduced land mammals, such as stoats, possums, rats, and mice. However, New Zealand’s only two native land mammals are also found here – two species of bat (pekapeka). The curious long-tailed and short-tailed bats are tiny, weighing less than 15 grams, and use echo-location to catch insects. A third species of bat was last seen in 1967 but is now thought to be extinct.

Birds Fiordland’s varied terrain also supports a wide range of birds, some of them critically endangered. The takahē, a large flightless ground-living bird related to the more populous pūkeko, is of ancient lineage and poorly adapted to cope with introduced predators. The species was thought to be extinct until rediscovered in South Island robin (kakaruai). BARRY HARCOURT 1948. Fiordland was also the final wild refuge of the world’s only flightless parrot, the nocturnal Insects kākāpō, which are now managed on predator- Fiordland has an extraordinary variety of insects, free islands including Anchor Island/Pukenui and 300 of the estimated 3,000 species are in Tamatea/Dusky Sound. unique to Fiordland National Park. Of note are the large alpine weevils, giant land snails, weta, Near the sea, there is a good chance of seeing and many species of native butterflies and wasps. Fiordland crested penguin (tawaki) and blue Probably the most notorious insect in Fiordland penguin (kororā) in the water; black-backed gulls is the sandfly (namu), which breeds in the many (karoro), red-billed gulls, and white-fronted terns streams and inhabits every nook and cranny of overhead; and ducks, kingfishers (kōtare), and the fiords. white-faced herons at river mouths. make thelandhabitable for humans Rakiwhānoa, using hismagical adze, inaneffort to out oftheraised sideofthe wrecked waka by Tū Te The fiords at thesouthern end oftheAlps were hacked Māori tradition Settlement andcultural history ofFiordlandHistory significant to these early seafaring and pointto thelandscape features that were the Fiordland coast record southernMāorihistory locations inTaiari/Chalky Inlet. Place namesalong (Dusky Sound)isnamedafter him,asare several the Murihiku region, including Fiordland. Tamatea Spending timeashore, Tamatea explored muchof was wrecked at themouthofWaiau River. waka, down theSouthIsland’s east coast, Tamatea’s numerous landmarksinFiordland. After voyaging Tamatea was animportant explorer whonamed and birds sustained on therugged coastline, whiletheirfish, forest waterways were intended to provide safe havens magical adze. Thefiords’ deep gouges andlong wrecked waka by Tū Te Rakiwhānoa, usinghis of theAlpswere hacked from thesideof Southern Alps).Thefiords at thesouthernend as thehighest peaks ofKāTiritiriote Moana (the others –were turnedto stone. stand They now – Aoraki andhisbrothers, Raraki, Rakiroa and foundered onasubmerged reef andits occupants Aoraki (thecanoe ofAoraki). Thewaka (canoe) fiords represent the raised sidesof Te Waka o One interpretation ofthetraditions isthat the of thecoastline have theirown whānau andhapū,particular Fiordland coastal marinearea among vary The understandings andstories aboutthe Tākitimu , capsized inTe Waewae Bayand

travellers.

traditions. .

DOC

arrivals. stretches

the NorthIslandarrived andsettled inthesouth, About the16thcentury, Ngāti Mamoe iwifrom toki (stone adze) kai (food) andto extract theprized pounamufor hinterland to reconnoitre mahinga andharvest explored theFiordland coast andits mountainous River south to Te Waewae Bay. Later expeditions Anau andManapouri,before following theWaiau discovered thelakes known asWakatipu, Te appear to have arrived first andare said to have Fiordland between AD1300and1500.Waitaha Island/Te Wai Ponamu andexplored muchof Early Polynesian Māoriarrived intheSouth Māori occupation extensive Māorihistory (Waitangi Tribunal, tūpuna (ancestors), attest to andrecord this and landscape features bearing thenamesof waka (canoe landings), nohoanga (campsites), Battle sites, urupā (burialgrounds), tauranga settlement was well to canoe for building,anindustry whichthis and to Awarua to thenorth.Thisnaturally led by sea to Milford Sound/Piopiotahi to thesouth, pounamu resources, asitprovided easy access settlement inaccessing thearea’s valuable suggest that MartinsBaywas an important Martins Baybefore 1800.Traditional accounts A majorkaika (settlement) was reported at Isthmus Sound,Rakituma/Preservation Inlet Tahu Whānuiofthepresent mergedeventually to become thewiderNgāi marriage alliances, thethree southerniwi South Islandiwi.Through conflict andintertribal Ngāi Tahu, whowere to become thedominant were followed later andjoinedacentury by succeeding theWaitaha. Inturn,Ngāti Mamoe

manufacture.

known.

day. . ANDRIS

1991).

APSE 15

INTRODUCING FIORDLAND 16

Māori use of natural resources Captain Cook’s sojourn in Fiordland For the most part, human occupation of On Captain Cook’s first circumnavigation and Fiordland was seasonal, with southern Māori exploration of New Zealand in 1770, he sailed the venturing around the coast during late summer Endeavour up the Fiordland coast. Abandoning and autumn on sealing, birding and fishing his first attempt to enter an expansive fiord in the expeditions. New Zealand fur seal (kekeno) was failing light of day’s end, he named it ‘Dusky Bay’. an important protein source, especially when the Sailing north, he cautiously avoided entering moa became extinct. Kekeno were harvested in Doubtful Sound/Patea, being ‘doubtful’ there summer, with the meat preserved in airtight poha would be enough wind to sail back out of the titi (kelp containers) for consumption over winter, steep-walled fiord. while the pelts were used for sealskin capes and On his second expedition in 1773, Cook described other garments. wooded hills rising directly from the sea, backed by rugged mountains of barren rock, and prodigious height, “covered in large patches of snow which perhaps have lain there since the creation”. The explorer provides the first European impressions of Fiordland’s fishing, recording in his journal: What Dusky Bay most abounds with is fsh; a boat with six or eight men, with hooks and lines, caught daily sufficient to serve the whole ship’s company… the variety is almost equal to the plenty… some are superior and in particular the coal fsh (blue cod), as Matauira/Spit Island, Rakituma/Preservation Inlet, a we called it, which is larger and fner flavoured than former pā site and shore-whalers’ lookout. FROM THE FILM any I have seen before, and was in the opinion of ATA WHENUA most on board, the highest luxury the sea afforded Along with seal meat, a wide range of seafood us (McNab, 1909). was harvested, including blue cod (rāwaru), Cook had several interactions with three or four groper (hāpuku), and eels (tuna) from the inland small Māori families during his exploration of lakes, rivers and streams. Analysis of midden Tamatea/Dusky Sound, all of which were friendly. remains from a cave shelter in Tamatea/Dusky Sound provided evidence of pipi, scallop, mussel (kuku), pāua, and limpet shellfish consumption, together with bones of weka, kiwi, kākā, kākāpō, penguin (tawaki), duck (tētē), Pacific rat (kiore), dog (kurī), and fur seal (kekeno) (Peat, 2007). Historical and current records show little open sea fishing in Fiordland, as conditions would have been too rough and unpredictable for the waka used by Māori at the time. Double-hulled canoes lashed together were observed by William Wales (an astronomer aboard Cook’s Endeavour) in 1773 in Tamatea/Dusky Sound. These craft could not be regarded as seaworthy in any conditions other Family in Dusky Bay, New Zealand. ENGRAVED BY than light winds and slight seas (Anderson, 1986). LERPERNIÈRE FROM A DRAWING BY WILLIAM HODGES, COOK’S ARTIST, 1773. ALEXANDER TURNBULL LIBRARY. C-051-031 Tamatea/Dusky described thefishing tackle used by Māoriin and builtstrategically near thesea. Wales also round andvaulted, constructed offlaxand bark Wales describedthehuts asfour orfive feet high, a cave shelter at Cascade Cove. They two whare rau (round hut)dwellings, aswell With hisastronomer, WilliamWales, Cookvisited returned twice to with10,000 Sydney decimating stocks. In1809,the reached afrenzied peak in1809/10,quickly as Hooker’s sea lionorthehairseal. Theindustry ZealandNew sea lion(whakahao), alsoknown species hunted, alongwiththelessvaluable ZealandThe New furseal (kekeno) was themain and lucrative Chinesemarket, andalsoAmerica fresh stocks to exploit,initially supplyingthe ZealandNew andthesub-Antarctic islandsfor seal fishery, Australian sealers turned to southern In 1803,following thecollapse oftheBassStrait European sealing southwest coast andStewart Island/Rakiura were The next wave ofvisitors drawn to theremote Sealing Harvesting andfishinghistory and its Sound/Patea, after Cook’s reports ofthe region tentatively explored theentrance ofDoubtful expedition, ledby Italian Alessandro Malaspina, to visitin1792.Thefollowing year aSpanish encouraged thefirst sealers aboard theBritannia numerous seals’ inthefiord undoubtedly Cook’s glowing accounts of‘teeming fishand Begg, and others platted like thelashofawhip(Begg& cordage iswithtwo, three orfour strands ortwists, made from sometwisted asour hemp(flax)plant, bone, joinedby tyingthemtogether. Theirlinesare and human)others again,partwoodand Some madeallofwood,others allofbone(whale They hadavariety offshhooksintheircanoes. some inthecanoe (Beaglehole, some fshingnets, afew fshlyingonthebeachand mean hutswhere there were several fre places, ... acanoe hauledupontheshore neartwosmall

Europe.

resources.

1966).

Sound:

gangs.

Governor Bligh 1961).

found:

Fiordland

as

skins oneach occasion. Thefollowing year it ZealandNew furseal (kekeno) Cove, Tamatea/Dusky killed whilethe expedition duringJuneandJuly, 1,181seals were Fiordland andSolanderIsland.Inone15-day brought back 4,000skinsfrom southwest MV Kekeno with thelast in1946.That year, theBluff-based occasional limited openseasons were declared, finally gave thefurseal fullprotection. Even so, killing season until1894,whentheGovernment regulations set anannualfour-month open persisted. TheSeal Fisheries Act 1873and demand andreturns, someisolated sealing Despite diminishedfurseal numbers andfalling million animalsfor theirvaluable exterminated thefurseal, killingmore thanone more than30years, hadallbut thisindustry the early 1820s,before collapsing again. Inlittle rebuilt to allow ashort-lived sealing revival in bonanza, Fiordland’s furseal numbers slowly In the10years following thefirst boomandbust beef storesaugment theirdry andsalted porkand birds’ eggs, sea birds, andwoodhens (weka) to on fish,shellfishand seal meat, as wellas between success andfailure. Sealers subsisted Their abilityto find food madethedifference colonies alongtheouter coast, andfor fishing. wooden whaleboats to access remote seal Most shore-based sealing gangs relied onsmall further 10,000 returned from Doubtful Sound/Patea witha

rations. (captained Roderique) by Harry

skins. Kekeno

Sound. was based inLuncheon . CHLOE CORNE,

skins.

DOC 17

INTRODUCING FIORDLAND 18

Whaling Before the widespread availability of electricity, whale oil was used in many consumables and industries. Some typical uses included candles, soap and heating, lighting the street lamps of Europe and America, and lubricating the factory wheels of 19th century industry. In the days before plastic and spring-steel, the baleen mouth plates of the southern right whale (tohorā) were put to many uses, from furniture and umbrella ribs, to women’s corsets.

Whale boats and southern right whale (tohorā). ALEXANDER TURNBULL LIBRARY. PUBL-0065-379

Growing export demand led to less-costly shore-whaling stations being set up around the southern New Zealand coast. The first, in 1829, was the remote Port Bunn/Rakituma shore-whaling station in Cuttle Cove, Rakituma/ Preservation Inlet. The land was purchased Sperm whale (parāoa). KIM WESTERSKOV from Te Whakataupuka, the Southern Murihiku The first commercial whaling in New Zealand paramount chief, for 60 muskets, a cannon and waters began in the 1790s, with visits from 1,000 pounds each of gunpowder and musket American and British pelagic whaling vessels in balls. Six houses were built for a staff of 60 men pursuit of the sperm whale (parāoa), the largest (including Māori boat crews), and sheds for up to of the toothed whales. In the first half of the 16 whale boats. The station prospered until whale 19th century, these whales were hunted to near stocks became depleted, and was abandoned in extinction in the Pacific Ocean. 1838 for a more accessible site at Jacob’s River (Riverton/Aparima) in Foveaux Strait. In New Zealand, closer to shore, slower-moving southern right whales (tohorā) were targeted By the early 1840s the decline in southern when they used inshore bays and southern fiords right whale numbers visiting Foveaux Strait to mate and calve while on their annual winter necessitated the use of larger vessels and migration north from sub-Antarctic waters. extended trips to the western fiords by whalers living at Jacob’s River and Bluff. During winter it At first, ‘bay whaling’ was conducted mainly by was not uncommon for these vessels to spend American, British, French and Australian colonial up to three months hunting bay whales off the vessels, which anchored in the fiords and coastal sounds on the west-side. bays and harbours while whaleboat crews were sent to intercept the migrating whales and newborn calves. The world’s reliance onwhaleoileventually and pastoral runholdinginthegrab for land. leading whalers began to diversify into shipping whaling andsealing were indecline,andthe By themid-1850s two ‘robber industries’ of (Hall-Jones, some 60years earlier, hadescaped Ngāi Tahu were thoughtto beNgāti Mamoefugitives who, footprints behindthem(Roberts, 1913). They Hāwea’ hadfledinto thebush,leaving only fish hooks.Theoccupants ofthe‘Cave ofthe patu parāoa (club),andother articlesincluding was found, andinitsomeflax mats, awhalebone ashore. Earlynext morningaMāoricave dwelling anchor. To thecrew’s surprise,fires were seen into Hāwea/Bligh Soundonenightanddropped such cruisein1842,theschooner to thefiords onsealing expeditions. Onone During thesummeroff-season whalers returned Breaching southernrightwhale(tohorā) protection underaninternational threatened withnear extinction, received formal Finally in1936thesouthernrightwhale, familiar refine this to the range ofpetroleum products to extract underground mineral oildeposits, and wasended whentechnology in1859 developed

today.

2002).

Amazon convention. .

DOC put thousands onthesandybar between Steep-to Hector describedtherock lobsters, whichlayin affording comfortable shelter (Anderson, 1998). usual Māori camping place with several fine caves (hāpuku). Steep-to Island,hewas told, was the of Aparima Māorisealers whocaught groper in aseal boat from Riverton/Aparima by aparty geologist JamesHector recounts beingjoined At Rakituma/Preservation Inlet inJuly1863, visits to theFiordland Bluff andRiverton/Aparima continued to make industries inthemid-1850s,local vessels from Following thedeclineofwhalingandsealing Early accounts of fshing Melbourne fish was regularly exported from Bluff for saleonthe venturing around to thewestern coast. Bluecod Fiordland gradually increased withmore boats After theturnof20th century, fishingin concrete wharfpiles(Hall-Jones, Riverton/Aparima. Itisstill possibleto seethe store fishlanded by afleet of small vessels from Fisherman Bay, NorthPort, Taiari/Chalky Inlet, to markets. In1896,afishfreezer was established in blue cod, to Melbournefor theAustralian fish large quantitiesoflocally caught fish,including time. By 1893,Bluff fish merchants were shipping board thesmallfishingcraft prevalent atthe smaller, whichmeant more could becarried on Blue cod was more marketable thangroper and centred onhand-liningfor bluecod andgroper. coast was limited. Thefishingthat did exist was Before 1900,commercial fishingontheFiordland Commercial fnshharvesting expedition’s food supply(Begg & Begg, about 14kilograms (30pounds)to replenish the Māori crew caught 11large groper, each weighing seal boat. Ontheirreturn to theentrance, the Hector explored Te Awaroa/Long Soundintheir and Coal Islands.With sixstrong Māorioarsmen, market.

coast.

2002).

1966). 19

INTRODUCING FIORDLAND 20

As more markets for fish opened, fishermen During World War II, the blue cod fishery waned began making longer journeys to the West Coast as fishers entered military service. The slide grounds, remaining away from their homes continued even when hostilities ended as for many days on end (MacIntosh, 1980). Trips commercial oyster dredging in Foveaux Strait became longer as advancements in technology rapidly expanded and markets were found for increased safety. Despite the development trawl fish species, such as rig and elephant fish. of internal combustion engines, most craft These fish could be caught close to port and continued to carry sails to ensure their return yielded greater profits than blue cod. to port. Fiordland was, and still is, a dangerous Since the 1980s, fishing for offshore species such and rugged coast where vessel reliability is of as shark, groper, tuna and bluenose has grown. paramount importance. Some exploratory fishing for kina (sea urchin), Blue cod remained the main fishery until the end sea cucumber (beche de mer), and scallops has of the 1940s, with fish caught on hand lines from been undertaken. Apart from kina, these have not tender dories. The catch rate was determined by developed into commercial fisheries in Fiordland. how fast the lines could be hauled and returned. Today, Fiordland’s blue cod fishery is seeing Other limiting factors were freezer size and fuel resurgence. The commercial BCO5 fish stock supplies. To overcome the obstacle of freezing management area lies between Awarua Point facilities (not all boats had freezers until after the in the north and Slope Point in the south. On a 1940s), a second fishing station was established season-by-season basis, a few boats from Bluff in Tamatea/Dusky Sound. and Riverton/Aparima fish the southern fiords The rusting metal hull of the clipper steamer from Tamatea/Dusky Sound south, to spread SS Stella still lies on its side at the northern end out the fishing effort and avoid competition of North Port, Taiari/Chalky Inlet. In 1926, at on fishing grounds in Foveaux Strait and 50 years of age, the vessel once used to service around Stewart Island/Rakiura, while those lighthouses, deliver mail, and as passenger residing in Milford Sound/Pipopiotahi fish the transport was dismantled and its hull used as a northern coast. freezer base. She was first situated in Luncheon Cove, Tamatea/Dusky Sound, and then found a Rock lobster fshery final resting place in North Port. The opening of the American export market for frozen rock lobster (crayfish) tails during the late 1940s fuelled the rapid development of this fishery. Before this, only a limited European market existed. Only the rock lobster tails were taken because they took up less room and could be frozen to maintain their quality during several weeks at sea. Commercial fishers began with hoop/ring pots, The rusting hull of the SS Stella and concrete cod moving to wooden pots and later steel pots. freezer relic in North Port, Taiari/Chalky Inlet. Synthetic ropes and plastic buoys replaced STEVE BUTLER natural fibre ropes as the new technologies Other fisheries at the time were lining for came on stream. Better able to withstand the groper and occasional set-netting for moki exposed waters and punishing conditions, these and butterfish (greenbone), although this was developments allowed fishing efforts to improve restricted almost entirely to two-to-three months and by 1948 the bonanza was beginning. of the year. As with the blue cod fishery, freezer space was limited and only the larger fish were taken to ensure a profitable operation. totalled more than4,000 The peak came in1956whenFiordland landings catches into amothership withlarge freezers. wheredeveloped smallerboats would feed their came alive withsmallfishingboats. Asystem was from Puysegur Point to Milford Sound/Piopiotahi Between JulyandFebruary, thecoastal stretch perfected, catches large. were initiallyvery techniques for fishhadnot harvesting yet been andalthoughthe This was avirgin fishery fishery sustainabilityfishery entrants was introduced in1978dueto national untilamoratoriumentered thefishery onnew technology,new increasing numbers ofboats required increased effort. Withtheadvance of timewent on,matchingAs theearly catches 233 by vessel numbers increased substantially totalling Fiordland to 105.Whenthisrestriction was lifted limited thenumberofrock lobster boats in Until 1963,arestricted licensing system had away from theirhomeportfor also allowed fishers to fueland stayconserve aircraft. Freighting tails directly from Fiordland Cove in1965,andthearrival ofamphibious completion oftheWilmot Pass road into Deep road access to Milford Sound/Piopiotahi), the 1953 openingoftheHomerTunnel (allowing and get themto market was boosted by the The abilityto landbulkcatches oflobsters Rock lobster (kōura)

1969. . MALCOLM FRANCIS,

concerns.

tonnes.

longer.

NIWA In 1990,rock lobster was introduced into the leaving the could beat thepack-house withinminutes of Helicopters andfloatplanes meant live lobsters pots to store catches onthefishinggrounds. reintroduction andextensive useof‘coff’ holding careful handlingwas required, includingthe the wholefish to maximisetheir catches but Fishermen could now obtain value from landing superseding ‘tailing at sea’ to supplyfrozen tails. quickly resulting inlive rock lobster exports live exportwhen anew market openedinAsia, practiceindustry was brought aboutin1988 By far thebiggest changes andinnovations in sustainability ofrock lobster holding andprocessing techniques, andthe proactive inresearching handling,transporting, Lobster Inc.)hasbeen Association Industry Committee Inc.(now called theCRA8 Rock yearsthe intervening theCRA8 Management was allowed While thefishery to rebuild, over dramatically once more to around the numberofCRA8 fishing vessels to drop only fishers quitting theindustry. This caused with manysmallerquota holders andlease quota cuts forced restructuring, majorindustry to allow rock lobster stocks to rebuild. The it was again cutby 20percent, to 568tonnes, cut by 20percent, to 711tonnes. Two years later 1999 thetotal allowable commercial catch was managementof anew strategy. aresult, in As catches, supported theindustry theintroduction In 1997,following concern industry over declining by 75percent, to around 70vessels in numbers withinthewidersouthernarea dropped retiree age fishers alsosoldupandleft. Boat were forced whilesomeolder outoftheindustry Management System manysmalloperators of introducing rock lobster to theQuota (quota) management area. aconsequence As became known astheCRA8 the Southernfishery processors to buy, lease andsellquota, while Quota Management System allowing fishers and

boat. boat. stocks.

67.

2008. 21

INTRODUCING FIORDLAND 22

The fishery has since recovered at a higher rate than expected and allowable commercial catches have increased to catch levels equalling those of the 1970s – more than 960 tonnes. The recovery means that the southern CRA8 rock lobster fishery now produces 35 per cent of New Zealand’s rock lobster exports, with the majority being taken from the Fiordland coast. The total allowable commercial catch has increased from 567 tonnes in 2002 to 962 tonnes in 2013 up to present (2017), which is annually caught by around 70 vessels spread throughout Pāua. CLARE MURPHY the wider CRA8 fishery on behalf of 110 quota share owners. This makes Fiordland the most The opening of new markets for canned, valuable rock lobster area in New Zealand. Export bleached pāua meat exports in the early 1970s earnings from CRA8 are approximately $100 brought a rapid expansion of commercial million dollars annually, with much of this staying harvesting of Southland’s inshore pāua. within the Southland business community. Predictably, the most accessible pāua beds near Foveaux Strait and Stewart Island/Rakiura were the first to be heavily fished. A four month closed season was introduced, along with a monthly harvest limit and a ban on underwater breathing apparatus, including scuba gear. Up until the issue of individual quota in 1985, fishers were restricted to landing a maximum of one tonne of greenweight pāua per vessel per week. This was easily circumvented, however, by fishers registering multiple vessels, including dinghies, inflatable craft, kayaks, and in FV Exporta lifting cray pots outside Te Awa-o-Tū/ one case, it was rumoured, a wooden pond board Thompson Sound. STEPHEN LOGIE, MPI (a plank used to partition areas of a boat’s deck). Pāua fshery Apart from fishing regulations, the biggest The Fiordland commercial pāua fishery is based restriction on Fiordland’s pāua fishery was the on harvesting the blackfoot pāua, the largest of requirement that any pāua for export had to be three abalone species endemic to New Zealand. landed alive in the shell at the pack-house. The While pāua is highly valued by Māori as a distance from port and the cost of floatplanes traditional food source, and is important and helicopters discouraged large-scale diving for recreational divers, it was first exploited – until the introduction of quota and higher commercially in the late 1960s for its opalescent export returns. shell, which was used in polished pāua jewellery and souvenirs. agreed to asuite ofmeasures proposed by the pāua fishery. ThethenMinister ofFisheries commercial withintheFiordland levels harvest being raised over stock assessmentfindingsand Despite theconstraints, by 2006concerns were the 20 fishing vessel operators catch thebulkof fishers can access thearea; normally than fewer only themost experienced andbest equipped Fiordland’s exposed coast andisolation means until pots andvessel wet wells, whichkeep pāua alive were helpedby innovations suchasholding al, 1997).Theirefforts inthis remote environment to work themore distant Fiordland coast (Elvyet which aimedto divert divers withlarger vessels at Stewart Island/Rakiura sparked legislation In 1995,concern aboutdiminishingpāua stocks • • as opportunity to spawn before harvesting biomass rebuild by allowing adultpāua greater sizeharvest measures insixzones to facilitate have alsoimplemented increased minimum for the2016/17 season. PauaMac5 members catch to 104,290 kilograms (104.290 voluntary shelvingreducing the 148,983 kilograms(148.983 tonne), withthe the PAU5A Fiordland area hasremained at The total allowable commercial catch for is fishery, to provide amore accurate ofwhat view information collected abouttheFiordland pāua has alsobeenworking to improve catch effort to betaken commercially. TheCommittee years, andincreasing theminimumsize allowed annual catch entitlementby 30percent for three quota owners voluntarily agreeing to shelve their PauaMac5 Management Committee, including

happening.

follows: Awarua from Milford Sound/Piopiotahi northto size125 mm minimumharvest applies George to Milford Sound/Piopiotahi; while size128 mm minimumharvest appliesfrom Dusky Soundandmiddlefiord the SouthCoast, Taiari/Chalky Inlet, Tamatea/ size132 mm minimumharvest appliesacross

harvest. harvest.

landing.

Point.

allowable

zones

tonnes)

there hasbeen evidence ofdeclinesince Dusky Soundto Milford Sound/Piopiotahi) where effort is required intheNorthern zones (Tamatea/ area recovering well, butfurthermanagement stocks intheSouthCoast andTaiari/Chalky Inlet showing positive signsofimprovement, with Because ofthesemeasures is thepāua fishery across thewhole monitor size theharvest andthisisnow inplace have a system ofpost-harvest shellmeasuring to loggers to record catch accurately. also They loggers onindividualdivers aswell ascatch boat limits incertain zones andare utilisingdata In addition,thecommittee hasagreed catch fishing brought more tourists, manyinsearch ofa until itwas widenedin1983,theeasier access were not allowed to betowed through thetunnel Tunnel openedfor road traffic. Althoughboats That began to change in1953whenthe Homer New who ventured into thisisolated corner of needs ofthefew tourists, hunters andmariners a characteristic the ofFiordland, servicing up to theearly 1950s,subsistence fishing was From thefirst European settlers inFiordland, boat inMilford Sound/Piopiotahi c.1880. Donald Sutherlandandvisitors fishingfrom anopen Recreational fsheries

Zealand.

experience.

fishery. BURTON

1997.

BROTHERS 23

INTRODUCING FIORDLAND 24

One of the first to capitalise was the Lyvia Lodge For 20 years from the early 1970s, the Fiordland in Doubtful Sound/Patea, built in 1954 to replace Big Game Fishing Club offered annual expeditions the Deep Cove hut built in 1900. It became a into Doubtful Sound/Patea and, destination for walkers on the Doubtful Sound/ nce the Homer Tunnel ban had been lifted, Patea track, and fishing was popular from the Milford Sound/Piopiotahi became their focus. outset. The lodge menu relied on locally caught The club has since wound up. fish and venison, as food supplies were brought Up to the mid-1980s, safety constraints on in only twice a year (Hutchins, 1998). small boats restricted most recreational fishing to the Doubtful Sound/Patea, Te Awa-o-Tū/ Thompson Sound and Kaikiekie/Bradshaw Sound complex. Some fishing was done from tourist boats in Milford Sound/Piopiotahi and, on an opportunistic basis, from commercial fishing boats elsewhere in Fiordland. A few brave souls travelled outside the fiords in search of southern bluefin tuna, using fast boats and picking breaks in the weather. Even so, two-thirds of their time was spent inside the fiord fishing for groper, rock lobster, and blue cod. Between them, daily catches of up to eight bluefin tuna (each weighing 29–50 kilograms), 12 to 14 groper, and half a bag of rock lobster The Lyvia Lodge on the banks of the Lyvia River, Deep tails were not unusual. Cove, 1955. ALEXANDER TURNBULL LIBRARY. F-30660-1/2 However, it was the new Wilmot Pass road, built as part of the construction of the Manapouri power scheme, which first opened the door for recreational fishers to bring their own boats to Fiordland. With the ban on towing boats through the Homer Tunnel still in place, determined fishers petitioned authorities and in 1965 the Wilmot Pass road was opened to the public. It made Deep Cove in Doubtful Sound/Patea the only practical entry point for trailer boats into Fiordland, their skippers attracted by ready catches of finfish and rock lobster, and a growing awareness of big game bluefin tuna, albacore, and sharks.

Groper fishing near Supper Cove, Tamatea/Dusky Sound. MPI over the using anoperator withaconcession to tow boats a permitfrom theDepartment ofConservation or towed across theWilmot Pass road by obtaining be popular. Privately-owned trailer boats can be Cove mean Doubtful Sound/Patea continues to infrastructure available andservices at Deep major focus for recreational fishing,theaccess, While Milford Sound/Piopiotahi istoday the Milford Sound/Piopiotahi ALAN A recreational vessel beingtowed over theWilmot Pass

KEY

pass. . JON

CLOW . aluminium hulltrailer boats are safer and, Today’s easily transported fibreglass and the nature ofrecreational fishinginthefiords. Developments are intechnology changing inside theinnerfiord armsandupperfiord conducted inconjunction withdeerhunting and multiplebunkberths,withfishingmainly Most are equippedwithpot haulers, freezers to recreational hunting,fishinganddiving. and associated friendsregular year round access are based inDeepCove, affording their owners recreational use.Several large syndicate vessels ex-commercial boats andconvert themfor A growing trend isfor syndicates to buycheap, rock in dive charter activity. Divers mainlytarget since thelate 1970s, prompted by thegrowth of compressed airsupplies,divinghasincreased in thefiords. Once limited, mainlydue to alack Scuba divinghasbecome increasingly popular has thelast preferred fishingsites, althoughthe weather still The outer fiord andtheopen coast are by far the and charter operators are ranging furtherafield. pressure ontheinnerfiords, recreational fishers with increasing numbers ofpeopleandfishing Young fisherman

lobster.

word. . JERRY

EXCELL

heads. 25

INTRODUCING FIORDLAND 26

Visitors to Doubtful Sound/Patea with charter vessel Southern Secret. FIORDLAND CRUISES

Charter fshing Operators now routinely helicopter clients in Charter fishing had its informal beginnings in from Te Anau and Clifden to remote places the early 1960s when some commercial fishers such as Te Puaitaha/Breaksea Sound and began to take friends and acquaintances away Tamatea/Dusky Sound, and the upper reaches of to enjoy the hunting and fishing opportunities Rakituma/Preservation Inlet. Trip options range of wild and remote Fiordland. At first, most from part-day and overnight sight-seeing cruises trips were combined with normal commercial to seven-day excursions. fishing operations, but they soon developed into Many first-time fishers and divers in Fiordland informal charter arrangements. gain their first recreational experiences aboard Since then, the commercial charter vessel commercial charter fishing vessels, making industry has steadily increased, spreading these operators important advocates for the fishing pressure into the less accessible areas of Fiordland (Te Moana o Atawhenua) Marine Area. Fiordland, especially Tamatea/Dusky Sound and Most skippers promote sustainable fishing by the two southern-most fiords. Clients are a mix setting realistic expectations for fishing catches of divers, fishers and deer hunters. Divers target and advocating compliance with the various rock lobsters, along with scallops in season, rules, which is beneficial to the both fisheries and while blue cod and groper are the top targets their business in the longer term by encouraging for line fishers. responsible behaviour. Fiordland’s charter fleet is a mix of local and seasonal vessels. Charter operations traditionally start in October and build up towards Christmas. Activity increases in late summer and peaks during the autumn deer hunting ‘roar’, before dropping off in May. Deep Cove has a fleet of locally-based charter vessels, while charter boats from Bluff and Riverton/Aparima are seasonally based in the lower fiords.

Fisherman’s Wharf, Deepwater Basin. JON CLOW management recreational fisheries stock assessmentand return data iscollated andusedto assist ZealandNew ( returns are Innovations madeto Fishserve to record theircatch andeffort daily. Monthly operators must beregistered andare required Since 2010,allamateur-fishing charter vessel by Environment require acoastal permitresource consent issued Commercial charter operators inFiordland circumnavigation oftheSouth are alsofrequent visitors, often as part ofa blue cod. Charter vessels from other regions the Marlborough Sounds,particularly for due to decliningfishingopportunitiesin from Marlborough for autumnandwinter, More recently, vessels have come south to astandstill for more than70 brought cruisingintheremote southern the following day. Thismishapeffectively off the rocks whilethey calmly awaited rescue 226 passengers andcrew turnedto line Sound. Havingsafely abandoned ship, struck anuncharted rock inTamatea/Dusky fiords until1910,whentheir steamer tourist excursions from Dunedinto thewestern Wanaka was probably theUnionSteam ShipCompany’s The first passenger cruise vessel to visitFiordland Cruise shipvisits Charter vessel , in1877.Thecompany ran popular Takapu

decisions. www.fnnz.com

Southland. inTaiari/Chalky Inlet

). Thevaluable

Island. years. Waikare .

the MPI

fishing

fiords

Lauro After terrorists seized theItalian liner 1910. Tamatea/Dusky Soundastheirvessel slowly sinks. Passengers from the cruise shipvisits inthe2016/17 season. The ship visits inthe2006/07 season to around 80 Fiordland continues to increase, from 34cruise The numberofvisits by cruiseships into and many companies turnedto theSouthPacific, droves. Inthesearch for asafer cruisingarea, American andEuropean customers fledin • • • • • • • and restricted cruiseshipoperations conditions withindividualcruiseshipoperators maintained, Environment Southlandhasagreed To ensure environmental standards are visiting Fiordland, at 167,800gross Ovation oftheSeas Tamatea/Dusky Soundwest ofCooper the Acheron Acheron Te Puaitaha/Breaksea Soundwest ofthe the outer part ofDoubtful Sound/Patea Te Awa-o Poison Milford Sound/Piopiotahi

Fiordland. JOHN HALL-JONES during a1985cruiseintheMediterranean,

Bay/Papa

Passage - Tū/Thompson

Passage Waikare is thelargest cruiseship

Pounamu fishing off Stop Island,

Sound

tonnes.

to: Achille

Island.

27

INTRODUCING FIORDLAND 28

PRACTICAL USER INFORMATION

Wooden poupou. DOC • • • • It environment oftheFiordland (Te Moana oAtawhenua) MarineArea. This chapter provides visitors withpractical information abouttheunique Overview Early morningpaddle inCamelot Cove, GaerArm,Kaikiekie/Bradshaw Sound

covers: resident inDoubtful Sound/Patea the vulnerable bottlenose dolphin population including theextra caution neededaround care required around ‘china andFiordland’sthem: marinereserves special protected areas waters andits precious pest-free can doto maintain the pests that threaten this area, andwhat you this isolated Fiordland what you can expect when

shops’ andhow to minimiseyour risksin

area andtherulesthat govern biosecurity marine mammals travelling through inFiordland’s

islands , • • • • the relatively limited how you can information about marine in thisfragile, andat timeschallenging, what you needto know to operators working throughout the around Fiordland, andthechannelsradio

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area 29

PRACTICAL USER INFORMATION 30

Moorings are defined as any weight, post or other Travelling in structure placed in, or on, the bed of the coastal marine area for the prime purpose of securing a the fiords ship, raft, aircraft or floating structure, and do not include ships’ anchors. Anchoring in Fiordland Travelling in Fiordland is one of the most often involves breastlines from the bow and stern spectacular trips you can undertake, either as an lines to the shore. individual boatie or as part of an organised trip. However, the weather can be unforgiving and the General guidelines on anchorages isolation makes even the most minor of incidents Anchoring in Fiordland is quite different to potentially serious. many other areas of New Zealand. Some tips It doesn’t take long for storms to hit the coast for anchoring in Fiordland are: and when they do, the weather can change • visiting vessels should carry anchoring gear dramatically in a matter of minutes, exacerbated that is suitable for Fiordland. It should have by the mountains. It is important to be aware of sufficient chain and rope or wire of at least this, especially when you are out on the exposed 70 metres, with a quality anchor of high open coast. holding capacity During the summer months, in the area from Te • use all stern lines provided; however, a Rā/Dagg Sound to north of Big Bay, south-west general check of the condition of these lines ‘day breezes’ can be a common occurrence. is advised, especially in little-used anchorages, These winds can regularly be between 25–30 as chafing will occur as the lines age knots and can reach up to 35 knots at times. • anchoring should always be done before dark so stern lines and mooring lines can be seen, During these periods, vessels travelling south especially as these may be encrusted with should make their passage during early daylight mussels and partially sunken hours (before 10.30 am). From 11.00 am onwards the ‘day breeze’ will have taken effect and the sea • most anchorages in the northern fiords (north conditions from that time will worsen. This wind of Doubtful Sound/Patea) require a stern line will generally not abate until after sunset. • when using stern lines in bad weather, keep as close to the shore as safety allows to shelter With these weather conditions in mind, it is from sea conditions important to check there is a good weather window to get to your chosen destination. • the anchorages described in the ‘Fiord- Be prepared to sit out bad weather and be by-ford’ chapter (page 86) are the main mindful to select the appropriate anchorage anchorages for use when shelter is required. for the conditions. During light winds, however, the heads of all fiords are suitable for anchoring. A note of Moorings and anchorages caution: all heads of fiords can quickly change in Fiordland from around 30 metres, to 1 to 2 metres in depth, mainly with mud banks, so caution Sheltered areas throughout Fiordland are should be taken while approaching to anchor important for providing safe anchorage for travelling vessels. They range from small • most anchorages and stern lines are sheltered bays to fully enclosed coves that maintained by commercial fishermen. Very are usable in any weather. high frequency (VHF) radio contact should be made with these local operators if they An anchorage is an area of the coastal marine are in the area so anchorages do not become area that has been set aside or is used for the overcrowded during peak times (see ‘Radio temporary securing of a ship using its anchor. communications’ section, page 56) Some points onmoorings • that could reasonably beexpected inthe vessel andtypesofsea andweather conditions must besatisfied the mooringissufficient forthe owner’s responsibility. Environment Southland safety ofmooringblocks,chainsandlinesisthe does not result in damage to other vessels. The responsibilities to ensure theiruseofthemooring mooring facilities needto recognise have they few apparent problems. Even so, owners of arrangements have worked inthepast with Within existing mooringareas, largely informal at that of thevessel andisnot required by its provided themooringissuitable for the although owners generally doallow suchuse, Avoid usingsomeone else’s mooringifpossible, block or do have proprietary rights over themooring exclusive rights ofuseaspecificarea, butthey Anyone whoputs inamooring doesnot have Vessels moored at DeepCove will alsohelpreduce theirritation of openings. Agood supplyof insect repellent main entranceway to thevessel andto hatch protection such asfinemeshscreens to the would beworthwhile spendingtimeadding Alternatively, before coming to thearea it of thefiords to keep away from thesandflies. winds, anchoroutinthemiddleat thehead conditions. Where possible,duringlight the warmer parts oftheyear inlight-wind will beextremely annoying throughout stern lines,bewarned that thesandflies in thenorthernfiords where you are using

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‘ on each area individualno-anchoring inthe its swingingchain. You can findmore information species that could bedamaged by ananchoror Inlet. Theseareas are hometo particularly fragile Awaroa/Long Sound)inRakituma/Preservation Dusky Sound),Awash andtheNarrows Rock, (Te Wet Jacket Arm,NineFathom Passage (Tamatea/ and Pendulo Reach (Doubtful Sound/Patea), (Kaikiekie/Bradshaw Sound),Te Awaatu Channel located inHāwea/Bligh Sound,Precipice Cove Fiordland. Discrete areas no-anchoring are Anchoring isprohibited inseveral areas in areasNo-anchoring DALLEY, Deas Cove Te Hut, Awa-o-Tū/Thompson Sound the Department ofConservation before your Toperson pernight. purchase huttickets, contact associated ranging withit, from $5–$10per ( visit theDepartment ofConservation’s For more information abouteach hut relief for travellers withsmaller Conservation inTe Anauandprovide welcome areThey maintained by theDepartment of Rakituma/Preservation Inlet inthesouth. Fiordland, from BigBayinthenorth There are eighthuts throughout coastal Huts page Southland (see‘ moorings inFiordland, contact Environment For furtherinformation onanchorages and Fiord-by-ford www.doc.govt.nz

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PRACTICAL USER INFORMATION 32

Biofouling – where pests attach themselves to Biosecurity vessel hulls, niche areas (such as sea chests), and on marine equipment (such as fishing gear) – is in Fiordland one of the most significant ways pest species spread from location to location. It would take This section outlines the biosecurity issues in just a few specimens of an exotic organism to be Fiordland. It explains what people using the hidden in the fouling on a vessel and to fall off marine environment can do to keep pests out of within the Fiordland (Te Moana o Atawhenua) these special waters and off the pest-free islands Marine Area, for a new population to establish. within the area. Marine pests can also travel to new destinations Marine biosecurity – what’s in bilge and ballast water. the problem? Once established, marine pests can quickly The unique marine environment in Fiordland is spread in new locations, and can have vulnerable to the introduction and establishment serious effects on marine habitats, food of harmful marine pests and diseases. chains, fish stocks, recreational activities, and commercial activities. Each year hundreds of vessels enter the fiords for recreation or commercial purposes. These Marine pests of concern already found come from other regions of New Zealand and in New Zealand around the world. Each and every one of these Below are some marine pests that are already vessels has the potential to bring in and deposit established in New Zealand, and which unwanted hitchhiking pests. the Guardians and agencies want kept out of Fiordland. Styela clava, a sea squirt, was detected in Auckland and Lyttelton in 2005. It is known to be present in many New Zealand harbours. This organism can potentially compete with native fauna, particularly molluscs, for food. It appears in colonies as a leathery-skinned, tubular organism that can grow up to 16 cm long. It is easily transferred to new locations amongst biofouling on vessel hulls.

Undaria pinnatifida biofouling on vessel hull. MPI Styela clava. NORTHLAND REGIONAL COUNCIL wharf piles,andvessel grows onanyhard surface includingrocks, ropes, Undaria are the aimto eliminate itfrom Fiordland tools ifnew currently undermanagement to contain with it, in 2010andTaiari/Chalky Inlet in2019andis was found inTe Puaitaha/Breaksea Sound where itdominates reef and coastlines, includingSouthland widespread throughout Zealand New seaweed The Asian Didemnum vexillum area suchas unsightly inahigh-value ecological and tourism from marinestructures. Its appearance would be yellowish, melted-wax-like mats that can drop and Nelsonwaters. Itforms large colonies of present intheBay ofPlentyandinMarlborough A different sea squirt, Undaria pinnatifida

identified. can form denseforests onreefs, and

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waters waters

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The Mediterranean fanworm consists ofatube tourism for diving,potentially impacting ondive impact ontheaesthetics ofanarea like Fiordland dense mats ofthisspeciescould alsohave an species, andonnutrientflow. Thepresence of establishment generations ofnew ofsome studies have indicated someimpact onthe by competing for food andspace. Recent dense groups that could affect native species has beenfound inother areas. Itcan form Whangarei Harbour, andinLyttelton Port and is abundantinAuckland’s Waitemata Harbour, Sabella spallanzanii world to have sucha country. Zealand New isthefirst inthe country vessels must comply withbefore arrivinginthe biofouling requirements that international Biofouling came into effect. TheCRMSoutlines the Craft RiskManagement Standard (CRMS) for diseases from entering thecountry. InMay2018 high border standards to prevent pests and Industries forThe Ministry maintains Primary in New Zealand Marine pests of concern unwanted G READ, Sabella spallanzanii and orange, andthecentral stem is 40 cmtall. Thefans are white, banded withbrown with asinglespiral fan. can They grow up that isalways anchored to ahard surface, topped

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33

PRACTICAL USER INFORMATION 34

There are five unwanted marine pests that are not known to be established in New Zealand. These particular pests have been registered as ‘unwanted’, and all sightings must be reported to the Ministry for Primary Industries under the Biosecurity Act 1993. These five pests are:

A marine aquarium weed – Caulerpa taxifolia. MPI

Chinese mitten crab – Eriocheir sinensis. MPI

European shore crab – Carcinus maenas. MPI There are many diseases of shellfish, fish, and other marine species that we are fortunate not Asian clam – Potamocorbula amurensis. MPI to have in New Zealand. For example, abalone viral ganglioneuritis is a virus present in Australia that could seriously affect pāua populations here if it was introduced. If you know anyone arriving from overseas to visit Fiordland, remind them that border standards, such as requiring wetsuits and dive gear to be dry, and a prohibition on importing raw abalone meat, are important to prevent this disease spreading. If you are visiting Fiordland, particularly to dive, please watch for anything unusual in the water. If you spot any of these known pests, or something else you consider unusual, please carefully note Northern Pacific seastar –Asterias amurensis. MPI its location, and phone the Ministry for Primary Industries’ free phone 0800 80 99 66 as soon as possible. management Breaksea Soundto longterm preserve Cove andthenorthernwall ofTe Puaitaha/ of theAcheron Passage back to Sunday removing any Breaksea Sound,withateam ofdivers containing Current control measures are geared towards methodologies and not considered feasible withcurrent control of the Puaitaha/Breaksea Sound.Dueto thesize found to bewidespread throughout Te Sound. However, inApril2017 eliminate ZealandNew madeasustained effort to Department ofConservation andBiosecurity and 2017,Environment Southland,the Breaksea Soundin2010.Between 2010 Undaria pest from Fiordland Programme to eliminate amarine • What you can doto marine pests, are transferred into in ensuringnomore urge boaties to continue to playtheir part The Fiordland MarineGuardians andagencies from Taiari/Chalky agencies are working to eliminate confined geographical spread, thethree small numberofindividualsfound andthe North Port, Taiari/Chalky Inlet. Dueto the (a wreck lyingon its sideontheshore) in was found onthebow lineofthe In April2019,asmallincursion of may spread with Port area. Shellfishmayhave beeninfected Te Puaitaha/Breaksea SoundandNorth Please donot remove seafood from Undaria Undaria was first discovered in Te Puaitaha/ Undaria Undaria

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• • • Undaria visiting are clean andwell antifouled before Ensure your vessel’s hullandnicheareas Fiordland’s and dry, ortreated before usingitin especially dive andfishing gear, isclean Ensure anymarine equipment, Undaria Port areas, maybeinfected asthey with the Te Puaitaha/Breaksea SoundorNorth Please donot move lobster pots outof

pinnatifida

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waters. onmooringline . KATH

BLAKEMORE BLAKEMORE 35

PRACTICAL USER INFORMATION 36

How Fiordland users can help Fiordland Marine Pathway with marine biosecurity Management Plan: keeping The Ministry for Primary Industries, the Fiordland marine pests out of Fiordland Marine Guardians, and other government The Guardians and management agencies agencies are working to keep Fiordland free understand the challenge and cost of from marine pests. To do this, all visitors to the eliminating a marine pest from Fiordland. area need to help by following some simple The presence of marine pests in most ports biosecurity precautions. around New Zealand means pests are only one What can vessel operators do? boat ride away from this valuable marine area. To minimise the risk of vessels transporting If you own or operate a vessel and are about to pests into Fiordland, the Guardians, together visit the fiords, or are about to relocate marine with Environment Southland, the Ministry for equipment such as buoys or ropes, please: Primary Industries, and the Department of • check your vessel’s hull and niche areas before Conservation developed the Fiordland Marine entering Fiordland and if it is fouled, clean it Pathway Management Plan. (see below) The Pathway Management Plan approach is • dispose of any debris removed from the hull a new, proactive way to deal with the issue on land (ie, prevent it getting into the water) of marine pests. This approach is facilitated • check, clean and thoroughly dry any mooring by an amendment to the Biosecurity Act 1993 lines and buoys, crayfishing pots, kayaks and made in 2013. any other marine equipment before using them in Fiordland waters. If lines, buoys and Rather than responding after a marine pest has pots cannot be dried, disinfect them before been introduced, the Pathway Plan focuses on coming into Fiordland waters from areas stopping pests from being transported into the known to be affected with marine pests (such area. It introduces requirements for keeping as Bluff and Stewart Island/Rakiura). hulls and gear clean of pests in all of their life stages, to reduce the chance of pests being As well as helping to keep the fiords free of pests, transported into the fiords. regular cleaning of your vessel’s hull will enable your vessel to obtain maximum speed and reduce If you intend to visit Fiordland, regardless of running costs. the size of your vessel, you need to comply with the clean hull, clean gear, and residual How do I clean my vessel's hull? seawater standards. You will be required If self-cleaning, once your vessel is out of the to hold a Fiordland Clean Vessel Pass and water, dislodge all plants and animals and be aware of the risks and the ways you can dispose of debris in a bin that will go to a land- minimise these. based rubbish dump. It is really important this debris does not go back into the water. Pay The Guardians consulted widely on the particular attention to: contents of the Pathway Plan to develop requirements that are effective and practical • the earth plates, transducers, keels to those who operate vessels in the area. and stabilisers • intakes and outlets For the most up-to-date information about the Fiordland Marine Pathway Management • propellers and shafts Plan and how it affects you, search for • rudders, rudder recesses, rudder shafts “Fiordland Marine Pathway Plan” on and casings Environment Southland’s website • anchors, anchor chains and anchor wells. (www.es.govt.nz). Note: The Southland Coastal Plan prohibits the cleaning of vessel hulls within the Fiordland (Te Moana o Atawhenua) Marine Area. in their advise you aboutcleaning facilities and ports. Marina operators willbeable Zealand’sof New marinasandat manyharbours There are haul-outfacilities andslipways at most Fiordland? Where can Icleanmyvessel’s hullbefore visiting supplying Follow theadvice ofthemanufacturer andthe • • • and its use.Factors to consider are preparation that issuitable for thetypeofvessel fouling buildinguponyour vessel’s hull.Use a Using an antifouling paint correctly willstop Antifouling preparations • • • When cleaning equipmentwe recommend treatment and buoys (seetable on arriving inFiordland, especiallycraypots, lines dive gear, equipmentbefore andfishing/boat Clean marine growth from equipmentbefore Check to follow thesesimple and other equipmentinto Fiordland, remember anchors) andnon-moored craft (eg, (eg, When taking marinegear and How can Imake sure mygear isclean? For afulllist ofmarinasvisit material composition ofyour or amount oftimeyour boat iskept at amooring usual speedof gloves andappropriate eye ventilation; where possible,useprotective solutions, andensure there isadequate diluting cleaning chemicals from concentrated follow correct handlingprecautions when dive kayaks, boats, orwithinropes ornets and inseaon equipment, water trapped inside microscopic life stages oforganisms can be has novisiblemarineorganisms present – remember to alsoclean equipmentthat dispose ofthemappropriately on remove anyvisiblemarineorganisms and

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37

PRACTICAL USER INFORMATION 38

SOAK SPRAY/WASH DRY

Soak item(s) using one of these methods: For items too large or For an item where chemical/ • Freshwater soak – for at least 72 hours. difficult to soak, spray freshwater treatment is not If soaking ropes, fresh water should be following one of the feasible, remove from water and thoroughly air dry for replaced after 12 hours. methods below: one month. • Hot water soak – soak using water more • 1 per cent Dettol than 40°C for 20 minutes. Temperatures antiseptic and freshwater Care is needed to make sure exceeding 48°C should not be used on solution, then leave for the item is laid out in a way dive equipment as certain temperature- 60 minutes. that ensures all surfaces are sensitive gear may be damaged. • 5 per cent acetic acid completely dried. • Dishwashing detergent soak – use a 5 per and freshwater solution Prolonged air exposure is cent Palmolive dishwashing detergent OR undiluted household also an ideal complementary and freshwater solution, and soak for vinegar, then leave for treatment for all items 60 minutes. (5 per cent solution = 500 mls 10 minutes. following soaking or spraying. of detergent into 10 litres of fresh water.) When spraying an item, • Antiseptic soak – use a 1 per cent Dettol ensure you generously cover antiseptic and freshwater solution, and all surfaces. soak for 60 minutes. (1 per cent solution Hand held sprayers can be = 100 mls of Dettol into 10 litres of purchased at a hardware fresh water.) store, garden centre, or in • Bleach soak – use a 2 per cent bleach the gardening department and fresh water solution, and soak for of supermarkets. 30 minutes.* (2 per cent solution = 200 mls of bleach into 10 litres of fresh water.) • Decon 90TM soak – use a 2 per cent Decon 90TM and freshwater solution for 30 minutes. • Acetic acid soak – use a 5 per cent acetic acid and freshwater solution OR undiluted household vinegar, and soak for 10 minutes.* (5 per cent solution = 500 mls of acetic acid into 10 litres of fresh water.) * Not recommended for dive gear as it may compromise the integrity of some plastics.

Further information For further information on marine pests Further information on vessel- and gear-cleaning contact your local regional council, or visit methods and Fiordland marine biosecurity is on the Ministry for Primary Industries’ website the Ministry for Primary Industries website at at www.mpi.govt.nz. www.biosecurity.govt.nz/fordland. Report anything unusual to 0800 80 99 66. pests out of Fiordland of out pests Help keep marine keep Help ABOVE AS ITIS BELOW WATER AS BEAUTIFUL KEEP FIORDLAND

39

PRACTICAL USER INFORMATION 40 Divers prepare to inspect structures in the Fiordland Marine Environment for marinepests . SHAUN

CUNNINGHAM 41

PRACTICAL USER INFORMATION 42

Island biosecurity in Fiordland To protect our treasured islands Help protect our Fiordland islands. Our islands Before you leave the mainland, and before you provide sanctuaries for native plants and animals. come close to any pest-free islands, please: Fiordland has a number of pest-free islands of • check your clothes and footwear for stray international significance. Some have never seeds/pests, empty your pockets, and clean had rats or mice present and so have never your shoes (including the soles) suffered from the devastating impacts of • check your bags and other equipment, using rodents. Ensuring these islands remain pest sealable containers where possible (or seal free by checking your boat and equipment is with tape) or tie bags tightly to prevent any everyone’s responsibility. unwanted pests sneaking in Breaksea and Hāwea Islands were among the first • ensure food is in sealed containers in the world to have rats eradicated. Secretary • check your boat or kayak, including all Island is currently the largest inshore island obvious hideaways (like dinghies, kayak in New Zealand to be free from rodents and hatches, coils of rope), for unwanted possums. Some of these islands are now home stowaways – every time. to rare species such as kākāpō, South Island Other things you can do to help: saddleback (tīeke), yellowhead (mohua), and • install and regularly service rodent bait little spotted kiwi (pukupuku). stations and traps on your vessel Breaksea Island is entry by permit only. However, • when your vessel is moored on the mainland, there are numerous other islands where landings keep doors and hatches closed, and place are permitted. Please ensure these islands screens over vents remain pest free by not taking any plants and • rodents can use mooring lines to board and animals ashore when you land. leave vessels, so on multi-day trips use lines Pests can easily destroy our wildlife either adjacent to the mainland or to rodent- It’s easy to pick up a pest: free islands, but not both • rats can squeeze into a 12 millimetre gap • use rodent shields on mooring lines • mice can squeeze into a 7 millimetre gap • leave your pets at home. • insects and mice could stowaway in your bags If you fnd a pest • weeds, seeds and soil cling to clothing On the mainland, before leaving, humanely and shoes. remove the pest and clean your gear again. On your own boat or in your kayak: 12mm • make sure the pest has been euthanised before you land • don’t throw rats or mice overboard as they can swim • return to the mainland to euthanise the pest Rats can squeeze into a 12 millimetre gap if you need to. On a commercial boat, tell the crew what you have found and where it is.

7mm Report any sightings of unwanted animal or plant pests on the islands to the Department of Conservation (see ‘Contact information’ chapter, page 148). Mice can squeeze into a 7 millimetre gap 0 projects progress.projects may changeascurrent eradication May 2021. The islands’ pest-free status Information shown asat correct Fiordland’s pest-freeislands (stoat eradicationinprogress)

No pest (mice present) No ratsorpossums No possums Tamatea/Dusky Sound Great Island Resolution Island 10 Anchor Island s

(entry bypermitonly)

Rakituma/Preservation Inlet Rakituma/Preservation Te Puaitaha/Breaksea Sound

Passage Island Taiari/Chalky Inlet Chalky Island Breaksea Island 20

Coal Island Te Sound Rā/Dagg

(stoat eradicationinprogress)

Te Awa-o-Tū/Thomp

t Doub 30 km

Secretary Island ful Sound/Patea Long Island Bauza Island

Steep-to-Island son Sound Cooper Island

FIORDLAND NATIONAL PARK 43

PRACTICAL USER INFORMATION 44

The first two marine reserves established in Protected areas Fiordland were proposed by the Fiordland Fishermen’s Association, through its parent body There are two kinds of protected areas within the the New Zealand Federation of Commercial Fiordland (Te Moana o Atawhenua) Marine Area: Fishermen, and were formally established in marine reserves and ‘china shops’. 1993. They are the Piopiotahi (Milford Sound) Marine reserves Marine Reserve and Te Awaatu Channel (The Gut) Marine Reserve in Doubtful Sound/Patea. Marine reserves are New Zealand’s most comprehensive tool in marine biodiversity In 2005, with the passing of the Fiordland protection. They may be established in areas that (Te Moana o Atawhenua) Marine Management contain underwater scenery, natural features, Act, eight new marine reserves were gazetted. or marine life of such distinctive quality, or that Fiordland now contains 10 marine reserves, are so typical, beautiful or unique, that their found from Milford Sound/Piopiotahi in the north continued preservation is in the national interest. to Rakituma/Preservation Inlet in the south. Marine reserves are managed by the Department They range in size from 93 to 3,672 hectares, of Conservation. and in total include over 10,000 hectares of fiord marine habitat. Similar sorts of rules apply in marine reserves as to national parks on land. Some activities are restricted or prohibited to protect the marine life in the area. Enjoy your visit to the marine reserve, but note: • all marine life is completely protected • no fishing, netting, taking or killing of marine life is allowed • no polluting, disturbance or damage is allowed • no dredging, dumping or discharging any matter is allowed • no building of structures is allowed • no removal of any natural thing from the marine reserve is allowed. Recreational, educational and scientific activities are permitted and encouraged as long as they do not disturb or endanger the plant and animal life or natural features. In all marine reserves you may: • kayak, dive, snorkel, swim and investigate in Diversity beneath the reflections. JONATHAN DAVIES rock pools • take photos, picnic on the beach, and build sand castles • anchor (with care, and only where allowed), and navigate through. containing key individual communities, a mixture ofboth, orareas and/or diversity ofanimalcommunities, plant are discrete areas noted for theirabundance areas are designated ‘china shops’. Chinashops high value areas throughout Fiordland. These the Fiordland Act gave recognition to other In additionto establishing marinereserves, ‘China shops’ (page inthe‘ marine reserve You can findmore information on each individual by recreational These storage areas are not available for in theseareas must have thedoors pots andholdingpots not inuseand not inuseat thetime.Allrock lobster catching andfor thestoragereserve, ofrock lobster pots holding pots) live lobsters caught outside the for commercial rock lobster fishers to store (in havefour areas marinereserves designated storing rock lobster pots insidesomefiords, there islimitedAs space andsuitable depth for Rock lobster holdingandpot storage areas Black coral

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NIWA

pens. Fiord-by-ford ’ 45

PRACTICAL USER INFORMATION 46

Te Poupou o Rua o Te Moko – marine reserve markers Fiordland’s marine reserves are marked by distinctive carved wooden or stainless steel poupou – Te Poupou o Rua o Te Moko. Each poupou stands as kaitiaki of the marine reserve and is symbolic of Māori ancestral connections to the area. The wooden poupou are individually named after deities, explorers, whānau and whānui who left their mark on the area previously, and commemorate their stories, ensuring they are shared with generations of visitors to the area. The two original marine reserves in Fiordland – Piopiotahi Marine Reserve and Te Awaatu Channel Marine Reserve – had marine reserve markers, depicted by white triangles. The Fiordland Marine Guardians felt that each of the 10 marine reserves should be marked and celebrated, and they also wanted to acknowledge the cultural significance of tāngata whenua in the area. After several years of collaborative concept planning and effort by the Fiordland Marine Guardians, the Department of Conservation, and local iwi from the Te Rūnanga o Ōraka Aparima (the mandated iwi kaitiaki) on behalf of the wider Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu, the poupou were welcomed to the area. To achieve this aspiration the Guardians commissioned Southland carver Bubba Thompson (Te Rūnanga o Awarua) to design and carve the first wooden poupou which were unveiled in a special ceremony at the Kahukura (Gold Arm) Marine Reserve in Taiporoporo/Charles Sound in 2014. Fiordland wooden and stainless steel poupou installations. Southland carver, Bubba Thompson, In March 2017, the wooden poupou at acknowledges master carver Cliff Whiting, whose Hāwea (Bligh Sound), Kahukura, Moana Uta influence and style has been incorporated into the poupou. DOC (Wet Jacket Arm), Taumoana (Five Fingers Peninsula), and Te Tapuwae o Hua (Long in Doubtful Sound/Patea, where it is hoped Sound) marine reserves were replaced with they will stand as kaitiaki for many years to custom made stainless steel poupou as a come. The Guardians hope you enjoy their more durable alternative to withstand the presence whilst you travel through the fiords. harsh conditions. The production and installation of the poupou The wooden poupou carved by Bubba are was jointly funded by Te Rūnanga o Ngāi to be placed in the Piopiotahi (Milford Sound) Tahu, The Department of Conservation and Marine Reserve and all of the marine reserves Meridian Energy. Wooden poupou .

DOC 47

PRACTICAL USER INFORMATION 48

Marine mammals This section describes some of the common Fiordland’s waters are home to, or are visited by, marine mammals that can be seen in Fiordland. a diverse range of marine mammals. Over one It sets out guidelines for boating near marine third of all marine mammal families have been mammals, to help protect them from harm you recorded in Fiordland, making it a ‘hotspot’ for may cause unintentionally. a range of species. The growing public interest in marine mammals The Department of Conservation is always and the expansion of sea-based tourism present interested to hear about any marine mammal new threats to these mammals. These threats sightings you may have – please contact them include boat strike, noise pollution, harassment, with any information from your visit to the fiords. displacement, and separation of mothers and their young.

THE MOST COMMON MARINE MAMMALS YOU ARE LIKELY TO SEE ARE:

Sperm whale (parāoa) (Physeter macrocephalus) – large whale with very large blunt head, humped ridge along back and wrinkly skin. Blowhole points forwards.

DON GOODHUE

Southern right whale (tohorā) (Eubalaena australis) – large black whale distinguished by arched mouth line, white markings on the head, and the lack of a dorsal fin. Sighting information of these whales is vitally important to a national study of the species as they recolonise mainland New Zealand. Please contact the Department of Conservation as soon as possible if you see one, with as many details as possible.

DON GOODHUE

Humpback whale (paikea) (Megaptera novaeangliae) – large whale with very long narrow flippers and a series of round protrusions on the head and lower jaw, making them easily recognisable at close range. As with southern right whales, these whales are becoming much more common around Fiordland in spring and early summer, as their numbers rebound from whaling days.

CHLOE CORNE, DOC RICHARD KIM ECOFIORDLAND dolphin (right) Bottlenose dolphin(left)and common

WESTERSKOV

KINSEY,

HOLIDAYS

DOC . CHLOE CORNE,

DOC throughout theFiordland larger thanfemales, growing upto 180kilograms. Found – darkgrey/brown, pointynose,longwhiskers, males New Zealand furseal (kekeno) and Tamatea/Dusky in manyofthefiords, especiallyDoubtful Sound/Patea dolphin, upto 4metres longwithagrey body. Bottlenose dolphin pod ofbottlenose dolphinsinTamatea/Dusky although onecommon dolphinlives withtheresident aredolphins, they found mainlyontheouter coast As withdusky lack theobvious stripes ontheirflank. difference have alonger isthey more slenderbeak and colouration to theduskydolphin.Themost noticeable in the Found mainlyontheouter coast butoccasionally found there are two obvious patches ofgrey ontheflanks. and grey dorsal fin.Thethroat andbellyare white and dolphin upto 2metres long,withablackback andblack Common dolphin Dusky dolphin them and anyinformation isvital ingetting to know of beaked whalespeciesthat are seenfrom timeto time, teeth that stick outofthemouth.Fiordland hasanumber may alsohave manyscars alongthebodyorobvious most distinctive feature isanobvious ‘beak’, andthey beaked whalespecieshave beenseenalive. never Their secretive andlittle isknown aboutmanyofthem.Some Beaked whales

better. fiords. ( – this group of marine mammals are very –thisgroup ofmarinemammalsare very Lagenorhynchus obscurus ( Delphinus delphis (

Sound. Tursiops truncatus

coast. ( Arctocephalus forsteri ) –similarinsize and ) –archetypal ) –smaller

Sound. Found

) 49

PRACTICAL USER INFORMATION 50

Boating around marine mammals All marine mammals are protected by law under the Marine Mammals Protection Act 1978 and the Marine Mammals Protection Regulations 1992. These regulations aim to minimise the threats to marine mammals by setting out the appropriate behaviour for all people when boating around them. Please be aware of your responsibilities if you happen to come across marine mammals in the fiords. Some general guidelines are provided but it is up to you to behave in a manner that doesn’t disturb or harass them. Be especially mindful of groups of marine mammals with young calves as they can be especially vulnerable. When on land: • stay higher up on the shore from resting seals, to ensure their escape route is not blocked • move in a group or single file, at no faster than walking pace, when within 50 metres of seals and do not approach closer than 10 metres • keep well away from seal colonies during the mating season, as the bulls can be very aggressive.

Simple rules for boaties when interacting with whales and dolphins. DOC

Boating around seals (kekeno). DOC three years oflife. Inrecent years thepopulation for thedecline was highcalf mortality intheirfirst a third hadoccurred since 1994.Themainreason 2006–10 showed adeclineinnumbers ofat least the early 1990s,andpopulation estimates during Research hasbeencarried outonthispodsince colder fins, presumably to bodyheatconserve ina reaching upto 4metres longandhave smaller are muchbigger thanother bottlenose dolphins from other groups ofbottlenose dolphins.They (ie, inform), socially, andecologically different species intheworld, anditismorphologically the southernmost resident populations ofthis population ofbottlenose dolphins.Itisoneof Doubtful Sound/Patea ishometo aresident dolphin population Doubtful Sound/Patea bottlenose adopt Recreational boaties are alsoencouraged to adopted by alloftheresident commercial users. Protection Regulations 1992,andhave been measures are inadditionto theMarineMammal of interactions between themandboats. These dolphins by reducing thenumberandduration minimise thepotential impacts ofvessels onthe Patea are outlined below. The measures aimto The management measures for Doubtful Sound/ • • • Sound/Patea bottlenose dolphins.These 2008 to increase theprotection for theDoubtful Management measures were introduced in such asvessel activity andhabitat known, butmayincludehuman-related factors threat. Thecause oftheearlier declineisnot fully are still asmallpopulation andconstantly under has grown to amore healthy number, butthey more information onthecause ofthe a research andmonitoring programme to gain education andpublic Sound/Patea guidelines for how vessels operate inDoubtful

them. environment.

awareness

modification.

decline. include:

• • zones Guidelines for useofthedolphinprotection the podanarea free of dolphins andsolimitingboat timeinthemgives have been identifiedashighuseareas for the have restricted access for vessels. Theseareas along thefiord edge (seemapon complex. Theseconsist of200-metre-wide strips in someparts oftheDoubtful Sound/Patea Dolphin protection zones have beenputinplace chapter, page of Conservation (see ‘ visit protection measures for Doubtful Sound/Patea, regulations around marinemammals,orthenew For furtherinformation abouttherulesand most susceptible to calves inthegroup, astheseindividualsare the December andMarch, young whenthere are very located. Extra caution shouldbetaken between your radio to tell others where thedolphinsare not seekoutthedolphins.Please donot use be initiated by dolphins;that is,vessels should dolphin encounters must beleft to chance or In therest oftheDoubtful Sound/Patea complex, • if dolphinsare not present you can enter if dolphinsare do not enter thedolphinprotection Safety Bylaws be 5knots oridle(asrequired by Navigation speed inthedolphinprotection zones must the sameheading, where itissafe to do moving off. If you are already moving, stay on you are stationary, please let thempass before while you are inadolphinprotection zone and direct anchorages andshore features, usingthe these zones to access fishinganddivingspots, www.doc.govt.nz

are: route Ifdolphinsapproach inandout.

148).

2003). present

disturbance. Contact information

orcontact theDepartment disturbance. page 52

zones ) that

’ so most

51

PRACTICAL USER INFORMATION 52

Doubtful Sound / Pātea Dolphin Protection Zones

200m-wide Dolphin Protection Zone

T e A w a- o -T ū / T Secretary Island ho m p Precipice Cove s on S ou n Head of Gaer Arm d 45 18.932 S 167 11.910 E

Sound dshaw ie / Bra Kaikiek Bauza Island

Do ub tful Sou nd / Pā tea Opposite Viewpoint (yellow buoy) 45 18.932 S 167 11.910 E S of Luckyburn Pt 45 22.887 S 167 00.725 E

45 23.054 S 167 01.503 E

Head of Crooked Arm 45 25.480 S 166 55.083 E

Narrow Point 45 28.836 S Deep Cove 167 04.512 E

DOC unique divingconditions, withlow Its distinctive marineenvironment Fiordland isdistant from medical after theenvironment you are organisms. Whendivinginthefiords, please look delicate andcontain long-lived, slow-growing Fiordland’s marinehabitats are fragile and the world’s premier places to dive. Manyof of marinelife helpmake Fiordland oneof The variety ofdivingandtheabundance Diving inthefiords Diving inthefiords . VINCENT

ZINTZEN

in.

facilities.

creates creates light, light,

oxygen for diving It isrecommended that boats medical carry Homer Tunnel orover theWilmot diving (suchasmovements back through the accounting for anytravel to altitudefollowing and plantheirdives carefully, including important that divers are appropriately trained tidal currents insomeplaces. Itisparticularly a cold freshwater layer, steep walls, andstrong

emergencies.

Pass). 53

PRACTICAL USER INFORMATION 54

General diving guidelines Some general guidelines for diving in Jet skiing and Fiordland are: • Dive carefully and respect all underwater life. water-skiing Find out about the species you are looking at Jet skiing and water-skiing are prohibited, and respect them in their home. under rule 16.3.1 of the Regional Coastal Plan • Dive from a drifting boat, or use a mooring if for Southland. The rule specifically prohibits one is available; avoid anchoring. water-skiing, parasailing or the use of personal water craft (jet skis) in the internal waters of • Look, but do not touch. Handling will often Fiordland. These activities are regarded as create unnecessary stress to organisms. inappropriate in an area where peace and • Avoid contact with marine life on the sheer quiet is a significant value. rock walls and sea floor. The Regional Coastal Plan is administered by • Resist the urge to collect souvenirs or trophies. Environment Southland, the regional council • It is illegal to take or harm protected species. covering this area. Red and black coral are classed as protected. • Be aware of, and adhere to, fish and shellfish limits. Remember that the limits in Fiordland are different inside and outside the fiords, and Pollution are different from elsewhere in New Zealand. Discharges of contaminants into the sea can (See ‘Fisheries information and guidelines’ have a range of effects, even when in small chapter, page 60). amounts. Similarly, throwing things over the side • When collecting shellfish, be mindful of the can cause ongoing damage. It is vital that you way you take them off the rock; they are manage discharges and other waste from your easily damaged. vessel, to avoid polluting the fragile Fiordland marine environment. • Measure shellfish before coming up from your dive/snorkel, leaving undersized shellfish Discharging sewage where you found them. Throwing shellfish If you have a holding tank fitted, use land-based, overboard from a vessel invariably leads to pump-out facilities for sewage, where provided. them lying upturned on the sea floor, reducing If you don’t have a holding tank, or have to empty their chances of survival. your holding tank at sea to discharge sewage, • Control your buoyancy, and be aware of the Resource Management (Marine Pollution) yourself and your equipment, especially your Regulations 1998 stipulate that you must be: fins. Try to keep your fins from dragging on • more than 500 metres from shore and in water bottom-dwelling animals and plants. over 5 metres deep • Snorkelling and diving equipment from • more than 200 metres from a marine reserve outside of Fiordland could be infected with unwanted marine pests. When coming to the • not near other boats, swimmers or other area disinfect your gear or make sure it is bone people using the water. dry, to minimise the spread of pest plants or However, it is better practice to discharge sewage animals (see table on page 38 for a guide to outside the fiords. cleaning your gear). • Make the most of activities that have no impact, such as observation and photography. their own planto clean upusingabsorbent any minorhydrocarbon spill,shipsshouldhave All shipsshouldprevent spills,butinthecase of Oil spills • • • • • Some useful General waste management (0800 768845) 24-hour pollutionhotline, Environment Southlandonthearea waters, includinganyoilspill,contact If you seeasource ofpollutioninFiordland ZealandMaritime New willmanage the be escalated, andEnvironment Southlandor In thecase oflarger spills,theresponse may section (page operators listed inthe‘ Channel 16isnot accessible, call oneoftheradio Centre andto Environment Southland.If information onto theRescue Coordination willpasson VHFChannel16,andthey the If at sea, call theMaritimeOperations Centre will respond inthefirst 0508 472269(note that Environment Southland Centre onthe24-hour emergency ZealandNew through theRescue Coordination the capability oftheship, contact Maritime If aspilloccurs andtheclean upisbeyond in contingency planfor dealing withthisthreat Southland have acomprehensive oilspill ZealandMaritime New andEnvironment

Fiordland. anchorages where tidalflushingis frames, andfood scraps inenclosedshallow be mindfulofdiscarding vegetable matter, fish can becrushed cans are agood alternative to bottles asthey Fiordland has and bringthisoutwithyou whenyour tripin retain allnon-biodegradable rubbishonboard take outwithyou what you take (including petrol, dieselandheavier fuel be responsible whenhandlinghydrocarbons

tips:

56). .

finished

afterwards Radio communications

instance). 0800 SOUTHLAND

number,

in

minimal.

response.

pads. oils) ’ the first complete clean up was between The estimated haulofrubbishcollected in in thesouthover aseriesofweek-long from BigBayin thenorthto Tewaewae Bay scoured Fiordland’s 450kmofcoastline 5 years to complete. Groups ofvolunteers original Guardian). Thefirst clean up Pratt andfisherman Peter Young (an brainchild oflocal helicopter pilot Wayne began. Thisambitiousproject was the In 2003,theGreat Fiordland Coastal Cleanup Cleanup The Great Fiordland Coastal Crombie Beach The Great Fiordland Coastal the west coast ofStewart Island/Rakiura. efforts withthearea expanded to include to manage andcoordinate theseclean-up Coastal Charitable Trust was established of local businesses.In2017,theSouthern government agencies, andahuge number helicopter companies, thefishingindustry, volunteers, thefinancial contribution from without theamazingsupportof would not have beenpossible The surveys three Preservation Inlet hasnow beenrevisited from Tamatea/Dusky Soundto Rakituma/ Joyce Thesouthernpart Kolk. ofthecoast with others like Southlandtourism operator by theoriginalpassionate peoplealong throughout Fiordland andhasbeendriven has revisited well-known collection points Since in2003,theCleanup thefirst survey a occasional television, wheeliebinandeven number ofplastic bottles aswell asthe fishing gear, pelagicrubbishandalarge 500-600 cubicmetres andwas mainlylost

motorbike!

times. .

DOC

Cleanup,

took

trips.

55

PRACTICAL USER INFORMATION 56

It is therefore recommended that VHF radios be Radio fitted with a good quality aerial. Doing so will allow users to transmit from many anchorages communications via repeaters throughout Fiordland. Vessels with poor aerials will be unable to ‘trigger’ many of these repeaters, limiting their communications, so it is recommended you have either a single side band (SSB) radio or a satellite phone in addition to a VHF radio. Note there is no cell phone coverage in any part of coastal Fiordland.

General ship-to-ship communication in Fiordland Commercial vessels (and small aircraft) in the southern Fiordland–Foveaux Strait–Stewart Island/Rakiura area generally monitor VHF Channel 10, which is used as a working channel for ship-to-ship communications. These channels are only monitored by other vessels in range and are not monitored by any land-based stations. The Fiordland coastline can be divided into three distinct regions for the purposes of VHF ‘ship-to- ship’ working frequencies. The most commonly used working channels for the Fiordland area are: Radio repeater on Mt Irene. DOC • Channel 67 Big Bay to Hāwea/Bligh Sound Radio communication in Fiordland was once • Channel 74 Hāwea/Bligh Sound to somewhat haphazard but has recently improved. Hinenui/Nancy Sound In the 1970s, the Fiordland Big Game Fishing Club saw it as essential for their small boats to travel in • Channel 10 Hinenui/Nancy Sound to Bluff. convoy and use citizen band (CB) radios to keep Fiordland VHF radio repeaters in contact. Boats without CB sets were paired Channel 66 – This high altitude repeater is with boats that did carry them. located at 1,855 metres, on Mt Irene at the head Recent improvements in very high frequency of Taiporoporo/Charles Sound. The repeater (VHF) radio facilities have brought radio is the most widely used in Fiordland and has communication into Fiordland and, compared the best inner fiord coverage from Doubtful with early years, assistance is closer at hand in Sound/Patea to Hāwea/Bligh Sound. Coastal the event of an emergency. There are still times coverage is available off shore from West Cape during bad weather, however, where helicopters to off-shore Big Bay; however, the best coverage are unable to get in to the fiords because of is from Doubtful Sound/Patea to Poison Bay/ strong winds or low cloud cover. Due to the Papa Pounamu. geographical nature of Fiordland, VHF reception can also be fickle in many areas. the Nuggets, andispatchy inTaiari/Chalky Inlet Cape Providence to 3nautical milesnorth coast from about3nautical milesnorth Coastal coverage extends around the Channel 65 is and Rakituma/Preservation Inlet coverage Within theouter reaches ofTaiari/Chalky Inlet coverage extends from Bluff to Puysegur Point. Channel 61 Tamatea/Dusky Sound, theAcheron Passage andparts of at theouter reaches ofTe Puaitaha/Breaksea Preservation Inlet. Coverage can alsobeobtained throughout Taiari/Chalky Inlet andRakituma/ the Puysegur area. Thisprovides good coverage Wednesday Peak to improve thecoverage in Channel 01 Te Puaitaha/Breaksea Sound channel asinstructed by the (monitored), moving to aspecified working All calls shouldbemadeonChannel16 coverage intheFoveaux Strait forecasts. BluffMaritime Radio alsoprovides broadcasts thecurrent maritimeweather from Lower Hutt. MaritimeRadio routinely (Fiordland Maritime), andisoperated remotely and MountElderinTe Houhou/George Sound Rakituma/Preservation Inlet (Puysegur Maritime) Radio from stations at WednesdayPeak in VHF coastal coverage isprovided by Maritime Maritime New Zealand the Foveaux Strait Channels 61or65maybeusedfor calling and Rakituma/Pre

patchy. patchy. –Located onStewart Island/Rakiura. –Arepeater hasbeeninstalled at – Located onBluffHill.Coastal

Sound.

s area. ervation . RICHARD

Inlet.

operator.

area.

KINSEY,

south

DOC

of

in of

10:33, 13:33,17:33and21:33. broadcasts onthischannelat 01:33,05:33,07:33, Doubtful Sound/Patea north.There are weather patchy coverage can bereceived inareas from Sound andTe Houhou/George Sound,although Inner fiord coverage is restricted to Hāwea/Bligh than 1nautical mileoffshore to obtain coverage. Te Rā/Dagg Soundvessels willneedto bemore however, southofTaitetimu/Caswell Soundto between BigBayandTaitetimu/Caswell Sound; Channel 71 George Channels 16+71(MountElder, Te Houhou/ Fiordland MaritimeRadio area anddoesnot includeparts of Channel 68 Channels 16+68(Foveaux Bluff Maritime Radio 10:33, 13:33,17:33and21:33. broadcasts onthischannelat 01:33,05:33,07:33, Puysegur radio station. There are weather where sidevalleys extend inthedirection of found mainlyin north–southtrending waterways Sound andTamatea/Dusky Sound,butcan be Coverage ispatchy inTe Puaitaha/Breaksea Inlet, butbecomes patchy intheupperreaches. Preservation Inlet andalot ofTaiari/Chalky Coverage extends over most ofRakituma/ Channel 67 Channels 16+67(WednesdayPeak, Puysegur MaritimeRadio

Sound) –Coverage isgood inthecoastal area

– Coverage isfor theFoveaux Strait – Coverage offshore is good.

Strait)

Fiordland.

Preservation) 57

PRACTICAL USER INFORMATION 58

Radio operators in the Fiordland area Fiordland Fishermen’s Radio and Bluff Fishermen’s Radio provide SSB and VHF coverage throughout Fiordland. Fiordland Lobster Company is a contact point for berthage in Deepwater Basin, Milford Sound/ Piopiotahi, while Stewart Island/Rakiura Fisherman’s Radio provides coverage throughout Foveaux Strait (as well as Stewart Island/Rakiura).

Milford Sound/Piopiotahi: Fiordland Lobster Company Based in Deepwater Basin. Phone: (03) 249 8093 Operator: Wayne Webb Visitor berths and diesel fuel available.

VHF CHANNEL/SSB KHZ MONITORED HOURS NZ LOCAL TIME WEATHER BROADCASTS

67 Open during working hours

Fiordland Fishermen’s Radio Based in Te Anau. Phone: (03) 249 7402 Repeater: Mt Irene Channel 66 Operator: Carol Brown

VHF CHANNEL/SSB KHZ MONITORED HOURS NZ LOCAL TIME WEATHER BROADCASTS

66 Mt Irene Open 24 hours. Skeds at 08:00 + 19:00 (local weather) 08:00–08:30 + 19:00–19:30

2444 vessel receives Open 24 hours. Skeds at 08:00 + 19:00 (local weather) 08:00–08:30 + 19:00–19:30

2480 vessel transmits Open 24 hours. Skeds at 08:00 + 19:00 (local weather) 08:00–08:30 + 19:00–19:30

4417 19:30 Listens

Bluff Fishermen’s Radio Based in Bluff. Phone/Fax: (03) 212 7281/(03) 212 7369 Repeaters: Bluff Hill Channel 61 and Mt Prospect Channel 63 (linked), Wednesday Peak Channel 01, Mt Rakeahua Channel 65 Operator: Meri Leask, “Good as Gold”

VHF CHANNEL/SSB KHZ MONITORED HOURS NZ LOCAL TIME WEATHER BROADCASTS

16 Open 24 hours

61 Bluff (linked to 63 Mt Prospect) Open 24 hours 07:05 + 17:30 (and on request)

65 Mt Rakeahua Open 24 hours 07:10 (and on request)

66 Mt Irene Open 24 hours

01 Wednesday Peak Open 24 hours 07:30 + 17:35 (and on request)

4417 Opens at 07:15 07:15 + 20:30 (and on request) Allen (Allen,2009).For furtherdetails onradio communications, please refer to this Much oftheabove information hasbeentaken from Zealand theNew MarineRadio Handbookby John Bay Operator: Maureen Repeaters: MtRakeahua Channel65,BluffHill61andMtProspect 63(linked) Call:ZLRZ Halfmoon Phone: Based inHalfmoon Stewart Island/Rakiura Fishermen’s Radio Rock lobster boat 10 4417 61 Bluff(linked to 63Mt 65 Mt 16 VHF CHANNEL/SSB

Rakeahua (03) 2191242 Spindrift

KHZ Bay.

at theentrance Sound ofHinenui/Nancy Jones

Prospect) Listens Open 24 Open 24 Open 24 Open 24 MONITORED HOURS NZLOCAL

hours hours hours hours . FROMTHEFILMATA

TIME

WHENUA 09:31 +17:28 09:28 09:25 +17:25 WEATHER

book. book.

BROADCASTS 59

PRACTICAL USER INFORMATION 60

FISHERIES INFORMATION AND GUIDELINES

Blue cod (rāwaru). MPI Improved access for boat fishers hasled opportunities and enjoy theuniquefishinganddiving numbers offishers visitFiordland to experience recreational year activities. Every growing Zealand’sFishing isoneofNew most popular Fiordland’s fisheriesneed your help and information oncommercial fishing regulations for thearea. on recreational fishingrulesthat allfishersneed toknowandunderstand for future generations to useandenjoy. Thischapter provides information It’s important theenvironment andfisheriesare maintained orimproved year growing numbersofvisitorsEvery come to Fiordland to fishordive. Overview and spread theirfishing recreational fishers shouldendeavour to target conditions allow, theouter coastal area iswhere less productiveAs a when result, innerfiords. offering better fishingopportunitiesthanthe and abundance ofinshore fishspeciesincreases, and outer coast environment, both thediversity In thedynamicandnutrient-rich fiord entrance carefully of thesefactors, must fishingharvest be recruitment andlow fishabundance. Because some saltwater fishspecies, resulting inpoor fresh water can of survival alsoinhibitlarval Fiordsless abundant. withpronounced surface andasaresultnutrient levels, fishlife is far photosynthesis, seaweed reducing isabsent, layer causes low that lightlevels prevent Because thetannin-stained freshwater wall perimeter ofeach 40 metre depth band around thesheer environment are confined to anarrow most productive places withintheinnerfi ord relatively large marinearea ofFiordland, the depletion. Thisislargely because, despite the most accessible fiords can cause localised left unchecked, fishing pressure withinthe finsh, rock lobster andshellfishspecies.If to increased pressure harvest onpopular

managed.

available.

fiord. effort.

top

rock

to ensure sustainable useoffinite fisheries Marine Area management regime isdesigned The present Fiordland (Te Moana oAtawhenua) A bluecod (rāwaru) caught offtheFiordland coast of receptive, friendly, andaninvaluable source Commercial fishers inthisarea are generally of themhave spentover 30years inthearea. These peoplehave good local knowledge –many ask themfor advice aboutthebest area to fish. If commercial fishers are operating inthearea, to lookafter theuniquemarine to helpconserve thearea’s valuable fisheriesand recreational fishers, to take greater responsibility the fiords. Itencourages allusers, including resources, recognising thespecialnature of

information.

environment. .

MPI

61

FISHERIES INFORMATION AND GUIDELINES 62

‘Fish for a feed’ The Guardians promote the ‘fish for a feed; not Recreational for the freezer’ philosophy of recreational fishing. Some tips for following this in the Fiordland fishing rules Marine Area are: It is critical that all fishers know, understand and • ‘fish for a feed’ – take only what you need for obey the fishing rules that apply in the Fiordland a fresh meal for yourself and your family (Te Moana o Atawhenua) Marine Area. By taking • fish in the outer fiords and outside responsibility for your actions and complying waters whenever you can, as they are with the law you can help conserve our valuable more productive fisheries for future generations to use and enjoy. • avoid anchoring when fishing, and spread The following notes are provided as a summary your fishing effort inside the fiords guide of applicable law, which is subject to • do not set gear that you can’t retrieve due change. Relevant legislation includes the to either great depth or adverse conditions Fisheries Act 1996, Fiordland (Te Moana o Atawhenua) Marine Management Act 2005, and • use the right method to catch the right the Fisheries (Amateur Fishing) Regulations 2013. fish species • use size 6/0 Kahle1 wide gap or larger size circle fish hooks with no offset when fishing for blue cod • immediately and carefully return any undersized, unlawful or unwanted fish back into the sea where it was caught • take no more baitfish than you will use, and make sure they are of legal size • treat what you catch humanely • always grasp a rock lobster by its body, not by its legs or feelers • leave any egg-carrying and soft-shell rock lobster alone when diving, and immediately return them to the sea when lobster-potting • leave undersized pāua alone; they can bleed to death if their foot is cut and damaged. See also ‘Guidelines for handling fsh’ (page 69), A happy recreational fisher with a good-sized Fiordland ‘Blue cod (rāwaru)’ (page 69), ‘Pāua’ (page 75), groper (hāpuku). SAM MOSSMAN and ‘Rock lobster (crayfsh)’ (page 76). The information contained in this guide is correct at the time of printing and is subject to change without notice. It is your responsibility to make sure you have the most up-to-date rules during your time in Fiordland. • • remember are relatively simple.Themainpoints to The restrictions onrecreational fishers Know andobserve thelimits texting theword ‘app’ to Zealand“New fishingrules” smartphoneapp by check therulesthat apply. Download thefree Industries office orvisit please contact your nearest for Ministry Primary are fishinginany other Zealand,part ofNew (Te Moana oAtawhenua) MarineArea. Ifyou includes information specific to theFiordland Please beaware, theinformation provided here Management Area andthewiderSouthlandFishery Fiordland (Te Moana oAtawhenua) Marine method prohibitions that applywithinthe seasons, closedareas, andfishing gear and Fishers shouldalsobeaware oftheclosed within thedaily lobster, orshellfish are entitled to claima catch * • • • • • • Note: or undersized orillegal state must be unlawful catch inexcess ofdailylimit, ensure allbaitfish are oflegal do not take undersized orunlawfulstate limit trip must becounted withinthedaily all fish taken and consumed duringany limit do not take more thanthedaily property hefty infringements, court fines,and breaking thefishingrules can result in fish it isillegal to sellortrade your amateur localised spread your fishingeffort to avoid or immediately returned to thewater, dead

alive Onlypeopleactively taking finfish, rock

catch catch

entitlement* entitlement*

are:

forfeiture. depletion

Area.

limit. limit. www.mpi.govt.nz

9889.

size to to

fish The internal waters of Fiordland the Solander Point, excluding thecoastal marinearea around to its south-eastern pointat Sandhill boundary water alongtheFiordland coast springsmark, 12 nautical milesseaward from themean high- West Coast oftheSouthIslandandextending area waters, beginning at Awarua Point onthe It encompasses theFiordland coastal marine Management Area.wider SouthlandFishery Area The Fiordland (Te Moana oAtawhenua) Marine Defining thearea inner fiord waters demarcated by specific ensure remain they spatially aware at all in the‘ topography features provided inmapslocated coordinatesthemselves withtheboundary and and vessel skippers are encouraged to familiarise breaches insidetheseinnerfiord areas, fishers physical markers. To avoid anyaccidental fishing linesare notof Fiordland’ boundary marked with It isimportant to note that the‘internal increased allowing higherspecieslimits to reflect this outer fiord andnutrient-rich coastal area, thus is more abundantinthe seaweed-dominated fish numbers anddistribution are lower. Fishlife and sponges) rather thanseaweeds, andwhere dominated by marineanimals(suchascorals where theinner fiord habitat has steep rock walls Special restrictions applyto theinternal waters, non-commercial fishing waters ofFiordland, creating a46,000hectare commercial fishingisprohibited intheinternal coordinatesgives boundary for each fiord. All in the‘ 2013 schedule18,andare shown on themaps in theFisheries(Amateur Regulations Fishing) habitat lines. Theseare described boundary (theFiordland MarineArea) liesinsidethe Fiord-by-ford Fiord-by-ford

abundance.

Islands. ’ chapter (page 86)andto ’ chapter (page 86), which

area. are defined

waters waters

times.

63

FISHERIES INFORMATION AND GUIDELINES 64

Blue cod limit for Doubtful Sound/Patea, Te Awa-o-Tū/Thompson Sound and Kaikiekie/Bradshaw Sound internal waters (see map on page 112) Within the internal waters of Doubtful Sound/ Patea, Te Awa-o-Tū/Thompson Sound, and Kaikiekie/Bradshaw Sound the maximum daily take and possession limit is one blue cod per person, with no accumulation.

Pendulo Reach – Rock lobster pot prohibited area

The next generation of fishers. JON CLOW The use or setting of any rock lobster pot, or rock lobster holding pot, in the Pendulo Reach Special marine areas internal waters of Doubtful Sound/Patea has Some areas within the Fiordland Marine Area been prohibited since October 2013. have special restrictions that vary from total This exclusion followed the discovery of an protection prohibiting all fishing, to areas where underwater bottom sill habitat containing rare there are species prohibitions, reduced limits, and fragile seabed species of high biodiversity and fishing method restrictions. These areas are value using a camera and remote operated discussed below. vehicle. The area is adjacent to Seymour Island. The Guardians quickly identified the anchoring Marine reserves of large cruise ships, and seafloor damage from There are 10 marine reserves in the Fiordland heavy fishing gear, as potential risks, and acted (Te Moana o Atawhenua) Marine Area, which are to mitigate these risks. administered by the Department of Conservation. More information about this china shop can be All fish and marine life in the marine reserves is found on page 119. completely protected with all fishing, both non- commercial and commercial, totally prohibited. Finfish bag and size limits See ‘Protected areas’ section (page 44) for In the Fiordland area there is a combined more information on marine reserves in the daily bag limit of 30 finfish, consisting of any Fiordland (Te Moana o Atawhenua) Marine Area. combination of the species listed in the following Details of each marine reserve including maps table. Individual species limits must not are provided in the 'Fiord-by-ford' chapter be exceeded. (page 86). Accumulation of finfish beyond the daily limit is Milford Sound/Piopiotahi – blue cod closed prohibited. Possession of fish above the species area (see map on page 65) limit or combined maximum daily bag limit It is prohibited to take or possess blue cod from is unlawful. the internal waters of Milford Sound/Piopiotahi, There is no limit on finfish species not listed due to natural low blue cod abundance, and poor in the finfish species table on page 66. recruitment caused by low habitat productivity in the inner fiord. 65

FISHERIES INFORMATION AND GUIDELINES 66

MINIMUM MAXIMUM FINFISH SPECIES FISH LENGTH (CM) DAILY LIMIT PER FISHER

Barracouta – 30

Blue cod – internal waters (excluding Doubtful Sound/ 33* 3 Patea, Te Awa-o-Tū/Thompson Sound and Kaikiekie/ Bradshaw Sound)

Blue cod – Doubtful Sound/Patea, Te Awa-o-Tū/ 33* 1 Thompson Sound, Kaikiekie/Bradshaw Sound internal waters

Blue cod – outside internal waters of Fiordland 33* 10

Blue moki 40 15

Bluenose – 5

Blue shark – 1

Bronze shark – 1

Butterfish (Greenbone) 35 15

Eels – 6

Elephant fish – 5

Flatfish 25 (except sand 30 flounder which is 23)

Grey mullet – 30

Groper (hāpuku)/bass – internal waters sub limit – 3

Groper (hāpuku)/bass – other areas (includes the limit – 5 of 3 from internal waters)

Hammerhead shark – 1

Kahawai – 15

Kingfish 75 3

Lamprey – 30

Ling – 30

Mako shark – 1

Marblefish – 30

Marlin – 1

Porbeagle shark – 1

Quinnat salmon – 2

Red cod 25 10

Red gurnard 25 30

Red moki 40 15 ‘ lobsters, withspecialprovisions applying(see there isathree-day accumulation limitof15rock for finfish, pāuaand scallops. For rocklobster, one day’s legal whichisunlawful entitlement, possessing dailyfish catch in excess ofmore than ‘Accumulation’ refers to aggregating and Accumulation Butterfish (Greenbone) and anyfinfishspecies not listed above are not includedinthe combined baglimitof30 unless itisto beimmediately eaten onthefishing vessel from which it was taken. Note: Kingfish,Southernbluefintuna of1July 2020bluecod catch* As must beretained onboard avessel andlandedinameasurable state (wholeorgutted) Rock lobster (crayfsh) Wrasse Warehou Trumpeter Trevally Thresher Tarakihi Stargazer Spiny Southern bluefin Snapper Skate gilled Seven Sea perch (Jock School Rig FINFISH

ray dogfish

shark

SPECIES

shark

shark

Stewart)

tuna . MALCOLM FRANCIS, ’ section, page

NIWA

76). – – 25 – – – – – FISH LENGTH (CM) MINIMUM – – 35 25 – 25 – rear ofthetail endofthemiddleray fin,as or‘V’ Measure finfishlength from thetipofnose tothe Measuring fnsh whichisafullyprotectedshark, It isunlawfulto take orpossess anywhite pointer White pointer sharkprohibition

finfish. 15 1 30 5 1 10 5 5 DAILY LIMITPER MAXIMUM 30 15 15 30 1 15 30

species.

FISHER

shown 67 .

FISHERIES INFORMATION AND GUIDELINES 68

Method and gear restrictions Blue cod hook size Set-line restrictions When fishing for blue cod, the Guardians recommend the use of size 6/0 or larger, wide Within the Fiordland (Te Moana o Atawhenua) gap or circle fish hooks with no offset, to avoid Marine Area, including the internal waters, the damaging undersized blue cod and to improve following set-line fishing restrictions apply to all juvenile fish survival. The advantage of using static line fishing gear, including any long-line, circle hooks is that fish are hooked in the front drop or dahn line, but do not apply to any rod of the mouth, which are easier to unhook and and reel or hand line: avoids deep hook injuries from hooking the • all surface floats attached to any set-line must throat and gut. be legibly and permanently marked with the fisher’s surname and initials; the boat name Only use one hook per rod or hand line, as is also useful the use of multi-hook rigs will lead to fish being poorly handled, reducing the chance • a maximum of one set-line per person of undersized fish surviving when released. (other than rod and reel lines or hand lines) is allowed Blue cod measurable state • where more than one person is using a set-line In New Zealand fisheries waters as of 1 July from a vessel (other than rod and reel line 2020, all recreational blue cod catch must be or hand line), no more than two lines may retained and landed from a vessel in a legal be used or set from, or possessed, on board measurable state. Within the South West blue cod that vessel management area, including the Fiordland (Te • a maximum of five hooks per set-line Moana o Atawhenua) Marine Area, all blue cod is allowed. must be retained and landed in a whole or gutted state; except where blue cod is processed to be immediately eaten on the fishing vessel.

Blue cod pots It is prohibited to use or set any blue cod pot in the internal waters of Fiordland. They can, however, be used outside the fiord internal waters in accordance with the following pot limit rules: • All pots, and surface buoys or floats attached to the pot and float line, must be legibly and Tarakihi. STEVE WING permanently marked with the person’s initials and surname. This includes possession on Set nets prohibited any vessel. It is prohibited to recreationally use, set or • Blue cod pots must use rigid square mesh with possess any set net in the Fiordland (Te Moana a minimum inside width dimension of 54 mm. o Atawhenua) Marine Area. • Pot limits apply to all catching pots including both blue cod pots and rock lobster pots with pot possession and use restricted to: – a maximum of three pots for one person, or – if two or more persons are on a vessel, the maximum vessel pot limit is six pots, being any lawful combination of species specific catching pots and including up to three rock lobster catching pots and up to two rock lobster holding pots. Remember Guidelines for handlingfish the must alsoreturn dead fishthat are unlawful to the samelocation from where itwas taken. You to ensure thefishisunharmedand returned to returned to thewater immediately, taking allcare taken withprohibited gear ormethod) must be undersized,of dailylimit, unlawfulstate, orfish Unlawfully taken fish(suchas taken in excess Unlawfully taken fsh(dead andalive) used in or used,whether ornot thefishing gear isbeing net, trap orlinethat isnot permitted to beset It isillegal to possessanyfish together withany and anyfsh Possessing prohibited fshinggear 2 • • • • • • Do • • • • • • • •

handle themoutof lie fishonasoft wet surface if youneed to your wear cotton orrubbergloves, orat least wet remove fishfrom the water onlyif you have on to drop orplace deck fishon a hot, dry the lift fish bythe tail,asthis candislocate squeeze hard onthegillcovers orgut use a‘gob’ stick by theeye poke ortouch hold andnever theeyes, gill hold fish by inserting your fingers insidethe return undersize fish gently to the cut thelinefor agut-hooked hooked remove thehookcarefully from alip- minimise thetimefishare out ofthe a lot ofsmallundersized change to alarger hooksize ifyou are catching not: inside thegullet ofa A ‘gob’ stick isadevice for removing afishhookfrom water.

covers spine

fishing. hands

rocks.

fish to:

sockets 2 onfish you will fish.

water water

fish

fish

release

sea.

or water water

area

fish

to The bluecod Blue cod (rāwaru) Fiord habitat andbluecod abundance 60 cm,andweigh upto 4 canThey live for upto 32years, reach alengthof to reach theminimumlegal size lengthof33cm. In Southland,malebluecod can take 7-9years Marine species intheFiordland (Te Moana oAtawhenua) most sought-after and valued recreational fish qualities ofits white fillets. Blue cod isoneofthe capture anditisprized for thecooking andeating assumed iconic status dueto its relative ease of 3 are relatively scarce andfishing isnaturally narrow entrances andsteep deepwalls, bluecod other fiords. In some northernfiords, whichhave charter operators to pressure shiftharvest to issue inthemid-1990s,causing somefishers and depletion was considered amajorsustainability Patea, thetwo most accessible fiords, local In Milford Sound/Piopiotahi andDoubtful Sound/ increase asthesize ofthefishincreases. with thesize oftheterritory appearing to dominant maleincludesthree to five females, overlapping homeranges. Theterritory ofa and rarely move longdistances, butmayhave open water at reef edges. Adultfishare territorial feeding do not they school,ranging mainlyover small octopus. mayaggregate Whilethey when (including juvenile cod), shellfish, worms and main prey includescrustaceans, smallfish feeders, andhave aninquisitive nature. Their Blue cod are opportunistic carnivores, voracious seaweed onopenground at thereef large rock platforms, preferring to live near Adult bluecod usuallyavoid kelp forests and of foul (rocky) ground to adepth of150metres. Blue cod are most commonly found near reefs seaweed-rich outer small andlessproductive, compared withthe animal-dominated innerfiords are relatively habitatsunchecked. Fishery inthesteep-walled, cod vulnerable to local depletion iffishingis The uniquefiord environment makes blue Carbines,

Area.

2009. Parapercis colias

coast.

kg. orrāwaru has

edge. 3

poor. 69

FISHERIES INFORMATION AND GUIDELINES 70

Not surprisingly, fish (including blue cod) are Fishing for blue cod more plentiful in the wide-mouthed southern Blue cod are bottom-dwelling with a depth fiords of Tamatea/Dusky Sound, Taiari/Chalky range varying from shallow to depths of 150 Inlet and Rakituma/Preservation Inlet, due to metres. A common misconception is that blue the more productive habitat, while outside these cod are caught on top of submerged rocks and fiord entrances there is good blue cod fishing. bottom foul. Although this is possible, they are A key concern of the Guardians by the late 1990s more likely found inhabiting open sand bottom, was the increasing recreational catch levels by feeding around reef edges of the rocks foul and larger groups of fishers on charter boats and kelp forests. large private syndicate recreational vessels, who often preferred fishing inside the sheltered fiords well away from the ocean swells. Blue cod stock levels were a key consideration in developing the Guardians’ marine conservation strategy. Scientific research commissioned by the Guardians has found that fish numbers are high in the outer coast and shallow entrance areas but not so high in the middle, inner reaches and at the head of the fiord. Blue cod inside the fiords are slower growing and less abundant than those found at the entrance Line-caught blue cod (rāwaru). STEVE WING to the fiords. It also appears that blue cod from the inner fiords may be genetically distinct from Lines blue cod living outside, with little or no mixing or • Use only enough line to reach the bottom – inter-breeding between fiords. this keeps tension on the line so you’ll know In the inner fiord habitat, blue cod are naturally when you’ve caught a fish. scarce, and unlikely to sustain high levels of • Use only one hook per line when rod and fishing pressure. The reduced daily limit with no hand lining. accumulation in this area allows fishers to catch • Once you’ve ‘hooked’ a fish, check and a fresh feed of fish, while encouraging fishers to retrieve the line immediately. spread fishing effort towards the entrance and outer coast. Hooks Hook type is important. Blue cod ‘bite’ the hook Doubtful Sound/Patea (which was closed to when taking the bait and then ‘twist’. If hooks are blue cod fishing from 2005 to 2015), now has swallowed, they are likely to damage the throat a one-blue-cod-per-person daily limit with no or gills, which almost certainly results in death. accumulation. This applies across the combined internal waters of Doubtful Sound/Patea, Te Awa- To improve survival of undersized fish, blue cod o-Tū/Thompson Sound and Kaikiekie/Bradshaw should be hooked around the lips. To do this, Sound. This conservative daily limit is in line use large hooks (size 6 and larger). This is most with the Guardian’s wish to spread harvest effort important as large hooks catch fewer undersized across the three-fiord complex, while allowing fish, are not easily swallowed, and still catch the fishers access to provide fresh fish to eat within same number of legal-size blue cod. To further sustainable limits. reduce hook damage to undersized fish, use barbless hooks. • • Recommended hooks even when they are whenthey even returned to the to catchwhile trying ‘thebigone’ are likely to die, because manyoftheundersized fish caught stress.harvest Theproblem ismadeworse fiords, finite blue cod stocks are undermore fish, inthemore accessible andfrequented Because ofits widespread popularityasaneating food northern fiords, due to habitat andlimited naturally scarce inmanyofthenarrow deep good fishingonthe outside coast, blue cod is (Te Moana oAtawhenua) MarineArea. Despite valued recreational fishspeciesintheFiordland Blue cod isoneofthemost sought-after and Why we needspecifcbluecod guidelines Line outlineofawidegap flasher rigsorjigs(onehook Kahle wide gap hooksorcircle hooks,for example,

supply.

hooks

are:

hook

only).

water. predators both above andbelow the of smallfishthat encourage thebuild-upof method, butitis important to avoid serialreturns fish to slidedown into the water can beauseful barracouta. PVC downpipe escape tubesfor the mollymawks (Buller’s albatrosses) orvoracious to avoid predators suchastheinquisitive help undersized bluecod whenreleasing them out ofthewater. to Fishers shouldalsotry cannot more thanacouple survive ofminutes time shouldbekept to aminimum,asthey When returning undersized bluecod, handling Returning undersized bluecod If you find yourself returning lots ofundersized 4 Carbines, fishing and measure recovery ofthepopulation without fishing to assessblue cod stocks, and to allow Doubtful Sound/Patea were closedto allamateur In 2005,both Milford Sound/Piopiotahi and Blue cod area closures andmonitoring Blue cod (rāwaru) mean adeclineinthe stocks ofblue to replace those that are caught, andthiswould number ofbreeding fish, there willbe fish fewer are thefuture breeding stock. Ifwe reduce the We allneedto protect thesmallfishbecause they fish inonespot, move on to somewhere else.

pressure.

2009. . STEVE

WING

cod.

surface. 4

71

FISHERIES INFORMATION AND GUIDELINES 72

Researchers contracted by the Ministry of As a result of the various survey and research Fisheries, and subsequently the Ministry for findings, the Fiordland Marine Guardians Primary Industries, have been surveying and recommended to the Ministry for Primary monitoring blue cod stocks in both Milford Industries that the Doubtful Sound/Patea internal Sound/Piopiotahi and Doubtful Sound/Patea waters be reopened to blue cod fishing, with a since the summer of 2005/06. Work includes daily limit of one blue cod per person; and that monitoring blue cod population levels, this limit would also apply to the adjoining fiords distribution and movement, growth, and size of Te Awa-o-Tū/Thompson Sound and Doubtful composition, to assess any recovery. Sound/Patea. The research uses experimental fishing to record Anecdotal information indicated that fishing blue cod catch and fishing efforts during the displaced from Doubtful Sound/Patea during its closure period, and to tag blue cod caught to closure concentrated in the adjoining Te Awa-o- study movement from the outer reaches to the Tū/Thompson Sound and Kaikiekie/Bradshaw inner reaches of a fiord. The researchers also Sound. Over time this has increased harvest monitor blue cod stocks in the marine reserves, pressure on blue cod stocks in these fiords. Both to examine the effect that a marine reserve Te Awa-o-Tū/Thompson Sound and Kaikiekie/ closure has on blue cod stocks in comparison Bradshaw Sound are internally connected to with areas that are open to fishing. This ongoing Doubtful Sound/Patea and so more accessible work is part of the scientific marine monitoring than other fiords. This suggests the collective programme for the area. blue cod population within the three-fiord The main findings and conclusions drawn from complex must be carefully managed together. the research carried out to date into both closed In regards to Milford Sound/Piopiotahi, despite fiord areas are: the 10-year blue cod fishery closure and roughly • blue cod numbers in both inner fiords has half of the fiord’s internal waters being protected remained low, regardless of the closures or by a marine reserve, the survey results showed a protection of adjacent marine reserves general lack of blue cod across the fiord. Opening • while the size of individuals in the inner the fiord area outside the marine reserve to fiords has increased, fish reproduction and blue cod fishing was thought unwise, due to the recruitment of juveniles into the population ease of small boat access and the likelihood that (survival of larvae through to young fish) and fishing would concentrate in a relatively small movement of fish into the area is low area. Consequently the Guardians recommended that Milford Sound/Piopiotahi’s internal waters • adult fish are highly territorial, rarely moving remain closed to blue cod fishing. any considerable distance within the fiord • there is little sign of migration from the outer The Guardians are now interested in monitoring fiords or coast into the inner fiords recreational catch levels and changes in fishing behaviour within the Doubtful Sound/Patea, • fish numbers on the outer coast remain much Te Awa-o-Tū/Thompson Sound, Kaikiekie/ higher than the inner fiords Bradshaw Sound fiord complex. To help with this, • some steep-walled fiord habitats with narrow recreational fishers are asked to record their blue entrances have low food availability, which cod catches from the three-fiord complex in a naturally inhibits blue cod numbers. fishing diary, and to report this data back to the The monitoring project considered that it is Guardians. Fishing diaries can be downloaded unlikely that fish stocks in Milford Sound/ from www.fmg.org.nz. Piopiotahi will ever be able to sustain moderate recreational fishing pressure over the long term. • • • • The other mainfisheriesrules limits fishing are outlinedinthe‘ Maximum dailylimits for recreational bluecod Make sure you know thefisheries regulations. Key points Black coral or red It isprohibited to take orpossessanyblackcoral Coral • if bigger fishare caught dead fishoflegal size back into thesea do not high-grade anddiscard previously alive or must beimmediately returned to thewater, than 33cminlength)for bait isillegal –they using andretaining undersized bluecod (less areas (see‘ in anyofthemarinereserves all fishingor taking offishis strictly prohibited and to promote closed to bluecod fishingbecause ofscarcity waters ofMilford Sound/Piopiotahi, whichis blue cod fishingisprohibited intheinternal the bluecod minimumlegal lengthis33 ’ section (page

coral. ’ section, page . VINCENT

dead

ZINTZEN

sustainability caught.

64).

44) Finfsh bag andsize

are: Protected

cm Shellfish bag andsize limits daily take orbeinpossessionofmore thanthelegal gathering shellfishor rock lobster mayfishers bag orstored inaholdingpot. At notimewhile water. Thisincludeswhenplaced into acatch to betaken cannot whenthey freely return to the Shellfish and rock lobster are legally considered landed inthe scallops anddredge oysters not eaten must be limits of50dredge oysters and10scallops). Any (subject to openseason andwithinprescribed immediate consumption onboard thevessel Dredge oysters andscallops maybeopenedfor • • oysters): applies (includingpāua, scallops anddredge All shellfish to whichaminimum size restriction Shellfsh to belandedinameasurable state Scallop (kuakua) being transported onthe mean high-water mark(thisincludeswhile cannot beshucked orshelledseaward ofthe must belandedinthe

limit.

shell. .

MPI

shell

water).

73

FISHERIES INFORMATION AND GUIDELINES 74

MAXIMUM DAILY LIMIT SHELLFISH SPECIES MINIMUM SIZE NOTES PER PERSON FISHING

Cockle 150 None

Kina (sea egg) 50 None

Mussel 25 None

Oysters – dredge 50 58 mm A diver or divers on a vessel may gather an additional bag limit of oysters or scallops for up to two people acting in a dive safety capacity on the vessel. Note: This only applies to taking oysters and scallops.

Pāua Only those actively taking pāua are entitled to claim a catch within the – Ordinary blackfoot 10 125 mm daily limit. – Yellowfoot 10 80 mm No accumulation

Pipi 150 None

Scallop 10 100 mm A diver or divers on a vessel may gather an additional bag limit of oysters or scallops for up to two people acting in a dive safety capacity on the vessel. Note: This only applies to taking oysters and scallops. No accumulation

Tuatua 150 None

All others (combined) 50 None This is a combined mixed-species bag limit applying to all shellfish species not specifically named above and includes all crabs, cat’s eye, cook’s turban, limpets, periwinkles, starfish and freshwater crayfish (kōura).

How to measure shellfsh

Pāua – measure the greatest length of the shell in a straight line, parallel to the underside pāua foot (ventral surface). Do not measure over the curve of the shell.

Scallops – measure the greatest diameter of the shell. Dredge oysters Open seasons Fiordland (Te Moana oAtawhenua) Marine It isunlawfulto useorpossess anydredge inthe Dredges prohibited • • It isunlawful Underwater breathing apparatus Shellfsh restrictions 58 circular metal ringwithaninsidediameter of Dredge oysters –must not pass through arigid Pāua Pāua o Atawhenua) Marine Area, whichincludestheFiordland (Te Management inclusive intheSouthlandFishery Scallops andsizedaily limit, Management AreaFishery are subject to season, Marine Area. Alloysters taken intheSouthland including theFiordland (Te Moana oAtawhenua) exist Management Area intheSouthlandFishery Note: (Te Moana oAtawhenua) Marine Management Area, whichincludestheFiordland 31 August inclusive intheSouthlandFishery

mm. vehicle, aircraft or other includes possession,in,oron,anyvessel, of underwater breathing apparatus. This be inpossessionofpāua whileinpossession apparatus. Thisdoesnot include take anypāua usingunderwater breathing . STEVE Norock orPacific oysters are known to –Openseason is1October to 15March

WING

to: –Openseason is1March to

restrictions.

Area.

conveyance.

Area.

snorkels

Moana

Area.

has hadanimportant commercial for fishery the exposed outer coast whenmature. Fiordland the fiord entrances andare thought to migrate to 90 mm inlength.Juvenile pāua tend to live inside which insouthernwaters equates to around 85- Pāua begin to reproduce from age 3-5years, pāua low seaweed andkelp growth (uponwhich likely dueto low wave energy, low salinity, and entrances. Pāua isabsentfrom the innerfiords, on theouter Fiordland coast andnear thefiord Haliotis iris The endemicabalone speciesblackfoot pāua Fiord habitat andpāua abundance exceed 110 mmin also have analgae-based diet. Individualsrarely have asimilarlife history to blackfoot pāua, and considerably Yellowfoot lessabundant. pāua species alsoinhabits theFiordland coast butis The smalleryellowfoot pāua blackfoot pāua for many • areif they inadvertently surfaces, andways to care for theyoung undersized pāua are not removed from reef There are anumberofways to ensure that the muscularfoot often leads to blood clotting mechanism.Damage caused are They haemophiliacs,havingno harvest. vulnerable to damage that can occur during coastline,on highenergy pāua are extremely to thesea to die.Despite theirabilityto thrive recreational pāua collectors, onlyto bereturned Often these pāua are removed anddamaged by and contribute to thepopulation by reproducing. the minimumlegal size are next year’s harvest It isimportant to recognise that pāua lessthan Gathering pāua without suffering is extremely unlikely itwillbeprisedloose becauseit, ifithasclampedonto arock it removing apāua on thefirst attempt, leave incorporates aflat blade.Ifunsuccessful in plasticuse apurpose-made pāua knife that instruments includingscrewdrivers. Ideally, pāua, andtipped avoiding sharp-blade Use aflat-bladed tool ordive knife to remove

feed). is most abundantinexposed localities

length.

damage.

removed.

years. Haliotis australis

death.

pāua

to to

75

FISHERIES INFORMATION AND GUIDELINES 76

• It is best practise to measure pāua underwater While New Zealand has four species of marine using a tool that incorporates a 125 mm mark. crayfish, or more correctly ‘rock lobsters’, only This will decrease the chance of taking and the red or spiny rock lobster Jasus edwardsii is damaging undersized pāua. The Ministry common throughout the fiords and outer coast. for Primary Industries (MPI) distributes In fact the cool waters surrounding the South purpose made plastic pāua knives with Island southern coast and Fiordland are home a measuring slot. to the largest abundance of spiny rock lobsters • If you have taken pāua out of the water to in New Zealand. Far less common, the green or measure, do so immediately at the water’s packhorse rock lobster Sagmariasus verreauxi edge whilst keeping pāua damp and in the (until recently known as Jasus verreauxi) can shade and return any undersized pāua to occasionally appear as far south as Foveaux the water immediately. Heat-damaged pāua Strait, but are more widespread in the North returned to the reef will be in a weakened Island as far north as the Kermadec Islands. state and are susceptible to predation. Female rock lobster can carry more than half a • Ensure any returned pāua are placed right million eggs under their tail for up to 6 months way up in suitable habitat (boulders or rock) before they hatch into larvae. These larvae can to give them the best chance of avoiding spend close to a year drifting the ocean currents predators. Do not throw them over the side as plankton, before settling onto reefs and of your boat. growing up. • Be aware in the fiords of the freshwater layer To grow, rock lobsters need to moult their shell when returning pāua as they will not survive and grow a new larger one. Initially, the new shell in fresh water. is soft, which makes the individual vulnerable • Spread your fishing effort so as not to clear to predators. However, after a few days the whole areas of legal-sized pāua as this will shell hardens and over time it thickens and prevent local recruitment of juveniles. strengthens. Rock lobsters tend to reach legal • Underwater breathing apparatus is prohibited size after 5-10 years and can live for more than when collecting or in possession of pāua. 30 years. • Consider the future pāua harvest of yourselves Rock lobsters tend to take shelter in crevices and and others by taking only what you need caves by day and search for food at night. They (within the confines of the daily bag limit). have a wide ranging diet including shellfish, crabs, sea urchins, seaweeds, and small fish. And finally, remember that pāua must be lawfully landed in a measurable state, to allow MPI fishery Rock lobster daily bag limit officers to measure your catch. A maximum daily bag limit of six rock lobster (both spiny and packhorse rock lobster species Rock lobster (crayfish) combined) applies in the Fiordland (Te Moana o Atawhenua) Marine Area and all fiord internal waters, excluding Milford Sound/Piopiotahi. A conservative maximum daily limit of three rock lobster (both spiny and packhorse rock lobster species combined) applies in the internal waters of Milford Sound/Piopiotahi, with no accumulation. At no time while gathering rock lobster may fishers take or be in possession of more than the legal daily limit. Rock lobster are legally considered to be taken when they cannot freely Spiny rock lobster (kōura). CLAIRE MURPHY return to the water. This includes when placed into a catch bag or stored in a holding pot. 1. containing thefollowing officer,of afishery a be ableto immediately produce upontherequest holding pot at sea In thecase of rock lobster heldtemporarily ina • • • the dailypossessionlimit lobsters taken over three ormore daysinexcess of allows fishers to possessandaccumulate rock Marine Area aspecialregulation defence provision Within theFiordland (Te Moana oAtawhenua) Limits onaccumulation • • are heldinlabelledcontainers orbags removed from anyholdingpot, therock lobster landed from avessel In thecase of rock lobster heldonboard or 6. 5. 4. 3. 2. waters of from theMilford Sound/Piopiotahi internal not more thanthree rock lobsters were taken exceeded onany the dailytake limitofsixrock lobsters was not not more than15rock lobsters are – – – – are clearly labelledto record contain onlyrock lobsters taken onasingle each holding lobster from each holding holding coordinates orphysical location ofeach Sound/Piopiotahi internal waters of of rock lobster taken from withintheMilford lobster holdingpot, includingthenumber rock the individualfisher’s full the numberofrock lobster removed from the date onwhichthefisher removed rock the global positioning system (GPS) the numberofrock lobster heldineach rock the date onwhichthefisher took the waters of the Milford Sound/Piopiotahi internal number ofrock lobsters (ifany)taken from container or number ofrock lobsters heldinthe by the date onwhich therock lobster was taken individual fisher’s full

lobster

pot

Fiordland. fisher

Fiordland.

pot.

, thefishermust maintain and bag

day legible written record , includingrock lobster

information:

if: if:

name

name

pot

the:

possessed

that:

Fiordland

day day possess It isunlawfulfor anyperson to take or Minimum sizes be the mean highwater markinastate that cannot Rock lobsters maynot bepossessedseaward of Possession • • • but these can serve only asa but thesecan serve may measure withanuncertified gauge oraruler, Industriesfrom for Ministry offices. Primary You officersfishery inthefieldand canbe purchased MPI-certified measuring gauges are used by should berelied uponasaguide The plastic gauges are uncertified andtherefore to dothis,please contact officer. anMPIfishery females respectively. Ifyou are unsure onhow be properly appliedfor measuring malesand measuring slots (54 mmand60mm)that must ofFisheries.TheplasticMinistry gauge hastwo in circulation that were produced by theformer There are plastic rock lobster measuring gauges Industries forusing aMinistry gauge Primary Measuring afemale spinyrock lobster (kōura) tail width accordance withthe stainless steel tail widthmeasuring device in must bemeasured withanofficialMPI-certified if there isanylegal dispute, aspinyrock lobster The Amateur FishingRegulations require that, Measuring spinyrock lobsters

measured. length shorter than216 packhorse rock lobster (eithersex) withatail than 60 female spinyrock lobster withatail widthless than 54 male spinyrock lobster withatail widthless

any:

mm mm

regulations.

mm.

guide.

only. .

MPI 77

FISHERIES INFORMATION AND GUIDELINES 78

Measuring spiny rock lobster Protected rock lobster Measure the tail width in a straight line between The following types of rock lobster must be the tips of the two large (primary) spines on immediately returned to the water: the second segment of the tail (as shown in • undersized rock lobster the diagram). • female rock lobster carrying external eggs The sex is easily determined: (these are carried between the pleopods on • females have small pincers on the rear pair the underside of the tail) of legs • any rock lobster in the soft-shell stage • pleopods are in paired form on each side of (following moulting where the exoskeleton the under surface of female tails, and are in has not reached full hardness) single form in male tails. • rock lobster that cannot be measured (eg, If you are unsure of the sex of a spiny rock lobster, because of damage to the tail exoskeleton, use the 60 mm measurement. including calcified bar and the second abdominal segment primary pleural spine tips Pleopods Pleopods preventing accurate measurement).

Method restrictions 60 mm 54 mm 54 mm When catching rock lobster it is unlawful to: • remove external eggs or the egg-bearing Primary spines on second segment Female rear leg appendages from any female rock lobster Male 54mm Female 60mm Single pleopods Paired pleopods or to possess any rock lobster that have had Small pincers on rear legs external eggs removed by artificial means Male and female spiny rock lobster (kōura) highlighting 54 mm and 60 mm tail width. MPI • use a spear or device that could puncture the exoskeleton (body shell) Measuring packhorse rock lobster • possess any rock lobster that has been To determine the minimum 216 mm tail length speared or punctured for packhorse rock lobster, which applies to • use a spring-loaded or trigger-mechanism either sex, the tail length is measured along the loop or lasso device that is likely to puncture, underside, in a straight line from the rear of the penetrate, cut or otherwise damage the calcified bar on the first segment to the tip of the rock lobster body or tail. These devices middle fan of the tail. are prohibited • use or set a baited net for taking rock lobsters, or possess any rock lobster with a baited net. However, it is lawful to use: • hand-operated loops or lassoes • a hand-pulled bob or ring pot.

Rock lobster catching and holding pot restrictions Rock lobster holding pots and rock lobster 216 mm (catching) pots can be used in the Fiordland (Te Moana o Atawhenua) Marine Area. This is one of Packhorse rock lobster tail. MPI the few places in New Zealand where holding pots are lawfully provided for and regularly used by recreational fishers. Due to the area’s remoteness and access constraints, holding pots are a practical solution to the absence of freezer storage. • • • pot limits Within theFiordland MarineArea thefollowing Rock lobster potlimits a loop, boborring catching, holding,orstoring rock lobster lobster. Itincludesanyother device capable of not, that iscapable ofcatching orholdingrock Rock lobster pot • • • must not beinthetop orbottom ofa escape from thepot. Escape gaps orapertures designed to allow undersized rock lobsters to Rock lobster pot escape gaps orapertures are Escape gaps and upto two rock lobster holding maximum ofthree rock lobster catching pots (rock lobster orcod) pots, includingupto a any lawfulcombination ofspeciesspecific maximum vessel pot limitissixpots; being If two ormore persons are onthevessel, the one to three rock lobster (catching) pots inany An individualmayuse,set or possessup any and surname.Thisincludespossessionon permanently marked withtheperson’s initials to thepot andfloat line,must belegibly and All pots, andsurface buoys orfloats attached two opposite sides least 80percent ofthesurface area of each of with covers orliners, provided leave they at gaps orapertures. Meshpots maybeused 54 mm x140donot have to have escape spot-welded meshwithinsidedimensions of Mesh pots smaller than aperture must have aninsidedimensionno in whichtheapertures are contained. Each of theheightorlengthface ofthepot aperture shallnot belessthan80percent the mouth)inopposite faces ofthepot. Each two escape gaps orapertures (other than Square orrectangular pots dimension nosmallerthan mouth). Eachaperture must have aninside three escape gaps orapertures (other thanthe Round orbeehive pots

vessel. day.

apply: constructed entirely ofunaltered 54 mm x200 means anypot, baited or

pot.

unencumbered. must have at least 54 mm x200 must have at least .

pot.

pots.

except except .

potting area maponpage 118inthe Please refer to thePendulo Reach prohibited Rock lobster pots • • • • • points to remember Always handle rock lobster withcare. Particular Guidelines for handlingrock lobster fiord Fiord Guide to vulnerability to predation swim asthey vicinity to suitable habitat to reduce the important to return rock lobster inclose are undersize orinanunlawfulstate. Itis return to thewater all rock lobsters that special care shouldbetaken to immediately cannot pots andwillkillanyrock lobsters that for more than24hours. Octopus can enter pots shouldnot beleft baited andunattended (shell) hasnot reached full rock lobsters where exoskeleton thenew fishers must avoid taking anysoft-shell-stage toFebruary July. Duringmoulting,divers and August to November andfor females from outer shell)generally occurs for malesfrom seasonal moulting(where shedtheir they when handlinglobsters duringthis female rock lobsters eggs –take carry care from mid-Maythrough to theendofOctober detached andinjured lobsters seldom or theantennae. Legs andfeelers are easily avoid grasping rock lobsters by theirlegs

complex. shelter.

escape section –for Doubtful Sound/Patea .

MPI

are:

hardness Fiord-By-

time

survive survive 79

FISHERIES INFORMATION AND GUIDELINES 80

What can you do to look after the Tagging rock lobster fshery? When a lobster is tagged, the sex, maturity, body The sustainable management of our rock lobster length, tail width, and number of injuries (such fisheries is supported by an extensive scientific as missing legs) are recorded. Five per cent are research programme, active stewardship by double-tagged to get an idea of possible tag loss. the local CRA8 industry, and enforcement by Tags are inserted into the tissue between the MPI fishery officers (see ‘Rock lobster tagging’ body and tail. This means the tag will stay in section below). place, even when the lobster moults, and also It is important for all fishers to follow the enables the tag to be clearly visible. regulations and use proper catching and Lobsters are released after tagging, and the handling practices to ensure there will be plenty location and water depth are recorded. Every of rock lobsters for future generations. attempt is made to release the lobster as close Rock lobsters that must be returned to the sea by as possible to where it was caught. Global law should be put back immediately and carefully positioning systems are used to record positions. to maximise their chances of survival. Place them in an appropriate area, for example, on to foul Recapture ground such as a reef, and not on to the exposed Recapture of tagged lobsters can give us bottom in the middle of the fiord. information on growth and movement. Because the researchers will not normally be present Rock lobster tagging when recaptures occur, they appreciate all The New Zealand Rock Lobster Industry Council lobster fishers providing assistance in provides research services to the Ministry for returning information to them on Amateur Primary Industries and has an extensive rock Tag Recapture cards. lobster stock monitoring and research project, These cards are available from the New Zealand which includes a lobster-tagging programme. Rock Lobster Industry Council (phone (04) 385 The tagging programme is designed to find out 4005) or from any Ministry for Primary Industries more about the growth, distribution and seasonal office (see Contact' information' chapter, patterns in abundance and size of rock lobsters, page 148). When tagged lobsters (both legal and lobster movement inside management areas. and illegal) are caught, the researchers would like you to record the following details: Rock lobsters increase in size each time they • sex moult (shed their shell and grow a new one). Smaller rock lobsters can moult several times in • tail width one season, while older and larger lobsters moult • number of injuries (the number of missing less frequently. Mature female lobsters also grow legs and antennae, or severe damage such more slowly than male lobsters because they use as horns missing or holes in the body) a lot of energy bearing eggs. • tag number(s) and prefix (the prefix is important as there are a number of tagging programmes around the country and a tag number can be duplicated) • depth • position • whether you retain or release the lobster.

A tagged spiny rock lobster (kōura). MALCOLM LAWSON If thelobster isunderminimumlegal size or both tag numbers ifthere are two source ofthetag. Itisalsoimportant to record a meal. Theprefix inthese cases identifiesthe noticed whenthecatch iscooked as andserved fishers, some tags escape detection andare only While manytagged lobsters are reported by Spiny rock lobster (kōura) as soonyou Industrieshave seento for theMinistry Primary or agroup ofpeople,please report what suspicious aboutthefishingactivity ofaperson ortakinglimit, undersized fish,orif you are If you seepeopletaking more thantheirdaily recordObserve, andreport fishing activity Reporting suspiciousorillegal Email: Private Bag 24-901, ZealandNew Rock Lobster Industry Send tag data with you later, thanitisto fix‘wrong’ the details. Itiseasier for someoneto blank andwrite anote ontheform required data. Ifyou are not sure, leave thebox information isaccurate. to Please enter try all It isimportant whencompleting forms that the the positionand tagged lobster isre-released, please caught useful.When again willbevery and theadditionalinformation whenit You maychooseto re-release alegal eggs itmustcarrying bereturned to thewater. [email protected]

to:

can.

depth.

Wellington . KEN

GRANGE

6142

tags.

regarding

Council

record lobster,

data. check

a

is

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to the Ministry for Primary Industriesto for theMinistry will Primary Any information provided inconfidence • • • • • following If possible,record ormemorisethe as Industries forof theMinistry assoon Primary call-free number, ornotify thenearest office by calling the note down key information andreport thematter Instead, ifyou can, discreetly take aphotograph, property asevidence for fisheries powers to stop, inspect andseize fishand officer orapolicefishery officer have thelawful Do not confront asuspected offender –onlya remain stocks put themselves first Zealand andNew fish notice orto initiate prosecution ofpeoplewho The lawallows MPIto issueaninfringement rules andsticks to to make sure whofishesknows the that everyone Industries forThe Ministry doesits Primary best Penalties inspection MPI compliance officers conducting a routine

possible. or the details heard ofwhat you observed, about, (and namesandaddresses if number anddescription ofpeopleinvolved make, modeland vehicle registration andadescription ofthe of vessel type,colour and vessel nameandnumbers, andadescription exact location, timeand

found. second.

confidential.

. JIMFLACK, information: 0800 4POACHER (0800476224)

MPI

them.

colour

date date

length

known)

offences.

81

FISHERIES INFORMATION AND GUIDELINES 82

There are graduated infringement notice Further information penalties of $250 and $500 for breaches that are For more information on fishing rules contact deemed less serious, and a maximum court fine your nearest Ministry for Primary Industries office of $10,000. to request a Fiordland Marine Area recreational For serious non-commercial offences, such as fishing rulesbrochure and/or speak to a fishery exceeding maximum species limits by more officer (see Contact' information' chapter, than three times the limit, there are maximum page 148). Court fines of $20,000 and $250,000 along with automatic forfeiture of any fish, gear and property (including vessels and vehicles) used in the commission of the offence. To avoid a fisheries infringement or fine: • know and observe fish species daily bag and minimum size limits • be sure you know how to correctly measure your catch • only use lawful fishing gear Blue moki. STEVE WING • observe any species closed seasons and area restrictions.

Check the rules before going fshing As amateur fishing regulations are subject to change without notice, it is important for recreational fishers intending to visit Fiordland to keep up-to-date by checking the current fishing rules before leaving home. Here are some simple ways that you can do this. Download the Ministry for Primary Industries’ free New Zealand fishing rules smartphone app by texting the word ‘app’ to 9889. It is important to do this before you leave home when you have cellular phone coverage, as there is no cell coverage beyond Te Anau or Manapouri. The downloaded app will then work even when you Leatherjacket (kokiri). STEVE WING don’t have coverage. Visit www.mpi.govt.nz/travel-and-recreation/ fshing/fshing-rules to read, print or order a copy of the Fiordland Marine Area recreational fishing rulesbrochure. stakeholder in closecollaboration withtheother of theconservation strategy development (in particular CRA8) were at theforefront 1995 several commercial fisher representatives, Throughout the originalGuardian’s from journey Conservation acomprehensiveInc. indeveloping Marine Fiordland FisheriesandMarineEnvironment years collaborative work by theGuardians of Act 2005.TheAct was theculmination ofeight (Te Moana oAtawhenua) MarineManagement established withtheenactment oftheFiordland In April2005,theFiordland MarineArea was regulations Commercial fishing website can befound ontheFiordland MarineGuardians provided inSchedule1oftheregulations (which A fulldescription ofthe‘internal waters’ is line respective fiord internal waters andboundary for theseriesoffiord maps,whichillustrate the consult the‘ which appliesto 15namedfiords. Please within thede All commercial fshingistotally prohibited commercial fishingprohibition Internal waters of Fiordland – Areas Regulations Commercial Fishing) in theFisheries(SouthlandandSub-Antarctic commercial fishing regulations that are contained ofseveralThe following relevant isasummary commercial andamateur fishing 2005. Thisinvolved amendments to both the fisheries regulations were enacted inJune issues andbest management options, new careful deliberations ofthevarious fisheries aresult ofcollectiveAs agreement following

coordinates. www.fmg.org.nz

Fiord-by-ford representatives.

fned internal waters of Fiordland Strategy. Strategy. ). ’ section (page 86)

regulations.

1986.

, Milford Sound/Piopiotahi baited catching rock lobster withthepot doors shutand This doesnot includeanypot that iscapable of • • permitted inrelation waters. Inaddition,certain activities are anchorage throughout Fiordland’s internal navigation passage, transit, shelter and Commercial fishers retain thefullrightof 2. 1. lobster back to theearly years oftheFiordland rock This isalong-standing regulation dating Areas Regulations Commercial Fishing) 3 oftheFisheries(SouthlandandSub-Antarctic St AnnePoint andStripe Point, underregulation commercial fishingisfurtherprohibited between Dale Point andtheinternal waters ofthefiord, all In Milford Sound/Piopiotahi waters seaward of fishing prohibition entrance waters –commercial lobster storing empty holding pots andempty rock (cages) holding live rock lobster inholdingpots (b) (a) fisher mayintheinternal waters ofFiordland – following waters: or have inpossessionanyfish taken from the Despite subclauses (1)(a) and (c), a commercial No commercial fishershall take anyfish from,

up.

fishery. for upto 2months;and the internal waters ofFiordland, incages (at 44°33.06’Sand167°49.32’E): 44°34.30’S and167°46.98’E)to StripePoint straight linedrawn from StAnnePoint (at Milford Sound/Piopiotahi lyinginsidea and allthosewaters inthevicinityof rock lobster pots,withalldoors open. cages, withalldoors open;and store – hold live rock lobster, taken from outside the internal waters ofFiordland. the waters ofMilford Sound/Piopiotahi

pots.

to:

1986. 83

FISHERIES INFORMATION AND GUIDELINES 84

3. Subclause (2) is subject to all prohibitions, For further details, contact the Invercargill MPI restrictions, and conditions applying to any Fisheries Compliance office. marine reserve established in the Fiordland (Te Moana o Atawhenua) Marine Area – Section 111 General and (a) by section 7(1) of the Fiordland (Te Moana Particular Approvals o Atawhenua) Marine Management Act Any commercial fisher who is contemplating 2005; or taking any recreational fish catch using a (b) under section 4(1) of the Marine Reserves registered commercial vessel must hold a valid Act 1971. section 111 General Approval, or a Particular Approval issued under section 111 of the 4. Nothing in subclause (2) permits – Fisheries Act 1996. (a) the taking of rock lobster in the internal These approvals can be obtained by applying waters of Fiordland to the fisher’s nearest Ministry for Primary (b) the storage of baited rock lobster pots Industries’ district compliance office, and must in the internal waters of Fiordland. always be obtained in advance of the trip. A copy The Fiordland (Te Moana o Atawhenua) Marine of the issued approval must be carried on board Management Act 2005 provides for fve rock for inspection by a fishery officer. lobster pot storage areas in the following four For further explanation, contact the Ministry for marine reserves: Primary Industries to speak to a fishery officer. • Hāwea (Clio Rocks) Marine Reserve • Kahukura (Gold Arm) Marine Reserve Amateur-fishing charter vessel • Taumoana (Five Finger Peninsula) operator registration and reporting Marine Reserve Since November 2010, any charter boat operator conducting recreational fishing as part of their • Te Tapuwae o Hua (Long Sound) Marine commercial charter venture must be registered as Reserve (x 2). an amateur-fishing charter vessel operator. For further details, including coordinates for The Fisheries (Amateur Fishing) Regulations the five pot storage areas, see the relevant fiord 2013 defines an amateur-fishing charter vessel map illustrations in the ‘Fiord-by-ford’ section operator as any person who receives payment (page 86). or benefit to provide a vessel and a fishing guide Certain commercial fishing methods (service) to take (non-commercial) fishers on fishing trips. prohibited within fiord waters There are seven commercial bulk fishing methods The same regulations contain mandatory that are prohibited to use inside Hāwea/Bligh operator annual registration, vessel listing and Sound, Te Houhou/George Sound, Taitetimu/ set out activity catch reporting requirements. Caswell Sound, Taiporoporo/Charles Sound, The annual registration and returns reporting Hinenui/Nancy Sound, Te Awa-o-Tū/Thompson is administered by FINNZ, a subsidiary of Sound, Doubtful Sound/Patea, Te Rā/Dagg FishServe, Wellington. To contact FINNZ Sound, Te Puaitaha/Breaksea Sound, Tamatea/ freephone 0800 4 ACV HELP (0800 422 843), Dusky Sound, Taiari/Chalky Inlet, and Rakituma/ or email [email protected]. Preservation Inlet. The prohibited areas inside each fiord are bounded by lines drawn between The main purpose of the national amateur- each of the fiords’ natural outer entrance fishing charter vessel operator registration and headlands. Prohibited methods include all reporting regime is to regulate and compel commercial box or teichi net, purse seine net, charter vessel operators to provide MPI with Danish seine, trawl net, lampara net, or set reliable recreational fishing data to quantify nets of a total length exceeding 1000 metres. and enable assessment of recreational fish measures about theappropriateness ofsustainability gauge to levels harvest helpthemmake decisions Fiordland MarineGuardians to monitor and ZealandNew inshore fisheriesanalysts andthe vitally important. Itallows MPI catch andactivity. Thecatch data provided is not an amateur-fishing charter vessel operator when a maximumCourtfineof$10,000 for operating as vessel operator reporting obligations, alongwith failing to comply withamateur-fishing charter breaches, there are infringement breaches for late returns orfailing to furnishmonthlyreturn to receive infringement notices for submitting Similar to commercial fishers, whoare liable Fishing vessel

registered.

regulations. Te Wai CRA8 underway offHāwea/Bligh underway Sound

Fisheries

. STEPHEN LOGIE, data on amonthlybasis to FINNZfor form receipt and returns, includingnilreturns, are thensubmitted activity andfish catch details onadaily basis. The to complete afresh return reporting thefishing vessel operator designated skipperisrequired catch return Theamateur-fishing book. charter vessel to retain onboard, alongwithanactivity notification willbeissued for each listed charter part oftheregistrationAs process, avessel listing Environment Southlandon Management Act 1991.Please contact pursuant to theCoastal PlanandtheResource regulate commercial surface water activities Regional Council(Environment Southland)to These consents are issuedby theSouthland Park from Yates Point to Puysegur Marine Area adjacent to theFiordland National consent to operate intheFiordland Coastal vessel operators must alsoholdacoastal permit It isimportant to note that commercial charter Coastal permitconsent permit consent andcondition 0800 768845

entry.

MPI to find outmore about

freephone requirements.

Point.

coastal

85

FISHERIES INFORMATION AND GUIDELINES 86

FIORD-BY-FIORD GUIDE

MPI • • • • • • region aspects ofeach fiord throughout theFiordland It provides basic information ondifferent o Atawhenua) MarineArea andto bebetter equippedto enjoyit. This chapter willhelpvisitors understand theFiordland (Te Moana Overview • • Biosecurity Essential checklist navigational charts (page The ‘ in the‘ More information aboutnavigation can befound weather terrain, its isolation andthevariability ofsea and challenging maritimeenvironment because ofits Fiordland waters. Fiordland isanextremely need to bereferred to whennavigating through as ageneral guide.Themost up-to-date charts anchoring recommendations, are onlyprovided Note that thesemaps,andthenavigation and Maps andnavigation information ‘ is packed withinteresting places. Seethe more comprehensive publications, asFiordland and geography, isavailable from arange of More detailed information onhistory, biology, Suggested furtherreading hazard navigation recommendations, including hut obtaining fueland the best areas for marine key historical andlandscape entering Fiordland ganglioneuritis virusandother pests) before as lines,pots and buoys (for abalone viral Disinfect alldive gear andequipmentsuch the any marinepests into thepristine waters of essential to make sure you aren’t spreading Bring ‘a clean bottom’ –aclean vessel hullis Charts andbooks

Travelling inthefords fiords. including: accommodation

conditions.

warnings. reserves

anchoring

water water waters. ’ chapter recommends

146). ’ section (page ’ section (page 30).

features

145). • • • Safety • • • General • • Weather • • • Equipment • commercial aregistered shipsto carry 406 radio beacon (EPIRB).Itismandatory for anemergency positionindicatingCarry for improved radio highfrequency (VHF) Fit agood very up-to-dateAlways carry maritime the can take from anarea. Fishfor afeed, not for Know where you can fishandhow much you space thanbottles in your rubbish rubbish out(crushedcans willtake upless Fiordland; note that you have to take your sufficient storesCarry for your trip through to cover repellent andscreens unpleasant. Carry very Prepare for sandflies–they can make your trip weather forecasts for thearea you are Know therightradio channelto receive it can quicklyin change very Know theweather forecast; beaware throughout lines andmooringsbefore you usethem Thoroughly check permanentstern that you willencounter throughout garden hosefor attaching to thewater hoses aspare length(about15metres)Carry of (at least 70 holding anchorandenoughrope/chain good qualityanchoringgearCarry –high- Sound/Piopiotahi andDoubtful Sound/Patea. limited –you can onlyget fuelinMilford Bring inplentyoffuel.Availability isvery one,it’scarry foolish not it iscustomary for recreational vessels to also MHz EPIRB.Inaremote location like Fiordland freezer.

entrance

metres).

Fiordland.

ways.

communications.

to. to.

Fiordland.

charts.

bag).

Fiordland.

aerial

that

in.

87

FIORD-BY-FIORD GUIDE 88

Big Bay area The area around Big Bay, and particularly Martins Bay, was an important settlement site for Māori between 1650 and 1800. It gave easy access to food resources in the nearby lakes, sea and forests, as well as sought-after pounamu (nephrite, ‘New Zealand jade’ or greenstone). It was home to both Māori and European settlers. There are areas of Martins Bay around the short- lived Jamestown settlement that still have roses and sycamore trees – reminders of the pioneer farming settlement’s failure due to its extreme isolation (the last people left in the 1920s).

Big Bay anchorages When using either anchorage, be aware of changes of wind through the night, as fast- moving fronts can quickly and dramatically change conditions in these exposed anchorages.

Navigation Heading north from Big Bay it is advisable to stay one nautical mile offshore, to avoid a rock that extends three-quarters of a nautical mile offshore Big Bay. DOC on North Reef.

Huts Heading south from Big Bay it is advisable to be three-quarters of a nautical mile offshore to avoid There are two Department of Conservation South Reef. huts in the Big Bay area: Big Bay hut sleeps nine people and Martins Bay hut sleeps 24 people. When travelling from Big Bay to Milford Sound/ Piopiotahi, keep in water deeper than 45 metres. Anchorages When heading into Milford Sound/Piopiotahi There are two anchorages in Big Bay. from the north, be aware of the three submerged • The first anchorage is to the north side of Big rocks that lie around the Brig Rock and Yates Bay, just east of Crayfish Rock and is to be Point area. During daylight hours it is safe used in northerly conditions. to travel between Brig Rock and Yates Point; • The second anchorage is on the south side however, at night it is advisable to give Brig Rock towards the head of the southern end of the a wide berth. Refer to LINZ Chart 7622. bay, which is used as a stern line to hold the vessel towards a south-westerly swell (Note: This mooring is owned by a commercial fisherman, Jon (‘Boof’) Hansen, so please contact him on VHF Channel 67 before using). Big Bay . SARAH

THORNE 89

FIORD-BY-FIORD GUIDE 90

Milford Sound/Piopiotahi

Piopiotahi (Milford Sound) Marine Reserve pressures putonits marine Milford Sound/Piopiotahi means there are great Basin. Thesheernumbers ofpeoplevisiting There are boat launchingfacilities at Deep Water Fiordland (Te Moana oAtawhenua) Marine Area. the mainaccess pointfor tourist activities inthe that itreceives upto 500,000visitors ayear. Itis can bereached directly by vehicle andbecause of Milford Sound/Piopiotahi istheonly fiord that 16 the head ofthefiord to theopensea isabout contain spectacular waterfalls. Thedistance from Piopiotahi riseup1,683metres at Mitre Peak and The sheersteep-sided walls ofMilford Sound/ mammalian that declinedrapidly after theintroduction of (now extinct) was aground-feeding native thrush Piopiotahi means ‘one piopiobird’. Thepiopio Wales (Hall-Jones, 1979).TheMāoriname Grono, whowas bornnear Milford Haven in in the1820s,was sealing vessel captain John north. Thefirst European it, to findandname missed by Captain Cookwhenhewas heading and best known ofallthefiords. It was initially Milford Sound/Piopiotahi isthenorthernmost Milford Sound/Piopiotahi

kilometres.

predators. . RICHARD environment.

KINSEY,

DOC The wharves here are operatedThe wharves by Freshwater Basin Anchorages Deepwater starboard markers at thispointgoing through to experienced here. There are two portandtwo channel, asstrong eddies(whirlpools)can be heavy rains where theArthurRiver joinsthe note ofcaution, care shouldbetaken after and thewestern a sideofthechannel.As stay halfway between theport-hand markers approaching thechannelto Deepwater Basin, and there are alsotoilets andshowers. When It ispossibleto obtain fuelandwater here, Deepwater Basin from Milford Sound/Piopiotahi. use ofcommercial tourist boats Milford SoundTourism andare for the

Basin.

operating

the

sole

91

FIORD-BY-FIORD GUIDE 92

Keep to the middle of the channel through the Anita Bay markers, and do not turn to port to approach the berths until you are at least 100 metres past the last port-hand marker. Contact Fiordland Lobster Company on VHF Channel 67 to arrange a berth while in port. Real Journeys Ltd owns two permanent moorings in Deepwater Basin. Availability and use can be arranged as described in the ‘Harrison Cove’ section below. Deepwater Basin contains a public boat ramp/ launching area adjacent to the main wharf. The boat ramp is available for the public to launch boats; however, at times can be a very busy launching site, due to tourism activities. There is provision for daily parking; however, no long-term parking is permitted in the Deepwater Basin vicinity. Long-term boat storage (being Anita Bay deemed longer than 24 hours) may be arranged, This is a fair-weather anchorage only. There is a dependent on availability, by contacting the mooring and stern line on the western side of the Department of Conservation on (03) 249 0200. bay, close to Post Office Rock (named after the Harrison Cove rum barrel that historically acted as a post box for the settlement of Milford). It is essential if you are Anchoring at Harrison Cove is only permitted at anchoring to use a stern line. Not suitable for any depths greater than 60 metres, and is generally easterly wind, or strong northerly or westerly winds. not practical. There are a number of commercial moorings in Harrison Cove as part of commercial Navigation operations. Real Journeys Ltd has two permanent The commercial tourism operators travel in a moorings that are suitable for vessels up to clockwise direction around the fiord. They head approximately 700 gross tonnes and can be out along the southern wall and return back in contacted to check availability of these moorings against the northern wall. for private use. This is done by contacting the Duty Manager on VHF Channel 8 within Milford Heading south from Milford Sound/Piopiotahi Sound/Piopiotahi or by calling (03) 249 8090. there is an area south/south-west of St Anne Point The company’s vessels use the moorings every (shallow area highlighted on LINZ Chart 7622) that night during September–May. You must complete can break a long way offshore ni a heavy south- a Real Journeys Mooring Code of Practice west and westerly swell greater than 5 metres. document to use the moorings. Not suitable in When travelling from Milford Sound/Piopiotahi to strong northerly or westerly winds. Poison Bay/Papa Pounamu, keep in water deeper than 45 metres. corals for whichthefiords are places inFiordland to dive andseetheblack isoneofthemostMarine Reserve popular squirts, blackcoral andanemones.Piopiotahi sponges,tubeworms, soft corals, colonial sea are fixed to the rock wall, including encrusting sessile invertebrates. Theseare animalsthat which isdominated by delicate deep-water northern sideofMilford Sound/Piopiotahi, steepThere isvery rock wall ontheinner wall alongthe deep reef andasmallsection ofshallow rock muddy fiord basin, withalarge section of underwater habitats itcovers are mostly deep from thehead ofthefiord to Dale The Point. the northernsideofMilford Sound/Piopiotahi, Piopiotahi issituated MarineReserve along Marine Reserve Piopiotahi (Milford Sound) Butterfly perch andblack coral

shore. . STEVE

famous.

WING

Jason's nudibranch the Fiordland coastline Fiordland crested penguins(tawaki) are found along . JONATHAN . RICHARDKINSEY,

DAVIES

DOC 93

FIORD-BY-FIORD GUIDE 94

Ecklonia. STEVE WING Sound/Piopiotahi. destination for dayboats fishingfrom Milford Poison Bay/Papa Pounamu isapopular means ‘greenstone Jones, 1979).TheMāoriname,Papa Pounamu, a French vessel was madeinthat ever area (Hall- Bay by aFrench mariner. However, norecord of or secondly that itwas namedasPoisson (fish) sealers was struck by food poisoningat thebay, Bay/Papa Pounamu; eitherthat oneoftheearly There are two theoriesonthenamingofPoison See map Poison Bay/Papa Pounamu Scorpion fish page . STEVE

96

. WING

flat’. deeper than45 to Te Hāpua/SutherlandSound,keep inwater When travelling from Poison Bay/Papa Pounamu Navigation a change to north-west of weather changes duringthenight, Due to theexposed nature ofthebay be mindful south-east andlighter south-west conditions. This bay isafair-weather anchorage ineast to Anchorages

metres.

conditions.

especially 95

FIORD-BY-FIORD GUIDE 96

Te Hāpua/Sutherland Sound

Te Hāpua/ Sutherland Sound

Te Hāpua (Sutherland Sound) Marine Reserve small bay, until DonaldSutherlandsailed Itwas thought by the immediately southofMilford Sound/Piopiotahi. Te Hāpua/SutherlandSoundisthefiord Te Hāpua/SutherlandSound deeper than40 Sound to Hāwea/Bligh Sound, keep inwater When travelling from Te Hāpua/Sutherland Navigation shallow nature and of theestuary entered withoutlocal knowledge, dueto the Te Hāpua/SutherlandSoundshould not be Anchorages commercially Te been Hāpua/SutherlandSoundhasnever or pāua, however, dueto periodiclow salinity. dogfish and stargazer. There are no rock lobsters The fiord has resident stocks offlatfish, spiky the This istheleast modifiedandvisited ofall flats andasandspit at theentrance to thesea. 4 kilometres ofthefiord is constricted by forested mud andsandflats.extensive Theshallow Atreserve. low tide,aseriesofchannelscross the its estuarine nature andthewholefiord isamarine Te Hāpua/SutherlandSoundisuniquebecause of Māori know thisfiord as Te Hāpua–the (Hall-Jones, 1979).Sutherland it in1883to explore andchartits full lake wherever fshare found.” (Hall-Jones, no scarcity ofsharks,whichinfest thetidalriverand “The lake abounds with fshandfollowing themis

fiords. fiords.

fished. metres. Acheron .

DOC

survey to bea survey observed: observed:

bar.

extent

lagoon.

2002)

outer outer into

Flounder (patiki) this better understanding ofthemarinelife in Future monitoring willprovide us witha crabs andjuvenile flounder, dogfishandhighnumbers of rock Marine animalsseenwhiledivinginclude a narrow basin, whichisconnected to thesea a uniqueenvironment inthe haveto butthey thereserve, few researchThere have beenvery calmestin allbutthevery ofconditions. waves break across theshallow entrance dangerous very by boat.reserve Ocean mouth ofthefiord makes accessing the the most pristine. Theshallow sillat the studied inFiordland butprobably reserve Te istheleast HāpuaMarineReserve Marine Reserve Te Hāpua(SutherlandSound)

area.

channel. . RICHARDKINSEY,

starfish.

DOC

isolated observed observed

trips

by by

97

FIORD-BY-FIORD GUIDE 98

Hāwea/Bligh Sound

Hāwea/Bligh Sound

Hāwea (Clio Rocks) Marine Reserve the early sealer andfrequent name-giver, after Hāwea/Bligh Soundwas namedby JohnGrono, Turn Round Point, Hāwea/Bligh Sound a northernfiord and is relatively Hāwea/Bligh Soundhasawide entrance (Hall-Jones, Fiordland in1809 was called the Grono’s first command whenhefirst visited Governor SouthWales, BlighofNew Australia. holding andpot a designated area for commercial rock lobster north-eastern corner is ofthemarinereserve abundant alongtherock walls inthisarea. The Red andblackcoral trees are relatively on plankton swept past inthehightidal abundant reef fishandinvertebrates feeding Point are aspecialfeature with ofthereserve, The near-vertical rock walls ofTurn Round reefs onthereserve’s more sunliteastern comparedreserve, withmore broken rocky rock walls ontheshadedwestern side ofthe shows mostlymapping ofthereserve steep deep-reef orrock-wall habitats. Underwater of sheltered shallow rock-wall habitats and basin habitat, butthere are alsolarge areas Most ismadeupofdeep- ofthereserve Reserve Hāwea (ClioRocks) Marine

1979). storage.

shallow Governor Bligh .

DOC

for

flow.

side. associated place evidence ofhistorical campsites andmany The fiord hasarich early Māorihistory, with head at WildNatives zigzags approximately 18kilometres inlandto the it suddenlydeepensto over 180metres. Thefiord (about 90 Miraculous nudibranch anchoring isnot and blackcorals isfound here, whichiswhy An abundantcommunity ofdelicate red the surface ontheeastern sideofthefiord. the middleoffiord to just 2metres from with theClioRocks rising from 220 metres at This chinashopisauniqueandfragile habitat, area Clio Rocks ChinaShop

metres), untilTurn Round Point where

permitted. names.

. River.

STEVE – no-anchoring – no-anchoring

WING 99

FIORD-BY-FIORD GUIDE 100

Anchorages Bounty Haven Radio communication is available on Channel 66 for all the anchorages below.

Escape Cove (Hāwea (Clio Rocks) Marine Reserve) This is a fair-weather anchorage only and a stern line must be used.

Kelly’s (Hāwea (Clio Rocks) Marine Reserve)

Bounty Haven This is the best anchorage in Hāwea/Bligh Sound in strong conditions and heavy winds. However, be warned that in very rough conditions even this anchorage is not fully sheltered.

Navigation The Clio Rocks are a navigational hazard. They Kelly’s lie between Turn Round Point and Evening Point on the southern side of Kelly’s anchorage (see This is a good fair-weather anchorage, suitable LINZ Chart 7623). When travelling from Hāwea/ for all winds in moderate conditions. Use of a Bligh Sound to Te Houhou/George Sound, keep in stern line is essential. water deeper than 40 metres. Amazon Cove A good fair-weather anchorage, but be aware there is very little room for manoeuvrability. A stern line is essential for this anchorage. Jellyfish . STEVE

WING 101

FIORD-BY-FIORD GUIDE 102

Te Houhou/George Sound

T e

H o u h o u / G e o r g e

S o u n d

Te Houhou/George Sound Conservation hutsleepseight at thehead ofthefiord. ThisDepartment of The Te Houhou/George Soundhutissituated Hut interesting it hasbetter anchorages andfor manyisamore Piopiotahi, missingoutHāwea/Bligh Sound,as stop after steaming southfrom Milford Sound/ Anau. Te Houhou/George Soundisoften thefirst north-west armofthemiddlefiord ofLake Te George Soundtrack, whichwindsthrough to the eastern arm hasaccess to theTe Houhou/ and hastwo shortarmsat its head. Thesouth- This isoneofthelonger fiords, at 21.2kilometres, five finger The fiord’s Māorinameis Te Houhou,meaning Wales neighbours, George Hall(Hall-Jones, named by JohnGrono after South oneofhisNew in1857.Itispossibleitwas during its survey Riverton/Aparima, whopiloted the been namedafter mariner George Stevens from Te Houhou/George Soundwas thoughtto have Te Houhou/George Sound

tree.

fiord. .

DOC

people. Acheron

1979). for alltheanchorages Radio communication isavailable onChannel66 Anchorages in this direction, aslarge surges willbe heavy swells from awesterly and conditions. Cautionshouldbeused This anchorage issuitable for moderate weather Anchorage Cove Anchorage Cove anchorage.

below.

experienced

northerly

with

103

FIORD-BY-FIORD GUIDE 104

There is a stern line from the eastern shore joined Southwest Arm to another line coming from the island. Anchoring is not necessary. A water hose is attached to the stern line. The head of the bay is very shallow, so caution should be used when approaching the stern line. The stern line is not suitable for vessels of drafts more than 2 metres. There is a general anchoring area in the middle of the bay for use in light winds.

Alice Falls

Southwest Arm This is considered an all-weather anchorage; however, sea conditions will make this anchorage uncomfortable during high tide and strong winds. This is due to the loss of protection from the outlying breakwater (on the north-western tip of the anchorage), which is covered during high tide. Use of a stern line is essential.

Navigation Alice Falls When travelling from Te Houhou/George Sound This is an all-weather anchorage, and the best to Taitetimu/Caswell Sound, keep in water anchorage in Te Houhou/George Sound in deeper than 40 metres to Looking Glass Bay. strong winds. Keep in water deeper than 50 metres from Looking Glass Bay to Taitetimu/Caswell Sound. Caution should be used when anchoring here, especially during high rainfall, as the waterfall will push the vessel sideways while setting the anchor and retrieving the stern line. Be careful not to go too far back into the stern line as it shallows very rapidly. While strong to violent winds can be experienced in this anchorage, as long as the anchor is of good quality and well set you will not be blown out. Be aware of a rock at the head of the fiord that is marked on LINZ Chart 7623. There is another anchorage that is suitable for light winds in the middle of the bay. Tube worm . JONATHAN

DAVIES 105

FIORD-BY-FIORD GUIDE 106

Taitetimu/Caswell Sound

Taitetimu/ Caswell Sound

T a i p o r o p o r o / C h a r le s

S o u n d

Taitetimu/Caswell Sound and Taiporoporo/Charles Sound name for Caswell SoundisTaitetimu, which SouthWalesin New (Hall-Jones, 1979).TheMāori neighbour ofJohnGrono from theTanilba station Lieutenant WilliamCaswell. Caswell was another Taitetimu/Caswell Soundisprobably namedafter Biscuit Star not good for holding mud banks inthesouth-east corner, are asthey This isafair-weather anchorage. Beaware ofthe Head of ford for alltheanchorages Radio communication isavailable onChannel66 Anchorages that leads upto Lake there isascenic track alongtheStillwater River Stillwater River enters thefiord. From thehut and islocated at thehead ofthefiord where the Taitetimu/Caswell hut, Soundhutisatwo-bunk Hut penguin (tawaki). important breeding colony ofFiordland crested Styles Island,at theentrance to thefiord, hasan Lake onthefiord’s Shirley southern peaks. Falls TheShirley drops 365metres from steep sidesreaching upto somespectacular The fiord is15.7kilometres longandhashigh, (Department ofLands andSurvey, Marble Works)that ran between 1882and1887 fiord ofanold marble works (Caswell Sound There isevidence onthesouthernsideof means theebb . STEVE WING

tide.

anchor. Marchant.

below.

1986).

side. Green Point winds. Use ofastern lineis experienced coming into theanchorage instrong Taitetimu/Caswell Sound.Somesea maybe This isthebest anchorage instrong windsin Green Point unmarked side ofthebay to theopencoast because of Do not attempt apassage from thenorth-west hard tovery seeat highwater incalm weather. These rocks can bejust underthewater and to Taiporoporo/Charles Soundfrom thenorth. (shown onLINZChart7624),at theentrance A numberofrocks are present inJunoBay deeper than45 to Taiporoporo/Charles Sound,keep inwater When travelling from Taitetimu/Caswell Sound seawards from the the swell can break offthefiord walland backout Chart 7623).Inheavy weather (south-west roll), Caswell Soundonthenorthernside(seeLINZ There isarock at theentrance to Taitetimu/ Navigation

rocks.

metres.

rock. rock.

essential. 107

FIORD-BY-FIORD GUIDE 108

Taiporoporo/Charles Sound

Splendid perch. STEVE WING

See map page 106. Taiporoporo/Charles Sound was known to Kahukura (Charles Sound) early sealers as Charley’s, and is thought to be Marine Reserve named after Charles McLaren who captained the This reserve provides a very sheltered sealing vessel Sydney Cove in 1810 (Hall-Jones, habitat away from the influence of ocean 1979). The Māori name for Charles Sound is swells. It encompasses the inner fiord Taiporoporo, which means ‘sea plant’. reaches of Gold Arm, including estuarine habitat, broken rocky reef habitat, rock- The fiord is 13.9 kilometres long and divides into wall and terraced rock-wall habitat. two arms of equal length. Emelius Arm is fed by the Irene River and Gold Arm by the Windward Spectacular red and black corals are River. When the tide is high it is possible to take a abundant, and on bright days with clear dinghy approximately 2–3 kilometres up the Irene water, these can even be viewed from River from its mouth. There are a number of small a boat. well-forested islands around the southern arm of The northern half of the marine reserve the fiord. is a designated area for commercial rock Taiporoporo/Charles Sound is often the next lobster holding and temporary pot storage. stopping point from Te Houhou/George Sound, as it has much better anchorages than those in Taitetimu/Caswell Sound.

Red coral. KEN GRANGE Eleanor Island for alltheanchorages Radio communication isavailable onChannel66 Anchorages from pointto asshown on point, northerly conditions. Tiealongsiderope going however, good instrong itisvery westerly and This isnot suitable instrong easterly conditions; Catherine Island,Gold Catherine Island,GoldArm to thesouthernendof the tie alongsidetherope going from the Not suitable instrong north-to-west conditions; Eleanor

Island

Arm

below.

cove. map.

northern

westerly conditions. Not suitable innortherly and For useinsouth-westerly andsouth-easterly Emelius Arm Helipad Anchorage than 45 to Sound,keep Hinenui/Nancy inwater deeper When travelling from Taiporoporo/Charles Sound anchorage and Catherine Islands(seeCatherine Island side whenentering thechannelbesideFanny be aware ofthesunken rocks onthestarboard On approaching theGoldArm Navigation under any The helipad must not beusedasa bad is well set, thiswillprovide shelter in even stern linesprovided andaslongtheanchor This isanall-weather anchorage. Tieto the Helipad

conditions.

Anchorage

metres.

conditions.

conditions.

map).

anchorages,

mooring

109

FIORD-BY-FIORD GUIDE 110

Hinenui/Nancy Sound

Taiporoporo/ Charles Sound

H in e n u i /N a n c y

S o u n d

Hinenui/Nancy Sound The Nancy(Hall-Jones,1979).Itisknown home to theFiordland ZealandNew furseal (kekeno) andare also The mouthofthisfi (Foot Arm,Toe Cove, andHeelCove). a leg, hence thenamesofmanyplaces the next steepest The fiord is15.4kilometres longandprobably Māori asHinenui. John Grono, thistimeafter oneofhis Fiordland skink entrance to the Anxiety Islandand Entrance Islandat the of thenugget-like rocks across theentrance. The entrance to the a smallsandsill. of thecontinental shelf;asaresult, there is Piopiotahi. The This isanother . DOC fi fi fi ord namedby the ord is shaped very muchlikeord isshapedvery ord have colonies of fiord a ord isperched ontheedge fi ord isnarrow

skink. skink. fter Milford Sound/

se bec aler v essels, ause to

only

Toe Cove Anchorages keep inwater deeperthan40 metres. SoundtoNancy Te Awa-o-Tū/Thompson Sound, sea conditions. Whentravelling from Hinenui/ LINZ Chart7624awideberth,especiallyinheavy northern side,give thesunken rocks shown on When entering Soundfrom Hinenui/Nancy the Navigation Radio communication isavailable onChannel66. Thompson Soundanchorages shouldbeused. Taiporoporo/Charles SoundorTe Awa-o-Tū/ uncomfortable anditisrecommended that during strong windssea conditions maybecome This isanall-weather anchorage. However, Toe Cove Cove 111

FIORD-BY-FIORD GUIDE 112

Doubtful Sound/Patea fiord complex

T e

A w a - o - T ū / T h o m p s o n S o

u

n

d

d oun aw S adsh e/Br Kaikieki

Doubtful Sound/Patea Doubtful Sound/Patea isnow thesecond most further increased tourism visitor numbers. part oftheManapouri tailrace hydro scheme) The openingoftheWilmot Pass road in1965(as Wilmot Pass from West Armto DeepCove in1891. traversing the18kilometre walking track over the The first groups ofhardy trampers began sound of The Māorinamefor thisfiord is Patea, without aneasterly wind(Hall-Jones, of thedifficulty for ships to sailoutofthefiord on hisfirst voyage to Fiordland in1770,because Captain Cooknamedthisfiord Doubtful Harbour Arm, Crooked Arm,andHall Sound/Patea, whichhasthree distinct arms–First Sound/Kai Kiekieandthemainreach ofDoubtful up ofTe Awa-o-Tū/Thompson Sound,Bradshaw The Doubtful Sound/Patea fiord complex ismade TE RUA MAHARA OTEKAWANATANGA. F-30660–1/2:(AAQT 6401, the launch A tourist party explores Doubtful Sound/Patea aboard visited fiord in

silence. Constance

Fiordland. . BIGWOOD, 1955.ARCHIVESNEW ZEALAND/

Arm.

1979).

the

A39828)

mate onthe Captain Stokes after RBradshaw, who was the Kaikiekie/Bradshaw Soundwas namedby name for thisfiord is Te Awa-o-Tū. Governor Bligh Thompson, theowner ofGrono’s vessel the Te Awa-o-Tū/Thompson Sound–after Andrew Sealer JohnGrono isresponsible for naming Sound, andat 434metres itisthedeepest ofall the second longest fiord after Tamatea/Dusky Doubtful Sound/Patea, at 40.4kilometres, is ‘eat is called Kaikiekieby Māori,whichtranslates to information, page the ‘ if you go ashore to for theGuthut, example (see when travelling near Secretary Island, especially are aware ofyour biosecurityresponsibilities importantpossums onitandsoisvery you is uniqueinthat hadrodents ithasnever or left andthedeerhave been removed. Thisisland of publication there are onlyahandfulofstoats restore itto its pre-European days.At thetime to remove stoats anddeerfrom theisland,to of Conservation hashadanambitiousproject Thompson Sound).Since 2005theDepartment (splitting Doubtful Sound/Patea andTe Awa-o-Tū/ at theseaward endofDoubtful Sound/Patea Secretary Islandisthelarge 8,100hectare island 4 kilometres upat high by dinghy. Itispossibleto navigate about in Kaikiekie/Bradshaw Soundcan benegotiated Taiporoporo/Charles Sound,theCamelot River is fed by somelarge rivers. Like theIrene River in reach ofthefiord creating a complex system that the fiords. Anumber of armssplitoffthemain

kiekie’, anative climbing Biosecurity inFiordland Acheron (Hall-Jones, 1979).TheMāori

32). (Hall-Jones, 1979).Thefiord

water.

’ section for more plant. plant. 113

FIORD-BY-FIORD GUIDE 114

Access to Doubtful Sound/Patea other than by Deas Cove, Te Awa-o-Tū/Thompson Sound boat is via Lake Manapouri and over the Wilmot Pass. Vehicles travelling across the Wilmot Pass are required to obtain a permit from the Department of Conservation in advance, or there are concession operators who can tow boats across the pass. A commercial bus service operates on this route between the West Arm of Lake Manapouri and Deep Cove in Doubtful Sound/Patea. Several commercial passenger boats operate out of Deep Cove, and there is also a boat launching ramp. The Deep Cove Hostel Trust runs an education programme catering for more than 1,000 school children each year, and also offers accommodation. There is a resident pod of bottlenose dolphins in the fiord complex. Research on the population Deas Cove, Te Awa-o-Tū/Thompson Sound has found it to be very sensitive to disturbance and specific protection measures have been put In strong northerly and westerly conditions, in place. (See 'Boating around marine mammals' gusts of wind will come from the western shore. section, page 50, and 'Doubtful Sound/Patea This is not a suitable anchorage in south-easterly bottlenose dolphin population', page 51). conditions (refer to Neck Cove). There is a line coming from the shore, which is attached to a Huts mooring in the water on the eastern side. Tie to There are two Department of Conservation huts the attached floating line. in the Doubtful Sound/Patea and Te Awa-o-Tū/ Radio communication is available on Channel 66 Thompson Sound complex: with a good aerial. • the Deas Cove hut, which sleeps 10 people Head of Precipice Cove • the Gut hut, which sleeps six people. This is an all-weather anchorage. Real Journeys Anchorages has a mooring at the head of the cove that is used for overnight cruises. Neck Cove, Te Awa-o-Tū/Thompson Sound This is a good anchorage for south-easterly Radio communication is available on Channel 66. winds. Keep to the north-eastern side when entering the cove to avoid the rocks on the south- western side of the bay, which are covered at high tide (see Deas Cove anchorage map). Radio communication is available on Channel 66 with a good aerial. This isanall-weather anchorage. Tiealongside Macdonnell Island,Precipice Macdonnell Island,Precipice Cove no repeater communications inDeep (Channel 10)east ofElizabeth Island.There are radio communications withtheDeepCove Hostel should beused.Usually itisonlypossibleto get When heading into DeepCove, VHFChannel10 hostel diesel andwater are available here from the to findoutthebest place to anchor/moor. Petrol, Contact theDeepCove Hostel before berthing, Deep Cove Radio communication isavailable onChannel River andhasfantastic in allofthefiords. Itis situated next to Camelot is probably oneofthemost scenic anchorages This isagood moderate-weather anchorage, and Gaer Arm with agood Radio communication isavailable onChannel66 the vessels, usethelineasastern line,asshown on the lineprovided. However, withmore thantwo

map.

manager.

aerial.

views. views.

Cove Cove

Cove.

66. Blanket Bay, Secretary Island Radio communication isavailable onChannel the fiord to avoid theshallow areas oneithersideof northerly conditions. Keep to themiddleof of thearm.Itisnot suitable infresh to strong This isagood fair-weather anchorage at thehead Snug Cove, First Arm communications. Note that there are noradio repeater Te Rā/Dagg Sound(50-minute From thehead ofthearmatrack leads This isareasonable fair-weather anchorage. Haulashore Cove, Crooked Arm taking around thisislandandbeaware ofwhat you are page 42).Please take care whentravelling onand (see ‘ free hadrodents islandand has never present Please note that Secretary Islandisapredator- Radio communication isavailable onChannel should not beusedfor the water hoseasyou found them.Thewharf Bay Island,offSecretary Island. Leave ropes and is awater hoseavailable at thewharfonBlanket line orthemooringasshown onthemap. There sunken asshown rock, onthemap. Use thestern south-easterly conditions. Note that there isa but isnot suitable for strong north-easterly and This isagood anchorage inwesterly conditions, Blanket Bay, Secretary

anchorage. Island biosecurity inFiordland

ashore.

Island

berthage.

walk). ’ section,

to to

115 66. 66.

FIORD-BY-FIORD GUIDE 116

The Gut Navigation Particular care is needed, especially by small craft, near the outlet for the Manapouri Power Scheme freshwater discharge. In this area around Deep Cove, the current may vary at any time. Te Awa-o-Tū/Thompson Sound to Doubtful Sound/Patea – when steaming (moving) on the outer coast there is an area of shallow water between South West Point and Rocky Point off the coast of Secretary Island. In rough weather it is advisable to stay two nautical miles offshore, as many areas will break a long way from the coast. When travelling from Doubtful Sound/Patea to Te Rā/Dagg Sound, keep in water deeper than 40 metres.

The Gut This is only suitable in easterly and light south- westerly conditions.

Looking north along the outer coast from Secretary Island. GRANT HARPER The cruiseship Sapphire Princess inTe Awa-o-Tū/Thompson Sound . CHRIS

BIRMINGHAM 117

FIORD-BY-FIORD GUIDE 118

Te Awaatu Channel (The Gut) Pendulo Reach benthic habitat Marine Reserve protection Te Awaatu or Te Awa-O-Tū is ‘the channel of Since 2013, amateur fishing regulations Tū’. The Māori ancestor Tū Te Rakiwhānoa have prohibited the use of rock lobster pots carved out the fiords with his magical adze and holding pots within the internal waters Te Hamo. area of Pendulo Reach (the passage and waters around Seymour Island), to protect The reserve is much shallower than the this sensitive and fragile biodiversity-rich surrounding deep-water basin habitats, area. There is also a clause in the Deed of which are the deepest in Fiordland, reaching Agreement for Cruise Ships (with Environment depths of about 434 metres. There are Southland) that prohibits anchoring in significant rock-wall and deep-reef habitats, the area. and the reserve is known for sea pens and other suspension feeders, including red and If you are visiting Doubtful Sound/Patea, black corals, zoanthids, and brachiopods please make sure that you familiarise yourself (lampshells). with this area and rules to help protect this china shop.

Sea pens. KEN GRANGE The unique nature of the ecosystem at The Gut, combined with the marine reserve protection that has been in place since 1993, means that rock lobsters are found here in greater numbers and sizes than in other areas Pendulo Reach (Doubtful Sound/Patea) pot of the Doubtful Sound/Patea complex. prohibition area (red). MPI It wasn’t until 2011 that the special Te Awaatu Channel (The Gut) characteristics of this area were realised. – no-anchoring area A project funded by Environment Southland This no-anchoring area encompasses most using NIWA side-scan sonar and a remote- of the Te Awaatu Channel Marine Reserve; operated vehicle to map and video the fiord however, outside The Gut hut there is an area floor made a spectacular discovery in the for anchoring small boats when using this area surrounding Seymour Island, Doubtful facility. Please be aware of your biosecurity Sound/Patea. responsibilities when mooring here or using the hut on Secretary Island. Underwater video footage revealed the old glacier sill that links Secretary Island to the Please note that this is not a good anchorage mainland (in some places less than 50 metres for larger vessels and should be avoided by deep) contained many sensitive, rare and these vessels. 60 metres. Theserock walls are hometo wall habitats, withsomevertical drops of containsside ofthereserve extensive rock- entrance oftheCamelot River. Theeastern includesalargeThis reserve at estuary the Marine Reserve Kutu Parera (GaerArm) and holding adverse impact ofheavy rock lobster being dragged across thebottom, andthe cruise shipanchors andheavy anchorchains damage. Thegreatest threats identified were protection measures to mitigate anybottom the most likely threats before advocating for The Guardians andtheagencies considered butterfly to rock lobsters, andattract denseschoolsof colonies over two metres tall provide shelter sponges anddelicate sea pens.Blackcoral of coral fans, rare andprotected red corals, fragile species.Theseincludelarge areas of food for fishsuchasgroper and these bivalves, whichare acommon The sedimentfans have significant bedsof these speciesfound inDoubtful Sound/Patea. River are amongst thelargest populations of beds intheestuarine habitats oftheCamelot and onelarge river outflow. Cockleandpipi rocky-reef habitats, withunderwater boulders The western sideofGaerArmhasmore broken Anemone suspension many anemonesandother colourful sessile . KENGRANGE

perch.

feeders.

pots.

tarakihi.

source

pots

a uniqueassemblage ofbright yellow glass coral andzoanthids. ishometo Thereserve suspension feeders includingblack andred high water flow and contains a range of relatively shallow channelthat experiences and theeastern sideofthefiord there isa In thechannelbetween Elizabeth Island end ofthe Island anddeepkelp bedsonthesouthern habitats onthewestern sideofElizabeth containsThis reserve extensive rock-wall Marine Reserve Taipari Roa (Elizabeth Island) Wandering anemone special community associated withthesillisof a fiord withinafiord. Thediverse wall Kaikiekie/Bradshaw Sound,whichcreates the sillat theentrance to Precipice Cove in This chinashoparea isassociated with – no-anchoringarea Precipice Cove ChinaShop corals around Elizabeth Patea asaresult, includingeffects onblack in marinecommunities inDoubtful Sound/ suggests there have beensomemajorchanges of theManapourihydroelectric power scheme Monitoring ofthearea since theconstruction Yellow zooanthid other place worldwide, incaves in sponges that are onlyknown to occur inone

significance.

island. . STEVE WING . STEVE WING

Island.

Jamaica.

119

FIORD-BY-FIORD GUIDE 120

Te Rā/Dagg Sound

Te Rā/Dagg Sound

Te Rā/Dagg Sound thousands ofmetres continental shelfwhere water drops away to fiord. Thisisdue to thecloseproximity ofthe regularly seenoffthenorthernentrance to the known for thepresence ofwhales,whichare Sound. Theoutside ofthefiord entrance isalso growth make for good diving inTe Rā/Dagg Wonderful underwater and marine scenery north called Anchorage Te Rā/Dagg Soundhasoneprominent armto the a 50-minute track walk between thetwo arms). Crooked ArminDoubtful Sound/Patea (there is only onekilometre across landfrom thehead of kilometres) fiord. Thehead ofthefiord ends Te Rā/Dagg Soundisanarrow, long(13.3 1979). Its Māoriname, Te Rā, means ‘the seal skinsfrom thearea in1804(Hall-Jones, Dagg ofthe Te Rā/Dagg Soundisnamedafter Captain William Te Rā/Dagg Sound Scorpion .

DOC , whocollected over 4,500

deep.

Arm.

sun’. anchorage at thehead ofthecove, which This isareasonable moderate-weather Anchorage Cove Anchorages north-west roll thisarea will Point (seeLINZChart7653marked 64).Inaheavy to Te Puaitaha/Breaksea SoundsouthofRocky Be careful oftheshallow area at theentrance deeper than45 Te Puaitaha/Breaksea Sound,keep inwater When travelling from Te Rā/Dagg Sound break Otago Point (seeLINZChart7624)that will the fiord halfway between theentrance and There isashallow rock onthenorthernsideof Navigation Radio communication isavailable onChannel head ofthefiord. Drop anchorin10 to 15 There isagood all-weather anchorage at the Head of Te Rā/Dagg Sound No repeater communications are not suitable instrong southerly

regularly.

metres. break.

conditions.

available.

to to

metres. is

121 66.

FIORD-BY-FIORD GUIDE 122

Te Puaitaha/Breaksea Sound and Tamatea/Dusky Sound complex

nd / ou ha S ita ea ua ks P ea Te Br

Sound ky us D a/ te ma Ta

Te Puaitaha/Breaksea Sound and Tamatea/Dusky Sound islands) are predator-free andhometo Islands (alongwithnumerous other smaller conservation. Anchor, Breaksea andPigeon area that are internationally important for There are alsoanumberofislandsinthe around the be aware ofyour responsibilities whentravelling tobelieved beresident inthecomplex, soplease is apopulation ofbottlenose dolphinsthat is Like Doubtful Sound/Patea to thenorth,there in Fiordland, covering almost 30,000 Tamatea/Dusky Soundisthebiggest fiord complex Acheron Passage, andTamatea/Dusky Puaitaha/Breaksea SoundWet Jacket Arm,the interconnected fiords. Itismadeupof Te Dusky Soundcomplex isacombination of Te Puaitaha/Breaksea SoundandTamatea/ Like theDoubtful Sound/Patea complex, Porcupine fish endangered endangered species,includingthecritically

area.

kākāpō. . STEVE

WING

hectares.

Sound.

the

for ofpests thelevel present onthem.Itisvery islands inTamatea/Dusky Soundare unique Resolution Island andalloftheother small Island, whichissouthwest ofResolution of Henry’s camp are still visibletoday onPigeon Resolution Islandto protect them.Theremains bird speciesandtransferred anumberofbirds to that introduced predators were havingonnative hadnoticedRichard Henry. Henry thedamage (in1894),andwas managedaside asareserve by It was thefirst area Zealand inNew to beset ambitious projects for stoat anddeereradication. island (20,860 hectares), isoneoftheDOC’s most Resolution Island,whichisFiordland’s biggest the ‘ are aware ofyour biosecurityresponsibilities (see important whentravelling inthevicinitythat you Biosecurity inFiordland ’ section, page

Island.

32). 123

FIORD-BY-FIORD GUIDE 124

Te Puaitaha/Breaksea Sound

Te Puaitaha/Breaksea Sound. ANDRIS APSE Breaksea Sound, also known as Te Puaitaha, Anchorages is named after Breaksea Island, which is at the Stevens Cove entrance to the fiord. It was named by Captain John Stokes during his survey in HMS Acheron. The fiord was previously labelled by Captain Cook as ‘Nobody knows what’ because he didn’t have time to explore the arms and find if they connected to Doubtful Sound/Patea. In 1791 Captain George Vancouver completed Cook’s previous exploration and named it ‘Somebody knows what’ (Hall-Jones, 1979). Vancouver Arm was later named in honour of George Vancouver. Te Puaitaha/Breaksea Sound is 33 kilometres long and splits into two arms at its head (Vancouver Arm and Broughton Arm), which are similar in appearance to the more northerly fiords. There are many densely forested islands spread throughout the whole of Te Puaitaha/ Stevens Cove Breaksea Sound, making it another very beautiful place. This is a fair-weather anchorage with a stern line. It is not suitable in strong south-westerly There is good evidence of early Māori visitation in conditions, or in westerly or northerly conditions. the heads of Te Puaitaha/Breaksea Sound, where many rock shelters can be found. No radio repeater communications are available. This isagood anchorage inmost conditions; Sunday Sunday Cove the bottom ofthe northerly conditions, anchorin30to 35metres at This isagood all-weather anchorage. Instrong Beach Harbour Radio communication isavailable onChannel this Caution shouldbeusedwhenmanoeuvringin placed onthestarboard front sideofthe commercial holdingpots, whichare regularly the used to tiealongside. There isalsoahelipad on The barge floating felt inthisanchorage. Water isavailable from the from thenorth-west andnorth.Ocean roll willbe however, itisunsuitable strong invery conditions 0800 768845 For more information visit Sound. Please donot store fishing gear suchaspots inthis area. allsignage Obey inthe Help stop thespread of Undaria Te Puaitaha/Breaksea Soundiscurrently thesite ofbiosecuritymanagement seaweed for theAsian Undaria

Uni area. IMPORTANT!

. Thisisusedto transport lobsters from Cove

hut. Uni . Refer to inTe Puaitaha/Breaksea Sound is moored here, andiscommonly .

bank. page 35 Undaria andthe Environment Southland’s website by not removing shellfish and kinafrom Te Puaitaha/Breaksea Undaria Uni . exemption areas mapon

66. Second Cove way arm astheshallow sillcomes two-thirds ofthe to thesouthernsideheading to thetop ofthe northern side,whichmust beavoided. Stick is ashallow estuarine sillfrom ariver offthe Towards thehead ofVancouver Armthere Navigation of cove; astern linenot strongvery northerlywinds.Drop anchorat head This isagood all-weather anchorage except in Third Cove Channel Radio repeater communication isavailable on side whileentering the required. Beaware oftherocks onthewestern however, instrong windsuseofastern lineis This isareasonable all-weather anchorage; Second

across.

Cove orcall Environment

66. page

40 .

cove. required.

Southland

area.

125

FIORD-BY-FIORD GUIDE 126

The Acheron Passage and Wet Jacket Arm

Wet Jacket Arm. ANDRIS APSE The Acheron Passage is named after John Stokes’ boat HMS Acheron, while Wet Jacket Arm is Moana Uta (Wet Jacket Arm) named for one of Captain Cook’s lieutenants, Marine Reserve Richard Pickersgill, who was caught in a fierce This reserve includes significant expanses downpour there (Hall-Jones, 1979). of rock-wall, broken rocky reef, deep-basin Wet Jacket Arm is approximately 20 kilometres and estuarine habitats. Sub-tidal rocky long, heading inland from about halfway along reefs in some areas have dense beds the Acheron Passage. The Acheron Passage of kelp and very low kina populations. is around 15 kilometres long and connects Rock walls near Oke Island receive a Te Puaitaha/Breaksea Sound in the north to significant amount of tidal flow and Tamatea/Dusky Sound in the south. The passage have correspondingly high densities is very narrow and is bordered on the western of lampshells (brachiopods) and other side by Resolution Island. suspension feeders. The environment around Moana Uta produces the highest known density of black coral of any site in the fiords. Muscle Cove Muscle Cove Anchorages White lampshell . STEVE WING on area, whichisshown inred onthefiord map and Wet Jacket Armthere isano-anchoring At theintersection oftheAcheron Passage china shop The Acheron Passage/Wet Jacket Arm the islandand This isagood fair-weather anchorage between Oke Island south-west corner ofthe Island, keep to portasthere are rocks onthe approaching from thesouthernsideofStick This isanall-weather anchorage. When bryzoan speciesthat can beeasily invertebrate speciessuchaslace coral andother page 128 . Thiscontains delicate manyvery – no-anchoring area– no-anchoring

mainland.

island.

damaged.

127

FIORD-BY-FIORD GUIDE 128

Tamatea/Dusky Sound

nd Sou ksea Te Puaitaha/Brea

nd ou S ky us /D tea ma Ta

Tamatea/Dusky Sound including Bowen and Cook Channels Anchor Island/Pukeni throughout Tamatea/Dusky Indian Island,andmanyother smallislands care whengoing ashore onResolution Island, biosecurity inFiordland on ormooralongsideAnchorIsland (see' the quarantine requirements before you set foot almost cuts theislandinhalf. Please beaware of this pest-free andupto reserve alarge lake that walk onAnchorIsland,whichheads through host ofother native birds. There isaninteresting saddleback (tīeke), parakeet (kākāriki), anda kākāpō reside, alongwithyellowhead (mohua), is oneoftwo islandswhere someofthelast Anchor Island,inthemiddleoffiord’s mouth, wide It isdotted withmanyislandsinsideits fiord, penetrating 43.9kilometres inland. most extensive, andpossiblymost picturesque Tamatea/Dusky SoundisFiordland’s longest, Māori explorer whotravelled through the name for Dusky SoundisTamatea after thegreat (Department ofLands &Survey, 1986).TheMāori as itwas getting darkwhenhesailedpast Cook duringhisfirst visit to Fiordland in1770, Tamatea/Dusky Soundwas namedby Captain page See also

entrance. 122

Te Puaitaha/Breaksea Soundmap . . ANDRIS ' section, page 42).Take

APSE

Sound.

Island fiords. , people, overlooks thefiord at Supper hut ontheDuskyTrack. whichsleeps12 Thehut, location ofthefinalDepartment ofConservation The head ofTamatea/Dusky Soundisalsothe Hut possible to seethe There isashortwalk around thepointwhere itis described manyofthenative speciesfound. there, repaired theship, brewed Rimubeer, and now namedAstronomer’s Point. Hismenlived in 1773to chartthetransit ofVenus at what is is where Captain Cookmoored for sixweeks Pickersgill HarbourinTamatea/Dusky Sound nowadays little remains of Island in1910duringasummercruise,although 3,071-tonne steamer which sankoff Facile Harbourin1795,andthe most famous beingthe800-tonne There are manywrecks around thefiord, the 1792 andlived onAnchorIslandfor 10 Britannia Anchor Islandby an11-manparty from thesealer ship were constructed at Luncheon Cove on Zealand’sNew first European houseand wooden Tamatea/Dusky Soundissteeped inhistory. , whowere dropped offinNovember

site. Waikare

either. , which sank off Stop Endeavour

Cove.

months. , 129

FIORD-BY-FIORD GUIDE 130

Anchorages Taumoana (Five Fingers Supper Cove Peninsula) Marine Reserve This is a fair-weather anchorage and should not Taumoana (Five Fingers Peninsula) Marine be used in strong winds. Reserve contains some of the only wave- exposed, rocky-reef habitats that are fully No radio repeater communication is available. protected in the Fiordland marine reserve Shark Cove network. These rocky reefs contain a high This is a fair-weather anchorage. It is not diversity of fish and kelp species at a much recommended in strong south-westerly higher density compared to the inner fiord conditions (see Eastern Cooper Island). habitats. The area used to be a major pāua and rock lobster fishery before the reserve No radio repeater communication is available. was created, and it supports good numbers Eastern Cooper Island of both. Exposure to the south-west means that ocean swells come into Tamatea/Dusky Sound, hitting the southern sides of Parrot and Pigeon Islands, and the eastern side of Five Fingers Peninsula. The reserve contains shallow habitats and large stretches of estuarine habitats around Five Fingers Peninsula, Cormorant Cove and Facile Harbour. A part of the reserve, north of Pigeon Island, is a designated area for commercial rock lobster holding and pot storage.

Eastern Cooper Island This is a good south-westerly and westerly anchorage. Use stern line as shown on map. Please be aware that the vessel Georgina is usually moored here, and so it is necessary to steer clear when anchoring (there is still plenty Parrot Island with views into Taumoana (Five of room). Fingers Peninsula) Marine Reserve. ANDRIS APSE No radio repeater communication is available.

Rock lobster pack. STEVE WING good VHF but itispossibleto receive Channel01witha No radio repeater communication isavailable, middle ofthe narrow butisclearvery ofrocks. Anchor inthe not beusedinanystrong winds.Theentrance is This isafair-weather anchorage onlyandshould Sportsman Cove No radio repeater communication is This isamoderate-weather anchorage Fanny Bay are protected by theno-anchoring black corals andred corals. These brittle species dense colonies ofparticularly large bryozoans, Where thepassage narrows, highcurrents foster China Shop Nine Fathom Passage, CooperIsland Anchorage areas inLuncheon Cove, Tamatea/Dusky aerial. – no-anchoring area –no-anchoring

cove.

zone.

available.

only.

Sound . for most ofwhichare submerged (use themap to Luncheon Cove because ofnumerous rocks, map. Cautionshouldbetaken ontheapproaches to thestern line,andanchorasshown onthe conjunction withthebreast linethat isattached Use astern lineonthesouth-eastern shore in gusty instrongbe very northerlyconditions. known for its lackofsandflies.However, it can This isagood all-weather anchorage andis Inner Luncheon Cove shown onthe known for its lackofsandflies.Anchorwhere This isagood fair-weather anchorage andis Outer Luncheon Cove No radio repeater communication is

guidance).

map.

available. 131

FIORD-BY-FIORD GUIDE 132

Duck Cove Earshell Cove This is a fair-weather anchorage and the bay should only be entered during daylight hours, through the channel either side of the island at the entrance. It is very narrow but has sufficient depth for safe navigation. No radio repeater communication is available.

Cascade Cove

Duck Cove There is a fair-weather anchorage in the middle of Duck Cove. Be aware of the large area of mud flat that protrudes out into the cove. There is another moderate-weather anchorage at the entrance to Duck Cove on the south-western side, as shown on the map. Use of a stern line is essential. There is a water hose halfway along the southern wall of the cove. Cascade Cove The entrance to the cove has repeater This is an all-weather anchorage. Stay alongside communication on Channel 01. the barge as shown on the map. There is a water hose available on the barge. Be aware of Cormorant Cove the rocks (as shown on the map) as you enter This is a moderate-weather anchorage and Cascade Cove. should not be used in any fresh to strong northerly conditions. Navigation It is very important to have the most up-to-date It is possible to get radio repeater communication chart, as there are a multitude of rocks and here on Channel 01 in good conditions and with hazards throughout the Te Puaitaha/Breaksea a good aerial. Sound and Tamatea/Dusky Sound complex. Facile Harbour When travelling from Tamatea/Dusky Sound to This is a fair-weather anchorage only. Caution Taiari/Chalky Inlet, keep in water deeper than should be used when entering the harbour as 45 metres. there is a rock on the port-hand side and it is extremely shallow on the starboard side. Crinoid/Featherstar . STEVE

WING 133

FIORD-BY-FIORD GUIDE 134

Taiari/Chalky Inlet

d

n

u

o

S

n

o

s

d r a w d /E ri u ō p - a u n e h

w - a n a

o

M

d un So is u/Cuna r owhakaun Kor Te

d t un e o l S n g I n o y /L k a l ro a a h w A C e / T i r

a i

a

T

Taiari/Chalky Inlet by afish-freezing depot and with sealing andwhaling,followed inthe1890s of short-lived industries inthearea, beginning to thefiords. European settlers started anumber nohoanga (campsites) duringtheirseasonal visits Māori occupied manysea caves andfrequented The area hasarichMāoriandEuropean history. water Taiari/Chalky Inlet isa substantial body of whichare roughly 12kilometres and Te Koro into Moana-whenua-pōuri/Edwardson stretches 15kilometres inlanduntilit middle divided by ChalkyIsland,whichliesin double seaward entrance of7–8kilometres, Taiari/Chalky wide,exposed Inlet hasavery explorer chiefTamatea’ (Hall-Jones, Tamatea, meaning ‘thecloak ofthegreat Māori Chalky Inlet, isalsoknown asTe Kakahu-o- its name.Chalky Island,at theentrance to Taiari/ white cliffs ofChalkyIsland,which give thefiord It isdominated at theentrance by thestriking fiords inFiordland, asit faces to thesouthwest. Taiari/Chalky Inlet isoneofthemost exposed Taiari/Chalky Inlet

of over 60 square

of theentrance. Theexpansive fiord w hakaunu/Cunaris Sound, . ANDRIS

APSE

kilometres. sawmill.

long.

1979).

splits

the

Sound both

of

Kina populations, aswell asfishand The kelp speciesinturnsupports large kina especially bladderkelp dominated by significant quantitiesofseaweed, more outer coast habitat inthefiord, whichis The exposure to theopenocean creates alot . STEVE

WING (Macrocystis pyrifera)

shellfish. . 135

FIORD-BY-FIORD GUIDE 136

Anchorages Anchorage Cove, South Port Radio communication is available on Channel 01 for all the anchorages below.

North Port

Anchorage Cove, South Port This is a fair-weather anchorage only and is not suitable in north to north-west conditions. Caution should be used when entering South North Port Port as there is a shallow area adjacent to The two main anchorages in North Port are to be Anchorage Cove (indicated on the map). approached only through Ship Entrance, which is between Little Island and Great Island, and Lake Cove not through Blind Passage, which is very shallow. This is a good all-weather anchorage. The good all-weather anchorage is on the northern Islet Cove and south-western side of Little Island and can be This is a fair-weather anchorage. approached from either side with caution. Anchor and use the stern lines as indicated on the map. Navigation The second anchorage is towards Mosquito Point, It is very important to have the most up-to- and is a good anchorage except in strong winds. date chart for Taiari/Chalky Inlet, as there are Water is available from a waterfall in a little bay a multitude of rocks and hazards throughout, on the northern side of this anchorage, where making navigation difficult at times. a black hose will be found floating in the water. There is a shallow area in Western Passage that can break in heavy swells. The entrance to Taiari/ IMPORTANT! Chalky Inlet can be a dangerous place in large west or south-west swells, so take extra care in Undaria in North Port these conditions. North Port, and surrounds, is currently the site of an elimination programme for When travelling from Taiari/Chalky Inlet to the Asian seaweed Undaria. Help stop the Rakituma/Preservation Inlet, use Broke Adrift spread of Undaria by not removing shellfish passage. This passage is relatively safe unless and kina from Taiari/Chalky Inlet. Please do there is very heavy weather. not store fishing gear such as pots in this area. Obey all signage in the area. For more information refer to page 35, visit Environment Southland’s website or call Environment Southland 0800 76 88 45. Telescope fish . VINCENT

ZINTZEN 137

FIORD-BY-FIORD GUIDE 138

Rakituma/Preservation Inlet

Sound owhakaunu/Cunaris or K e nd T ou g S /Lon roa wa A e T

Te Awaroa/ Long Sound

tion Inlet erva /Pres Rakituma

Rakituma/Preservation Inlet showing Te Tapuwae o Hua (Long Sound) Marine Reserve when you consider theisolation ofthe Rakituma/Preservation Inlet, whichisamazing therethe 19thcentury was athrivingtown in and past industries. During thelatter part of Preservation Inlet hasahost ofhistorical sites withTaiari/ChalkyAs Inlet to thewest, Rakituma/ Te Awaroa/Long Soundbegins at Narrow and smallbays. Theexpansive andaptly open andcontains anumberofislands,coves heart ofsouthernFiordland. Itstarts offwideand of thefiords, extending 36kilometres into the Rakituma/Preservation Inlet isthesouthernmost Jones, Rakituma, means ‘thethreatening sky’(Hall- Port Preservation. TheMāorinamefor thisarea, by Europeans asPreservation Harbour, and then Rakituma/Preservation Inlet was initiallynamed Rakituma/Preservation Inlet

1979). . ERIN

GREEN

area.

named

Bend. former Cromarty settlement at Kisbee Kisbee A-frame hut in Rakituma/Preservation Inlet. TheTe Oneroa There isoneDepartment ofConservation hut Hut first litin where thearea’s first lighthouse It was built. was walk outto thelighthouseonPuysegur Point, interesting,There isavery usuallywindswept, by the theremains are now largelytimber; to thegold service miners andto shipoutsawn towns that sprang upat Cromarty andTe Oneroa the last mineclosed.There were two even small sites date from the1890sthrough to 1913when a smelter, sawmillsandbushtramways. Mining quartz gold-stamping batteries, various mines, There isplenty of evidence ofgold mining,with

forest. Lodge, aprivate lodge, issituated inthe

1879.

is abasic bivvythat hastwo bunks.

reclaimed

Bay. 139

FIORD-BY-FIORD GUIDE 140

Te Tapuwae o Hua (Long Sound) Marine Reserve The reserve includes the main Te Awaroa/Long Sound basin, the Narrows, and Revolver and Useless Bays. Te Awaroa/Long Sound (along with Te Hāpua/Sutherland Sound) is the most physically isolated basin in the Fiordland system, with a very narrow entrance and shallow sill at the Narrows, which inhibits the exchange of deep water from the open coast. Eleven-armed starfish. KEN GRANGE This physical structure means that all of the The Narrows China Shop – no-anchoring areas within the reserve are sheltered from area ocean swells and contain a constant and thick All anchoring is prohibited in the Narrows freshwater layer. (Narrow Bend), from Adam Head to Sandy Point, to protect fragile marine life. An abundance of sea pens occurs on the sand, with scallops located among them. Holothurians (in the ‘strawberry fields’), red coral, and white brachiopods are also outstanding features of the Narrows.

Tidal mudflats at the head of Te Awaroa/Long Sound. ANDRIS APSE Research has shown that the rock-wall habitats in Te Awaroa/Long Sound contain unique suspension feeder communities, and species like the 11-armed starfish, whose

genes are different to those elsewhere in the Strawberry holothurians. STEVE WING fiords. The Narrows contains the very delicate and internationally revered ‘strawberry fields’. Awash Rock – no-anchoring area This is an area with large congregations of a There is a small no-anchoring area situated strawberry holothurian (sea cucumber), along around Awash Rock. The coordinates are: with high densities of stony corals, including 46° 03’.86S, 166° 41’.12E red coral. The inner regions of Te Awaroa/ Long Sound are home to high densities of 46° 03’.97S, 166° 40’.91E lampshells, tube worms and rock crab. 46° 04’.07S, 166° 41’.01E Two parts of Te Tapuwae o Hua (Long Sound) 46° 03’.93S, 166° 41’.22E Marine Reserve, Revolver Bay and Useless Bay, are designated areas for commercial rock (See Isthmus Sound anchorage map, lobster holding and temporary pot storage. page 141.) This is a very fragile area and caution should be taken. There are many other (sandy) areas around the rock that should be used for anchoring purposes. Isthmus Sound for alltheanchorages Radio communication isavailable onChannel01 Anchorages access thetrack to thePuysegur Point lighthouse. recommended for overnight use but isusedto area shallow. is very Thisanchorage isnot the south-eastern sideofthechannel,as When approaching theanchorage, keep to Otago Otago Retreat on themap, is nature ofthearea. Use ofastern line,asshown approached withcaution because oftheshallow This isanall-weather anchorage andshouldbe Isthmus

Retreat

Sound

essential.

below. Weka Island during theconstruction ofthe channel that was blasted outoftherocky reef dinghy, take extreme care through the narrow When approaching theboatshed landinginyour shallow rock reef that extends ontheport anchorage (asshown onthemap),asthere isa well over to thestarboard sideonentering the fishing vessels andhelicopter Keep servicing. top, usedfor berthage ofcommercial rock lobster is abarge moored inthiscove, withahelipad on suitable instrong south-west conditions. There This isafair-weather anchorage andisnot Weka making navigation difficult at are amultitudeofrocks andhazards throughout, chart for Rakituma/Preservation Inlet, asthere importantIt isvery to have themost up-to-date Navigation moderate This isafair-weather anchorage in Preservation Lodge, KisbeeBay west well asbeinggood inlightto moderate south- This isareasonable easterly anchorage as Powell’s Beach, KisbeeBay west This isfor moderate south-west to north- Cuttle Cove

conditions. conditions. Island

conditions.

times.

lighthouse.

side. 141

FIORD-BY-FIORD GUIDE 142

CHARTS AND BOOKS

G HARPER Begg A,Begg N.1966. University II, TheVoyage oftheResolution andAdventure 1772–1775 Beaglehole J. 1961. Williams J,Anderson A,Binney HarrisA.2014. Anderson A.1998. Anthropological Records 37.Honolulu:BishopMuseumPress. pp151–165. Zealand.of SouthernNew InAAnderson (ed.)Traditional FishinginthePacific. Pacific Anderson A.1986.Mahinga ika ote moana: Selection inthePre-European FishCatch Marine Radio Stations Allen J. 2009. Division Occasional Publication ZealandAnnala JH.1983.New rock lobsters: andFishery. Biology Bibliography Dunedin, New Guardians ofFiordland’s Fisheries(Comp)Report ofFisheries, heldby theMinistry of Fiordland’s Fisheries Guardians ofFiordland’s Fisheries.1999. of Ministry No. 773) of theAsianKelpUndariapinnatifidaviaMarine Farming Activities(Cawthron Report Forrest B,Blakemore K.2003. of Ministry R,TeirneyElvy D,Grindley L.1997. Biosecurity New for ofAgriculture theMinistry andForestry by theCawthron Institute. Wellington: Cleaners for theTreatment ofMarinePests: MAFTechnical Paper No2011/11 Dunmore RA, PiolaRF, HopkinsGA. 2011. Invercargill: Department ofLands& Department ofLands andSurvey. 1986. the Cawthron Insitute. Wellington: BiosecurityNew Styela clava (Cawthron report No. 1110) Coutts A,Forrest B.2005. (November). 72–74. StickingCarbines G.2009.BlueCodBiology: to thefacts. and otherexotic speciesofDreissenidae underwater gearafter divingin waters containing zebra mussels(Dreissena polymorpha) Blouin MA.2002. . Prepared for ofFisheriesby theCawthron theMinistry Institute. Wellington:

Books.

Press. Fisheries. Fisheries. New Zealand MarineRadio Handbook:TheUser’s Guideto VHFandSSB

Zealand.

Zealand. A procedure for thedecontamination ofSCUBA divingequipmentand The Welcome ofStrangers The JournalsofCaptain CookonhisVoyages ofDiscovery: Volume . Auckland: Mollymawk Dusky Bay . Invercargill: Guardians ofFiordland’s Evaluation oferadication tools for theclubbedtunicate An Evaluation ofMethods to Reduce Inter-regional Spread . No. . Christchurch: Whitcombe & Management Planfor Paua 51992–97

42. Survey. Tangata Whenua:AnIllustrated History . Prepared for Zealand BiosecurityNew . Ann Arbor: US Geological . AnnArbor: The Story ofFiordland NationalPark Beneath theReflections. ACharacterisation Assessment oftheEffects ofHousehold . Dunedin:University ofOtago

Publications.

Zealand. . Cambridge: Cambridge New Zealand FishingNews

Fisheries. Tombs.

Fisheries Research Survey. . Dunedin:

. Prepared Press. . Bridget .

by by

143

CHARTS AND BOOKS 144

Gunthorpe L, Mercer J, Rees C, Theodoropoulos T. 2001. Best practices for the sterilisation of aquaculture farming equipment: A case study for mussel ropes (Marine and Freshwater Resources Institute Report No. 41). Queenscliff: Marine and Freshwater Resources Institute. Hall-Jones J. 1979. Fiordland Place Names. Invercargill: Fiordland National Park Board. Hall-Jones J. 2002. The Fjords of Fiordland. Invercargill: Craig Printing. Hutchins L. 1998. Making Waves. Invercargill: Craig Printing. MacIntosh J. 1980. Colac Bay. Gore: Gore Publishing Company. McNab R. 1909. Murihiku and the Southern Islands. Invercargill: William Smith Printer. Ministry for Primary Industries. 2013. Clean Boats – Living Seas. Wellington: Ministry for Primary Industries. Piola RF, Dunmore RA, Forrest BM. 2008. Evaluation of spray treatments for the management of marine pests. Prepared for MAF Biosecurity New Zealand by the Cawthron Institute. Wellington: Biosecurity New Zealand. Peat N. 2007. New Zealand’s Fiord Heritage. Invercargill: Department of Conservation. Roberts W. 1913. Place Names and Early History of Otago and Southland. Christchurch: Kiwi Publishers. Waitangi Tribunal. 1991. The Ngai Tahu Report 1991. Wellington: Waitangi Tribunal, Department of Justice. Retrieved from https://forms.justice.govt.nz/search/ Documents/WT/wt_DOC_68476209/Wai27.pdf. Evison H.1997. Carey P. 2020. Begg A,Begg N.1979. Begg A,Begg N.1973. Beattie J. 1949. Beattie J. 2002. system Beaglehole H.2006. Suggested furtherreading Kiwi Roberts W. 1910. Heritage Richards R.1995. Reed AW, Reed AH.1951. Heritage Area Peat N,Patrick B.1996. McNab R.1913. McClenaghan J. 1966. rohe (tribal area). The Ngāi Tahu Atlas isavailable onlineat mapping thetraditional Māoriplace namesandassociated histories intheNgāi Tahu Kā HuruManu (TheNgāi Tahu Cultural MappingProject) isdedicated to recording and Howard G.1969. ZealandNew Wildlife Hill S.1987. Hall-Jones J. 2000. Hall-Jones J. 1997. Hall-Jones J. 1990. for the the Reflections. Fiordland Strategy. MarineConservation Guardians ofFiordland’s FisheriesandMarineEnvironment Inc.2003. Methuen, Grady D.1986. Past andPresent Gavalas M.2007. during theEuropean colonisation ofNew Zealand Evison H.1993. Kawanatanga. Wellington Communicate Zealand, New Series6401.Archives Zealand/Te New RuaMahara ote

Publishing.

. Christchurch, University Canterbury Environment.

Books.

Auckland. Richard ofResolution Henry Island . Dunedin:University ofOtago Tamatea/Dusky Sound Sealers andWhalers inNew Zealand Waters The Long Dispute Te Wai Pounamu: TheGreenstone Island:ahistory ofthesouthernMaori The MaorisandFiordland Far Famed Fiordland The OldWhalingDays. . Auckland: Heart ofFiordland Landmarks ofFiordland, SouthlandandStewart Island/Rakiura: Maori Nomenclature: EarlyHistory of Otago. The Foveaux WhalingYarns ofYankee Jack Milford Sound Discover Fiordland Fiordland Explored Lighting the Coast: Ahistory ofNew Zealand’sLighting theCoast: coastal lighthouse

Service. Service. Port Preservation The World ofJohnBoultbee Fiordland Wild Fiordland: Discovering theNatural History ofaWorld Captain CookinNew Zealand

Office.

Reed. . Wellington: Reed . Christchurch: University Canterbury . Invercargill: Craig . Christchurch: Whitcombe & . Christchurch: Cadsonbury . Nelson:Potton and . Invercargill: Craig . Invercargill: Craig Auckland: GoldenPress, . Christchurch: Whitcombe & . Dunedin:Otago DailyTimes&

Press. Press. . Dunedin:JohnMcIndoeandthe . Wellington: Aoraki . Christchurch:

Publishing.

Printing. . Wellington: Reed Wellington:

Printing.

Printing. Burton. . Auckland: Reed www.kahurumanu.co.nz . Dunedin:Otago Christchurch:

Auckland.

Tombs. Publications. Whitcoulls.

Ministry Ministry

Tombs. Press.

Beneath Press.

Witness.

Publishing.

. 145

CHARTS AND BOOKS 146

Ryan P, Paulin C. 1998. Fiordland Underwater. New Zealand’s Hidden Wilderness. Auckland: Exisle Publishing. Tau T, Anderson A (eds). 2008. Ngai Tahu: A Migration History: the Carrington Text. Wellington: Bridget Williams Books in association with Te Runanga o Ngai Tahu.

Recommended navigational charts Land Information New Zealand Navigational Charts of Fiordland NZ69 Stewart Island/Rakiura Edition 7/2016 NZ73 Abut Head to Milford Sound/Piopiotahi Edition 3/2002 NZ76 Western approaches to Foveaux Strait Edition 11/2016 NZ681 Approaches to Bluff and Riverton/Aparima Edition 6/2016 NZ 7621 Milford Sound/Piopiotahi Edition 8/2009 NZ 7622 Milford Sound/Piopiotahi to Te Hāpua/Sutherland Sound Edition 5/2016 NZ 7623 Hāwea/Bligh Sound to Taitetimu/Caswell Sound Edition 4/1999 NZ 7624 Taiporoporo/Charles Sound to Te Rā/Dagg Sound Edition 8/2009 NZ 7625 Te Awa-o-Tū/Thompson Sound and Doubtful Sound/Patea Edition 8/2009 NZ 7653 Te Puaitaha/Breaksea Sound and Tamatea/Dusky Sound Edition 8/2009 NZ 7654 Taiari/Chalky Inlet and Rakituma/Preservation Inlet Edition 7/2016 NZ 7655 Te Puaitaha/Breaksea Sound Edition 8/2009 NZ 7656 Tamatea/Dusky Sound Edition 8/2009

Note: These references are correct up to New Zealand Notice to Mariners 6/2017 dated 17 March 2017. Further updates are published by Land Information New Zealand (LINZ) in Section IV of the New Zealand Notice to Mariners (available on the LINZ website at www.linz.govt.nz/sea). To purchase charts contact a LINZ authorised reseller. Octopus . STEVE

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CONTACT INFORMATION

Breaksea Girl. MPI www.doc.govt.nz on Phone Te Anau PO Box Lakefront Fiordland National Park Visitor Te AnauArea Department of Conservation www.fmg.org.nz [email protected] Te Anau PO Box Fiordland MarineGuardians Contact information www.es.govt.nz 0800 SOUTHLAND(0800768845) area 24-hourpollutionhotline Phone Invercargill Waikiwi Corner ofNorthRoad andPrice Invercargill Private Bag Environment Southland website: The guideisalsoavailable inelectronic form ontheFiordland MarineGuardians’ [email protected] If you would like to purchase another copy ofthisguideplease Want another copy? 0800 DOCHOT (0800362468) (03) 2490200 (03) 2115115

29 213

9640 9640

Drive

9810 9840 90116 www.fmg.org.nz/publications/beneath-reflections-guide

Office

. or or24-hour

Southland

on

Centre

Street hotline

Phone Invercargill 137 Spey PO Box Fisheries IndustriesMinistry for Primary environment.govt.nz [email protected] Phone Wellington PO Box Ministry for theEnvironment 34-38 Bowen Charles Fergusson (Marine Operations –Response Phone (03)466 South Dunedin 73 Otaki Inshore FisheriesSouth Fisheries NewZealand www.fsh.govt.nz 0800 4POACHER (0800476224) Phone Wellington Pipitea (04) 4397400 (03) 2110060 (04) 8640847

1065 10362 Biosecurity)

Street

Compliance Street

6143 9840

St

3607

9012

email:

Building

or

.

phone Team

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CONTACT INFORMATION 150

Your notes Please insert any supplied updates into this pocket.

Since this guide was published there may have been changes to the regulations. You can search for updates to regulations on the following websites: Ministry for Primary Industries www.mpi.govt.nz Department of Conservation www.doc.govt.nz Environment Southland www.es.govt.nz Fiordland Marine Guardians www.fmg.org.nz The information contained in this guide is correct at the time of printing (June 2021) and is subject to change without notice. It is intended to be used as a guide only. The maps in the ‘Fiord-by-fiord’ chapter show the general locations of points of interest – they are not navigational charts.