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The Round Tablette Founding Editor: James W
The Round Tablette Founding Editor: James W. Gerber, MD (1951–2009) 9 February 2012 location, fuel status, etc. in every message. 25:07 Volume 20 Number 7 Given the volume of the messages, the RN Published by WW II History Round Table presumed they contained information Edited by Dr. Joe Fitzharris helpful to the Allied cause. The British www.mn-ww2roundtable.org project, based at Bletchley Park, utilized Thursday, 9 February 2012 highly skilled engineers, physicists, mathematicians, and statisticians, and Welcome to the February meeting of developed calculating machines, called the Harold C. Deutsch World War II “bombes,” for this work. These were highly History Round Table. Tonight, our topic specialized devices for code-breaking, and is the importance of code-breaking for the like most early “computers,” were tailored development of computers, particularly the to specific tasks. Success meant knowing computer industry in Minnesota. Pioneer where U-boats were – convoys could be re- members of the electronic computer industry routed around wolfpacks and anti- join our speaker, Colin Burke, to discuss submarine destroyers and destroyer escorts their roles in this industry. could be vectored to attack the wolfpack to the great happiness of Allied mariners. Before World War II began, the Army and Navy were both trying to break Japanese The British had produced several bombes, diplomatic, military, and naval codes. In each more sophisticated, but at ever Europe, the Poles had obtained copy of a increasing cost in resources. Americans, German ENIGMA machine and were trying peripherally involved in this effort prior to to solve its mysteries. They passed both US entry into the 1939-1945 European machine and a copy of their work to British War, now became junior partners in Intelligence shortly before Poland fell to the developing new bombes. -
Bibliography
Bibliography This bibliography on the origins of digital computers covers the period from the first mechanical aids to digital calculation until the first practical stored pro gram electronic computer was put into operation in 1949. Particular attention is paid to the period following BABBAGE. and to papers shedding light on the extent to which the various pioneers were influenced by each other. All the items listed have been inspected (sometimes rather cursorily) in their original or reprinted form by the editor. The bibliography is listed in alphabetical order by author. anonymous papers and reports being listed last. In order to facilitate use of the index. the name of the author is followed by the year of publication in parentheses. Second and further papers by an author appearing in a given year are differentiated by following the year by b. c. ... Although the index is fairly detailed. readers are warned to check the more general works on a given sub ject. as well as those explicitly indexed under a particular index entry. A. ADAM (1973). Von Himmlischen Uhrwerk zur Statistischen Fabrik, Verlag O. Munk, Vienna (1973). A Wide-ranging survey, starting with early astronomical instruments, ending with the use in Austria of early Hollerith equipment. Contains extensive dis cussions of Schickard's calculating machine. automated draw-looms, includ ing the little-known "Broselmachine" (1680-1690). and of Schaffler's developments of Hollerith's machines. R. R. ADLER (1958), "Mr. Babbage's Calculating Engine," Machine Design 30 (3). pp.125-129 (13 Nov. 1958). Brief but well-illustrated account of the Difference Engine and Analytical Engine. -
Landmark Designation Report
CITY OF HOUSTON Archaeological & Historical Commission Planning and Development Department LANDMARK DESIGNATION REPORT LANDMARK NAME: National Cash Register Company AGENDA ITEM: Ic OWNERS: Deborah Keyser and James Stafford HPO FILE NO.: 06L129 APPLICANTS: same as owner DATE ACCEPTED: 07-15-06 LOCATION: 515 Caroline Avenue - Downtown HAHC HEARING DATE:08-24-06 30-DAY HEARING NOTICE: 07/20/06 PC HEARING DATE: 08-31-06 SITE INFORMATION Tracts 7A and 8, Block 3, SSBB, Houston, Harris County, Texas. The site includes a two-story, concrete block, stucco clad commercial building. TYPE OF APPROVAL REQUESTED: Landmark Designation HISTORY AND SIGNIFICANCE SUMMARY The building for the National Cash Register Company at 515 Caroline Avenue was built in 1929 for the very innovative and growing cash register company. NCR was founded by John Henry Patterson, who was an astute and capable business man, who guided NCR to become the most successful cash register manufacturing and sales company in the United States. He not only created a successful company, but he also created enlightened working conditions for his employees that were advanced for the times. The NCR building at 515 Caroline was dedicated on April 8, 1929, which was the 59th anniversary of the invention of the cash register. The building, which housed one of their many showrooms, was designed by famed architect, Joseph Finger of Houston. The building is a “finely detailed example of Italian Renaissance Revival architecture, not often seen in Houston.” Because of its small scale, its affinity is more with the domestic architecture of northern Italy. HISTORY AND SIGNIFICANCE John Henry Patterson, who established the National Cash Register Company, “was born on December 13, 1844, near Dayton, Ohio. -
Military Roots
CHAPTER THREE Military Roots WHEN historians examine the origins of the electronic digital computer, they usually give top billing to the pioneering efforts of the American scientists J. Presper Eckert and John W. Mauchly, who built their Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC) during World War II. Eckert and Mauchly are justly and widely honored as the men whose efforts and risks led to the first machines recognizable as modern computers. They also founded the first private computer systems company. But historians now also recognize a lesser known history of the computer, one whose roots run deep into the most sensitive and secret corners of a modern military establishment. It was no accident that the military services largely financed the postwar development of the computer in the 1950s, for computing technology had played a pivotal role in the Allied war effort. The military indirectly bankrolled even the Eckert and Mauchly computer projects, and these relatively open projects were only the tip of a much larger, and sometimes hidden, technological iceberg. The military computer projects, as well as Eckert and Mauchly's daring bet on an as-yet nonexistent commercial market, led to the first stirrings of interest in computers in the 1950s by business and industry. Indeed the first commercial computers were direct copies or adaptations of machines developed for military users. After the war, the commercial potential of government-sponsored research became more apparent. The first great political clashes over technology policy in the United States occurred. Origins of the Computer By the time war broke out in 1939, engineering and science had already made important advances in several seemingly unrelated areas . -
Historic Context by Nathalie Wright
Historic Context by Nathalie Wright The Ohio Modern Dayton survey covers the period 1940‐1970, throughout the Dayton metropolitan area. Although the survey project focuses on the mid‐20th century, a brief summary of Dayton’s earlier history gives a fuller understanding of its development. In addition, some complex thematic areas, such as industry, military, and transportation, are so embedded in Dayton’s history that it is very difficult to begin this discussion at 1940. These three thematic areas are intertwined, and spurred the massive residential construction that took place in the metropolitan area. As Dayton is an industrial and aeronautical city, thousands of people flooded the area to work at the factories or Army Air Force installations beginning in the late 1930s. After World War II, many workers remained in the area, continuing the housing construction boom and resulting influx of new schools, churches, offices, and commercial buildings. Early History and Thematic Development: Dayton and Environs, 1800‐1900 Montgomery County was formed in 1803, with Dayton the original county seat. Dayton was incorporated as a town in 1805. Centered on present day Main and Monument Streets, the town grew from an established 1796 settlement. The 1820s brought two significant transportation improvements to Dayton: the National Road and the Miami Canal. Disappointed that the National Road, the United States’ first federally funded highway, would not pass through the town, Dayton’s enterprising leadership built an alternate route. The alternate route was so well marked that many travelers made the 10 mile journey south into Dayton not realizing they had left the actual National Road.