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Ethiopia: a Priority Country for Universal Access to WASH in Africa

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Ethiopia: a Priority Country for Universal Access to WASH in Africa Think Piece 1 Ethiopia: A priority country for universal access to WASH in Africa Lessons learned from WASH systems strengthening: an overview of the programme design process and activities undertaken in Gololcha Woreda, Ethiopia Zeitu, 37, is a mother of seven. She has to walk almost 8 km a day to collect water for her family. WaterAid/Behailu Shiferaw WaterAid/Behailu Introduction WaterAid’s investment in Ethiopia is intended to strengthen the enabling environment for to contribute towards universal and sustainable WASH thereby improving peoples’ WASH access water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) access. A in a district where progress lags far behind other key approach of WaterAid’s work in Ethiopia is woredas in the country. about strengthening the systems within which For WaterAid Ethiopia, systems strengthening WASH services and behaviours function. The aim refers to working in ways that transform the of the approach is to ensure WASH services and enabling environment (at the national, regional behaviours are inclusive and continue to function and local levels) to ensure WASH services and long after our interventions end. In Ethiopia, behaviours are both inclusive and sustainable. under the National One WASH Plan, government The ‘system’ involves all the people, institutions, efforts at all levels are being harmonised policies, infrastructure and resources necessary and all actors agree on one common system to deliver and sustain inclusive WASH services for planning, procurement, implementation, and behaviours. monitoring and evaluation for WASH. However, while the institutional architecture is This document sets out the background to established, there is considerable variance in WaterAid Ethiopia’s systems strengthening how effectively it is working in practice - systems approach, the process that WaterAid for coordination, planning, and budgeting are Ethiopia took to design and implement it, not uniformly in place across different levels of key lessons learned, and recommendations for government. its implementation and scale-up. In sharing our experiences, we hope to inspire other Under the Promoting Sustainable Water, WaterAid country teams and other WASH sector Sanitation and Hygiene Services at Scale professionals applying or interested in learning (SusWASH) project, WaterAid Ethiopia has more about, WASH systems strengthening. developed and is implementing a systems strengthening approach in Gololcha woreda (district), in Bale zone of Oromia region. It aims Box 1: Woreda Gololcha WASH service level assessment, WaterAid Ethiopia, 2018a Gololcha in numbers • 48% of households had access to an • 37% of households reported that water was improved water source. only available on a small number of days. • 44% of households spent more than one • 62% of households had access to a latrine; hour a day collecting water. however, most of them were unimproved. • Only 19% of households had access to an • 75% of households had no access to a improved and functional water service. handwashing facility with water and soap. 2 / Ethiopia Why systems strengthening? low capacity of and limited financial resources available to the woreda water office limit the In 2017, Gololcha woreda was facing major ability to monitor, plan and budget for new and WASH challenges: water services were not existing WASH services. keeping pace with a growing population, there was a weak service with high rates of water point The compound of these challenges meant failure, people were experiencing poor service both WASH agencies and the government delivery, and hygiene and sanitation behaviours were not adequately prioritising the need to were not being sustained (see Box 1). address WASH problems in the woreda. This is demonstrated by WaterAid Ethiopia’s 2018 Some of the causes associated with these baseline assessment, which revealed that 14 challenges relate to accessibility issues, as the of 26 kebeles (the lowest government level limited road infrastructure makes it hard to reach in Ethiopia, comprising, on average, 1,000 Gololcha, a woreda located in a geographically households each) had no access to water beyond remote area (550km from Addis Ababa). an unimproved or surface water source (see Groundwater scarcity and low water quality Graph 1). with high levels of fluoride limit access to clean water and make water treatment costly. The Responsive institutions and processes focused on sustainability Cross Sector Integration Education sector Gender and Institutional Sector co-ordination Social Inclusion Arrangements and integration Health sector Active and engaged citizens Strategic Monitoring Financing Planning Inclusive, lasting WASH Strong government leadership Achievement Human right to Service delivery & Accountability Environment and of SDG 6 Figure 1: WaterAid’s approach to WASH water and sanitation behaviour change and Regulation Water Resources systems strengthening FOCUS OF WATERAID’S WORK ON SUSTAINABLE WASH Designing a WASH systems changes at higher levels of government. WaterAid facilitated a series of participatory strengthening intervention tools and exercises with local stakeholders to To address these systemic challenges, a holistic analyse and understand the strength of the systems strengthening approach was designed enabling environment for WASH inclusion and (Figure 1) under WaterAid’s Global SusWASH sustainability. Stakeholders included: the woreda programme and has been implemented in four council, different government offices (including countries so far: Cambodia, Ethiopia, Pakistan water, health, education and finance), utilities and Uganda. and the rural road authority. The analysis included an assessment of the willingness To operationalize the systems strengthening and ability of government (at multiple levels) approach, WaterAid Ethiopia works closely with to ensure sustained universal WASH access, the district (woreda) administration - the lowest stakeholder resource mapping, information level of government with the mandate to ensure flow mapping and an assessment of roles and sustained universal WASH access is available responsibilities. A woreda sustainability analysis to all. Efforts are also made to take evidence tool (Figure 2) was also developed and used to and lessons learned from the district level to assess the strength of the institutional functions influence and advocate for policy or regulatory and processes (or ‘building blocks’) of the WASH Think Piece 1 / 3 system within Gololcha woreda. These building blocks included: sector coordination, strategic planning, financing, institutional arrangements, and accountability & monitoring. The strength of service delivery and water resource management in the woreda were also assessed (Photo 1). WaterAid/Behailu Shiferaw WaterAid/Behailu Photo 1: A service provider assesses the strengths and limitations of the water service delivery at the woreda context-analysis workshop in Jara town, Gololcha. Government officials, utility staff, service providers, ii) understand existing government structures, school heads and community representatives reporting and information flow systems within the worked in mixed stakeholder groups to assess sector and across various government levels; and the strength of each building block on a scale iii) reach agreement on where efforts to strengthen from ‘emergency WASH’ (not meeting minimum the system should be targeted at woreda, zonal, requirements) through ‘fragile but strengthening’ regional and national levels to shift the sector (some of the minimum requirements are met), towards a ‘fully transitioned’ state, where WASH ‘transitional’ (a large portion of the minimum access is universal and sustained. requirements are met) to ‘fully transitioned’ (above Considering the combined results of this minimum requirements). participatory context analysis, local WASH sector The series of exercises helped stakeholders stakeholders and WaterAid Ethiopia designed a to: i) discuss and identify key constraints and systems strengthening initiative to: bottlenecks to WASH inclusion and sustainability; • Support the woreda water office to monitor, plan and budget for universal and WASH sustainable WASH access. • Strengthen woreda-level coordination for Fragile but WASH. Building Weak / non- Fully strength- Transitional block existent transitioned ening • Support local government leaders to fulfill their roles and responsibilities under the Coordi- National WASH Implementation Framework nation and recognise everyone’s WASH rights. • Facilitate life-cycle costing assessments Strategic (LCCAs) and strengthen government’s and planning utility’s capacity to plan, budget and manage water schemes. Financing • Strengthen monitoring and evaluation systems at the district level. Develop a Institutional district information system centre to regularly arrange- ments update WASH service level and infrastructure data. M&E and account- ability Figure 2: Adapted from WaterAid Ethiopia, 2018b 4 / Ethiopia • Establish an effective user feedback mechanism Strengthening monitoring, • Demonstrate inclusive and sustainable costing and planning processes service delivery models for government scale- for inclusive, sustainable WASH up in schools and communities. in Gololcha woreda1 WaterAid Ethiopia’s systems strengthening The first step towards WaterAid Ethiopia applying approach was designed to support the the systems strengthening approach in Gololcha operationalisation of the One WASH National woreda was to support the local government Plan (OWNP) and its key pillars:
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