DOCSLIB.ORG

Naming of Drugs

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Naming of Drugs give rise to problems. The current edition of the British National Formulary lists several propri- Table 1-Main differences between British approved name3 and intemational non-proprietary name4 of various etary oral preparations of morphine sulphate, drugs including liquid, sustained release, and non- sustained release preparations, which may result British International non- British International non- in confusion. approved name proprietary name approved name proprietary name Confusion between sustained release and non- Acepifylline Acefylline piperazine Hydroxyurea Hydroxycarbamide sustained release morphine sulphate tablets and Acinitrazole Aminitrozole lodipamide Adipiodone morphine sulphate liquid can result in two Acrosoxacin Rosoxacin Ipodate lopodate different outcomes: high initial peak plasma con- Actinomycin C Cactinomycin Ironedetate Feredetate centrations of morphine and inadequate dura- Actinomycin D Dactinomycin Isobuzole Glysobuzole tion of analgesia will result if liquid or Adrenaline Epinephrine Lignocaine Lidocaine non-sustained release tablets are given instead of Aloxidone Allomethadione Methadyl acetate Acetylmethadol sustained release tablets, while accumulation of Ametazole Betazole Metharbitone Metharbital morphine and potential toxicity will occur with Amethocaine Tetracaine Methimazole Thiamazole repeated dosing if a sustained release tablet is Amylobarbitone Amobarbital Methohexitone Methohexital given instead of a non-sustained release prepara- Anoxynaphthonate Anazolene Methoin Mephenytoin Azetepa Azatepa Methotrimeprazine Levomepromazine tion. Balipramine Depramine Methsuximide Mesuximide There are two other potential sources of Barbitone Barbital Methyl benzoquate Nequinate confusion. Firstly, the proprietary name MST Bendrofluazide Bendroflumethiazide Methyl cysteine Mecysteine has been misinterpreted as being an abbreviation Benzathine penicillin Benzathine benzylpenicillin Methylphenobarbitone Methylphenobarbital for morphine sulphate rather than a formulation Benzhexol Trihexyphenidyl Methyprylone Methyprylon of the drug. Secondly, Oramorph liquid is also Benztropine Benzatropine Mitozantrone Mitoxantrone available in unit dose vials, which have been Bindazac Bendazac Mustine Chlormethine reported to have been confused with injectable Bismuth glycollylarsanilate Glycobiarsol Nealbarbitone Nealbarbital preparations and given intravenously or intra- Bromodiphenhydramine Bromazine Nicoumalone Acenocoumarol muscularly in error.2 Buniodyl Bunamiodyl Nitrofurazone Nitrofural To minimise such errors in our hospital we Bupropion Amfebutamone Noradrenaline Norepinephrine Buthalitone Buthalital Norbutrine Norbudrine aim to ensure that prescriptions for solid oral Butoxamine Butaxamine Octacosactrin Tosactide formulations of morphine sulphate include both Carbolonium Hexcarbacholine Oxethazaine Oxetacaine the brand name and the approved name-for Chlophedianol Clofedanol Oxpentifylline Pentoxifylline example, morphine sulphate sustained release Chlorbutol Chlorobutanol Pentacosactride Norleusactide (MST) or morphine sulphate (Sevredol). When Chlordantoin Clodantoin Pentaerythritol Pentaerithrityl these items are dispensed by the pharmacy, the Chlorfenvinphos Clofenvinfos Pentobarbitone Pentobarbital containers are labelled with both the proprietary Chlorhexadol Chloralodol Pentolinium Pentolonium and approved names. As the liquid morphine Chlormethiazole Clomethiazole Phanquone Phanquinone sulphate preparation listed in our formulary is Chlorpheniramine Chlorphenamine Phenobarbitone Phenobarbital Oramorph liquid (not in unit dose vials) we have Colistin sulphomethate Colistimethate Phenyl aminosalicylate Fenamisal decided not to include Oramorph sustained Cyclobarbitone Cyclobarbital Plasmin Fibrinolysin Cysteamine Mercaptamine Polyoxyl (8,40) stearate Macrogol ester release tablets, to minimise potential confusion Deoxycortone Desoxycortone Povidone Polyvidone between liquid and tablet formulations. Desferrioxamine Deferoxamine Pramoxine Pramocaine The guidelines put forward by the expert Diamthazole Dimazole Promethoestrol Methestrol working group will aid decision making in the Diatrizoate Amidotrizoate Proquamezine Aminopromazine prescribing of analgesics. Doctors and pharma- Diazinon Dimpylate Quinalbarbitone Secobarbital cists, however, have an important role in Dichlorphenamide Diclofenamide Rolicypram Rolicyprine ensuring that the range ofproducts available and Dicyclomine Dicycloverine Secbutobarbitone Secbutabarbital the accuracy with which the prescription is writ- Diethylpropion Amfepramone Solapsone Solasulfone ten reduce to a minimum the risk of patients Dipenine Diponium Stanolone Androstanolone receiving the wrong formulation of morphine Dipyrone Metamizole Stilboestrol Diethylstilbestrol sulphate. Dothiepin Dosulepin Streptonicozid Streptoniazid GILLIAN F CAVELL Dyclocaine Dyclonine Sulfametopyrazine Sulfalene Principal pharmacist Epithiazide Epitizide Sulphaurea Sulfacarbamide King's College Hospital, Ethopropazine Profenamine Tetracosactrin Tetracosactide London SE5 9RS Ethybenztropine Etybenzatropine Tetrahydrozoline Tetryzoline Fenchlorphos Fenclofos Thiacetazone Thioacetazone 1 Expert Working Group ofthe European Association for Pallia- tive Care. Morphine in cancer pain: modes of administra- Fluopromazine Triflupromazine Thialbarbitone Thialbarbital tion. BMJ 1996;312:823-6. (30 March.) Flurandrenolone Fludroxycortide Thiopentone Thiopental 2 Cousins D, Upton D. Medication errors. Oral solutions can be Frusemide Furosemide Thymoxamine Moxisylyte injected. Pharmacy in Practice 1995;5:76-7. Gestronol Gestonorone Triacetyloleandomycin Troleandomycin Glycalox Glucalox Tribavirin Ribavirin Halopyramine Chloropyramine Trimeprazine Alimemazine Heptabarbitone Heptabarb Trimustine Trichlormethine Naming of drugs Hexachlorophane Hexachlorophene Troxidone Trimethadione Hexamine Methenamine Vinbarbitone Vinbarbital Differences between nomenclatures are Hexobarbitone Hexobarbital Vinylbitone Vinylbital much greater than editorial suggested Hydroxamethocaine Hydroxytetracaine Viprynium Pyrvinium ED1TOR, C F George discusses the difficulties that will result from the European Commission's includes some widely used drugs, such as name.5 This may be the same as the international directive which states that the international actinomycin D, bupropion, chlorpheniramine, non-proprietary name but different from the non-proprietary name, not the British approved dipyrone, hydroxyurea, nicoumalone, plasmin, British approved name (for example, phenobarbi- name, must appear on the labels and leaflets of povidone, and thiopentone. tal) or vice versa (povidone), or it may be different medicinal products from January 1998.' George The World Health Organisation's inter- from both of these (for example, isoproterenol, underestimates the problem, however, in asserting national non-proprietary name programme was whose British and international name is isoprena- that "in total, 41 drugs have a British approved implemented to overcome this problem of syno- line). In extreme cases the same drug has three name that is significantly different to their nyms. In practice, however, it has not achieved names, as with aminitrozole, whose British recommended international non-proprietary this objective, fundamentally because no single approved name is acinitrazole and United States name." I recently reviewed this issue and compared official organ is responsible for selecting the valid approved name is nithiamide). In the European the official listings of the British approved names terms. The World Health Organisation publishes Union, which has 11 official languages, the and the international non-proprietary names.2 If the international non-proprietary names in five situation is more complex, because several we ignore differences in spelling, such as languages (Latin, English, French, Spanish, and countries have their own list of approved names. cyclosporin (whose international non-proprietary Russian), but many developed countries have Whatever solution is adopted as a result of the name is ciclosporin) and oestradiol (estradiol), the their own nomenclature committees. new directive in 1998, clearly none of the mem- number of important differences between the two In the English speaking world, for example, the ber states ofthe European Union can, in the long nomenclatures is well over 100 (table 1); this figure United States has its own United States adopted term, expect to maintain an official name differ- 688 BMJ VOLUME 313 14 SEPTEMBER 1996 ent from the international non-proprietary 1 George CF. Naming of drugs: pass the epinephrine, please. quoted) and the values do not seem to be BMJ 1996;312:1315-6. (25 May.) name. On the other hand, the World Health 2 Hawton K, Fagg J. Trends in deliberate self poisoning and self compatible with the syndrome of inappropriate Organisation cannot impose on these countries a injury in Oxford, 1976-90. BM, 1992;304:1409-1 1. secretion of antidiuretic hormone. Instead, they name that they consider to be unacceptable. The 3 Spooner JB, Harvey JG. Paracetamol overdosage-facts not suggest more that simple (severe) water intoxica- most logical solution would be to set up bilateral misconceptions. Pharm J 1993;250:706-7. tion was the cause of cerebral oedema. 4 Reynolds JEF, ed. Martindale: the extra pharmacopoeia, 31st ed. discussions between the organisation's experts London: Pharmaceutical Press, 1996. T M COOK and the national nomenclature committees with 5 Ritter JM, Lewis LD, Mant
Load more

Recommended publications
  • By in Vivo's Biopharma, Medtech and Diagnostics Teams
    invivo.pharmaintelligence.informa.com JANUARY 2018 Invol. 36 ❚ no. 01 Vivopharma intelligence ❚ informa 2018 OUTLOOK By In Vivo’s Biopharma, Medtech and Diagnostics Teams PAGE LEFT BLANK INTENTIONALLY invivo.pharmaintelligence.informa.com STRATEGIC INSIGHTS FOR LIFE SCIENCES DECISION-MAKERS CONTENTS ❚ In Vivo Pharma intelligence | January 2018 BIOPHARMA MEDTECH 2018 DIAGNOSTICS OUTLOOK 12 22 28 Biopharma 2018: Medtech 2018: Diagnostics 2018: Is There Still A Place For Pharma The Place For Innovation Steady Progress And In The New Health Care As Value-based Health Care The Big Get Bigger Economy? Gains Momentum MARK RATNER WILLIAM LOONEY ASHLEY YEO If the beginning of 2017 was marked 2018 will be a time of transition in health 2017 was a watershed year in many by doubts around whether and how care, when biopharma’s counterparts respects, politically, economically the FDA would act with respect to in adjacent industry segments scale up and commercially for many players complex diagnostics, we enter 2018 in a radical redesign of their traditional in the medtech field. Where will the feeling that slow-moving vessel may business models. Biopharma is not opportunities lie in 2018? Will finally be turning. moving as quickly, and it confronts a breakthrough medtech innovation still strategic dilemma on how to address the have a place among providers often prospect of a much more powerful set of riding on fumes when it comes to 36 rivals in the ongoing battle to own the budgets, and is it all as bad as some patient experience in medicine. would make out? Thirty-five Years Covering Health Care: The More Things Change… 30 PETER CHARLISH A Virtuous Cycle: What The The health care industry has come a Immuno-Oncology Revolution long way in the past 35 years, although Means For Other Disease Areas in some areas very little has changed.
    [Show full text]
  • (12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 9,498,481 B2 Rao Et Al
    USOO9498481 B2 (12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 9,498,481 B2 Rao et al. (45) Date of Patent: *Nov. 22, 2016 (54) CYCLOPROPYL MODULATORS OF P2Y12 WO WO95/26325 10, 1995 RECEPTOR WO WO99/O5142 2, 1999 WO WOOO/34283 6, 2000 WO WO O1/92262 12/2001 (71) Applicant: Apharaceuticals. Inc., La WO WO O1/922.63 12/2001 olla, CA (US) WO WO 2011/O17108 2, 2011 (72) Inventors: Tadimeti Rao, San Diego, CA (US); Chengzhi Zhang, San Diego, CA (US) OTHER PUBLICATIONS Drugs of the Future 32(10), 845-853 (2007).* (73) Assignee: Auspex Pharmaceuticals, Inc., LaJolla, Tantry et al. in Expert Opin. Invest. Drugs (2007) 16(2):225-229.* CA (US) Wallentin et al. in the New England Journal of Medicine, 361 (11), 1045-1057 (2009).* (*) Notice: Subject to any disclaimer, the term of this Husted et al. in The European Heart Journal 27, 1038-1047 (2006).* patent is extended or adjusted under 35 Auspex in www.businesswire.com/news/home/20081023005201/ U.S.C. 154(b) by Od en/Auspex-Pharmaceuticals-Announces-Positive-Results-Clinical M YW- (b) by ayS. Study (published: Oct. 23, 2008).* This patent is Subject to a terminal dis- Concert In www.concertpharma. com/news/ claimer ConcertPresentsPreclinicalResultsNAMS.htm (published: Sep. 25. 2008).* Concert2 in Expert Rev. Anti Infect. Ther. 6(6), 782 (2008).* (21) Appl. No.: 14/977,056 Springthorpe et al. in Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters 17. 6013-6018 (2007).* (22) Filed: Dec. 21, 2015 Leis et al. in Current Organic Chemistry 2, 131-144 (1998).* Angiolillo et al., Pharmacology of emerging novel platelet inhibi (65) Prior Publication Data tors, American Heart Journal, 2008, 156(2) Supp.
    [Show full text]
  • Autonomic Nervous System Final.Pdf
    University of Hawai‘i Hilo Pre- Nursing Program NURS 203 – General AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM Pharmacology Danita Narciso Pharm D 1 LEARNING OBJECTIVES Understand the basic function of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) Know the neurotransmitters and receptors of each branch of the autonomic nervous system Understand if a tissue or organ is being activated by a certain branch of the ANS what the resulting action would be Understand how these two systems work in concert for daily living and situation of fight or flight 2 AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM – WHERE IT FITS IN Nervous System Central Peripheral Somatic Autonomic (Skeletal Muscle) Parasympathetic Sympathetic Brain (cholinergic) ACh (adrenergic) NE Spinal Cord Nicotinic Alpha Beta α1, α2 β1, β2 Muscarinic 3 AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM Fight or Flight Adrenergic Rest & Digest Norepinephrine Cholinergic Acetylcholine 4 AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM – WHERE IT FITS IN Nervous System Central Peripheral Somatic Autonomic (Skeletal Muscle) Parasympathetic Sympathetic Brain (cholinergic) ACh (adrenergic) NE Spinal Cord Nicotinic Alpha Beta α1, α2 β1, β2 Muscarinic 5 AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM (ANS) Parasympathetic NS Nicotinic Muscarinic Peripheral Sympathetic NS Alpha Autonomic Beta Nerves Parasympathetic Sympathetic Carrying ACh (cholinergic) ACh (adrenergic) NE Cholinergic Carrying NE Nicotinic Beta Adrenergic Alpha α1, α2 β1, β2 Muscarinic 6 AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM (ANS) 7 AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM (ANS) Ganglion: Group of nerve cell bodies. Connects pre and post ganglionic nerves. 8 AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM (ANS) 9 AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM (ANS) 10 AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM (ANS) Preganglionic PNS ACh Preganglionic SNS ACh Post ganglionic Post ganglionic PNS SNS ACh NE 11 ACTIONS OF THE ANS - SNS Think fight or flight Dilate pupils Let in more light to see the bear Inhibit salivation This is no time to be hungry Relax airways Increase O2 intake Increase heart rate ….
    [Show full text]
  • General Prescription
    GENERAL PRESCRIPTION LESSON 1. INTRODUCTION. PRESCRIPTION. SOLID MEDICINAL FORMS Objective: To study the structure of the prescription, learn the rules and get practical skills in writing out solid medicinal forms in prescription. To carry out practical tasks on prescriptions it is recommended to use Appendix 1. Key questions: 1. Pharmacology as a science and the basis of therapy. Main development milestones of modern pharmacology. Sections of Pharmacology. 2. The concept of medicinal substance, medicinal agent (medicinal drug, drug), medicinal form. 3. The concept of the pharmacological action and types of the action of drugs. 4. The sources of obtaining drugs. 5. International and national pharmacopeia, its content and purpose. 6. Pharmacy. Rules of drug storage and dispensing. 7. Prescription and its structure. Prescription forms. General rules for writing out a prescription. State regulation of writing out and dispensing drugs. 8. Name of medicinal products (international non-proprietary name - INN, trade name). 9. Peculiarities of writing out narcotic, poisonous and potent substances in prescription. 10. Drugs under control. Drugs prohibited for prescribing. 11. Solid medicinal forms: tablets, dragee (pills), powders, capsules. Their characteristics, advantages and disadvantages. Rules of prescribing. Write out prescriptions for: 1. 5 powders of Codeine 0.015 g. 1 powder orally twice a day. 2. 10 powders of Didanosine 0.25 g in sachets to prepare solution for internal use. Accept inside twice a day one sachet powder after dissolution in a glass of boiled water. 3. 50 mg of Alteplase powder in the bottle. Dissolve the content of the bottle in 50 ml of saline. First 15 ml introduce intravenously streamly, then intravenous drip.
    [Show full text]
  • Drug-Facilitated Sexual Assault Panel, Blood
    DRUG-FACILITATED SEXUAL ASSAULT PANEL, BLOOD Blood Specimens (Order Code 70500) Alcohols Analgesics, cont. Anticonvulsants, cont. Antihistamines, cont. Ethanol Phenylbutazone Phenytoin Cyclizine Amphetamines Piroxicam Pregabalin Diphenhydramine Amphetamine Salicylic Acid* Primidone Doxylamine BDB Sulindac* Topiramate Fexofenadine Benzphetamine Tapentadol Zonisamide Guaifenesin Ephedrine Tizanidine Antidepressants Hydroxyzine MDA Tolmetin Amitriptyline Loratadine MDMA Tramadol Amoxapine Oxymetazoline* Mescaline* Anesthetics Bupropion Pyrilamine Methcathinone Benzocaine Citalopram Tetrahydrozoline Methamphetamine Bupivacaine Clomipramine Triprolidine Phentermine Etomidate Desipramine Antipsychotics PMA Ketamine Desmethylclomipramine 9-hydroxyrisperidone Phenylpropanolamine Lidocaine Dosulepin Aripiprazole Pseudoephedrine Mepivacaine Doxepin Buspirone Analgesics Methoxetamine Duloxetine Chlorpromazine Acetaminophen Midazolam Fluoxetine Clozapine Baclofen Norketamine Fluvoxamine Fluphenazine Buprenorphine Pramoxine* Imipramine Haloperidol Carisoprodol Procaine 1,3-chlorophenylpiperazine (mCPP) Mesoridazine Cyclobenzaprine Rocuronium Mianserin* Norclozapine Diclofenac Ropivacaine Mirtazapine Olanzapine Etodolac Antibiotics Nefazodone Perphenazine Fenoprofen Azithromycin* Nordoxepin Pimozide Hydroxychloroquine Chloramphenicol* Norfluoxetine Prochlorperazine Ibuprofen Ciprofloxacin* Norsertraline Quetiapine Ketoprofen Clindamycin* Nortriptyline Risperidone Ketorolac Erythromycin* Norvenlafaxine Thioridazine Meclofenamic Acid* Levofloxacin* Paroxetine
    [Show full text]
  • Use of Non-Selective Β-Blockers Is Associated with Decreased Tumor Proliferative Indices in Early Stage Breast Cancer
    www.impactjournals.com/oncotarget/ Oncotarget, 2017, Vol. 8, (No. 4), pp: 6446-6460 Research Paper Use of non-selective β-blockers is associated with decreased tumor proliferative indices in early stage breast cancer Alexa Montoya1,2,*, Clarissa N. Amaya1,*, Andres Belmont3,*, Nabih Diab3, Richard Trevino3, Geri Villanueva3, Steven Rains1, Luis A. Sanchez4, Nabeel Badri4, Salman Otoukesh4, Ali Khammanivong5, Danielle Liss4, Sarah T. Baca6, Renato J. Aguilera6, Erin B. Dickerson5,7, Alireza Torabi3,8, Alok K. Dwivedi1,3,9, Aamer Abbas3,4, Karinn Chambers3,10, Brad A. Bryan1,3, Zeina Nahleh3,4 1Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, Texas, USA 2Department of Biology, University of Texas, El Paso, Texas, USA 3Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, Texas, USA 4Department of Hematology/Oncology, Loma Linda University Health Sciences Center, Loma Linda, California, USA 5Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA 6Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas, El Paso, Texas, USA 7Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA 8Department of Pathology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, Texas, USA 9Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, Texas, USA 10Department of Surgery, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, Texas, USA *These authors contributed equally to this work Correspondence to: Zeina Nahleh, email: [email protected] Brad A. Bryan, email: [email protected] Keywords: beta blocker, propranolol, breast cancer, proliferation, Ki-67 Received: September 07, 2016 Accepted: December 13, 2016 Published: December 23, 2016 ABSTRACT Previous studies suggest beta-adrenergic receptor (β-AR) antagonists (β-blockers) decrease breast cancer progression, tumor metastasis, and patient mortality; however the mechanism for this is unknown.
    [Show full text]
  • Appendix 1 Definitions of Words and Phrases Used in the Act And
    Appendix 1 Definitions of Words and Phrases Used in the Act and Subordinate Legislation The persons responsible for drafting a piece of legislation aim to achieve clarity and avoid ambiguity in the document. However, most words have shades of meaning and the interpretation of the statute or instrument becomes difficult for those who have to obey or enforce it, especially when such persons are not law­ yers. In the last analysis, it is a judge who has to decide whether a particular set of circumstances fall within or outside a given set of words, but this may be too late for the citizen who may have done utmost to keep within the law. It should, however, be pointed out that government departments and others who have a duty to enforce a piece of legislation are usually willing to advise members of the public as to its meaning and effects. In order to help those who have to obey or enforce the law an 'interpretation' section, regulation or rule containing a number of technical terms used in the document is often included. In the Medicines Act, sections 130,131 and 132 are devoted to this purpose. However, many other terms are defined in other sec­ tions and are sometimes less easy to locate. Furthermore, numerous statutory instruments also define various words and phrases and these definitions are not always identical with those used in the Act. To facilitate reference to these defi­ nitions, they have been collected together and printed alphabetically with the exception of 'medicinal product' and 'wholesale' and 'retail' sale which, in view of their importance, are treated separately.
    [Show full text]
  • Influence of Obesity and Exercise
    nutrients Article β2 Adrenergic Regulation of the Phagocytic and Microbicide Capacity of Circulating Monocytes: Influence of Obesity and Exercise 1,2, 2,3, 2,4 Isabel Gálvez y , Leticia Martín-Cordero y , María Dolores Hinchado and Eduardo Ortega 2,4,* 1 Grupo de Investigación en Inmunofisiología, Departamento de Enfermería, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Extremadura, 06071 Badajoz, Spain; [email protected] 2 Instituto Universitario de Investigación Biosanitaria de Extremadura (INUBE), 06071 Badajoz, Spain; [email protected] (L.M.-C.); [email protected] (M.D.H.) 3 Grupo de Investigación en Inmunofisiología, Departamento de Enfermería, Centro Universitario de Plasencia, Universidad de Extremadura, 10600 Plasencia, Spain 4 Grupo de Investigación en Inmunofisiología, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, 06071 Badajoz, Spain * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +34-924-289-300 These authors contributed equally to this work. y Received: 19 March 2020; Accepted: 13 May 2020; Published: 16 May 2020 Abstract: Obese individuals present anomalous immune/inflammatory responses with dysregulations in neuroendocrine responses and immune/stress feedback mechanisms. In this context, exercise and β2 adrenergic activation present monocyte-mediated anti-inflammatory effects that are modulated by obesity. However, these anti-inflammatory effects could immunocompromise the monocyte-mediated innate response against a pathogen challenge. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of obesity, and exercise in this condition, on the β2 adrenergic regulation of the phagocytic and microbicide capacity of circulating monocytes. C57BL/6J mice were allocated to different sedentary or exercised, lean or obese groups. Obese mice showed a lower monocyte-mediated innate response than that of lean mice.
    [Show full text]
  • Developing Novel Therapeutic Agents for Acanthamoeba Infection and Investigating the Process of Encystment
    Developing novel therapeutic agents for Acanthamoeba infection and investigating the process of encystment Anas Abdullah Hamad (BSc, MSc) A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the University of Wolverhampton for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy June 2020 Declaration This work or any part thereof has not previously been presented in any form to the University or to any other body whether for the purposes of assessment, publication or for any other purpose (unless otherwise indicated in page 3). Save for any express acknowledgements, references and/or bibliographies cited in the work, I confirm that the intellectual content of the work is the result of my own efforts and of no other person. The right of Anas Abdullah Hamad to be identified as author of this work is asserted in accordance with ss.77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. At this date copyright is owned by the author. Signature………………………………………. Date……………………………………………. 15/10/2020 2 List of posters and publication related to the work presented in this thesis: Heaselgrave, W., Hamad, A., Coles, S. and Hau, S., 2019. In Vitro Evaluation of the Inhibitory Effect of Topical Ophthalmic Agents on Acanthamoeba Viability. Translational vision science & technology, 8(5), pp.17-17. Manuscript published. Hamad, A. and Heaselgrave, W., 2017. Developing novel treatments for the blinding protozoan eye infection Acanthamoeba keratitis. Proceedings of the Internal Annual Research Symposium, Poster no. 23, University of Wolverhampton, UK. Hamad, A. and Heaselgrave, W., 2018. Developing new treatments and optimising existing treatment strategies for the corneal infection Acanthamoeba keratitis.
    [Show full text]
  • Therapeutic Consequences of the Drug Lag 93 X Recent Developments, 1972 to 1974 ...•
    REGULATION AND DRUG DEVELOPMENT William M. Wardell and Louis Lasagna American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research Washington. D. C. CONTENTS INTRODUCTION .. ................... 1 PART ONE Science. Government, and the Current State of Affairs I PRE-1962 PRACTICES: THE EVOLUTION OF CON- TROLS OVER THERAPEUTIC DRUGS 5 II POST-1962 GUIDELINES AND PRACTICES 19 III THE NATURE OF EVIDENCE 27 IV WEIGHING THE EVIDENCE 37 V ECONOMICS AND DRUG DEVELOPMENT 45 PART TWO Lessons from Other Countries VI APPROACHES TO INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS 51 VII PATTERNS OF INTRODUCTION OF NEW DRUGS IN BRITAIN AND THE UNITED STATES 55 VIII BRITISH USAGE AND AMERICAN AWARENESS OF SOME NEW DRUGS 79 IX THERAPEUTIC CONSEQUENCES OF THE DRUG LAG 93 X RECENT DEVELOPMENTS, 1972 TO 1974 ...•....... 109 PART THREE The Wider Issues XI THE INTENT OF CONGRESS AND THE NEEDS OF PATIENTS 127 XII THE RUBRICS REEXAMINED 135 XIII SUGGESTIONS FOR IMPROVEMENT. ............. .. 143 XIV CONCLUSIONS.................................... 161 APPENDIX: Definition of "Substantial Evidence" 167 NOTES 171 INTRODUCTION In the late 1950s the Congress of the United States began holding subcommittee hearings on various matters pertaining to the pharma­ ceutical industry. Two of the most vigorous and sensational were those chaired by Congressman Blatnik and by Senator Kefauver. They were highly critical of the quality of drug advertising, theevi­ dence for effectiveness of marketed pharmaceuticals, the allegedly monopolistic nature of the drug industry, and the price of medicines. The drug industry, accustomed to respect and gratitude from physicians and the public, was suddenly confronted with hostile, sensational newspaper headlines and stories and a rising wave of angry criticism.
    [Show full text]
  • An Expert System for Development of Powder Filled Hard Gelatin Capsule Formulations
    An Expert System For Development of Powder Filled Hard Gelatin Capsule Formulations Thesis submitted to the University of London Faculty of Medicine for THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY ky Samantha Miu Ha Lai B.Pharm., M.R.Pharm.S. September 1996 The School of Pharmacy University of London Brunswick Square London WCIN lAX ProQuest Number: 10104253 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest. ProQuest 10104253 Published by ProQuest LLC(2016). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Dedicated to my Father ACKNOWLEDGMENT I would like to dedicate this thesis to my father, without whom I would not be able to achieve this PhD. My sister, Esther and my boyfriend, Eric were also very understanding and have been most supportive throughout my ‘ups and downs’. The guidance and supervision provided by my supervisor. Professor J M Newton and also by Dr F Podczeck also made this PhD possible. Special thanks must go to Professor Newton for being so incredibly patient and spending so much time with me on top of his busy schedule.
    [Show full text]
  • International Nonproprietary Names (Inns) to Medicines
    WWW.CIOMS.CH Special Newsletter | 29 August 2018 This is the first of a series of special newsletters describing the work of CIOMS member organizations and partners. It describes the programme within the World Health Organization (WHO) that assigns International Nonproprietary Names (INNs) to medicines. The WHO INN Programme: International Nonproprietary Names for pharmaceutical substances With tens of thousands of medicines on the market, confusion between Medicine names: a safety issue medicine names can have serious consequences for patient safety. How INNs are defined WHO assigns single, unique, globally accepted names to INNs – a map to medicines classes pharmaceutical substances. The International Nonproprietary Names The INN MedNet (INN) nomenclature provides a common language for people all over The School of INN (SoINN) the world—including the CIOMS Working Groups—to work together for INNs for better medicines use the safe and effective use of medicines. Medicine names: a safety issue This variety of names can cause confusion, which A medicine can be identified in different ways: by its might lead to medication errors. brand name (“Aspirin”) or its chemical name Patient safety is a primary concern of WHO. In (acetylsalicylic acid). Furthermore, historically some 1950 the Organization established the INN regulatory authorities have approved nonproprietary Programme for pharmaceutical substances to names for pharmaceuticals in their jurisdictions (e.g., mitigate the risk of name confusions and medication paracetamol in Europe, acetaminophen in the US). errors. The main objective of the programme is to A brand name can designate a medicine containing define a single, unique, globally accepted name for more than one active substance, and often the same each pharmaceutical substance.
    [Show full text]