De Homo Antecessor
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The Human Cranium from Bodo, Ethiopia
G. Philip Rightmire The human cranium from Bodo, Department of Anthropology, State Ethiopia: evidence for speciation in the University of New York, Binghamton, New York 13902-6000, U.S.A. Middle Pleistocene? Received 19 June 1995 The cranium found at Bodo in 1976 is derived from Middle Pleistocene Revision received 13 December deposits containing faunal remains and Acheulean artefacts. A parietal 1995 recovered later must belong to a second individual, probably representing the and accepted 30 December 1995 same taxon. The cranium includes the face, much of the frontal bone, parts of the midvault and the base anterior to the foramen magnum. It is clear that the Keywords: human evolution, Bodo hominids resemble Homo erectus in a number of characters. The facial craniofacial morphology, species, skeleton is large, especially in its breadth dimensions. The braincase is low and Homo erectus, Homo heidelbergensis, decidedly archaic in overall appearance. Individual bones are quite thick. ‘‘archaic’’ Homo sapiens. Behind the projecting supraorbital torus, the frontal profile is flattened. The midline keel and bregmatic eminence are characteristic of H. erectus. Frontal narrowing is less pronounced than in crania from Olduvai and Koobi Fora but slightly greater than in some Sangiran specimens. The parietal displays a prominent angular torus. Whether the inferior part of the tympanic plate was substantially thickened cannot be checked, but in the placement of its petrous bone and the resulting crevice-like configuration of the foramen lacerum, the Bodo hominid resembles H. erectus. Other traits seem more clearly to be synapomorphies uniting Bodo with later Middle Pleistocene populations and recent humans. -
Endocranial Capacity of the Bodo Cranium Determined from Three-Dimensional Computed Tomography
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 113:111–118 (2000) Endocranial Capacity of the Bodo Cranium Determined From Three-Dimensional Computed Tomography GLENN C. CONROY,1* GERHARD W. WEBER,2 HORST SEIDLER,2 WOLFGANG RECHEIS,3 DIETER ZUR NEDDEN,3 AND JARA HAILE MARIAM4 1Departments of Anatomy and Neurobiology/Anthropology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110 2Institute of Human Biology, University of Vienna, A1091 Vienna, Austria 3Department of Radiology II, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria 4Office of Conservation and National Heritage, P.O. Box 13247 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia KEY WORDS computed tomography; Homo heidelbergensis; en- docranial capacity; brain evolution ABSTRACT The 600,000-year-old cranium from Bodo, Ethiopia, is the old- est and most complete early Middle Pleistocene hominid skull from Africa. “Virtual endocast” models created by three-dimensional computed tomography (CT) techniques indicate an endocranial capacity of about 1,250 cc for this cranium (with a reasonable range between ϳ1,200–1,325 cc, depending on how missing portions of the basicranial region are reconstructed). From these deter- minations, several important implications emerge concerning current interpre- tations of “tempo and mode” in early hominid brain evolution: 1) already by the early Middle Pleistocene, at least one African hominid species, Homo heidelber- gensis, had reached an endocranial capacity within the normal range of modern humans; 2) in spite of its large endocranial capacity, estimates of Bodo’s enceph- alization quotient fall below those found in a large sample of Homo sapiens (both fossil and recent) and Neandertals; and 3) the greatest burst of brain expansion in the Homo lineage may not have been in the last several hundred thousand years, but rather much earlier in the Lower to early Middle Pleistocene. -
The Internal Cranial Anatomy of the Middle Pleistocene Broken Hill 1 Cranium
The Internal Cranial Anatomy of the Middle Pleistocene Broken Hill 1 Cranium ANTOINE BALZEAU Équipe de Paléontologie Humaine, UMR 7194 du CNRS, Département Homme et Environnement, Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris, FRANCE; and, Department of African Zoology, Royal Museum for Central Africa, B-3080 Tervuren, BELGIUM; [email protected] LAURA T. BUCK Earth Sciences Department, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD; Division of Biological Anthropology, University of Cambridge, Pembroke Street, Cambridge CB2 3QG; and, Centre for Evolutionary, Social and InterDisciplinary Anthropology, University of Roehampton, Holybourne Avenue, London SW15 4JD, UNITED KINGDOM; [email protected] LOU ALBESSARD Équipe de Paléontologie Humaine, UMR 7194 du CNRS, Département Homme et Environnement, Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris, FRANCE; [email protected] GAËL BECAM Équipe de Paléontologie Humaine, UMR 7194 du CNRS, Département Homme et Environnement, Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris, FRANCE; [email protected] DOMINIQUE GRIMAUD-HERVÉ Équipe de Paléontologie Humaine, UMR 7194 du CNRS, Département Homme et Environnement, Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris, FRANCE; [email protected] TODD C. RAE Centre for Evolutionary, Social and InterDisciplinary Anthropology, University of Roehampton, Holybourne Avenue, London SW15 4JD, UNITED KINGDOM; [email protected] CHRIS B. STRINGER Earth Sciences Department, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UNITED KINGDOM; [email protected] submitted: 20 December 2016; accepted 12 August 2017 ABSTRACT The cranium (Broken Hill 1 or BH1) from the site previously known as Broken Hill, Northern Rhodesia (now Kabwe, Zambia) is one of the best preserved hominin fossils from the mid-Pleistocene. -
310552 1 En Bookbackmatter 257..290
Bibliography Adami, Norbert R. (1991). Religion und Schamanismus der Ainu auf Sachalin. Ein Beitrag zur historischen Völkerkunde Nordostasiens. München: Iudicum Verlag. Akkermans, Peter M. M. G. and Glenn M. Schwartz (2003). The Archaeology of Syria. From Complex Hunter-Gatherers to Early Urban Societies (16,000 – 300 B.C.). New York: Cambridge University Press. Alcock, John (2012). Animal Behavior: An Evolutionary Approach (9th ed.) Sunderland, MA: Sinauer. Alonso, Alex A. (1999). Territoriality Among African-American Street Gangs in Los Angeles. Master’s Thesis. University of Southern California. Andersen, Jorgen (1977). The Witch on the Wall. Copenhagen: Rosenkilde & Bagger. Antes, Peter (1992). Article Religion, religionswissenschaftlich In: Evangelisches Kirchenlexikon Vol. 3, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. Antes, Peter (2004). Das Christentum. Eine Einführung. München: Deutscher Taschenbuchverlag. Appenzeller, Tim (2013). El Castillo: Earliest Known Cave Paintings Might Have Been Made By Neanderthals. Nature news 5/17/2013. Arens, William (1979). The Man Eating Myth. Anthropology & Anthropophagy. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press. Arensburg, B. et. al. (1985). Une sépulture néanderthalien dans la grotte de Kebara (Israel). Compte Rendus des Séanches de l´Académie des Sciences (Paris), Série II, 300: 227–230. Aurenche, Oliver (2007). Das „Goldene Dreieck“ und die Anfänge des Neolithikums im Vorderen Orient. In: Badisches Landesmuseum Karlsruhe (ed.) Vor 12.000 Jahren in Anatolien. Die ältesten Monumente der Menschheit. Stuttgart: Konrad Theiss Verlag, pp. 50–65. Baales, Michael (2005). Archäologie des Eiszeitalters. Archäologie am Mittelrhein und Mosel 16, Koblenz. Bächler, Emil, (1934). Das Wildenmannlisloch am Selun. St Gallen: Fehr’sche Buchhandlung. Bánffy, E. (2004). The 6th millenium BC boundary in Western Transdanubia and its role in the Central European Neolithic transition (the Szentgyörgyvölgy-Pityerdomb settlement). -
The Variation of Measurements: Considering the Morphology of Late Pleistocene Hominins
THE VARIATION OF MEASUREMENTS: CONSIDERING THE MORPHOLOGY OF LATE PLEISTOCENE HOMININS A Thesis by James Scott Bachelor of Science, Central Michigan University, 2010 Submitted to the Department of Anthropology and the faculty of the Graduate School of Wichita State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts December 2016 ©Copyright 2016 by James Scott All Rights Reserved THE VARIATION OF MEASUREMENTS: CONSIDERING THE MORPHOLOGY OF LATE PLEISTOCENE HOMININS The following faculty members have examined the final copy of this thesis for form and content, and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Arts, with a major in Anthropology. ____________________ Peer Moore-Jansen, Committee Chair ____________________ Donald Blakeslee, Committee Member ____________________ William Parcel, Committee Member iii DEDICATION To My friends and family, who never gave up on believing in me and have always been there for help and support. iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank my adviser, Dr. Moore-Jansen, for his guidance and support. In addition, credit and thanks are given to the Wichita State University Anthropology Department’s Jackman fund for funding my Graduate Research Assistantship as well as providing for the additional fossil casts purchased to make this thesis possible. I would also like to thank Dr. Moore-Jansen again for the procurement of the new fossil casts and the use of the 3D digitizer available at the WSU-BAL. I would also like to extend my gratitude to members of my committee, Dr. Blakeslee, and Dr. Parcel, for their helpful comments and suggestions on all stages of this project. -
Unit 9 Archaic Homo Sapiens*
Homo Erectus to Modern Homo Sapiens UNIT 9 ARCHAIC HOMO SAPIENS* Contents 9.0 Introduction 9.1 The Time and Temperature during Middle Pleistocene 9.2 Distribution of Fossils 9.2.1 European Archaic H. sapiens 9.2.2 African Archaic H. sapiens 9.2.3 Asian Archaic H. sapiens 9.3 Anatomical Features of Archaic H. sapiens 9.4 Phylogenetic Relationship and Taxonomic Issues of Archaic H. sapiens 9.5 Cultural Behaviour of Archaic H. Sapiens 9.5.1 Stone Tools 9.6 Summary 9.7 References 9.8 Answers to Check Your Progress Learning Objectives After reading this unit, you will have an understanding of: climatic conditions in the Middle Pleistocene period; distribution of fossils which are labelled as Archaic H. sapiens; how Archaic H. sapiens is different from both H. erectus and H. sapiens anatomically; the cultural behaviour such as tool technology, subsistence strategy and campsites of Archaic H. sapiens; and taxonomic and phylogeny issues concerning Archaic H. sapiens. 9.0 INTRODUCTION Every living being on earth is related to every other living being. However, if we go back far in time we will find that we all had a common ancestor. This principle of evolution is applicable to the origin of human beings also. If we look back in time we will find that our ancestors resembled us and must have looked the way we look today. This is exactly we would expect in an evolutionary process. However, what we were in the earlier is recorded in the fossils which give us the glimpse of our evolutionary past. -
Cut Marks on the Bodo Cranium: a Case of Prehistoric Defleshing TIM D
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 69503-509 (1986) Cut Marks on the Bodo Cranium: A Case of Prehistoric Defleshing TIM D. WHITE Department ofAnthropology, The University of California, Berkeley, California 94720 KEY WORDS Defleshing, Cut marks, Middle Pleistocene, Hominid, Bodo, Ethiopia ABSTRACT Cut marks were discovered on the Middle Pleistocene Bod0 cranium from Ethiopia. The cut marks most closely resemble experimental damage caused by the application of stone tools to fresh bone. This discovery constitutes the earliest solid evidence for intentional defleshing of a human ancestor and offers new research avenues for the investigation of early homi- nid mortuary practices. The original Bod0 hominid cranium was cluding several skeletons, associated with found in 1976 by Alemayehu Asfaw on an stone tools, suggests that this was a site at outcrop of Middle Pleistocene sediments at which carcasses were butchered by early the site of Bod0 in Ethiopia’s Middle Awash hominids” (Conrov et al., 1978, D. 68). How- Valley (Conroy et al., 1978). Nearly 100 frag- ever, the only evidence besides spatial prox- ments of this fossilized cranium were found imity which has so far been suggested to link scattered over 25 m2. Most of the cranial the fauna with the hominids and stone tools base was not recovered (Kalb et al., 1980). is a depressed fracture on a suid cranium According to the principal investigators, the collected in the Bod0 area (Kalb et al., 1984). specimen “. broke up and was dispersed The stratigraphic context of the Bod0 cra- after weathering whole from the eroding sur- nium has recently been formalized by Kalb face of layer B” (Kalb et al., 1980, p.114). -
The Emergence of Homo Sapiens in South Asia: the Central Narmada Valley As Witness
Human Biology Review (ISSN 2277 4424) 2 (2) 2013 ©Human Biology Review Original scientific paper (Sankhyan pp.136-152) Revised and Accepted on April 1, 2013 The Emergence of Homo sapiens in South Asia: The Central Narmada Valley as Witness Anek R. Sankhyan Dr. Anek R. Sankhyan, Ex- Sr. Anthropologist (Physical), Anthropological Survey of India, Kolkata, President, ‘Palaeo Research Society’, Ghumarwin-174021 (H.P.), India: www.palaeoresearchsociety.com, E-mail:[email protected] ABSTRACT The emergence of anatomically modern Homo sapiens in South Asia is hotly debated due to a great gap in fossil record. A solitary partial cranium from Hathnora dated around 250 Kya is debated and conveniently interpreted as “evolved” Homo erectus or “archaic” Homo sapiens or Homo heidelbergensis or even Homo indet. Cranial fossils of Pre-Toba or post- Toba anatomically modern Homo sapiens are unknown barring the very late 30 Kya modern human remains from Sri Lanka. The present paper reviews the scenario of human evolution in South Asia with special reference to the cranial and recent postcranial fossil findings by the author in association with the archaeological evidences from Central Narmada valley. It is concluded that the Narmada fossils and archaeological findings support the presence of three hominins- two ‘archaic’ and one ‘early modern’. The Mode 2 Acheulian hominin represented by the calvarium and the femur was a ‘large-bodied’ species akin to Homo heidelbergensis. It appeared first in the Central Narmada valley and was followed by a ‘small- bodied’ Mode 3 archaic type represented by two clavicles and the 9th rib, provisionally named here as Homo narmadensis. -
Humanity from African Naissance to Coming Millennia : Colloquia In
atti esecutivo 18-12-2000 18:04 Pagina 3 HUMANITY FROM AFRICAN NAISSANCE TO COMING MILLENNIA 3 Foreword There was an air of excitement at Sun City, South Africa, in late June of 1998, as delegates started to arrive for the Dual Congress of the International Association of Human Biologists and the International Association for the Study of Human Palaeontology. For the conference organisers, under chairmanship of Professor Phillip V. Tobias, this was the culmination of four years of hard work and planning and, as Phillip remarked at the opening ceremony, it was also a symbolic homecoming to the continent of humanity’s birth for people from all parts of the world. The delegates did indeed come from far and wide: they travelled from 70 countries and the registration list ran to 745 people, making this the most representative gathering of its kind ever held in Africa. As a venue for the exchange of new information on the biology and ancestry of humankind, the Dual Congress provided ample scope. The programme was built around 18 Colloquia, in which 95 invited papers were delivered, and 11 Open Scientific Sections, covering a wide range of topics, discussed in 103 papers, as well as in 79 poster presentations. Nor were the contributions of South African pioneers in the field forgotten: the Raymond Dart Memorial Lecture was given by Sir Walter Bodmer while Professor Tobias delivered the Robert Broom Memorial Lecture, the text of which is reproduced in this volume, together with those of 38 invited papers presented in the Colloquia of the Dual Congress. -
Middle and Later Pleistocene Hominins in Africa and Southwest Asia
Middle and later Pleistocene hominins in Africa and Southwest Asia G. Philip Rightmire1 Department of Anthropology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138; and Department of Anthropology, Binghamton University (SUNY), Binghamton, NY 13902 Edited by Richard G. Klein, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, and approved May 21, 2009 (received for review April 14, 2009) Approximately 700,000 years ago, Homo erectus in Africa was giving Another ancient cranium and a mandibular fragment were way to populations with larger brains accompanied by structural picked up at Elandsfontein in South Africa in 1953. Later, at the site adjustments to the vault, cranial base, and face. Such early Middle designated Cutting 10, animal bones were uncovered with Pleistocene hominins were not anatomically modern. Their skulls Acheulean bifaces, cores, and flakes. The fauna from Cutting 10 display strong supraorbital tori above projecting faces, flattened may not be associated directly with the artifacts, but the contem- frontals, and less parietal expansion than is the case for Homo poraneity of many of the Elandsfontein bones with a later sapiens. Postcranial remains seem also to have archaic features. Acheulean industry is not in doubt (5). The fauna includes bovids Subsequently, some groups evolved advanced skeletal morphology, and other large herbivores, and there are archaic elements such as and by ca. 200,000 years ago, individuals more similar to recent a dirk-toothed cat, a sivathere, a giant gelada baboon, and at least humans are present in the African record. These fossils are associated 4 archaic hartebeest/wildebeest-like antelope species. Some 15 of 48 with Middle Stone Age lithic assemblages and, in some cases, mammalian species collected at Elandsfontein have no historic Acheulean tools. -
The Phylogenetic Relationships of Ceprano, Bodo, Daka, Kabwe and Buia
11. Variation in the Early and Middle Pleistocene: The phylogenetic relationships of Ceprano, Bodo, Daka, Kabwe and Buia Debbie Argue Introduction Despite the increased number of hominin fossils available for the period from one million years ago to c.600 ka clarity about their phylogenetic relationships has not emerged. This is because, while studies of each of these hominins typically include comparative analyses with similar fossil material, in most cases this has resulted in controversy as to their affinities and phylogenetic relationships. Variation during this period is explained by some as representing a single species, H. erectus. For others it represents multiple taxa among which H. erectus is an exclusively Asian species; or a modified version of this in which observed variation is viewed as continual remodelling of the vault and face that does not involve speciation events (Mbua and Bräuer, 2012). As well, the morphological boundaries of H. erectus continue to be stretched. Asfaw and others (2002) referred the Daka cranium (Middle Awash, Ethiopia dated c.800 ka years ago) to H. erectus despite clear differences in cranial characters fromH. erectus s.s., and concluded from cladistic analyses that its morphology is consistent with the hypothesis of a widespread polymorphic and polytypic species existing one million years ago representing a single evolving lineage series of Homo erectus fossils in Africa. Ascenzi and others (1996) referred the Ceprano cranium (Italy), at the time thought to be c.800 ka but recently dated to c.450 ka (Muttoni et al., 2009), to H. erectus while acknowledging differences from H. erectus s.s. -
El Equipo De Investigación Buscará Nuevos Fósiles De Homo Antecessor
LECTURA FÁCIL > 8 FUNDACIÓN ATAPUERCA > 6 Y 7 ARQUEO. EXPERIMENTAL > 11 INFORMACIÓN ÚTIL ANTROPOLOGÍA > 10 Este NEWS IN ENGLISH 12 Descubren pictograma La Evolución llega al aula Una ITINERARIO 13 indica que VISITAS A LA SIERRA 14 cabaña RUTAS 14 el Homo el texto al que >EL PROGRAMA ¡LA EVOLUCIÓN LLEGA AL AULA!, FINANCIADO POR paleolítica LOCALIZACIÓN 15 más antiguo acompaña se ha LA FECYT, DA CONTINUIDAD A UNO DE LOS PILARES DE ACTUACIÓN DE AGENDA 15 adaptado para su LA FUNDACIÓN ATAPUERCA: LA SOCIALIZACIÓN DEL CONOCIMIENTO TELÉFONOS DE INTERÉS 15 de Turquía fácil lectura COMER Y DORMIR 15 DIARIO DE LOS YACIMIENTOS DE LA SIERRA DE n#28 VERANO - 2008 Atapuerca EJEMPLAR GRATUITO 2008 > XXX CAMPAÑA DE EXCAVACIÓN El Equipo de Investigación buscará nuevos fósiles de Homo antecessor GRAN DOLINA Y LA SIMA DEL ELEFANTE PUEDEN APORTAR MÁS RESTOS DE LOS PRIMEROS EUROPEOS OPINIÓN >DESPUÉS DE LA PRESENTACIÓN EN BURGOS el pasado 27 >ALFONSO de marzo de la MURILLO mandíbula hu- VILLAR mana más anti- Rector de la gua de Europa, Universidad los científicos de Burgos quieren concen- trarse este verano en la excavación ATAPUERCA de los niveles in- Y LA feriores de la Sima del Elefante y en UNIVERSIDAD la base del nivel 6 de Gran Dolina. DE BURGOS Ambos sitios han proporciona- l pasado 20 de mayo se do fósiles de la primera especie humana de Europa, Homo ante- El día 16 de junio comenzó la XXX campa- celebraron elecciones E cessor, fechado en 1,2 millones Todo a punto para ña de excavaciones en la Sierra de Atapuer- a Rector en la Universidad de años en Elefante y 800.000 ca.