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Southeast Asia and Oceania 27 UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT A major challenge for the region will be to draw on its scientific knowledge base to maintain and expand the range of high-tech exports in increasingly competitive global markets. Tim Turpin, Jing A. Zhang, Bessie M. Burgos and Wasantha Amaradasa A worker harvests fresh produce from a three-storey greenhouse at the Sky Greens vertical farm in Singapore in 2014. As part of a government drive to increase self-reliance in the production of leafy vegetables, Sky Greens has received some research support. Photo: © Edgar Su/Reuters 692 Southeast Asia and Oceania 27 . Southeast Asia and Oceania Australia, Cambodia, Cook Islands, Fiji, Indonesia, Kiribati, Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Federated States of Micronesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nauru, New Zealand, Niue, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Samoa, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu, Viet Nam Tim Turpin, Jing A. Zhang, Bessie M. Burgos and Wasantha Amaradasa INTRODUCTION As a consequence, pressures on budgets for science and technology (S&T) have not been as severe as predicted back The region has largely withstood the global crisis in 2010. Timor-Leste even recorded insolent growth rates up The countries covered by the present chapter1 together until 2012, buoyed by foreign direct investment (FDI) that account for over 9% of the world’s population. Taken as a peaked at 6% of GDP in 2009 before falling back to just over group, they produced 6.5% of the world’s scientific publications 1.6% in 2012. (2013) but only 1.4% of global patents (2012). GDP per capita at current prices ranges from just under PPP$ 2 000 in Kiribati to According to the World Bank’s Knowledge Economy Index, PPP$ 78 763 in Singapore (Figure 27.1). Australia and Singapore there has been a general slip in overall rankings in Southeast together produce four-fifths of the region’s patents and Asia since 2009. New Zealand and Viet Nam are the only publications. ones to have improved their position. Some, such as Fiji, the Philippines and Cambodia, even slipped considerably over Economically, the region fared comparatively well through this period. Singapore continues to lead the region for the the global financial crisis of 2008–2009. Although growth innovation component of the same index and Australia and rates dipped in 2008 or 2009, a number of countries avoided New Zealand that for education. The Global Innovation Index recession altogether, including Australia (Figure 27.2). tends to rank countries in a similar order. 1. Malaysia is covered in greater detail in Chapter 26. Figure 27.1: GDP per capita in Southeast Asia and Oceania, 2013 In thousands of current PPP$ Singapore 78.8 Australia 43.2 New Zealand 34.7 Malaysia 23.3 Palau 15.1 Thailand 14.4 Indonesia 9.6 Fiji 7.8 Philippines 6.5 Samoa 5.8 Tonga 5.3 Viet Nam 5.3 Lao People's Dem. Rep. 4.8 Marshall Islands 3.9 Tuvalu 3.6 Micronesia (Fed. States of) 3.4 Cambodia 3.0 Vanuatu 3.0 Papua New Guinea 2.6 Timor-Leste-1 2.1 Solomon Islands 2.1 Chapter 27 Kiribati 1.9 01020304050607080 -n = data are for n years before reference year Source: World Bank’s World Development Indicators, April 2015 693 UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT 694 R&D, whichwas alreadyshowingsolidgrowthin 2010. Bank, 2014).Thesereformsshould helpacceleratebusiness (World to encourageinvestment structural reforms designed elected in2014hasintroduced a numberoffiscaland growth ofabout4%onaverage since2010;thegovernment enjoyed aperiodofcomparative stabilitywitheconomic and erraticeconomicgrowth.Indonesia,bycontrast,has the pastfiveyears,culminatinginamilitarycoup Thailand hasbeenexperiencingpoliticalinstabilityfor Political changeatnationalandregionallevels Southeast Asia. vast PacificIslandnationsandleastdevelopedcountriesof dissemination andapplicationofknowledgeacrossthe is likelytoplayanimportantroleinthemoreeffective The flowofknowledgeandinformationthroughinternet factor intheprovisionofinternetaccesstoremoteareas. Advances inmobilephonetechnologyhaveclearlybeena (1.2%) andTimor-Leste(1.1%)in2013(Figure27.3). (8%), Cambodia(6%),PapuaNewGuinea(6.5%),Myanmar connectivity remainedextremelylowintheSolomonIslands the disparitybetweencountriestosomeextent,although Strong growthininternetaccesssince2010haslevelledout -2 -1 Figure 27.2: Source: Note: 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 0 0 ForTimor-Leste,themostrecentdataarefor2012,not2013. WorldBank’sDevelopmentIndicators,April2015 71.8 Lao PDR 15.3 71.0 Trends inGDPgrowthSoutheastAsiaandOceania,2005–2013 Timor-Leste 27.2 68.8 Cambodia 6.3 60.5 Papua New Guinea 12.8 56.0 Viet Nam 11.1 54.3 Singapore 1.2 52.9 Indonesia 10.6 48.4 Solomon Islands 2.4 in 2014 47.2 Philippines 5.3 43.5 Malaysia 3.3 35.3 Vanuatu 9.8 removes almost allimportduties. Australia signedafreetradeagreement withChinawhich casualties ofthiscost-cuttingexercise. On17June2015, budget. Scienceandtechnology wereamongthemany to reducepublicspending,inorder tobalanceits2014–2015 elsewhere. Asaconsequence,the newgovernmentsought resources, asdemandformineralseasedinChinaand coincided withasteepdeclineinthevalueofitsnatural Australia’s incominggovernmentinSeptember2013 next decade. predict an8%growthrateperyearforMyanmarthroughthe Community in2015,hasledtheAsianDevelopmentBankto Association ofSoutheastAsianNations(ASEAN) between IndiaandChina,coupledwiththecreationof export-oriented industries.Myanmar’sgeostrategiclocation by aSpecialEconomicZoneLaw,providesincentivesfor investment lawpassedin2012,followedJanuary2014 investment growthacrossmanysectors.Aforeign Union (EU)tradeprivilegeshasalreadygeneratedsignificant international sanctions.ThereturnofUSandEuropean reform since2011,whichhaspromptedtheeasingof Myanmar hasbeenundergoingaperiodofdemocratic 32.2 Thailand 0.2 25.9 Australia 5.4 14.6 Samoa -3.8 18.6 Marshall Islands -3.7 17.0 New Zealand 0.3 15.5 Tuvalu 3.6 Growth in2008–2009 Cumulative growth,2005–201 ‘It is the highest degree ‘Itisthehighest degree 12.9 Kiribati 2.1 12.3 Fiji -0.4 8.3 Tonga 4.1 Economic Economic -0.6 Micronesia -1.6 3 -1.2 Palau -16.3 Southeast Asia and Oceania Figure 27.3: Internet and mobile phone access in Southeast Asia and Oceania, 2013 (%) 100 Internet users 83.0 82.8 per 100 inhabitants 80 73.0 67.0 60 43.9 40 37.0 37.1 35.0 37.0 29.0 27.8 20 15.9 15.3 12.5 11.5 11.3 6.0 6.5 8.0 1.2 1.1 0 s d e e u m a ti a est alan ysia iji ng valu F Ze anmar nuat ustralia To iet Na Tu Samo icronesia Kiriba Lao PDR Va Mala Thailand A V imor-L My Indonesia Singapor Cambodia M Philippines T New pua New Guinea Solomon Island Pa 200 Mobile phone subscriptions 155.9 per 100 inhabitants 144.7 150 140.0 133.9 130.9 125.4 104.5 106.9 105.8 105.6 100 68.1 57.4 57.6 54.6 50.3 50 40.0 30.3 34.4 12.8 16.6 0 Source: International Telecommunications Union of liberalization of all the free trade agreements China TRENDS IN STI GOVERNANCE has so far signed with any economy’, commented China’s commerce minister Gao Hucheng at the signing High-tech exports have defied predictions (Hurst, 2015). In spite of pessimistic predictions, high-tech exports across the region have performed well since 2008. Overall, high- A common market by the end of the year tech exports from all countries in the region increased by The ASEAN countries intend to transform their region 28%. However, the situation has not been uniform. Between into a common market and production base with the 2008 and 2013, almost all countries increased the value of creation of the ASEAN Economic Community by the end their exports. For Malaysia and Viet Nam, the increase was of 2015. The planned removal of restrictions to the cross- significant: high-tech exports from Viet Nam increased almost border movement of people and services is expected to tenfold. The Philippines, by contrast, recorded a reduction of spur co-operation in science and technology. Moreover, nearly 27% over the same period. the increased mobility of skilled personnel within the region should be a boon for the development of skills, job Four countries dominate the export of high-tech products placement and research capabilities within ASEAN member from the region. Singapore accounts for nearly 46% and states and enhance the role of the ASEAN University Malaysia just under 21% (Figure 27.4). Malaysia, Singapore, Network (Sugiyarto and Agunias, 2014). As part of the Thailand and Viet Nam together account for 90% of high-tech negotiating process, each member state may express exports from the region. Two product categories dominate its preference for a specific research focus. The Laotian these exports: computers/office machines (19.3%) and, above Chapter 27 government, for instance, hopes to prioritize agriculture all, electronic communications: (67.1%). It is likely that these and renewable energy. More contentious are proposals export products included a considerable proportion of to develop hydropower on the Mekong River, given the re-exported components, so these data should be interpreted drawbacks of this energy option (Pearse-Smith, 2012). accordingly. Although Singapore and Malaysia record a 695 UNESCOFigure 27.4: SCIENCE REPORT MYANMAR Trends in high-tech LAOS VIET NAM exports from Southeast THAILAND CAMBODIA Asia and Oceania, PHILIPPINES MARSHALL ISLANDS 2008 and 2013 M ALAYSIA PALAU SINGAPORE FEDERATED STATES OF MICRONESIA NAURU PAPUA INDONESIA NEW TUVALU GUINEA SOLOMON ISLANDS KIRIBATI TIMOR-LESTE Singapore exports almost half of the VANUATU SAMOA region’s high tech goods FIJI National shares of high-tech exports from the region, 2013 (%) TONGA Australia 1.7 NEW CALEDONIA New Zealand 0.2 AUSTRALIA
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