2013 ANNUAL REVIEW the Internet Is for Everyone Have a ABOUT the INTERNET SOCIETY Voice
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Paths to Our Digital Future Table of Contents
INTERNET SOCIETY GLOBAL INTERNET REPORT Paths to Our Digital Future Table of Contents Foreword by Kathy Brown, Executive summary Introduction President and CEO, 5–13 14–16 Internet Society 3–4 How we see the Internet Drivers of Change Drivers of Change 16–19 & Areas of Impact 24–61 21–23 Areas of Impact What if? Recommendations 62–84 85–103 104–110 Conclusion Methodology Acknowledgements 111–113 114–117 118–119 internetsociety.org 2 Foreword Foreword by Kathy Brown, President and CEO, Internet Society The Internet Society’s history is inseparably tied to The Internet Society’s fourth annual Global Internet the history of the Internet itself. We were founded Report — Paths to Our Digital Future — explores in 1992 by Internet pioneers Bob Kahn and Vint Cerf, this important question. This comprehensive report along with numerous other visionary individuals brings together insights from across our diverse and organisations. These early Internet luminaries global community to inspire all who engage with the believed that ‘a society would emerge from the Internet to think differently and to prepare for the idea that is the Internet’. And they were right. The opportunities and challenges on the horizon. Internet has come a long way since its inception, and is now part of our social fabric — essential to how No one knows exactly how the Internet will evolve, we connect, communicate, create and collaborate. but we do know it will require new thinking, new approaches and new tools for this rapidly changing 2017 marks a significant milestone for the Internet world around us. Society. -
The Open Internet
The Open Internet What it is, and how to avoid mistaking it for something else. SEPTEMBER 2014 Introduction1 It is not by chance that we have enjoyed the extraordinary success of the Internet as a global engine of economic, political, cultural, and social progress. Fundamental principles embedded in the architecture of the Internet as a collaboration among designers, builders, providers, and users led directly to this success. Sustaining it will require a commitment by today’s policy makers to understand and respect those principles—not because they are honored by time or tradition, but because they confer tangible present and future benefits. The term "Open Internet" has been used so often and so freely that everyone knows what it means—or thinks they know what it means, and assumes that everyone else means the same thing when they use it. After all, the core enabling principle of the Internet as a system that includes users, applications, and infrastructure is openness, which infuses every aspect of the modern Internet—technical, economic, political, and social. But depending on the context in which it is used, the word open conveys different meanings, particularly when subtle (or not–so–subtle) variations are introduced by translation from one language to another; and because “openness” has become an important issue in many Internet political debates, defining what it means has become part of those debates. As is usually the case when people understand the terms and concepts of a debate differently, it will be difficult for us to resolve important issues of Internet policy until we reconcile our different understandings of open and openness in principle and in practice. -
Internet Society Comments: Taking Stock of the 2011 Nairobi Meeting Of
Internet Society comments: Taking stock of the 2011 Nairobi Meeting of the Internet Governance Forum and Suggestions for the Agenda and Format of the 2012 Meeting The Internet Society (ISOC) would like to congratulate the IGF Secretariat and the host country for the successful organization of the sixth Internet Governance Forum (IGF), held from 27-30 September 2011 in Nairobi, Kenya. The record attendance, the highest of all IGF meetings so far, bears witness to the Forum’s value to all stakeholders. There was a shared understanding of the importance of holding the sixth meeting of the IGF – the first since the renewal of its mandate – in Kenya. Not only did the meeting allow new perspectives to be shared and new audiences to participate, but it also showcased the considerable strides that have taken place in the Kenyan Internet landscape in recent years and which have made the country a leader in its region. Above all, the Kenyan multistakeholder model provided leadership by example. We would like to thank the Kenyan hosts for their generous hospitality, which helped stimulate discussions. We welcomed the selection of the United Nations Office at Nairobi (UNON) as the venue for the meeting. UNON, as one of the main UN conference sites, provided the IGF with state of the art infrastructure and services. The Internet Society would like to acknowledge the technical know-how that enabled the engineering of a stable IPV6 network at the meeting venue. Last but not least, we would like to pay tribute to the work of the Multistakeholder Advisory Group (MAG) in planning the meeting, the workshop organizers and contributors, and all the participants who contributed to making the sixth IGF such an outstanding success. -
The Future of Free Speech, Trolls, Anonymity and Fake News Online.” Pew Research Center, March 2017
NUMBERS, FACTS AND TRENDS SHAPING THE WORLD FOR RELEASE MARCH 29, 2017 BY Lee Rainie, Janna Anderson, and Jonathan Albright FOR MEDIA OR OTHER INQUIRIES: Lee Rainie, Director, Internet, Science and Technology research Prof. Janna Anderson, Director, Elon University’s Imagining the Internet Center Asst. Prof. Jonathan Albright, Elon University Dana Page, Senior Communications Manager 202.419.4372 www.pewresearch.org RECOMMENDED CITATION: Rainie, Lee, Janna Anderson and Jonathan Albright. The Future of Free Speech, Trolls, Anonymity and Fake News Online.” Pew Research Center, March 2017. Available at: http://www.pewinternet.org/2017/03/29/the-future-of-free-speech- trolls-anonymity-and-fake-news-online/ 1 PEW RESEARCH CENTER About Pew Research Center Pew Research Center is a nonpartisan fact tank that informs the public about the issues, attitudes and trends shaping America and the world. It does not take policy positions. The Center conducts public opinion polling, demographic research, content analysis and other data-driven social science research. It studies U.S. politics and policy; journalism and media; internet, science, and technology; religion and public life; Hispanic trends; global attitudes and trends; and U.S. social and demographic trends. All of the Center’s reports are available at www.pewresearch.org. Pew Research Center is a subsidiary of The Pew Charitable Trusts, its primary funder. For this project, Pew Research Center worked with Elon University’s Imagining the Internet Center, which helped conceive the research as well as collect and analyze the data. © Pew Research Center 2017 www.pewresearch.org 2 PEW RESEARCH CENTER The Future of Free Speech, Trolls, Anonymity and Fake News Online The internet supports a global ecosystem of social interaction. -
What Will Historians' Verdict Be 50 Years from Now About the Impact Of
FOR RELEASE OCTOBER 29, 2019 What Will Historians’ Verdict be 50 Years from Now About the Impact of the Internet on People’s Lives Today? Experts expect that by 2069 today’s period of human-tech evolution could come to be seen as a risks-ridden time that eventually led to a grand redefinition of civilization or it could be seen as a ‘wasted opportunity’ that simply ‘updated and replicated legacy colonial hierarchies’ By Janna Anderson Executive director, Elon University’s Imagining the Internet Center FOR MEDIA OR OTHER INQUIRIES: Owen Covington, News Bureau Director, Elon University 336.278.7413 www.elon.edu RECOMMENDED CITATION Elon University’s Imagining the Internet Center, October 29, 2019, “2069 Historians’ Verdict of Internet Impact 2019” About the Imagining the Internet Center Elon University’s Imagining the Internet Center explores and provides insights into emerging network innovations, global development, dynamics, diffusion and governance. Its research holds a mirror to humanity’s use of communications technologies, informs policy development, exposes potential futures and provides a historic record. It works to illuminate issues in order to serve the greater good, making its work public, free and open. The Imagining the Internet Center sponsors work that brings people together to share their visions for the future of communications and the future of the world. What will historians’ verdict be 50 years from now about the impact of the internet on people’s lives today? Experts expect that by 2069 today’s period of human-tech -
Internet Society
1 June 2016 National Telecommunications and Information Administration U.S. Department of Commerce 1401 Constitution Ave. NW, Room 4725 Attn: IOT RFC 2016 Washington, DC 20230 RE: RFC on the Internet of Things, Docket No. 160331306–6306–01 The Internet Society is pleased to submit our recent paper, “The Internet of Things: An Overview – Understanding the Issues and Challenges of a More Connected World”, in response to NTIA’s Request for Comments on the Benefits, Challenges, and Potential Roles for the Government in Fostering the Advancement of the Internet of Things (Docket No. 160331306–6306–01). The Internet Society is a global not-for-profit organization committed to the open development, evolution and use of the Internet for the benefit of all people throughout the world. Working in partnership with our global community, comprised of more than 80,000 members, 110 Chapters across the world and more than 140 organizational members, the Internet Society provides leadership and expertise on policy, technology and communications matters. (http://www.internetsociety.org) The Internet Society is also the organizational home of the Internet Engineering Task Force. One of its leadership bodies, the Internet Architecture Board, has independently submitted a response focusing on specific technical aspects of the RFC. The Internet of Things (IoT) is an emerging topic of technical, social, and economic significance. Consumer products, durable goods, cars and trucks, industrial and utility components, sensors, and other everyday objects are being combined with Internet connectivity and powerful data analytic capabilities that promise to transform the way we work, live and play. Projections for the impact of IoT on the Internet and economy are truly impressive, with some anticipating as much as 100 billion connected IoT devices and a global economic impact of more than $11 trillion by 2025. -
Policy Brief: Spectrum Approaches for Community Networks
October 2017 Policy Brief Spectrum Approaches for Community Networks Policy Brief - Spectrum Approaches for Community Networks 2 Introduction The Internet Society’s goal is to make the Internet available for everyone, everywhere.1 The Internet currently reaches three (3) billion users, meaning that over half of the world’s population remains offline.2 This connectivity “gap” exists in urban, rural, and remote unserved and underserved areas of many countries, particularly developing and least-developed countries.3 Historically, this includes the challenge of extending connectivity infrastructure and affordable services to end-users (often times referred to as the problem of “the last mile”), and the challenge of attracting and enabling people to be online. Factors that contribute to these challenges are well understood: lack of affordable access to backbones, barriers to entry (licensing, taxes, spectrum allocation practices), low population density, high deployment costs, low economic capacities of some populations, limited availability of locally relevant content, and issues with technical skills.4 The connectivity “gap” needs to be closed. By closing this gap, economic and social benefits can be brought to communities across the globe.5 One way to help close the gap is through community-based connectivity projects6, particularly through community networks, network infrastructures built, managed, and used by local communities. To truly connect everyone, everywhere, community networks must be recognized as a viable way for the unconnected to connect their communities. This is a paradigm shift where the focus is on allowing communities to actively connect themselves. To achieve this paradigm shift, policy makers and regulators should recognize that connectivity can happen from the “village” or “community” out – where the last mile is essentially a “first-mile,” where citizens build their own networks. -
Interview Kees Neggers
Kees Neggers, internationaal baanbrekend vanuit Surfnet ‘Het was voortdurend spitsroeden lopen’ Kees Neggers vond na een loopbaan van 16 jaar in de schaduw bij Surfnet zijn plek om op grote schaal technisch te gaan innoveren, tot en met de recente opname in de Internet Hall of Fame. Bij nagenoeg alle belangrijke internationale wetenschapsnetwerken was hij betrokken. Loopbaan 1947, 20 juli geboren te Breda 1972 Elektrotechnisch Ingenieur TU/e 1972-1973 Luchtmacht Afdeling Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek 1974-1975 Wetenschappelijk ambtenaar TU/e Elektrotechniek 1975-1980 Beleidsmedewerker Rekencentrum Rijksuniversiteit Groningen 1980-1984 Directielid Rekencentrum Rijksuniversiteit Groningen 1984-1988 Directielid Rekencentrum Katholieke Universiteit Nijmegen 1988-2012 Directielid Surfnet 2012-heden Strategisch Adviseur Surf Verder 1984-1994 Directeur Nederland en bestuurslid EARN (European Academic and Research Network) 1986-1994 Bestuurslid RARE (Réseaux Associés pour la Recherche Européenne) 1995-2001 Bestuurslid TERENA (Trans-European Research and Education Networking Association – Opvolger RARE) 1990-2012 European Co-Chair CCIRN (Coordinating Committee for Intercontinental Research Networking) 1991-1994 Initiatiefnemer en voorzitter netwerk Ebone 1992-1998 Betrokken bij opzet Ripe NCC 1998-2000 Charter member RIPE NCC Executive Board 2000-2008 Chairman Ripe NCC Executive Board 1992-1996 Charter member Board of Trustees Internet Society 1997 Betrokken bij opzet Isoc.nl 1994-1998 Betrokken bij opzet Ams-Ix 1998-2004 Bestuur Internet Society 2001-heden Voorzitter GLIF (Global Lambda Integrated Facility) 2002 Met Boudewijn Nederkoorn ICT Personality of the Year 2002 2008-heden vertegenwoordiger e-IRG (e-Infrastructure Reflection Group) 2012 Officier in de Orde van Oranje Nassau 2013 Opgenomen in Internet Hall of Fame 1 Foto’s: Frank Groeliken Tekst: Peter Olsthoorn 2 U heeft ongeveer 30 jaar internet in Europa van nabij meegemaakt. -
Securing Information Systems in an Uncertain World Enterprise Level Security 1 William R
Proceedings of IMCIC - ICSIT 2016 Securing Information Systems in an Uncertain World Enterprise Level Security 1 William R. Simpson Institute for Defense Analyses, 4850 Mark Center Dr. Alexandria, Virginia 22311 1 The publication of this paper does not indicate endorsement by the Department of Defense or IDA, nor should the contents be construed as reflecting the official position of these organizations. maintenance. Of course that wasn’t going be tolerated! ABSTRACT They doubled down (Special woods, Special Increasing threat intrusions to enterprise computing systems formulated sealants, Special paints). They still leaked. have led to a formulation of guarded enterprise systems. The A set of boat builders examined the history and came to 2 approach was to put in place steel gates and prevent hostile an epiphany – boats leak . Like all epiphanies, it entities from entering the enterprise domain. The current allows us to re-examine how we handle things. The complexity level has made the fortress approach to security design was modified so that the inside of boats could implemented throughout the defense, banking, and other high accommodate leakage. Drains and channels were added trust industries unworkable. The alternative security approach to funnel water to an area, the bilge, where the water presented in this paper is the result of a concentrated fourteen could be dealt with, manually at first, and then with year program of pilots and research. Its distributed approach automated pumps. A well-sealed boat was still required has no need for passwords or accounts and derives from a set of tenets that form the basic security model requirements. -
Preliminary Programme
TERENA NETWORKING CONFERENCE 2012 21 - 24 May, Reykjavik, Iceland PRELIMINARY PROGRAMME ‘NETWORKING TO SERVICES’ BITS & WIRES SUPPORTING COLLABORATION SOCIAL & SECURE INFRASTRUCTURE & SERVICES USING THE STUFF The TERENA Networking Conference 2012 is organised by TERENA, the Trans-European Research and Education Networking Association and hosted by the Icelandic National Research and Education Network (RHNET) and the University of Iceland. FOLLOW #TNC2012 tnc2012.terena.org PRELIMINARY CONFERENCE PROGRAMME The full programme for TNC2012, including the latest changes and updates can be found at: tnc2012.terena.org/schedule ‘NETWORKING TO SERVICES’ Networking in research and education today means much more than simply moving bits and bytes from place-to-place. The services deployed on top of the network are now more crucial than ever before, and social contact enables more effective international collaboration for both service providers and users. In 2011, networks became the central component of a digital ecosystem that is transforming research, education, teaching and human interaction on all levels. The conference will focus on network technologies, infrastructures and services that support research and education, examining the following areas: bits & wires, supporting collaboration, infrastructure & services, social & secure, and using the stuff. The conference programme is composed of four parallel tracks with presentations of selected papers and talks by invited speakers. Each day, there will be a plenary session in which prominent experts will deliver keynote presentations. Keynotes will set the theme for the conference and introduce the topics that will be discussed in more detail in the parallel sessions. The conference sessions will be streamed live and will be archived for future reference. -
The People Who Invented the Internet Source: Wikipedia's History of the Internet
The People Who Invented the Internet Source: Wikipedia's History of the Internet PDF generated using the open source mwlib toolkit. See http://code.pediapress.com/ for more information. PDF generated at: Sat, 22 Sep 2012 02:49:54 UTC Contents Articles History of the Internet 1 Barry Appelman 26 Paul Baran 28 Vint Cerf 33 Danny Cohen (engineer) 41 David D. Clark 44 Steve Crocker 45 Donald Davies 47 Douglas Engelbart 49 Charles M. Herzfeld 56 Internet Engineering Task Force 58 Bob Kahn 61 Peter T. Kirstein 65 Leonard Kleinrock 66 John Klensin 70 J. C. R. Licklider 71 Jon Postel 77 Louis Pouzin 80 Lawrence Roberts (scientist) 81 John Romkey 84 Ivan Sutherland 85 Robert Taylor (computer scientist) 89 Ray Tomlinson 92 Oleg Vishnepolsky 94 Phil Zimmermann 96 References Article Sources and Contributors 99 Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 102 Article Licenses License 103 History of the Internet 1 History of the Internet The history of the Internet began with the development of electronic computers in the 1950s. This began with point-to-point communication between mainframe computers and terminals, expanded to point-to-point connections between computers and then early research into packet switching. Packet switched networks such as ARPANET, Mark I at NPL in the UK, CYCLADES, Merit Network, Tymnet, and Telenet, were developed in the late 1960s and early 1970s using a variety of protocols. The ARPANET in particular led to the development of protocols for internetworking, where multiple separate networks could be joined together into a network of networks. In 1982 the Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP) was standardized and the concept of a world-wide network of fully interconnected TCP/IP networks called the Internet was introduced. -
Internet Hall of Fame Announces 2013 Inductees
Internet Hall of Fame Announces 2013 Inductees Influential engineers, activists, and entrepreneurs changed history through their vision and determination Ceremony to be held 3 August in Berlin, Germany [Washington, D.C. and Geneva, Switzerland -- 26 June 2013] The Internet Society today announced the names of the 32 individuals who have been selected for induction into the Internet Hall of Fame. Honored for their groundbreaking contributions to the global Internet, this year’s inductees comprise some of the world’s most influential engineers, activists, innovators, and entrepreneurs. The Internet Hall of Fame celebrates Internet visionaries, innovators, and leaders from around the world who believed in the design and potential of an open Internet and, through their work, helped change the way we live and work today. The 2013 Internet Hall of Fame inductees are: Pioneers Circle – Recognizing individuals who were instrumental in the early design and development of the Internet: David Clark, David Farber, Howard Frank, Kanchana Kanchanasut, J.C.R. Licklider (posthumous), Bob Metcalfe, Jun Murai, Kees Neggers, Nii Narku Quaynor, Glenn Ricart, Robert Taylor, Stephen Wolff, Werner Zorn Innovators – Recognizing individuals who made outstanding technological, commercial, or policy advances and helped to expand the Internet’s reach: Marc Andreessen, John Perry Barlow, Anne-Marie Eklund Löwinder, François Flückiger, Stephen Kent, Henning Schulzrinne, Richard Stallman, Aaron Swartz (posthumous), Jimmy Wales Global Connectors – Recognizing individuals from around the world who have made significant contributions to the global growth and use of the Internet: Karen Banks, Gihan Dias, Anriette Esterhuysen, Steven Goldstein, Teus Hagen, Ida Holz, Qiheng Hu, Haruhisa Ishida (posthumous), Barry Leiner (posthumous), George Sadowsky “This year’s inductees represent a group of people as diverse and dynamic as the Internet itself,” noted Internet Society President and CEO Lynn St.