Celebrating 40 Years of Sustainable Fisheries
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Celebrating 40 Years of Sustainable Fisheries December 2016 Forty years under the MSA has taught us that “sustainable fisheries” are not an end point or destination, but rather a dynamic process of continuous monitoring, improvements, and adaptability. -Eileen Sobeck, Assistant Administrator for NOAA Fisheries Message from the Chair Throughout the history of the Council, success has depended on great working relationships and effective partnerships with federal/state agencies, the fi shing industry, and other stakeholders. Dan Hull, Chairman This booklet commerates the Council focused on protecting fish habitat, reducing commitment and dedication of people bycatch and discards, and protecting seabirds and who have contributed to the Council’s Steller sea lions from potential effects of fisheries. In success over the last 40 years. the new century, the Council has worked to stabilize the fisheries through dedicated access programs, reduce bycatch, protect communities, and implement This year marks the 40th anniversary of the ecosystem-based fishery management though all of Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and its actions. With increasing awareness of changing Management Act and the North Pacific Fishery environmental conditions in the North Pacific and Management Council. Through the efforts of the the Arctic, and growing international collaboration in North Pacific Fishery Management Council, the marine resource management, the Council’s work has National Marine Fisheries Service and many other taken on new meaning and significance. agency partners, fishing industry participants, and subsistence, recreational, and conservation interests, Throughout the history of the Council, success has the management program developed for the fisheries depended on great working relationships and effective off Alaska has been very successful. This success is partnerships with federal/state agencies, the fishing a direct result of the commitment and dedication of industry, and other stakeholders. There is a shared the people who have participated in the stewardship responsibility and trust in the process. The fishing of our resources and management of our fisheries. industry steps up to fund the observer program, This booklet commemorates these people and the engage in cooperative research with scientists, contributions they have made over the past 40 years. and support science-based catch limits and other regulations when needed. The Council, in turn, listens Through these efforts, the Council has developed closely to the fishing industry and other stakeholders a world-renowned fishery management program and addresses issues as they arise though an open that has evolved to meet new challenges and and public process. The Council has also entrusted address new scientific information. Prior to 1976, the industry cooperatives to address management most fisheries of Alaska were prosecuted by foreign concerns that could not be addressed by regulations nations. Monitoring was minimal and resources were in an effective or timely manner. Continued success depleted. The passage of the Magnuson Stevens will depend on building upon these partnerships and Act in 1976 provided the opportunity for the U.S. to working together towards a shared goal of sustainable develop domestic fisheries and manage the resources and profitable fisheries in a world of changing within its 200 mile EEZ through regional fisheries environmental conditions and public interests. management councils. The North Pacific Council quickly established the foundations of a science-based If success can be measured in terms of sustainable conservation program, and implemented policies to and abundant fish resources and profitable fisheries, encourage harvesting by domestic vessels. By the then we have been achieving this goal. I am proud of late 1980s the domestic fleet had grown to the point our process and our commitment to ecosystem-based where the Council management focus shifted to management. I thank all of you for the contributions improved monitoring and controlling fishing effort by you have made to achieve 40 years of successful the burgeoning domestic fisheries. In the 1990s, the management. 1 NPFMC: A History The Magnuson-Stevens Act is the primary legislation governing our federal marine fi sheries; this year, we celebrate 40 years since it was fi rst signed into law on April 13, 1976. Throughout the last four decades the North Pacifi c fi sheries have experienced sweeping changes. The Early Years developing Soviet distant water time period, separate agreements Fish have been commercially fleet. The trawl fleets first focused were made between the US and harvested off Alaska since 1864, on yellowfin sole in the Bering Sea, foreign nations with fleets fishing Over 240 when the schooner Alert sailed with very large catches (totaling off Alaska (Japan, U.S.S.R, South Japanese and north to Bristol Bay to catch cod 1.62 million mt) made in the 1959- Korea, Taiwan). The bilateral Soviet trawl with handlines. Only 10 years after 1962 period. Pacific ocean perch agreements established closure vessels and the U.S. purchase of Alaska from and other rockfish were intensively areas intended to minimize gear motherships Russia in 1867, the salmon fishery harvested in the Aleutian Islands conflicts and address allocation were became established with the area and Gulf of Alaska from 1963- issues between the different operating opening of a cannery in Klawok. The 1968 (totaling 1.56 million mt). foreign fleets, as well as to protect in these salmon fishery quickly expanded in Over 240 Japanese and Soviet growing domestic fisheries for crab, fi sheries by subsequent years with additional trawl vessels and motherships shrimp, and halibut. By the early 1963. canneries built along the Alaska were operating in these fisheries 1970s, about 1,700 vessels were coast. Other domestic fisheries in by 1963. In addition to the trawl fishing the high seas off Alaska. these early years targeted Pacific fleet, approximately 60 Japanese For the first time in 1973, bilateral cod, sablefish, and halibut using longline vessels targeted sablefish, agreements included catch limits handlines and setlines. By the early rockfish, Greenland turbot, and for some species, namely pollock 1930s, the Japanese had initiated halibut during the early 1960s. By and flatfish in the Bering Sea and trawl fisheries for crab, flounders, the end of the 1960s, the foreign Pacific Ocean perch and sablefish and pollock in the Bering Sea, but trawl fleets shifted their focus to in the Gulf of Alaska. Thereafter, further development of the fishery catching and processing pollock as catch limits were included in all was suspended with the beginning catches of Pacific ocean perch and bilateral agreements in effect of World War II. yellowfin sole decreased. through the implementation of the Magnuson Fishery Conservation Major commercial fisheries for The foreign fisheries were virtually and Management Act (renamed the groundfish and crab developed in unregulated through 1965, and Magnuson-Stevens Act in 1996). the late 1950s with the resumption thereafter only minimally regulated of fishing by the Japanese and a until the mid-1970s. During this The 1980s Passage of the Magnuson-Stevens Act in 1976 marked a new era in fisheries management. This Act established the 200 nautical mile (nm) Fishery Conservation Zone (later called the Exclusive Economic Zone), and set up the regional council system to allow fishery management decisions to be made at the more local Julianne Curry with level. The North Pacific Fishery a pair of shortraker rockfish caught in Management Council, which was the Gulf of Alaska. (and remains) responsible for 2 The USCG provides monitoring, safety, security, and enforcement critical to successful fisheries management. developing management plans for fisheries off Alaska, quickly convened and prepared preliminary fishery management plans. These preliminary plans allowed foreign fishing within 200 nm, but under much more restrictive measures designed to arrest the suspected decline of some stocks. During this same period, the North Pacific ecosystem was undergoing an atmospheric driven regime shift. Ocean circulation patterns were drastically altered after 1976, causing changes in ocean trawl area closures to limit bycatch of concerns regarding stock assessment upwelling and temperature and crab and halibut. uncertainty and potential ecosystem resulting in different levels of ocean effects. By 1992, the fleet had grown productivity and diversity. Many One of the stated goals of the to over 2,200 vessels, including species (such as king crab and shrimp) Magnuson-Stevens Act was to about 110 trawl catcher processors fared poorly, including Bristol Bay red encourage the development of (factory trawlers). The symptoms of king crab, which collapsed in 1981 domestic fisheries for groundfish overcapacity intensified; the ‘race due to poor recruitment after the off Alaska, and this goal was rapidly for fish’ resulted in shorter fishing mid-1970s. achieved in the 1980s. The Act seasons and bitter allocation disputes. required that domestic operations One of the most contentious issues Fishery management plans were be given priority in the allocation of during the early 1990s was allocation implemented for GOA groundfish optimum yield. As such, domestic of pollock among trawl catcher vessels fisheries in 1979 and BSAI groundfish fisheries and U.S. vessels participating delivering shoreside and the trawl One of the fisheries in