DOCSLIB.ORG

Production of 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural from Chitin Biomass: a Review

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Production of 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural from Chitin Biomass: a Review molecules Review Production of 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural from Chitin Biomass: A Review Dan Zhou 1, Dongsheng Shen 1, Wenjing Lu 2, Tao Song 3, Meizhen Wang 1, Huajun Feng 1, Jiali Shentu 1 and Yuyang Long 1,* 1 Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment and Recycling, Analysis and Testing Center, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310012, China; [email protected] (D.Z.); [email protected] (D.S.); [email protected] (M.W.); [email protected] (H.F.); [email protected] (J.S.) 2 School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; [email protected] 3 School of Energy and Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Academic Editor: Michela Signoretto Received: 31 December 2019; Accepted: 25 January 2020; Published: 27 January 2020 Abstract: Chitin biomass, a rich renewable resource, is the second most abundant natural polysaccharide after cellulose. Conversion of chitin biomass to high value-added chemicals can play a significant role in alleviating the global energy crisis and environmental pollution. In this review, the recent achievements in converting chitin biomass to high-value chemicals, such as 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), under different conditions using chitin, chitosan, glucosamine, and N-acetylglucosamine as raw materials are summarized. Related research on pretreatment technology of chitin biomass is also discussed. New approaches for transformation of chitin biomass to HMF are also proposed. This review promotes the development of industrial technologies for degradation of chitin biomass and preparation of HMF. It also provides insight into a sustainable future in terms of renewable resources. Keywords: 5-hydroxymethylfurfural; chitin biomass; pretreatment; chitosan; degradation; biorefinery 1. Introduction Investigation of green renewable energy has gradually become a main research direction in recent years. As a substitute for fossil fuel, biomass is a potential renewable resource for future production of fuels and high value chemical products owing to the vast number of organic chemical products that can be potentially manufactured from biomass [1,2]. Biomass includes plant fibers, such as lignocellulose, and animal fibers, such as chitin [3]. Lignocellulosic materials have been widely investigated [4,5]. Chitin is the world’s second most abundant biopolymer. However, chitin biomass transformation is still in the initial stage. Chitin biomass includes raw materials, such as crustacean shells, and purified chitin, chitosan, and its corresponding monomers (N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) and glucosamine (GlcNH2)) and derivatives. Chitin widely exists in crustacean shells, insect skeletons, fungi, etc. With the rapid growth of the fishery industry, which is the main source of chitin biomass, global fishery production has become well above 100 million tons per year with a large amount of crustacean wastes. An estimated 6–8 million tons of shell waste from crustaceans is produced annually [6]. Generally, most crustacean waste is directly disposed of in landfills without utilization which not only poses environmental issues, but it is also a waste of resources [7]. Valorization of shell waste will have both ecological and economic benefits. Molecules 2020, 25, 541; doi:10.3390/molecules25030541 www.mdpi.com/journal/molecules Molecules 2020, 25, 541 2 of 15 Molecules 2019, 24, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 15 Determining the potential value of chitin biomass is in accordance with the concept of green chemistry. There There is isa agrowing growing interest interest in inchitin chitin biomass, biomass, and andconversion conversion of chitin of chitin biomass biomass to high to highvalue-added value-added compounds compounds has become has become a new a research new research hotspot. hotspot. In recent In recent years, years, the concept the concept of shell of shellbiorefinery biorefinery has been has proposed been proposed [3,8,9]. [ 3Chitin,8,9]. biomass Chitin biomass should be should fully beutilized fully utilizedlike cellulose like cellulosebiomass biomassby converting by converting it to high it value to high chemicals value chemicals (Figure 1). (Figure Among1). the Among various the high-value various high-value chemicals, chemicals,5-hydroxymethylfurfural 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) is one (HMF) of the is most one ofpromising the most value-added promising value-added platform compounds platform compounds[10]. 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural, [10]. 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural, which is highly which chemically is highly reactive, chemically can be reactive, prepared can by be oxidation, prepared byhydrogenation, oxidation, hydrogenation, etc. It has etc.huge It hasmarket huge marketpotential potential which whichcan canbe beused used to to produce 2,5-furandialdehyde, 2,5- 2,5-furandicarboxylicfurandicarboxylic acid, acid, levulinic levulinic ac acidid (LA), and other high value-added chemicals andand liquid liquid fuels. fuels. Chitin Chitin biomass biomass is an idealis an rawideal material raw material for preparation for preparation of HMF. Tapping of HMF. the potentialTapping the of chitin potential biomass of chitin to obtain biomass the highto obtain value-added the high platformvalue-added compound platform HMF compound is an important HMF is wayan important to improve way the outputto improve of waste the resources, output of and waste it is expectedresources, to leadand toit newis expected directions to for lead high-value to new utilizationdirections for of chitinhigh-value biomass. utilization of chitin biomass. Figure 1. An overview of chitin biomass conversion into various chemicals. HAc, HAc, acetic acetic acid; acid; HMF, HMF, hydroxymethyl furfural; LA, levulinic acid; HADP,HADP, hydroxyethyl-2-amino-2-deoxyhexopyranoside;hydroxyethyl-2-amino-2-deoxyhexopyranoside; 3A5AF, 3-acetamido-5-acetylfuran;3-acetamido-5-acetylfuran; NMEA,NMEA, N-acetylmonoethanolamine;N-acetylmonoethanolamine; MEA,MEA, monoethanolamine.monoethanolamine. This paperpaper reviewsreviews the the recent recent related related research research progress progress in the in conversionthe conversion of chitin of chitin biomass biomass to HMF to andHMF summarizes and summarizes the methods the methods and pathways and pathways during the du conversionring the conversion process under process diff erentunder conditions. different Finally,conditions. the potentialFinally, the future potential research future directions research are directions also proposed. are also proposed. 2. Structure of Chitin Biomass Chitin biomass includes raw materials, such as shrimp and crab shells, and purified purified chitin, chitosan, and its corresponding monomers (GlcNAc and GlcNH ) and derivatives [11]. Chitin widely chitosan, and its corresponding monomers (GlcNAc and GlcNH2 2) and derivatives [11]. Chitin existswidely in exists nature in including nature including in the shells in the of insects shells andof insects crustaceans and crustaceans (e.g., shrimps (e.g., and shrimps crabs). Theand skeletalcrabs). shellsThe skeletal of mollusks shells andof mollusks cell walls and of certain cell walls algae of and certain fungi algae also and contain fungi chitin. also Itcontain is the mostchitin. abundant It is the naturalmost abundant nitrogen-containing natural nitrogen-containing polymer polysaccharide polymer in polysaccharide the world, and itin isthe also world, an important and it is nitrogen also an sourceimportant for typicalnitrogen earth source and for marine typical organisms. earth and marine organisms. Chitin is a linearlinear polymerpolymer polysaccharidepolysaccharide formedformed byby condensingcondensing NN-acetylglucosamine-acetylglucosamine with β β-1,4-glucoside-1,4-glucoside bonds,bonds, and and the the relative relative molecular molecular weight weight of chitin of rangeschitin fromranges hundreds from hundreds of thousands of tothousands millions DA.to millions The chemical DA. The structure chemical of chitinstructure is basically of chitin the is samebasically as lignocellulose. the same as lignocellulose. The difference between them is that the functional group at the C position of cellulose is the hydroxyl group (–OH) The difference between them is that the functional2 group at the C2 position of cellulose is the while that of chitin is the acetylamino group (CH CONH–), as is shown in Figure2. Therefore, chitin hydroxyl group (–OH) while that of chitin is the3 acetylamino group (CH3CONH–), as is shown in Figure 2. Therefore, chitin is sometimes referred to as animal cellulose. The monomer of chitin is 2 Molecules 2020, 25, 541 3 of 15 is sometimesMolecules 2019 referred, 24, x toFOR as PEER animal REVIEW cellulose. The monomer of chitin is GlcNAc which can be obtained3 of 15 from chitin by hydrolysis with concentrated hydrochloric acid (HCl) or sulfuric acid (H SO ) or the GlcNAc which can be obtained from chitin by hydrolysis with concentrated hydrochloric2 4 acid (HCl) enzymatic hydrolysis. or sulfuric acid (H2SO4) or the enzymatic hydrolysis. The product obtained after removing most of the N-acetyl groups from the sugar group in the The product obtained after removing most of the N-acetyl groups from the sugar group in the chitin structure is called chitosan which is also known as deacetylated chitin. The deacetylated products chitin structure is called chitosan which is also known as deacetylated chitin. The deacetylated that have a degree of deacetylation (DD)
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Furanosic Forms of Sugars: Conformational Equilibrium of Methyl B-D-Ribofuranoside† Cite This: Chem
    ChemComm View Article Online COMMUNICATION View Journal | View Issue Furanosic forms of sugars: conformational equilibrium of methyl b-D-ribofuranoside† Cite this: Chem. Commun., 2016, 52,6241 Patricia E´cija,a Iciar Uriarte,a Lorenzo Spada,ab Benjamin G. Davis,c Received 5th February 2016, Walther Caminati,b Francisco J. Basterretxea,a Alberto Lesarri*d and Accepted 1st April 2016 Emilio J. Cocinero*a DOI: 10.1039/c6cc01180b www.rsc.org/chemcomm The investigation of an isolated ribofuranose unit in the gas phase reveals the intrinsic conformational landscape of the biologically active sugar form. We report the rotational spectra of two conformers of methyl b-D-ribofuranoside in a supersonic jet expansion. Both 3 conformers adopt a near twisted ( T2) ring conformation with the methoxy and hydroxymethyl substituents involved in various intra- molecular hydrogen bonds. Scheme 1 The pyranose (1) and furanose (2) constitutional isomers of ribose, together with methyl-b-D-ribofuranoside (3), in Haworth projection. Sugars are flexible polymorphic species, exhibiting complex con- stitutional, configurational and conformational isomerism. The intramolecular reaction between carbonyl (typically reducing (RNA), as substrates (ATP or sugar-diphospho-nucleosides), or as terminus) and hydroxyl groups gives rise to cyclic hemiacetal/ cofactors (NAD(P) or NAD(P)H).7 Remarkably, their roles are often ketals, particularly stable for five- or six-membered ring forms critical: DNA analogues in which thefuranoseringsareexchanged (furanose or pyranose, respectively, Scheme 1). Large amplitude by pyranoses produce double helices with much stronger base motions, like ring puckering, inversion or pseudorotation, com- pairing, but are unsuitable to replace DNA.8 The biochemical bine with the internal rotation of the hydroxyl groups to produce a functionality in ribose-based biomolecules probably relies on Published on 01 April 2016.
    [Show full text]
  • Chem 352 - Lecture 5 Carbohydrates
    Chem 352 - Lecture 5 Carbohydrates Question for the Day: Unlike amino acids, which owe their diversity to a diverse array of functional groups, monosaccharides feature primarily two functional groups, hydroxyl groups and either a ketone or aldehyde group. What, then, do monosaccharides owe their diversity to? Introduction to Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are included as one of the major classes of biological molecules: ✦ Proteins ✦ Nucleic acids ✦ Carbohydrates ✦ Lipids Chem 352, Lecture 5 - Carbohydrates 2 Introduction to Carbohydrates ✦ Carbohydrates provide a major source of energy for living organisms. ✦ They also play major structural, protective and communication roles. Chem 352, Lecture 5 - Carbohydrates 3 Introduction to Carbohydrates ✦ Carbohydrates provide a major source of energy for living organisms. ✦ They also play major structural, protective and communication roles. Chem 352, Lecture 5 - Carbohydrates 3 Introduction to Carbohydrates ✦ Carbohydrates provide a major source of energy for living organisms. ✦ They also play major structural, protective and communication roles. Chem 352, Lecture 5 - Carbohydrates 3 Introduction to Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are chemically simple, but structurally complex ✦ (CH2O)n Like amino acid, simple sugars (monosaccharides) can combine to form polymers. ✦ monosaccharides (monomer) ✦ oligosaccharides (several monomers linked together) ✦ polysaccharides (many monomers linked together Chem 352, Lecture 5 - Carbohydrates 4 Monosaccharides Monosaccharides are ✦ either Aldoses ‣ polyhydroxylaldehydes
    [Show full text]
  • Structural and Functional Aspects of Pyranose-Furanose
    STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL ASPECTS OF PYRANOSE-FURANOSE MUTASES By Jijin Raj Ayanath Kuttiyatveetil A Thesis Submitted to the College of Graduate Studies and Research University of Saskatchewan In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada © Jijin Raj Ayanath Kuttiyatveetil, May 2016. All rights reserved. Permission to Use In presenting this thesis in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a postgraduate degree from the University of Saskatchewan, I agree that the Libraries of this University may make it freely available for inspection. I further agree that permission for copying of this thesis in any manner, in whole or in part, for scholarly purposes may be granted by the professor or professors who supervised my thesis work or, in their absence, by the Head of the Department or the Dean of the College in which my work was completed. It is understood that any copying or publication or use of this thesis or parts thereof for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. It is also understood that due recognition shall be given to me and to the University of Saskatchewan in any scholarly use which may be made of any material in this thesis. Requests for permission to copy or to make other use of material in this thesis in whole or part should be addressed to: Head of the Department of Chemistry University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon, Saskatchewan (S7N 5C9) i Abstract Pyranose-Furanose mutases are enzymes that catalyze the isomerization of six-membered pyranose and five-membered furanose forms of a nucleotide-based sugar.
    [Show full text]
  • Nucleotide Sugars in Chemistry and Biology
    molecules Review Nucleotide Sugars in Chemistry and Biology Satu Mikkola Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland; satu.mikkola@utu.fi Academic Editor: David R. W. Hodgson Received: 15 November 2020; Accepted: 4 December 2020; Published: 6 December 2020 Abstract: Nucleotide sugars have essential roles in every living creature. They are the building blocks of the biosynthesis of carbohydrates and their conjugates. They are involved in processes that are targets for drug development, and their analogs are potential inhibitors of these processes. Drug development requires efficient methods for the synthesis of oligosaccharides and nucleotide sugar building blocks as well as of modified structures as potential inhibitors. It requires also understanding the details of biological and chemical processes as well as the reactivity and reactions under different conditions. This article addresses all these issues by giving a broad overview on nucleotide sugars in biological and chemical reactions. As the background for the topic, glycosylation reactions in mammalian and bacterial cells are briefly discussed. In the following sections, structures and biosynthetic routes for nucleotide sugars, as well as the mechanisms of action of nucleotide sugar-utilizing enzymes, are discussed. Chemical topics include the reactivity and chemical synthesis methods. Finally, the enzymatic in vitro synthesis of nucleotide sugars and the utilization of enzyme cascades in the synthesis of nucleotide sugars and oligosaccharides are briefly discussed. Keywords: nucleotide sugar; glycosylation; glycoconjugate; mechanism; reactivity; synthesis; chemoenzymatic synthesis 1. Introduction Nucleotide sugars consist of a monosaccharide and a nucleoside mono- or diphosphate moiety. The term often refers specifically to structures where the nucleotide is attached to the anomeric carbon of the sugar component.
    [Show full text]
  • 25.3 Cyclization of Monosaccharides
    Hornback_Ch25_1085-1122 12/15/04 8:13 PM Page 1090 1090 CHAPTER 25 I CARBOHYDRATES PROBLEM 25.4 Determine the identity of each of these carbohydrates: O O CH2OH X X CH CH HO H HO H HO H HO H a) b) c) HO H HO H HO H CH2OH H OH H OH HO H CH X CH2OH O (Hint: This must be rotated first.) 25.3 Cyclization of Monosaccharides Up to this point, the structure of glucose has been shown as an aldehyde with hydroxy groups on the other carbons. However, as described in Section 18.9, aldehydes and ke- tones react with alcohols to form hemiacetals. When this reaction is intermolecular— that is, when the aldehyde group and the alcohol group are in different molecules—the equilibrium is unfavorable and the amount of hemiacetal that is present is very small. However, when the aldehyde group and the alcohol group are contained in the same molecule, as is the case in the second equation that follows, the intramolecular reaction is much more favorable (because of entropy effects; see Sections 8.13 and 18.9) and the hemiacetal is the predominant species present at equilibrium. H S O O . W Intermolecular reaction R±C±H ϩ H±.O .±R' R±C±H Equilibrium favors W reactants OS R' A hemiacetal H S O O H . Intramolecular reaction . O . OH Equilibrium favors products (6.7%) (93.3%) A cyclic hemiacetal Because glucose and the other monosaccharides contain both a carbonyl group and hy- droxy groups, they exist predominantly in the form of cyclic hemiacetals.
    [Show full text]
  • Chem331 Lect 12 Carbos
    Carbohydrates • Of the macromolecules that we will cover in this class, those involving carbohydrates are the most abundant in nature. • Via photosynthesis, over 100 billion metric tons of CO2 and H2O are converted into cellulose and other plant products. • The term carbohydrate is a generic one that refers primarily to carbon-containing compounds that contain hydroxyl, keto, or aldehydic functionalities. • Carbohydrates can range in sizes, from simple monosaccharides (sugars) to oligosaccharides, to polysaccharides. What Roles Do Carbohydrates Play In Vivo? Energy—Photosynthesis, (CO2+ lightàSugar + O2) Structure—cell walls and extracellular structures in plants, animals and bacteria Conjugation onto lipids, proteins—glycosylation – Molecular Recognition – Protein Folding – Solubility DNA – DNA backbone – DNA capping Carbohydrate Naming Monosaccharides—simple sugars, can’t be broken down, molecular formula (CH2O)n Oligosaccharides—a few (2-10) monosaccharides linked together (conventional names: disaccharide, etc.) Polysaccharides—polymers of simple sugars. Can have molecular weights >1x106 g/mol Monosaccharide Structure and Naming The simplest aldose and ketose are both trioses—containing 3 carbon atoms HEXOSES are the most abundant sugar in nature (think: glucose) Stereochemistry Aldoses >3 carbons and Ketoses > 4 carbons all have chiral centers. Nomenclature for sugars specifies chirality—compared to glyceraldehyde: Aldose and Ketose Tree – see your book for figure Enantiomers and Diastereomers Diastereomers have opposite conformations
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Cellulose and Potential Reinforcement
    1 Cellulose and potential reinforcement There are numerous examples where animals or plants synthesize extracellular high- performance skeletal biocomposites consisting of a matrix reinforced by fibrous biopolymers. Cellulose, the most abundant polymer on Earth, is a classic example of these reinforcing elements. It is a ubiquitous structural polymer that confers its mechanical properties to higher plant cells. Natural cellulose-based materials have been used by our society as engineering materials for thousands of years and this continues today given the worldwide huge markets and industries for forest products, paper, textiles … A closer look to this material reveals a hierarchical structure design which is the source of its functionality, flexibility and high strength/weight perfor- mance. 1.1 Polysaccharides Polysaccharides form part of the group of molecules known as carbohydrates and have been proposed as the first biopolymers to have formed on Earth (Tolstoguzov, 2004). This term was applied originally to compounds with the general formula Cx(H2O)y but now it is also used to describe a variety of derivatives including nitrogen- and sulfur-containing compounds. Carbohydrates were once thought to represent “hydrated carbon”. However, the arrangement of atoms in carbohydrates has little to do with water molecules. They are classified on the basis of their main monosac- charide components and the sequences and linkages between them, as well as the anomeric configuration of linkages, the ring size (furanose or pyranose), the absolute configuration (D- or L-) and any other substituents present. Three common “single” sugars or monosaccharides, viz. glucose, galactose and fructose , share the same molecular formula C6H1206, and because of their six carbon atoms, each is a hexose (Figure 1.1).
    [Show full text]
  • Hexose Permeation Pathways in Plasmodium Falciparum-Infected Erythrocytes
    Hexose permeation pathways in Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes Charles J. Woodrow, Richard J. Burchmore, and Sanjeev Krishna* Department of Infectious Diseases, St. George’s Hospital Medical School, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 ORE, United Kingdom Edited by David Weatherall, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, and approved June 21, 2000 (received for review April 5, 2000) Plasmodium falciparum requires glucose as its energy source to with PfHT1. This approach has been simultaneously applied to multiply within erythrocytes but is separated from plasma by GLUT1 to allow direct comparison between parasite and mam- multiple membrane systems. The mechanism of delivery of sub- malian transporters. strates such as glucose to intraerythrocytic parasites is unclear. We A complementary strategy to elucidate PfHT1 substrate– have developed a system for robust functional expression in protein interactions is based on mutational analysis. This has Xenopus oocytes of the P. falciparum asexual stage hexose per- already provided detailed mechanistic information when applied mease, PfHT1, and have analyzed substrate specificities of PfHT1. to other members of the major facilitator superfamily (5). We Ϸ We show that PfHT1 (a high-affinity glucose transporter, Km 1.0 mutated a highly phylogenetically conserved residue in helix 5 of Ϸ mM) also transports fructose (Km 11.5 mM). Fructose can replace PfHT1 that has been intensively studied in homologues (6, 7). glucose as an energy source for intraerythrocytic parasites. PfHT1 These findings combined with previous studies demonstrate binds fructose in a furanose conformation and glucose in a pyr- topological conservation among hexose transporters but also anose form. Fructose transport by PfHT1 is ablated by mutation of confirm important mechanistic differences between phylo- a single glutamine residue, Q169, which is predicted to lie within genetically diverse organisms.
    [Show full text]
  • Glucose Hemi-Acetal & Acetal (Glyoside) Formation: Some
    GLUCOSE HEMI-ACETAL & ACETAL (GLYOSIDE) FORMATION: SOME COMMON CONCEPTS IN CARBOHYDRATE (“SUGAR”) CHEMISTRY Carbohydrates • (carbon + hydrate) are molecules with three or more carbons and a general formula that approximates CnH2nOn Saccharides • are carbohydrates or sugars • monosaccharides have one sugar moiety • disaccharides have two sugars linked together • trisaccharides have three sugars linked together • tetrasaccharides have four sugars linked together, etc... • polysaccharides have an indeterminate number which can be hundreds of thousands or more Prefixes and Suffixes • the suffix (ending) for sugar names is: -ose • the prefix defines the number of carbons: o triose (3 carbons) o tetrose (4 carbons) o pentose (5 carbons) o hexose (6 carbons), etc… • a further prefix defines the types of carbonyl group in the sugar: o aldo- (aldehyde) or o keto- (ketone) o for example glucose (shown below) is an "aldohexose" whereas fructose is a "ketohexose" • the term pyranose means a six-membered sugar ring (hemiacetal or acetal - see below) • the term furanose means a five-membered ring • These terms are often prefixed as in "glucopyranose" which means glucose cyclized to its six-membered ring form (see below) Intro Chem Handouts Carbohydrate Chemistry Page 1 of 4 D- and L- Sugars • This is a naming convention • Using standard nomenclature numbering, determine the configuration (R or S) of the highest numbered stereogenic center ("chiral center" or "asymmetric center"): o if it has R-configuration, the sugar is a D-sugar o if it has S-configuration, the sugar is an L-sugar Glucose Hemi-Acetal Formation • The open form of D-glucose (and many other sugars) can cyclize to form hemiacetals.
    [Show full text]
  • Drawing Sugar Structures: Fischer Projections, Haworth Structures and Chair Conformers
    Drawing Sugar Structures: Fischer Projections, Haworth Structures and Chair Conformers The acyclic structure of a sugar is commonly drawn as a Fischer projection. These structures make it easy to show the configuration at each stereogenic center in the molecule without using wedges and dashes. Fischer projections also allow an easy classification of the sugar as either the D-enantiomer or the L-enantiomer. Both the line-angle structure and the Fischer projection of the aldohexose D-allose are shown below. Cyclic Hemiacetal Formation Aldoses contain an aldehyde group and hydroxyl groups, and they undergo intramolecular reactions to form cyclic hemiacetals. These five-membered and six-membered cyclic hemiacetals are often more stable than the open-chain form of the sugar. In D-allose, nucleophilic attack on the carbonyl carbon of the aldehyde group by the hydroxyl group on carbon five (C-5) gives a six-membered ring cyclic hemiacetal. The new bond that forms between the oxygen atom on C-5 and the hemiacetal carbon atom C-1 is usually shown by using a box in the Fischer projection. This cyclic structure is called the pyranose ring form of the sugar. When the cyclic hemiacetal forms, the C-1 carbon atom becomes a new stereogenic center and can have either an R- or an S-configuration. To illustrate the ambiguity in the configuration at this new stereogenic center, squiggly lines are used in the Fischer projection to connect the hydrogen and the hydroxyl group to C-1. A Fischer projection can illustrate the structure of the cyclic hemiacetal form of a sugar, but it lacks something aesthetically as far as representing the six-membered ring in the structure.
    [Show full text]
  • Kyle W. Knouse Baran Group Meeting 2/10/18 Starch Cellulose
    Baran Group Meeting Kyle W. Knouse Carbs 2/10/18 6 OH C-5 Contents: Not included in this group meeting: 6 OH 4 What are Carbohydrates?, Roles Biomass to feedstock, Enzymatic glycosylation, 4 β 5 O Reference 5 O HO O OH in biological systems/metabolism, Synthetic carbohydrate polymers, Carbohydrates HO 1 HO OH HO 2 Glycoconjugates, Synthetic as chirons (Martinez, 2014), Nucleoside Chemistry HO 2 3 OH α 3 OH 1 OH challenges/highlights, (O’Hara, 2012; Gianatassio, 2013) HO OH History: Pyranose α-Pyranose OH -10,000 BC: Primitive sugarcane processing in New Guinea β- OH 62% 37% D-Glucose -1500 BC: Cotton cloth from India speards to Persia and China OH HO O -1891: Fischer reports the structure of glucose, mannose, fructose, and arabinose HO -1929: Haworth proposes ring structures for pyranose/furanose OH CHO OHC H -1940’s: Polysaccharides produce protective immune respons H HO H HO HO OH -1956-1963: OH OH HO H H OH -Bacterial peptidoglycan backbone structure HO HO OH O O HO H -major natural polysaccharides (chitin, cellulose, peptidoglycan) are β(1→4) linked H OH H OH HO H -mechanism of peptidoglycan biosynthesis and penicillin action OH -1972: high field NMR for glycan structure analysis CH OH HOH2C α-Furanose OH β-Furanose OH 2 0.5% 0.5% D-Glucose L-Glucose What is a Carb? - Carbohydrates are defined as “hydrates of carbon” polyhydroxyaldehydes, polyhydroxyketones and their derivatives Alpha vs. Beta (Starch vs. Cellulose): HO OH HO O Drugs: -Heparin OH HO -erythropoietin O O O Branching HO α(1→6) OH O O OH HO Starch OH O Linear O α(1→4) HO OH O Class Monomers Subclass Examples Starch - most common carbohydrate in human diets 6 Major classes -Pentoses Sugars (1-2) Mono/Disaccharides, Polyols Glucose, Sucrose, Sorbitol (potatoes, wheat, maize (corn), rice, and cassava) -Hexoses Oligosaccharides (3-9) Malto-oligosaccharides Maltodextrins -water soluble polysaccharide Polysaccharides (>9) Starches Amylose, Pectins, Cellulose -Hexosamines -highly branched polymer of glucose -Deoxyhexoses -linear glucose with α(1→4) glycosidic bonds.
    [Show full text]
  • Ribose Behavior in Silica Hydrogel
    Astrobiology Science Conference 2017 (LPI Contrib. No. 1965) 3264.pdf RIBOSE BEHAVIOR IN SILICA HYDROGEL. Avinash Dass1, Thomas Georgelin1,2, Frederic Foucher1 Terence Kee3, Frances Westall1. 1CNRS-CBM- Orléans, France, 2Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Paris 06, CNRS UMR 7197, Laboratoire de Réactivité de Surface, 4 place Jussieu, F-75005 Paris-France, 3School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK Introduction: Sugars are one of the most important serves 90% of its mobility in the gel compared in wa- classes of molecules, essential for all life species and ter. Moreover, in the gel, the isomerization of ribose extremely recoverable for biocatalysis of biomass. changes. Although we have not noted an evolution in However, some of sugars are unstable in solution, such the ratio pyronose/furanose, we have observed a pro- as D-ribose (C5H10O5)[1]. This sugar is highly im- gression of forms and a decrease of forms. C1 p C2 portant for life because it constitutes the carbohydrate p part of DNA and RNA. For example, at pH 9 and C4 p C5 60°C, its half life is about 50 h; in more physiological p C3 conditions, at pH 7 and 37°C, it should be around 500 p h extrapolating from the data of Miller and co- workers[2]. In solution, D-ribose is in equilibrium with four isomers : -pyranose, -pyranose,-furanose, - C1 furanose. p O OH O OH C4 C1 f C2 f f C5 5 1 f C1 C4 4 2 f f C5 HO OH HO 3 OH f OH OH -pyranose -pyranose 100 95 90 85 80 75 70 65 Chemical Shift (ppm) 5 O O OH OH In situ NMR and Raman spectroscopy have been HO HO 4 1 3 2 applied to evaluate the thermal behavior of ribose in HO OH HO OH the gel in hydrothermal conditions.
    [Show full text]