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State of New Hampshire Law Enforcement Manual 2020

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State of New Hampshire Law Enforcement Manual 2020 STATE OF NEW HAMPSHIRE CHRISTOPHER SUNUNU GOVERNOR LAW ENFORCEMENT MANUAL 2020 EDITION Department of Justice Gordon J. MacDonald Attorney General November 2020 2 3 PREFACE Since 1957, New Hampshire law has required the Attorney General to prepare and distribute a law enforcement manual. The Legislature has specifically directed that the “manual shall contain interpretations of law pertaining to the duties of peace officers, law of arrest, admissibility of evidence, trial procedure, instructions in the handling of missing child and missing adult cases, and other material the attorney general deems necessary.” RSA 7:6-a. The Attorney General first produced the manual in 1959 with revisions in 1979, 1984, 1993, and 2008. I am pleased to present the 2020 version of the Law Enforcement Manual. Its content not only meets the statutory requirements, but also addresses topics of current concern to both law enforcement and the public we serve. There are sections discussing implicit bias, fair and impartial policing, body-worn cameras, the rights of crime victims, child abuse and neglect, elder abuse and neglect, human trafficking, and consumer fraud. This version of the Law Enforcement Manual is the result of a significant effort by the following current and former members of the Attorney General’s Office: Benjamin Agati, James Boffetti, Scott Chase, Heather Cherniske, Joseph Cherniske, Nicole Clay, Julie Curtin, Stephen Fuller, Annie Gagne, Brandon Garod, Kate Giaquinto, Shane Goudas, Meghan Hagaman, Peter Hinckley, John Kennedy, Kathleen Kimball, Sean Locke, Benjamin Maki, Susan Morrell, Sunny Mulligan Shea, Jesse O’Neill, Lynda Ruel, Danielle Sakowski, Danielle Snook, Joshua Speicher, Timothy Sullivan, Allison Vachon, Geoffrey Ward, Lisa Wolford, and Elizabeth Woodcock. We were also assisted by the following interns: Michael Albalah, Katheryn Dumais, Chaim Herbstman, Elias Papakostas, and Laura Raymond. This version would not have been produced but for the exceptional efforts of a few individuals. Deputy Attorney General Jane Young and Solicitor General Daniel Will marshalled the resources necessary to complete this project and exercised expert editorial oversight. Our superb Paralegal, Maggie Keene, spent countless hours skillfully proofreading and formatting the document. Finally, Assistant Attorney General Erin Fitzgerald deserves special recognition and praise for her extraordinary efforts in coordinating and synthesizing the work of many into this final version. New Hampshire’s law enforcement officers serve with professionalism, dedication and courage. On behalf of the Attorney General’s Office, I hope that the 2020 Law Enforcement Manual is a useful resource to assist and guide these officers in their service to the people of New Hampshire. November 5, 2020 4 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS I. THE DUTY OF PEACE OFFICERS ..................................................................... 23 II. IMPLICIT BIAS ..................................................................................................... 24 Introduction ................................................................................................. 24 Definitions ................................................................................................... 24 Encouraging Fair And Impartial Policing ................................................... 25 1. Prohibiting Biased Policing .............................................................. 25 2. Fair And Impartial Policing And Immigration Status ...................... 27 3. Training ............................................................................................ 28 4. Complaints And Discipline .............................................................. 28 III. BODY-WORN CAMERAS ................................................................................... 29 A. Introduction ................................................................................................. 29 B. When The Camera Must Be Used ............................................................... 30 C. When People Have The Right Not To Be Recorded ................................... 31 1. Interviews With Crime Victims ....................................................... 31 2. Anonymous Reporters Of Crimes .................................................... 32 3. Anyone Having A Reasonable Expectation Of Privacy .................. 32 D. When The Camera Shall Not Be Used ........................................................ 33 E. Use And Disclosure Of Recordings ............................................................ 34 F. Storage And Retention Of Recordings ........................................................ 35 IV. THE USE OF PHYSICAL FORCE ....................................................................... 37 A. Introduction ................................................................................................. 37 B. The Right Of Civilians To Use Non-Deadly Force..................................... 39 1. Non-Deadly Force In Defense Of A Person .................................... 39 2. Non-Deadly Force In Defense Of Premises ..................................... 39 3. Non-Deadly Force In Defense Of Property ..................................... 39 4. Non-Deadly Force By Merchants .................................................... 40 5. Non-Deadly Force By County Fair Security Guards ....................... 40 6 6. Non-Deadly Force By Persons With Special Responsibilities ................................................................................ 41 7. Non-Deadly Force As A Warning .................................................... 41 8. Limitations On The Right Of Civilians To Use Non-Deadly Force ............................................................................ 41 a. Provocation ........................................................................... 41 b. Initial Aggressor .................................................................... 42 c. Combat By Mutual Consent .................................................. 42 C. The Right Of Civilians To Use Deadly Force ............................................. 42 1. Imminent Use Of Unlawful Deadly Force ....................................... 42 2. Use Of Unlawful Force During A Burglary ..................................... 42 3. To Prevent A Kidnapping Or Forcible Sex Offense ........................ 43 4. To Prevent A Felony Within The Actor’s Dwelling ........................ 43 5. Limitations On The Right of Civilians To Use Deadly Force ................................................................................................. 43 a. The Duty To Retreat.............................................................. 43 b. The Actor Has Provoked The Use Of Force ......................... 44 D. The Use of Non-Deadly Force By Law Enforcement Officers ................... 44 E. The Use Of Deadly Force By Law Enforcement Officers .......................... 44 F. The Right Of Civilians To Use Force When Acting At The Direction Of A Police Officer ..................................................................... 46 1. The Use Of Non-Deadly Force ........................................................ 46 2. The Use Of Deadly Force................................................................. 47 G. The Right Of A Civilian, Acting On His Or Her Own, To Use Force To Arrest Or Prevent Escape From Custody .................................... 47 H. Investigation Of An Officer’s Use Of Deadly Force .................................. 47 V. PREPARATION AND EXECUTION OF A SEARCH WARRANT ................... 49 A. Introduction ................................................................................................. 49 B. The Probable Cause Standard ..................................................................... 49 C. General Types Of Evidence For Which Search Warrants May Be Obtained ................................................................................................. 50 Applying For Search Warrants .................................................................... 50 7 1. Overview .......................................................................................... 50 2. Territorial Jurisdiction ...................................................................... 51 3. Evidence That May Be Obtained By Warrant ................................. 51 4. The Application Process In Detail ................................................... 52 5. Securing The Premises Or Detaining Persons To Be Searched While Obtaining A Warrant ............................................. 53 Completing The Application Forms ............................................................ 54 Writing The Affidavit .................................................................................. 54 1. Use Separately Numbered Paragraphs ............................................. 55 2. Identify The Source Of Information ................................................ 55 3. Establish The Credibility And Reliability Of The Sources ............................................................................................. 56 4. Establish Why There Is Reason To Believe Evidence Will Be Found At The Targeted Location ....................................... 58 5. Describe The Location Or Person To Be Searched ......................... 61 6. Specifically Describe The Targeted Evidence ................................. 62 a. Contraband ...........................................................................
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