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Surface Runoff Estimation Using SCS-CN Method in Siddheswari River Basin, Eastern India

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Surface Runoff Estimation Using SCS-CN Method in Siddheswari River Basin, Eastern India Journal of Geography, Environment and Earth Science International 17(2): 1-9, 2018; Article no.JGEESI.44076 ISSN: 2454-7352 Surface Runoff Estimation Using SCS-CN Method in Siddheswari River Basin, Eastern India Hemanta Sutradhar1* 1Department of Geography, Visva-Bharati University, Bolpur (Santiniketan), India. Author’s contribution The sole author designed, analyzed, interpreted and prepared the manuscript. Article Information DOI: 10.9734/JGEESI/2018/44076 Editor(s): (1) Dr. Wen-Cheng Liu, Department of Civil and Disaster Prevention Engineering, National United University, Taiwan and Taiwan Typhoon and Flood Research Institute, National United University, Taipei, Taiwan. Reviewers: (1) Alaa Nabil El-Hazek, Benha University, Egypt. (2) Antipas T. S. Massawe, University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Complete Peer review History: http://www.sciencedomain.org/review-history/26356 Received 23 June 2018 Accepted 07 September 2018 Original Research Article Published 24 September 2018 ABSTRACT The Soil Conservation Service-Curve Number (SCS-CN) method is one of indirect methods of runoff estimation developed by National Resources Conservation Service (NRSC), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). The main objectives of the present study are to estimate surface runoff, runoff coefficient of the Siddheswari river basin using SCS-CN method and to predict hydrological scenario of the basin based on the surface runoff conditions with the aid of Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographical Information System (GIS).The result shows that the very high annual runoff found in the middle and lower catchment and high runoff concentrated in southern portion of the catchment mainly because of lack of vegetation and uncovered surface but the low runoff concentrated in the middle-northern tip of the basin due dense vegetation cover. Keywords: Service-Curve Number (SCS-CN); Remote Sensing (RS); Geographical Information System (GIS); runoff. 1. INTRODUCTION runoff [1]. The occurrence as well as quantity of runoff are dependent on the characteristics of Rainfall (precipitation), the major components of rainfall events like intensity, duration and hydrological cycle and the principle source of distribution and watershed characteristics like _____________________________________________________________________________________________________ *Corresponding author: E-mail: [email protected]; Sutradhar; JGEESI, 17(2): 1-9, 2018; Article no.JGEESI.44076 size, shape, slope, drainage pattern, geology, levels permitting unreasonable sudden jumps in soil, geomorphology, climatic condition and land CN, lack of clear guidance on how to vary use/land cover [2,3] and controlling the antecedent moisture conditions, and no explicit hydrological cycle and soil erosion [4]. Soil dependency between the initial abstraction and erosion by running water i.e. through surface the antecedent moisture [12]; the SCS-CN runoff has been recognized as one of the severe method was not applicable at sub-daily time hazard as it reduces soil productivity by removing resolution [13]; the runoff calculated from the the fertile topsoil [5] in this concern estimation of SCS method was much more sensitive to the CN runoff is necessary so that proper prediction of chosen than to rainfall depths, intensity [14]. runoff related hazard as well as benefits would SCS-CN method is highly sensitive to changes in be possible for watershed management. To values of its single parameter, CN and it is estimate surface runoff depth the Soil ambiguous considering the effect of antecedent Conservation Service-Curve Number (SCS-CN) moisture conditions [15, 16, 17, 14] but despite method developed by National Resources having some afore mention limitations this Conservation Service (NRSC), United States methods considered as an effective method of Department of Agriculture (USDA) [6,7,1] and runoff estimation. Actually SCS-CN method described in the Soil Conservation Services estimates the runoff generating from the rainfall (SCS) National Engineering handbook Sect. 4: or the excess amount of rainfall in the form of Hydrology (NEH-4) [8]. The first version of the runoff and mainly based on the water balance handbook was published in 1954. Subsequent calculation [18]. The main objectives of the revision followed in 1956, 1964, 1965, 1971, present study are to estimate surface runoff, 1972, 1985 and 1993 [9]. Among several indirect runoff coefficient of the Siddheswari river basin methods of runoff estimation (Manning’s using SCS-CN method and to predict equation, Talbot’s method, Rational method, hydrological scenario of the basin based on the Creager’s equation etc.) SCS-CN methods is surface runoff conditions with the aid of Remote considered as a well-accepted methods because Sensing (RS) and Geographical Information of its simplicity; Predictability and stable System (GIS). conceptual methodologies; required inputs are generally available; relates runoff to soil type, 2. REGIONAL SETTNGS OF STUDY AREA land use/land cover and management practices for estimation of runoff depth [10,11,1] although A major right bank non-perennial tributaries of like other methods this method is not free from Mayurakshi (Matihara, Tepra, Bhamri, Kushkarni, some limitations viz. possible sudden jumps in Kuya), river Siddheswari (about 872.54 Sq.km the computed runoff due to using three AMC area) out falling into its master stream Fig. 1. Reference map of Siddheswari river basin 2 Sutradhar; JGEESI, 17(2): 1-9, 2018; Article no.JGEESI.44076 Mayurakshi at 98.4 Km (8 km downstream of 3.2 Surface Run off Estimation Massanjore dam) from the source of Mayurakshi Methodology river [19,20,21]. The length of its main stream is 81.35 Km having 394 streams (319 first (334.20 To estimate runoff soil texture map has been Km length), 62 second (197.11 Km length), 9 grouping into Hydrological soil group (HSG) third (63.11 Km length), 3 fourth (67.33 Km maintaining the guidelines of USDA National length), and 1 fifth (34.50 Km length) order Engineering Handbook (NEH) and prepare the streams. The Siddheswari river basin (Fig. 1) Hydrological soil group map consists with group covering the parts of Jamtara, Deoghar, Dumka B, C and D [23]. After that to assign Curve districts of Jharkhand and little portion of Number (CN) the HSG and LULC map layer has Birbhum district of West Bengal lies between been intersected in GIS environment using Arc 23⁰57’00’’ to N 24⁰16’00’’ N latitudes and GIS (v. 10.5) software and CN values are assign 86⁰55’00’’ E to 87⁰22’00’’ E longitudes. The based on Antecedent moisture condition II (AMC Siddheswari river flowing through Chhotonagpur II) condition (Soil characteristics are Average fringe covering with more than 75% of the river condition, Initial abstraction=0.1S, Five day basin is occupied by the Laterite and Lateritic antecedent rainfall are 13–28 mm and 36–53 mm formation, 18% is covered with unclassified for Dormant and Growing seasons respectively) Granite gneiss with enclaves of metamorphic and [24, 6] using the SCS-CN table [25, 26, 27, 24] the remaining portion (7%) is covered with and converted into the Antecedent moisture Sandstone, shale, Siltstone, Augean gneiss and condition III (AMC III) as it is considered the Migmatite formation [22]. suitable condition for Indian situation using following [24] formula- 3. METHODOLOGY CN=CNIII for AMC-III: 3.1 Data Bases and Sources CN II (1) The base map of the study area has been 0.427+(0.00573*CN ) prepared from Survey of India (SOI) II topographical maps (sheets no.72 P/1, 72 P/4, 72 P/8, 73 I/13, 73 M/1, 73 M/5) on 1:50,000 Where, CNII = Curve Number for AMC II scale and updated using LANDSAT 8 OLI condition imagery ( path/row 139/43). The drainage network map for the study area prepared from After that, the potential maximum retention (S) in manual digitized of scanned SOI toposheets that mm has been calculated using the following have been used as stream link layer. LANDSAT formula [24]- 8 OLI imagery also used to prepare land use land cover (LULC) mapping based on visual 25400 S 254 (2) interpretation using SOI toposheets; Soil texture CN map has been prepared using State Agriculture Management and Extension Training Institute Where, CN = Curve Number. (SAMETI, Jharkhand) provided district wise soil texture map series on 1:250,000 scale. Available The runoff has been calculated using runoff last 5 years (2013-2017) Rainfall data has been equation following formula [24]- collected from Indian metrological department. Finally, all data has been registered into ()P Ia 2 Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) projection Pe (3) northern zone 45 datum WGS 84 (except ()P Ia S LANDSAT 8 OLI satellite imagery and Shuttle Radar Topography Mission Digital Elevation Where, Pe = Surface runoff (mm) Model (SRTM DEM v3, 1-arc sec) data as these P = Rainfall (mm) are already georeferenced). For thematic Ia = Initial abstraction (mm) analysis Arc GIS (v. 10.5) and ERDAS Imagine S = Potential Retention (mm) (v. 9.2) softwares has been used. MS Office Excel 2010 has been used for necessary And finally the Runoff Coefficient is calculated calculation. using following equation [24]- 3 Sutradhar; JGEESI, 17(2): 1-9, 2018; Article no.JGEESI.44076 P skeletal (Ustorthents) (Table 2). Fine loamy RC e (4) P (Paleustalfs) textural classes dominate in the present study area (34.15 %) whereas Loamy- Where, skeletal (Ustorthents) texture is found very little portion (1.42 %). Coarse texture indicating low Pe = Surface runoff (mm) runoff and high infiltration whereas fine texture P = Rainfall (mm) exhibits high runoff due to low infiltration capacity In the present study Rainfall, CN, Ia, HSG, LULC as runoff occurs only when the rate of rainfall on has been assign for each point of the covered a surface exceeds the rate at which water can infiltrate the soil [28,29,11]. Studies by study area using Arc GIS software and S, Pe, RC has been calculated for each point and finally Brakensiek DL and Rawls WJ [30]; Maestre FT presented in the map.
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