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Biological Monitoring of Chemical Exposure in the Workplace Guidelines

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Biological Monitoring of Chemical Exposure in the Workplace Guidelines WHO/HPR/OCH 96.1 Distr.: General Biological Monitoring of Chemical Exposure in the Workplace Guidelines Volume 1 World Health Organization Geneva 1996 Contribution to the International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS) Layout of the cover page Tuula Solasaari-Pekki Technical editing Suvi Lehtinen This publication has been published with the support of the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health. ISBN 951-802-158-9 Geneva 1996 This document is not a formal publication Ce document n'est pas une publication of­ of the World Health Organization (WHO), ficielle de !'Organisation mondiale de la and all rights are reserved by the Organiza­ Sante (OMS) et tous !es droits y afferents tion. The document may, however, be sont reserves par !'Organisation. S'il peut freely reviewed, abstracted, reproduced and etre commente, resume, reproduit OU translated, in part or in whole, but not for traduit, partiellement ou en totalite, ii ne sale nor for use in conjunction with com­ saurait cependant l'etre pour Ia vente ou a mercial purposes. des fins commerciales. The views expressed in documents by Les opinions exprimees dans Jes documents named authors are solely the responsibility par des auteurs cites nommement n'enga­ of those authors. gent que Iesdits auteurs. Preface Biological monitoring of chemical exposure in the workplace has become increasingly important in the assessment of health risk as an integral part of the overall occupational health and safety strategy. This activity requires accurate sampling and analysis with correct interpretation of results. Therefore, in 1992, the WHO Office of Occupational Health, in collaboration with the International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS), set up a global project entitled "Methods and Quality Assurance of Biological Monitor­ ing of Chemical Exposure". The objective of this project was to provide occupational health professionals in member states with reference principles and methods for deter­ mination of biomarkers of exposure with emphasis on promoting appropriate use of biological monitoring and assisting in quality assurance. This monograph represents the first outcome of the above-mentioned project. It is a guideline for biological monitoring of exposure to selected metals, solvents, pesticides and other chemicals. All available information for selected chemicals has been assessed and validated. A selection of individual chemicals has been made, using criteria related to the fre­ quency of use, toxicity, routes of absorption, availability of info1111ation on human me­ tabolism, relationship between exposure and biomarker and existence of Occupational Biological Reference Values (OBRV), which were developed by the Planning Meeting held in Kyoto, Japan, in October 1992. Contributions made by Dr P. Hoet (Chapter 1), Dr A Aitio (Chapter 2), Dr K.H. Schal­ ler (Chapter 3), Dr A Bernard (Chapter 3), Professor M. Ikeda (Chapter 4), Dr L.K. Lowry (Chapters 4 and 6), Dr D. Gompertz (Chapter 5) and Dr R.D. Verschoyle (Chapter 5) are highly acknowledged and appreciated, as well as the efforts of Professor Fengsheng He in the role of Project Manager. All chapters have been reviewed at the WHO Meeting on Guidelines on Biological Monitoring of Chemical Exposure in the Workplace, Geneva, 16-18 November 1993, with participation from leading experts in this field as well as other organizations concerned (see list of participants). Technical editing was completed by Mrs A. Wright who is kindly acknowledged. During project development and its implementation, WHO received technical coopera­ tion from the International Labour Office (ILO), United Nations Environment Pro­ gramme (UNEP), Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), International Commission on Occupational Health (ICOH), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), European Centre for Ecotoxicology and Toxicology of Chemicals (ECETOC), International Council of Metals and the Environment (ICME), Nickel Producers Environmental Research Association (NIPERA), Cadmium Association, Eurometaux (European Metal Association), \Vho are thankfully acknowl­ edged. 11 Biological monitoring is an important tool in the prevention of occupational diseases related to those exposed to chemicals on a regular basis, particularly when multi-route exposure (inhalation, skin absorption, ingestion) or abnormal exposure takes place. However, it should be stressed that, in order to evaluate workplace conditions on a con­ tinuous basis, emphasis should be placed on environmental monitoring, complemented by biological monitoring. In recommending the use of biological monitoring for practice and research purposes, reference should be made to the obligations of occupational health professionals, de­ fined by the International Code of Ethics, in relation to the protection of confidentiality of health data. Implementation of this first project component, Volume 1, (which will subsequently be followed by Volumes 2, 3 and 4) became possible due to the technical and financial contribution of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), USA (Programme of Action on Workers' Health Project U60/CCU008636-01 and U60/CCU008636-02), and the European Commission (DG V - Public Health and Safety at Work Directorate). Both are kindly acknowledged. For publishing this book, financial support was also provided by the International Council of Metals and the Envi­ ronment, the Japan Chemical Industry Association, Nickel Producers Environmental Research Association, which is appreciated and acknowledged. Dr M.I. Mikheev Chief Medical Officer Office of Occupational Health World Health Organization 111 LIST OF AUTHORS Chapter 1 Dr P. Hoet, Industrial Toxicology and Occupational Medicine Unit, Catholic University ofLouvain, Clos Chapelle-aux-Champs 30.54, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium Phone: + 322 764 32 20; Fax: + 322 764 32 28: e-mail: [email protected] The Annex at the end of the volume has been prepared by Dr. Hoet. Chapter 2 Dr A. Aitio, Director, Biornonitoring Laboratory, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Arinatie 3, FIN-00370 Helsinki. Finland Phone:+ 358-0 474 78 50; Fax:+ 3580 556 157 (area code will be 9 after 12 October 1996); e-mail: [email protected] Chapter3 Dr K.H. Schaller, Institute and Out-patient Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Schillerstrasse 25 u.29, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany Phone: + 49 9131 852 312; Fax: + 49 9131 852 317 Section 3.1.9 Dr A. Bernard, Catholic University ofLouvain, Unit oflndustrial Toxicology -3.1.11 and Occupational Medicine, 30.54 Clos Chapelle-aux-Champs B-1200 Brussels. Belgium Phone:+ 322 764 3220; Fax: + 322 764 3228 Chapter 4 Professor M. Ikeda, Kyoto Industrial Health Association, 67 Nishinikyo­ Kitatsuboicho, Nagakyo-ku, Kyoto 604, Japan Phone:+ 81 75 823 0533; Fax:+ 81 75 802 0038 Section 4.1 Dr L.K. Lowry, Biological t"vfonitoring Resources, 6817 Oak Street, Kansas and 4.3 City, Missouri, 64113-2476, USA Phone: 7 1816444 1626, Fax: + 1 816 444 1626 Chapter 5 Dr D. Gompertz, InstJtute of Occupational Health, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom (Address for corresponde1~ce: 17 Oakmere Lane, Potters Bar, Hens, E)!6 5LS. United Kingdom) Phone:+ 44 121 4'.4 6030; Fax: -!- 44 121 471 5208 Section 5.1.8 Dr R.D. Verschoyle, ~ledical Research Council, Toxicology Unit, Hodgkin Building, University of Leicester, P .0. Box 13 8, Lancaster Rd, Leicester LE 1 9HN, United Kingdom Phone:+ 44 116 252 5597; Fax:+ 44 116 252 5616 Chapter 6 Dr L.K. Lowry, Biological i\lonitoring Resources, 6817 Oak Street, Kansas City, Missouri 64113-2476, USA Phone:+ 1 816 444 1626. Fax: + l 816 444 1626 IV MEETING ON "GUIDELINES ON BIOLOGICAL MONITORING OF CHEMICAL EXPOSURE" (VOLUME 1) Geneva, 16-18 November 1993 LIST OF PARTICIPANTS (a) Temporary Advisers (1) Dr Antero Aitio, Director, Biomonitoring Laboratory, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Arinatie 3, FIN-00370 Helsinki, Finland Phone:+ 3580 474 78 50; Fax:+ 3580 556 157 (2) Dr P.O. Droz, Institute for Occupational Health Services, University of Lausanne, 19 rue du Bugnon, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland (Also representing the Biological Exposure Indices Committee, ACGIH) Phone: +4121313 2131; Fax: +4121313 21 20 (3) Dr David Gompertz, Institute of Occupational Health, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom (Address for correspondence: 17 Oakmere Lane, Potters Bar, Herts, EN6 5LS, United Kingdom Phone:+ 44 707 657 351; Fax: + 44 707 660 273 (4) Dr P. Hoet, Unite de Toxicologie Industrielle et Medecine du Travail, Faculte de Medecine, Universite Catholique de Louvain, Clos Chapelle-aux-Champs 30.54, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium Phone: + 322 764 32 20; Fax: + 322 764 32 28 (5) Professor Masayuki Ikeda, Department of Public Health, Kyoto University, Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto 606-01, Japan Phone:+ 81 75 753 4460; Fax:+ 81 75 753 4466 (6) Dr L.K. Lowry, Senior Advisor, Exposure Assessment, Midwest Research Institute, 425 Volker Boulevard, Kansas City, Missouri 641 lO, USA Phone:+ 1 816 753 7600, Ext.1539; Fax: + l 816 753 5359 (7) Professor T. Popov, Head, Department of Toxicology, National Centre of Hygiene and Medical Ecology, Boulevard D. Nestorov 15, Sofia 1431, Bulgaria Phone: + 3592 597 044; Fax: + 3592 597 044 (8) Dr K.H. Schaller, Institute and Out-patient Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Schillerstrasse 25 u.29, D-8520 Erlangen, Germany (Unable to attend) Phone: + 49 9131 852 312; Fax: + 49 9131 852 317 (9) Mrs Anne Wright, Acting Deputy Director, Occupational Medicine and Hygiene
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