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The United States Army Medical Department THE UNITED STATES ARMY MEDICAL DEPARTMENT OURNAL VECTOR-BORNE DISEASES AND CHALLENGES TO PUBLIC HEALTH January–June 2017 The Role of Birds in Arboviral Disease Surveillance in Harris County and the City of Houston, Texas . 1 Lauren Wilkerson, MS; Martin Reyna Nava, MS; Cheryl Battle-Freeman; et al Laboratory and Semi-field Evaluations of Two (Transfluthrin) Spatial RepellentJ Devices Against Aedes aegypti (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae) . 13 MAJ Lee P. McPhatter, USA; Paula D. Mischler, PhD; Meiling Z. Webb, PhD; et al Georgia’s Collaborative Approach to Expanding Mosquito Surveillance in Response to Zika Virus: A Case Study . 23 R. Christopher Rustin, DrPH, MT, REHS; Deonte Martin; Varadan Sevilimedu, MPH; et al A Location-specific Spreadsheet for Estimating Zika Risk and Timing for Zika Vector Surveillance, Using US Military Facilities as an Example . 34 Desmond H. Foley, PhD; David B. Pecor Biosurveillance and Morphological Variations of Larvae and Pupae of Common Malaria Vectors, Anopheles (Anopheles) Hyrcanus Group Species in the Republic of Korea . 47 Leopoldo M. Rueda, PhD; Heung-Chul Kim, PhD; Sung-Tae Chong, MS; et al A Case of Chagas Cardiomyopathy Following Infection in South Central Texas . 55 Maj Bryant J. Webber, USAF; Lt Col Edward J. Wozniak, TXSG; CPT David Chang, USA; et al Direct Detection of Leishmania from Clinical Samples . 60 John N. Waitumbi, PhD; MAJ Joshua Bast, USA; Nancy Nyakoe, MS; et al New Records, Distribution, and Updated Checklists of Old World Phlebotomine Sand Flies, With Emphasis on Africa, Southwest Asia, and Central Asia . 65 Leopoldo M. Rueda, PhD; James E. Pecor; Matthew Wolkoff; et al Operational Mosquito and Vector-Borne Diseases Surveillance at Incirlik Air Base, Turkey . 86 Will K. Reeves, PhD; Myrna M. Miller, DVM, PhD; Orhan Bayik, PHS; Maj Leah Chapman, USAF Vector-Borne Diseases of Public Health Importance for Personnel on Military Installations in the United States . 90 Melissa N. Garcia, PhD, MPH; Thomas L. Cropper, DVM, MPVM, ACVPM; et al Blast-Associated Traumatic Brain Injury in the Military as a Potential Trigger for Dementia and Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy . 102 Jamal Hasoon, MD Challenges of Practicing Environmental Epidemiology in the US Military . 106 Coleen Baird, MD, MPH; Jessica Sharkey, MPH; Joel Gaydos, MD, MPH Indirect Military Occupational Lead Exposure to Children at Home: A Case Report . 112 LTC(P) Paul O. Kwon, USA Spurgeon Neel 2016 Annual Writing Award Winner Enduring for the Patients’ Sake: The Emotional Experiences and Endurance of American Ambulance Drivers in World War I . 115 Benjamin Cameron Schaffer A Professional Publication THE UNITED STATES ARMY of the AMEDD Community MEDICAL DEPARTMENT OURNAL Online issues of the AMEDD Journal are available at http://www.cs.amedd.army.mil/amedd_journal.aspx January–June 2017 US Army Medical Department Center & School PB 8-17-1/2/3/4/5/6 LTG Nadja Y. West The Surgeon General Commander, US Army Medical Command MG BrianJ C. Lein Commander US Army Medical Department Center and School By Order of the Secretary of the Army: Official: GERALD B. O’KEEFE Mark A. Milley Administrative Assistant to the General, United States Army Secretary of the Army Chief of Staff DISTRIBUTION: Special 1626611 The Army Medical Department Journal [ISSN 1524-0436] is published quarterly high quality, print medium to encourage dialogue concerning healthcare for The Surgeon General by the AMEDD Journal Office, USAMEDDC&S, AHS CDD initiatives. 3630 Stanley RD STE B0204, JBSA Fort Sam Houston, TX 78234-6100. Appearance or use of a commercial product name in an article published Articles published in The Army Medical Department Journal are listed and in the AMEDD Journal does not imply endorsement by the US Government. indexed in MEDLINE, the National Library of Medicine’s premier bibliographic Views expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect database of life sciences and biomedical information. As such, the Journal’s official policies or positions of the Department of the Army, Department of articles are readily accessible to researchers and scholars throughout the the Navy, Department of the Air Force, Department of Defense, nor any other global scientific and academic communities. agency of the US Government. The content does not change or supersede CORRESPONDENCE: Manuscripts, photographs, official unit requests to information in other US Army Publications. The AMEDD Journal reserves the receive copies, and unit address changes or deletions should be sent via right to edit all material submitted for publication (see inside back cover). email to [email protected], or by CONTENT: Content of this publication is not copyright protected. Reprinted regular mail to the above address. Telephone: (210) 221-6301, DSN 471-6301 DISCLAIMER: ma-terial must contain acknowledgement to the original author(s) and the The AMEDD Journal presents clinical and nonclinical AMEDD Journal. professional information to expand knowledge of domestic & international military medical issues and technological advances; promote collaborative OFFICIAL DISTRIBUTION: This publication is targeted to US Army Medical partnerships among Services, components, Corps, and specialties; convey Department units and organizations, other US military medical organizations, clinical and health service support information; and provide a peer-reviewed, and members of the worldwide professional medical community. The Role of Birds in Arboviral Disease Surveillance in Harris County and the City of Houston, Texas Lauren Wilkerson, MS Hilda Guzman Martin Reyna Nava, MS Robert Tesh, MD, PhD Cheryl Battle-Freeman Mustapha Debboun, PhD, BCE Amelia Travassos da Rosa ABSTRacT Avian arboviral surveillance is an integral part of any disease-based integrated mosquito control program. The Harris County Public Health Mosquito and Vector Control Division has performed arboviral surveillance in the wild birds of Harris County and the City of Houston since 1965. Blood samples from live trapped birds were tested for arboviral antibodies to West Nile virus (WNV), St. Louis encephalitis, Eastern equine encephalitis, and Western equine encephalitis. A dead bird surveillance program was created in 2002 with the arrival of WNV in Harris County. Since implementation, the program has detected considerable variability in viral activ- ity with annual WNV seroprevelance rates ranging from 2.9% to 17.7%, while the percentage of positive dead birds has ranged from 0.3% to 57.2%. In 2015, 1,345 live birds were sampled and 253 dead birds were tested, with WNV incidence rates of 16.5% and 5.9%, respectively. The Avian Section of Harris County Public Health infected, the virus must first amplify in the mosquito- (HCPH) Mosquito and Vector Control Division (MVCD) avian transmission cycle. Avian antibodies, like human is responsible for monitoring avian populations in Har- ones, are important to immune responses and make sur- ris County and the City of Houston, Texas, for West Nile viving, seropositive birds essentially resistant to reinfec- virus (WNV), St. Louis encephalitis (SLE), and other tion.6 In standard epidemiological susceptible-infected- mosquito-borne diseases. Since birds are the main hosts removed (SIR) models, large numbers of immune indi- for many of these viruses, they are included in mosquito viduals reduce the viral transmission rate below a sus- surveillance activities to provide a complete picture of tainable level, bringing outbreaks to an end.7 Although the enzootic cycle rather than simply monitoring mos- more research is needed, there is evidence that some quitoes alone. While infected birds are only viremic for arboviruses, such as WNV and SLE, follow multiyear a few days,1 surviving birds produce detectible levels of SIR cycles. A 40-year history of SLE seroprevelances virus specific antibodies for a much longer period, up to in Harris County demonstrated a consistent cyclical several years.2,3 This persistence allows for a more long- pattern while a multiyear field study in Chicago found term “big picture” surveillance effort that can identify that the best predictor of WNV activity in a given year the presence of a virus in a new area even if no virus is was the proportion of seropositive birds at the end of the currently circulating. previous year.2 Similarly, in Los Angeles, a preseason seropositive rate of less than 10% was associated with In 1999, the first sign that WNV had reached the United WNV outbreaks.8 This study provides the results from States was due to large numbers of dead birds, primar- the 2015 MVCD avian surveillance activities. ily crows, in New York City.4 Subsequently, wildlife COLLECTION METHODS and disease ecologists noted continued large die-offs of crows and Blue Jays as the virus spread across the Live bird trapping was conducted daily throughout the continent.5 Harris County Public Health MVCD created year, except when prevented by inclement weather. Trap- a Dead Bird Hotline for residents to report dead birds. ping locations were located in Houston or Harris County The first detection of WNV in the Houston area was parks and varied on a rotational basis. Sites that were from a dead Blue Jay in 2002. chosen for live bird trapping provided the most uniform coverage available, ie, included historic and current Since WNV has been established in Harris County, WNV and SLE “hot spots” and provided a high degree avian monitoring helps explain the complex ecological of trapping success. In 2015, 27 sites were
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