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International Fire Service Journal of Leadership and Management ISSN 1554-3439 INTERNATIONAL FIRE SERVICE JOURNAL OF LEADERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT Volume 13 2019 Journal Team Editor Managing Editor Graphics Manager Webmaster Dr. Robert E. England Eric R. England Missy Hannan Chad Crockett Fire Protection Publications Fire Protection Publications Fire Protection Publications Fire Protection Publications DISCLAIMER Oklahoma State University Oklahoma State University Oklahoma State University Oklahoma State University The International Fire Service Journal of Leadership and Management is an academic Associate Editor, Subscriptions Copy Editor Design & Layout Consulting Methodologist journal. As such, articles that appear in the Journal are “approved” for publication by & Permissions Coordinator Cindy Brakhage Ben Brock & Statistician two to four anonymous members of the Journal’s Editorial Board and/or ad hoc peer Mike Wieder Fire Protection Publications Fire Protection Publications Dr. Marcus Hendershot reviewers. As editor, I do not choose the articles that appear in the Journal nor do I edit Fire Protection Publications Oklahoma State University Oklahoma State University Assistant Professor of Political Science Oklahoma State University Schreiner University (TX) the content or message of an article once accepted. The copy editor and I only edit for style and readability. The ideas and comments expressed in an article are those of the author(s) and should not be attributed to members of the Journal’s production team, Editorial Board, or to the Editorial Board sponsors of the Journal, which are Oklahoma State University (OSU), the International Fire Service Training Association (IFSTA), and Fire Protection Publications (FPP). We Dr. David N. Ammons Chief I. David Daniels Dr. Sara A. Jahnke Dr. Richard L. Resurreccion Professor of Public Administration & Deputy Fire Chief /Chief Safety Officer Principal Investigator & Director Consultant to Training Division simply publish that which has been peer approved. If, for some reason, an article causes Government City of Richmond, Virginia Center for Fire, Rescue, & EMS Health Long Beach Fire Department consternation, you, the reader, are urged to contact the author directly to engage in a School of Government Research Professor Emeritus University of North Carolina at Dr. Jeff G. DeGraffenreid Institute for Biobehavioral Health Occupational Studies dialogue; that is how academic journals work. An author’s e-mail is provided with each Chapel Hill Fire Chief Research California State University article. Or, if you wish, you can submit a three- to five-page “response” to an article in City of Olathe (KS) Fire Department National Development & Research Long Beach, California Ms. Meri-K Appy Institutes which you outline significant theoretical and/or methodological objections to an article. President Dr. Edward T. Dickinson, MD Dr. Peter Rudloff The response may be accepted for publication. If so, the author will be allowed to offer a Safe Kids USA Professor and Director of Mark Jones Associate Professor Washington, DC EMS Field Operations Director, Strategic Reform Agenda Political Science three- to five-page “rejoinder” to the response. This is how academic journals work. For the Department of Emergency Medicine Emergency Services Agency Oklahoma State University most part, however, you should direct your comments directly to the author. Responses Dr. Shawn Bayouth Perelman School of Medicine ACT Government Assistant Professor & Department University of Pennsylvania Canberra, Australia Chief Douglas R. Schrage and corresponding rejoinders will be rare and will be published at the discretion of the Chair Fire Chief Disaster Preparedness & Emergency Dr. Anne Eyre Dr. Timothy Krebs University of Alaska (Fairbanks) Journal editor. Journals are intended to stimulate debate and conversation. If you do not Management Independent Consultant, Trauma Professor and Chair Fire Department like what you read, contact the author or write an article for peer review that offers an Arkansas State University Training, Coventry, United Kingdom Department of Political Science (UK) University of New Mexico Dr. Terry Shevels alternative perspective. Roxanne V. Bercik Chartered Psychologist (CPsychol.) Los Angeles Fire Department Dr. Richard B. Gasaway Dr. Daniel Madrzykowski Course Leader MBA Programs (ret. 2014) Deputy Chief Executive Director, Center for the Research Engineer Newcastle College, MBA Centre Dr. Robert E. England Bureau of Training & Support Services Advancement of Situational UL Firefighter Safety Research Institute Sandyford, Newcastle Awareness & Decision Making United Kingdom (UK) Editor Dr. David Billeaux (ret.) Chief Scientist: Public Safety Dr. Bruce J. Moeller Professor and Associate Vice-President Laboratory Adjunct Faculty & Lecturer Chief Ronald Jon Siarnicki for Academic Affairs Fire and Emergency Services Program Executive Director Texas A&M University at Dr. John A. Granito University of Florida National Fallen Firefighters Foundation Corpus Christi Professor and Vice-President Emmitsburg, Maryland Emeritus Dr. Lori Moore-Merrell Dr. Anthony Brown State University of New York President & CEO Dr. Denise Smith Professor Emeritus Binghamton and International Public Safety Data Tisch Family Distinguished Professor of Political Science Fire & Emergency Services Consultant Institute Department of Health and Human Oklahoma State University Washington, DC Physiological Sciences Dr. Thomas R. Hales, MD Director, First Responder Health Dr. Jefferey L. Burgess, MD Centers for Disease Control Dr. Haley Murphy and Safety Laboratory Associate Dean for Research National Institute for Occupational Assistant Professor and Skidmore College (NY) and Professor Safety and Health Program Coordinator and Research Scientist, University of Mel and Enid Zuckerman College Denver, CO Fire and Emergency Management Illinois, Fire Service Institute of Public Health Administration Champaign, IL University of Arizona Craig Hannan Oklahoma State University Director Dr. Qingsheng Wang Dr. N. Joseph Cayer Fire Protection Publications Chief (ret.) Christopher Neal Associate Professor Professor Emeritus Oklahoma State University Fire and Public Safety Consultant Chemical Engineering Arizona State University Texas A&M University Dr. Marcus E. Hendershot Dr. Kathy A. Notarianni Chief Bradd K. Clark Assistant Professor of Political Science Head, Department of William M. Webb Program Manager/Instructor Schreiner University (TX) Fire Protection Engineering Executive Director Experiential Training Programs Worcester Polytechnic Institute Congressional Fire Services Florida State Fire College Dr. Rowena Hill Worcester, MA Ocala, Florida Senior Lecturer in Psychology Michael A. Wieder Nottingham Trent University Dr. John P. Pelissero Associate Editor, International Fire Dr. Larry R. Collins (ret.) United Kingdom (UK) Professor Service Journal of Leadership and Associate Dean Department of Political Science Management School of Safety, Security, & Dr. Gavin Horn Loyola University Chicago Associate Director, Fire Protection Emergency Management Director of Research Publications Oklahoma State University in compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Title IX of the Educational Amendments of 1972 (Higher Education Eastern Kentucky University Illinois Fire Service Institute Dr. William Pessemier Executive Director, International Fire Act) does not discriminate on the basis of race, color, national origin or sex in any of its policies, practices or procedures. This provision includes but is not and International Fire Service Training Champaign, IL CEO, Vulcan Safety Solutions Service Training Association limited to admissions, employment, financial aid and education services. Association Executive Board Port Orchard, WA Oklahoma State University Dr. Owen E. Hughes Published in cooperation with Oklahoma State University, Fire Protection Publications, and the International Fire Service Training Association. International Chief Dennis Compton Dean of Students Dr. Hao-Che Wu Fire Service Journal of Leadership and Management, Copyright © 2019 Board of Regents, Oklahoma State University. All Rights reserved. No part of this Chairman of the Board of Directors RMIT University Assistant Professor of Political Science publication may be reproduced without prior written permission from the publisher. National Fallen Firefighters Foundation Melbourne, Australia Oklahoma State University ng Th di eo il r u y B IFSJLM t o e Im ic p ct act Pra The International Fire Service Journal of Leadership and Management (IFSJLM) is composed of peer-reviewed articles focusing exclusively on fire leadership and management topics. To our knowledge, it is the only academic journal with this focus in the world. IFSJLM is published by Fire Protection Publications (FPP) at Oklahoma State University (OSU). FPP is part of the College of Engineering, Architecture, and Technology at OSU and is the leading publisher in the world of fire-related education and training materials. IFSJLM would not be possible without the financial support of the College of Engineering, Architecture, and Technology and FPP. This support represents a commitment to the continued professionalization of the American fire service. As a further indication of the support of FPP to the international fire community, all issues of the IFSJLM, except the two most recent years, are available for reading free of cost at the Journal’s website. Please go to http://www.ifsjlm.org/PastEditions.htm to read and/ or download previous issues of the
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