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Environmental Profile of the Moneragala District Aim Environmental Profile 0F the Moneragala District

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Environmental Profile of the Moneragala District Aim Environmental Profile 0F the Moneragala District ENVIRONMENTAL PROFILE OF THE MONERAGALA DISTRICT AIM ENVIRONMENTAL PROFILE 0F THE MONERAGALA DISTRICT C RAL ENVIRONMENTAL AUTHORITY Y OF ENVIRONMENT & PARLIAMENTRY AFFAIRS AN ENVIRONMENTAL PROFILE - OF THE x MONERAGALA DISTRICT CEA Library A Report prepared by Ms Agridev Consultants for a study sponsored by the Central Environmental Authority with NO RAD collaboration (i) PREPARED IN 1992 The findings , interpretations and conclusions expressed in this document do not necessarily represent the views of the FOREWORD Central Environmental Authority This document may be reproduced in full or in part Sri Lanka's national energies and efforts during the last few decades have increasingly been with due acknowledgement to the towards the achievement of economic and social goals of development. However unplanned Central Environmental Authority development , without due regard to the protection and management of the environment could lead to the reduction of the country ,s natural resource base and the degradation of the environment. The fruitful incorporation and integration of environmental considerations into the development strategies are fundamental to sustainable development. Unfortunately environmental concerns have not been incorporated into the planning process of some development projects and programmes. This has been mainly due to the lack of information on available human and natural resources , their utilization and development. The Central Environmental Authority launched a programme to prepare District Environmental Profiles for each of the districts within the Island to identify and review the human and natural Library resources , their utilization , and significant environmental problems , associated with each district. I am grateful to the Norwegian Embassy for Development Co-operation (NORAD) for providing the necessary financial assistance to carry out this project. The profiles have been prepared for the CEA by various competent and authoritative personnel and their ready cooperation in the successful completion of this exercise is duly acknowledged.The project has been managed by the Natural Resources Management Division of the CEA. I trust this Environmental Profile would serve as a tool in the future development planning process for effective protection and management of the environment. ; /:-cc. A(\i 7 G K Amaratunga CHAIRMAN CENTRAL ENVIRONMENTAL AUTHORITY August 1993 Formatted & printed by the Central Environmental Authority Maligawatte New Town , Colombo 10 , Sri Lanka. (ii) (iii) AN ENVIRONMENTAL PROFILE OF MONERAGALA DISTRICT Mrs S E Yasaratne Director / Natural Resources Management Mr Anura Jayatilake Asst Director / Natural Resources Management Mr C Senevirathne Environmental Assistant 1. INTRODUCTION TO THE ENVIRONMENTAL PROFILE STUDY 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Conceptual Framework 1 1.3 Methodology 2 1.4 The NORAD Study - 1989 2 2. PHYSICAL AND HUMAN SETTING AND RESOURCE BASE OF MONERAGALA DISTRICT 2.1 Location 4 2.2 Topography 4 2.3 Drainage 4 2.4 Climate 7 2.5 Soils 10 2.6 Vegetation 10 2.7 Wildlife .... 14 2.8 Natural Eco-systems 15 2.9 Land use 15 2.10 Land Tenure 17 2.11 Human Resources 17 3. ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS AND ISSUES 3.1 Identification Methodology 20 3.1.1 Transect Surveys 20 3.2 Environmental Problems 33 3.2.1 Soil Erosion 33 , 3.2.2 Chena Cultivation 33 3.2.3 Encroachment of Reserves .35 3.2.4 Deforestation 35 3.2.5 Mono-cropping 36 3.2.6 Gem Mining 36 3.2.7 Environmental Sanitation .36 3.2.8 Some illustrative cases 37 A,l Dealing with encroachments 37 (1) Geelong Mountain (Aliyawatta) 37 (2) Balaharuwa Catchment Forestry Project 38 (3) World Bank Afforestation Project 38 A.2 Wildlife and protected area 38 Natural Resources Management Division Central Environmental Authority (1) Protected areas and sites 39 1 st Floor , New Secretariat Building , (2) Buffer Zones 39 Maligawatte New Town , Colombo 10. (3) Elephant conservation 40 (4) Illegal use of protected areas 40 (iv) A.3 Changes in land use: the case of Sugar 41 v B. Yala Park Project proposal LIST OF FIGURES & MAPS C. Yala Block 4 Environment Project Figure No. Page 3.3 Environmental Issues 3.3.1 The Geographical Setting 3.3.2 Regional Perspective 1. Environment degradation/Poverty 21 3.3.3 Macro-policies 1A Transect of Muthukandiya Settlement Scheme 23 3.3.4 Environment Conservation and Poverty 2 Transect of Kaluobbe Village 24 alleviation 3 Transect of Thanamalwila-Kirindi Oya 25 4 Transect of Kiri-ibbanara 26 EXISTING ARRANGEMENTS FOR ENVIRONMENT 5 Transect of Hulandewa Colony 27 PROTECTION AND MANAGEMENT 6 Transect of Badalkumbura mixed garden area 28 7 Transect of Nakkala Savannah and Mixed garden 29 4.1 The Legislation 8 Transect of Okkampitiya encroached gem area 30 4.1.1 Key Environment-related laws 9 Transect of Galbokka Mixed garden area 31 4.2 The National Institutions 10 Transect of Thampalawela encroachment area 32 4.3 The Sub-National Institutions 11 Structure of Government Administration 51 4.4 District Environment Agency 12 Popular participation in planning MONDEP 60 4.5 •Recent Changes Map No. Page ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING 5.1 National Strategy 1. Location of Moneragala District 3 5.2 District Strategies 5.3 The IRDP Approach 2. Administrative Boundaries of 5.4 A Participatory Approach to Environment Management AGA Divisions, 1989 5 6. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 3. Terrain Units of Monaragala District 6 ANNEXURES 4. River basins . 8 i. Environmental Information 5. Agro-ecological zones, Moneragala District 11 and Data Sources 6. Soil groups, Moneragala District 12 ii. Demographic Profile, Moneragala District (1981 census) 7. Forest Cover, Moneragala District 12A BIBLIOGRAPHY 8. Population Density, 1981, Moneragala District 19 9. Environmental Problems, Moneragala District 34 10. National Parks & Sugar Plantations Moneragala District 75 (vi) tvii) LIST OF TABLES Table No. page Basic Information Moneragala District 1 Basic Information, ix Land Area 5.587 sq.km. Moneragala District Population 273,570 in 1981 Density of population 49 per sq.km. 2.1 Mean Monthly Rainfall of nine stations in the Urban population 2.2% in Moneragala T.C. area district 9 Ethnic Composition - Sinhalese 92.7% Indian Tamils 3.2% Sri Lankan tamils 2.0% 2.2 Mean start and end of rainy seasons .9 Moors' 1.9% Malays 0.1% 2.3 Major characteristics of different soil units 10 Burghers 2.4 Protected Reserves, Moneragala District 13 Other Christians 0.1% 2.5 Summary of Land Uses, Religious Moneragala District 16, Composition Buddhists 92.7% Hindus 4.7% ! 2.6 Distribution and number of Livestock 16 Muslims 2.0% Roman Catholics 0.4% 2.7 Ownership of Land Holdings 17 Other Christians 0.1% 2.8 Population Size and Growth by AGA Literacy Rate 52.8% in 1971 Females 70.9% in 1981 Males Divisions and GS Divisions, 1989 18 78.0% 3.1 Type of Toilets by Sector 37 Economically Active Ponulation Male 67.4% 16.7% 3.2 Cane-Land Inventory 43 Female in Agricultural occupations 73.5% Unemployment 9.2% In the Urban Sector 12.6% In the Rural Sector 9.2% Facilities Electricity Available to 28.7% of the Housing units in the Urban Sector 1.8% in the Rural Sector 43,3% in the Estate Sector (ix) (viii) ABBREVIATIONS AGA Assistant Government Agent CEA Central Environmental Authority DEA : District Environmental Agency DWC Department of Wild Life Conservation FFHC National Freedom From Hunger Campaign Board FRDP Forest Resources Development Project GA Government Agent GCEC Greater Colombo Economic Commission GOSL Government of Sri Lanka GS Grama Sevaka (now called Grama Niladhari) IRDP Integrated Rural Development Project MONDEP Moneragala Integrated Rural Development Project MODES Moneragala District Environment Study NARESA National Research and Science Authority NGO Non Governmental Organizations NORAD Norwegian Development Cooperation NP National Park WC : Wildlife Corridor (X) 1. INTRODUCTION TO THE ENVIRONMENTAL PROFILE STUDY 1.1 Background The CEA (CEA) in collaboration with N'ORAD has made arrangement to undertake detailed environmental studies with a view to develop district level environmental profiles and action plans. The overall goal of this endeavour is to obtain a sustainable development through a sound environmental management system. The CEA has evolved a 'National Conservation Strategy' for the overall purpose of environmental management. It has, very correctly, identified that environmental planning should essentially have a regional focus and a spatial approach. The CEA has made the 'district' as the regional unit for the exercise of environmental management. Initially five districts have been selected for this purpose, and Moneragala district is one of them. One of the hitherto identified five administrative districts, Moneragala is the only district which largely lied in the dry zone. The environmental problems would obviously vary from district to district or region to region. Although district level environmental problems are common there may be problems which would embrace a larger area, covering a geographical region. In geographical size, Moneragala being the second largest district in the island, has particular significance for environmental management as it's natural resource base has yet to be fully and meaningfully exploited. Several development projects, are, however underway in the district aiming at accelerated development. Most of these projects are more concerned about 'development alone', and little attention is paid to sustainable development through sound environmental management. Therefore the present study is a timely one. 1.2 Conceptual
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