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Gangs, Drugs and Violence Prevention Law Enforcement Executive FORUM Gangs, Drugs and Violence Prevention March 2007 Law Enforcement Executive Forum Illinois Law Enforcement Training and Standards Board Executive Institute Western Illinois University 1 University Circle Macomb, IL 61455 Senior Editor Thomas J. Jurkanin, PhD Editor Vladimir A. Sergevnin, PhD Associate Editors Jennifer Allen, PhD Department of Law Enforcement and Justice Administration Western Illinois University Barry Anderson, JD Department of Law Enforcement and Justice Administration Western Illinois University Tony Barringer, EdD Division of Justice Studies Florida Gulf Coast University Lewis Bender, PhD Department of Public Administration and Policy Analysis Southern Illinois University at Edwardsville Michael Bolton, PhD Chair, Department of Criminal Justice and Sociology Marymount University Dennis Bowman, PhD Department of Law Enforcement and Justice Administration Western Illinois University Oliver Clark Chief of Police, University of Illinois Police Department Weysan Dun Special Agent-in-Charge, FBI, Springfield Division Kenneth Durkin, PhD Department of Law Enforcement and Justice Administration Western Illinois University Thomas Ellsworth, PhD Chair, Department of Criminal Justice Sciences Illinois State University Larry Hoover, PhD Director, Police Research Center Sam Houston State University William McCamey, PhD Department of Law Enforcement and Justice Administration Western Illinois University John Millner State Senator of 28th District, Illinois General Assembly Michael J. Palmiotto Wichita State University Frank Morn Department of Criminal Justice Sciences, Illinois State University Gene L. Scaramella, PhD Dean of Criminal Justice Graduate Studies, Kaplan University Wayne Schmidt Director, Americans for Effective Law Enforcement Law Enforcement Executive Forum • 2006 • 6(2) Editorial Production Document and Publication Services, Western Illinois University, Macomb, Illinois Production Assistant Linda Brines The Law Enforcement Executive Forum is published six times per year by the Illinois Law Enforcement Training and Standards Board Executive Institute located at Western Illinois University in Macomb, Illinois. Subscription: $40 (see last page) ISSN 1552-9908 No part of this publication may be reproduced without written permission of the publisher. Disclaimer Reasonable effort has been made to make the articles herein accurate and consistent. Please address questions about individual articles to their respective author(s). Law Enforcement Executive Forum • 2006 • 6(2) Table of Contents Editorial .............................................................................................................. i Thomas J. Jurkanin Gangs Immigration, Gangs, and Suburban Policing ............................................. 1 Orlando Rodriguez Christopher W. Ortiz Nicole Hendricks The Continuing Menace of Criminal Youth Street Gangs ....................... 17 John S. Boyd On Riots and Mobs: Understanding Group Violence ............................... 25 Rob White Stages in the Police Response to Gangs ....................................................... 35 Michael Carlie Gang Unit Management .................................................................................. 49 Wesley D. McBride Drugs Blind Mules – Fiction or Fact? What Defense Attorneys Need to Know – An Expert Opinion ..................................................................... 59 Michael Levine Violence Prevention Meeting in the Middle: The Challenges of Public/Private Partnerships in Domestic Violence Intervention .................................... 79 T. R. Carr Julie A. Pietroburgo A Profile of School-Based Prevention Strategies in Northern Ohio ...... 89 Eric Jefferis Thomas W. Brewer Daniel Flannery Cemil Dogutas Alexis Mosgo Community Collaboration in the 21st Century Adding a Police Social Worker ...................................................................................... 101 Henry H. Gamel Sociological Practice as an Expert-Witness in the Criminal Justice System: With Special Emphasis on Gang and Violence Cases ............. 127 Lewis Yablonsky Law Enforcement Executive Forum • 2006 • 6(2) The Minority and Police Partnership: A Historical Overview of This Unique Organization ........................................................................... 137 Ronald D. Swan Crimes of Omission: An Underestimated Challenge ................................ 145 Wojciech Cebulak Deployment Models Community Policing Deployment Models ................................................. 155 Larry T. Hoover Won-Jae Lee Liability The Fourth Amendment and Canine Searches in Illinois v. Caballes: “The Dogs on Main Street Howl” ............................................................... 167 Tom “Tad” Hughes Brian D. Fell Premises Liability: Design Against Security Lawsuits ............................. 183 Randall I. Atlas Materials/publications are available through the Illinois Law Enforcement Training and Standards Board Executive Institute. Law Enforcement Executive Forum • 2006 • 6(2) Editorial Thousands of young businessmen are recruited and put to work in the tough economic environment of Chicago every year. In the heart of this urban mecca of commerce, they learn their trade and how to interact and deal with the competition, most of whom are equally well skilled. If they’re aggressive, the payoff is good. It is not unusual for a young salesperson to sell $10,000 worth of product in a week. On a commission of roughly 20%, a successful salesperson can easily earn more than $100,000 per year to buy a new vehicle, take care of his or her family, and have extra cash for personal enjoyment. The educational requirements for this position are not restrictive; applicants need not have an MBA from a prestigious business school. Most, in fact, are African-American and Hispanic youths from the streets of Chicago. The product for sale is illicit drugs, and they work for street gangs. (Jurkanin, 2005, p. 78) Street gangs in America have emerged as a persistent and dangerous threat, perpetuating violence, corrupting our youth, and wreaking havoc within our communities. And, make no mistake about it, gangs are not only active in large metropolitan areas such as Chicago; suburbs and rural communities alike experience the ravages brought on by the organized criminal activity of gangs. The dangerous triad of gangs, guns, and drugs has created communities of violence throughout America. This edition of the Law Enforcement Executive Forum focuses on gangs in America and provides insight on the magnitude and scope of the problem, as well as community and police response. The lack of educational and employment opportunities for impoverished youths, combined with the emergence of a highly profitable enterprise in drug trafficking, has allowed gang activity to flourish. As a result, the health, safety, and welfare of a significant number of American citizens is threatened by the violence perpetuated by gang activity. The multiple socioeconomic factors that give rise to the problem of gangs in America run deep. As such, any effort to combat the criminal activity of street gangs will require a unified approach from families, communities, schools, and government. While police must deal with the end product of gang violence, they alone are unable to correct the underlying social problems that perpetuate such violence. Thomas J. Jurkanin, PhD Executive Director Illinois Law Enforcement Training and Standards Board Jurkanin, T. (with Hillard, T.). (2005). Chicago police: An inside view. The story of Superintendent Terry G. Hillard. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas. Law Enforcement Executive Forum • 2006 • 6(2) i ii Law Enforcement Executive Forum • 2006 • 6(2) Immigration, Gangs, and Suburban Policing Orlando Rodriguez, PhD, Department of Sociology/Anthropology, Fordham University and Vera Institute of Justice Christopher W. Ortiz, Research Associate, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, Vera Institute of Justice; Police Officer, City of Glen Cove Police Department Nicole Henderson, Research Associate, Vera Institute of Justice Introduction It is taken for granted that America’s character has been defined by its immigrants, but paradoxically, American society has always been ambivalent about immigration. In grappling with this ambivalence, the criminal justice system has been an important point for implementing American society’s policy on immigration control and assimilation. The police have been intimately involved in this process, not only as the designated enforcers of the social order that the immigration process sometimes challenges but also as one of the avenues by which immigrants are assimilated. As the pace of immigration to the United States has increased in the past three decades, criminal justice system involvement in immigration has increased as well. This article examines immigration patterns in U.S. states and cities with a special focus on the distribution of the children of immigrants in metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas. (Following customary usage, in this article, we refer to children of immigrants and include within this group the “1.5” generation, foreign-born immigrants who migrated as children.) These questions are addressed in order to alert policy makers and practitioners about the current and future significance of young immigrants as offenders and as victims in and out of gangs. The article begins by examining current knowledge about the gang activity with respect to type of urban
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