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PV-STATCOM) for Damping of Power Oscillations

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PV-STATCOM) for Damping of Power Oscillations Western University Scholarship@Western Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository 10-30-2017 2:00 PM Novel Night and Day Control of a PV Solar System as a STATCOM (PV-STATCOM) for Damping of Power Oscillations Hesamaldin Maleki The University of Western Ontario Supervisor Professor Rajiv K. Varma The University of Western Ontario Graduate Program in Electrical and Computer Engineering A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree in Doctor of Philosophy © Hesamaldin Maleki 2017 Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd Part of the Power and Energy Commons Recommended Citation Maleki, Hesamaldin, "Novel Night and Day Control of a PV Solar System as a STATCOM (PV-STATCOM) for Damping of Power Oscillations" (2017). Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository. 4987. https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd/4987 This Dissertation/Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by Scholarship@Western. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository by an authorized administrator of Scholarship@Western. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Abstract Installations of large scale PV solar farms are rapidly increasing, worldwide. This is causing a growing apprehension that inertialess power injections from these inverter based generators will result in a decline in power system stability. Instead, this thesis presents novel applications of a patent pending technology whereby the PV solar farms actually help significantly increase system stability. A novel 24/7 (night and day) control of a large-scale PV solar farm as a dynamic reactive power compensator STATCOM, termed PV-STATCOM, is presented for damping low-frequency electromechanical power oscillations resulting in a significant improvement in power transfer capability of existing power transmission systems. A new real and reactive power modulation based control of PV-STATCOM is demonstrated during daytime that combines the functionalities of both a STATCOM and a Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) to provide significantly enhanced levels of power oscillation damping than that achieved by either a STATCOM or a BESS. The effectiveness of the proposed PV-STATCOM Power Oscillation Damping (POD) control techniques based on modulation of reactive power, real power or a combination of both is evaluated through both small signal and Electromagnetic Transients simulations studies. Participation factor analysis is utilized for selection of appropriate control signals and damping controllers. The POD controllers are designed through small signal Residue analysis and validated through Simplex Optimization technique in electromagnetic transient simulations. The efficacy of the proposed PV-STATCOM controls is demonstrated on three power systems: Single Machine Infinite Bus SMIB system, Two-Area system, and the 12 bus FACTS power system, which exhibit different power oscillation modes. New ramp up techniques for power restoration from solar farms are also presented, which are substantially faster than those specified by grid codes. A methodology for coordination of proposed PV-STATCOM controls with existing Power System Stabilizers (PSSs) on synchronous generators is further described for further damping enhancement. i This thesis thus presents a novel technology that can not only help increase the penetration of large scale PV solar farms but utilize them for reducing the need for construction of expensive new lines or use of costly Flexible AC Transmission systems for stability improvement. Keywords Photovoltaic (PV) Solar Farms, STATCOM, PV-STATCOM, Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS), Power System Stabilizer (PSS), Optimization, Small Signal Analysis, Power Oscillation Damping (POD), Battery Energy Storage System (BESS), Reactive Power Compensation, Transmission Limits, Electromagnetic Transients Study (EMT), Real Power Restoration, Control Coordination. ii Devoted to: My parents, My beautiful wife Maedeh, and aunt Maryam iii Acknowledgments I would like to thank my supervisor Professor Rajiv K. Varma for his generous support, patience, motivation, and helpful guidance throughout my graduate studies at Western University. The contribution he made to my academic and social life is more than to be conveyed in words. I would also like to thank Professor Vigna Kumaran Ramachandaramurthy for his continued support throughout my studies, for his trust in me and for giving me the chance to join his great team to enrich my industrial knowledge. Special thanks to my friends that supported me throughout my studies with all means possible. Thank you Mohamad Ranjbaran for being my second brother and helping me with your great comments throughout my study. Thank you Alireza Arfa and Maryam Nikoonasiri for being my family here. Last, and most importantly, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my parents, my wife, my brother and his wife, and my aunt, Maryam. My hardworking father Mohamad Maleki and caring mother Ziba Shirazi who taught me the real meaning of life, faithfulness, and love. My brother Dr. Hosein Maleki and his wife, Dr. Mahsa Kaviani for their continuous encouragement and support. My wife, Maedeh Esmizadeh for her patience, unwavering love, countless sacrifices, and the faith she had in me. I also would like to thank my wife’s family for their spiritual support, beautiful smiles, and kind considerations. Finally, my aunt Maryam Shirazi, there is no possible way to thank you for sacrifices from the first moment I was born. iv List of Abbreviations PV Photo Voltaic MW Mega Watts s Second Hz Hertz AVR Automatic Voltage Regulator PSS Power System Stabilizer STATCOM STATic synchronous COMpensator AC Alternating Current FACTS Flexible AC Transmission System POD Power Oscillation Damping TCSC Thyristor Controlled Series Compensator SVC Static Var Compensator IGBT Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor GTO Gate Turn-Off Thyristors PCC Point of Common Coupling VSC Voltage Source Converter PWM Pulse Width Modulation SPWM Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation BESS Battery Energy Storage System v DER Distributed Energy Resources DG Distributed Generations IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers SMIB Single Machine Infinite Bus Q-POD Reactive power based Power Oscillation Damping P-POD Real power based Power Oscillation Damping PQ-POD Real and Reactive power based Power Oscillation Damping OF Objective Function PF Participation Factor EMT Electro Magnetic Transients EMTDC Electro Magnetic Transient Design and Control PSCAD Power System Computer Aided Design MP Maximum Power DC Direct Current VRT Voltage Ride Through SG Synchronous Generator ONR Off-Nominal Turn Ratio vi List of Symbols H Generator inertia constant I Current Voltage Angle Complex eigenvalue P Active power Q Reactive Power R Resistance/Residue V Voltage I Current T Time L Inductance C Capacitance F Farad X Reactance exp Exponential Right eigenvector Error Settling time constant Phase angle vii θ Voltage angle ɷ Speed/Modal Frequency Δ Delta transformer winding configuration/Variation ξ Damping Ratio Sigma (Ohm unit) μ Mu (micro unit) G Compensator gain/Generator symbol viii Table of Contents Abstract ................................................................................................................................ i Acknowledgments.............................................................................................................. iv List of Abbreviations .......................................................................................................... v List of Symbols ................................................................................................................. vii List of Tables .................................................................................................................. xvii List of Figures ................................................................................................................ xviii List of Appendices .......................................................................................................... xxv Chapter 1 ............................................................................................................................. 1 1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 1 Large PV Solar Systems ......................................................................................... 2 Power System Stability ........................................................................................... 2 1.2.1 Mid and Long-term Stability ...................................................................... 3 1.2.2 Rotor Angle Stability .................................................................................. 3 1.2.3 Voltage Stability ......................................................................................... 3 Impact of PV Solar Farms on Power Oscillations .................................................. 5 Power Oscillation Damping with FACTS Devices ................................................ 6 1.4.1 STATCOM ................................................................................................. 7 1.4.2 Energy Storage Devices ............................................................................ 10 Control of PV Solar Farms as STATCOM (PV-STATCOM) .............................. 11 1.5.1 Smart Inverters .........................................................................................
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